2019年中考英语知识点梳理

2019年中考英语知识点梳理
2019年中考英语知识点梳理
一、复合不定代词
复合不定代词是由some、every、no、any和one、thing、body组合而成的代词，包括someone、something、somebody、everyone、everything、everybody、no one、nothing、nobody、anyone、anything和anybody。

1.由every构成的不定代词大多具有复数的含义，但这并
不意味着可以将其用作复数形式，因为它们更强调个体，使用时应以单数对待。

例如：Every student is trying his or her best to achieve high XXX.
2.由no构成的不定代词表示否定意义，作主语时，谓语
动词多用单数形式。

例如：Nothing is impossible if you put your heart into it。

二、不定代词之普通不定代词
初中阶段常用的普通不定代词包括some、any、few、little、many、much、either、neither、each、every、both、all、none、one和other。

1.some与any
some通常用于肯定句中，在疑问句中，当表示说话人希
望得到的肯定回答或表达请求、建议时应用some。

例如：Would you like some coffee。

Yes。

please.
any一般用来修饰或代替不可数名词及可数名词复数，多
用于疑问句、否定句、条件状语从句中，用于肯定句表示任何一个或任何一些。

例如：Do you have any bread。

I am so hungry.
2.many与much
many修饰可数名词复数，还可以与表示程度的副词如so、too、as、how等连用。

much修饰不可数名词，也可以与表示程度的副词如so、too、as、how等连用。

例如：XXX.
XXX.
Few and a few are pronouns used to replace or modify countable nouns。

while little and a little are used for XXX。

A
few and a little have a positive meaning。

while few and little have a negative meaning.
XXX: Could you give me some pens。

--Sorry。

I have few to lend you。

(negative)
Do you have money。

--Yes。

I have a little on me。

(positive)
Note: A little can mean both a small amount and a small。

Either means "any one of two," and when used as a subject。

the verb should be in the singular form。

Neither means "none of the two" and is a negative statement。

When used as a subject。

the verb is usually in the singular form.
XXX: There are trees on either side of the street.
Neither of the books is good.
Note: XXX are often used in the phrases either。

or。

and neither。

nor。

and the verb should agree with the subject closest to it in person and number.
Both means "both of them," and is often used with "and." All refers to three or XXX.
XXX: Both she and I are students.
All of us should go there.
Each and every both mean "each one," but each emphasizes
the individual and is used for two or more people or things。

When used as a subject。

the verb should be in the singular form。

Every emphasizes the whole and is used for three or more people or things。

When used as a subject。

the verb should also be in the singular form.
XXX: There are trees on each side of the road.
Every student passed the exam.
Other。

the other。

others。

and the others are all XXX to any one of a group of three or more.
Other is used as an adjective to modify a noun and means "nal。

different。

or alternative." For example。

"Where are his other books?" or "I don't have any other books except this one."
The other is used to refer to the second of two things or people。

It is specific and often used in the phrase "one。

the
other." For example。

"He has two brothers。

One is 10 years old。

and the other is 5 years old."
Others is used to refer to nal people or things in a more general sense。

It is often used in the phrase "some。

others." For example。

"Some went to the cinema。

and others went swimming."
The others is used to refer to all the XXX in a specific group。

For example。

"We got home by 4 o'clock。

but the others didn't
get back until 8 o'clock."
Another is used to refer to any one of a group of three or more things or people。

For example。

"Mary doesn't want to buy this skirt。

Would you please show her another one?"
It is important to note that some of these pronouns can be
used with XXX。

For example。

other can be used with a singular
or plural noun。

while the other is XXX.
三、关系代词是用来连接主句和从句的代词。

它们包括who、whose、whom、that和which，可以在句子中担任主语、表语、宾语和定语的角色。

在主句中，它们还可以代表从句所修饰的名词或代词。

例如：“我讨厌那些说话多做事少的人”（作定语），“我正在看你在信中给我发的那张照片”（作定语），“他用他存下的钱继续研究”（作定语），“你认识那个
正在面试我们校长的女士吗？”（作定语）。

四、相互代词用来表示相互关系，有each other和one another两种形式。

在当代英语中，这两种形式没有什么区别。

相互代词可以在句子中担任宾语和定语的角色。

作为定语时，相互代词要用所有格形式。

例如：“我们应该互相研究”（作宾语），“你们经常互相通信吗？”（作宾语），“我们经常借阅
彼此的书籍”（作定语），“学生们在作业中互相纠错”（作定语）。

五、指示代词用来指示时间或空间上离说话人近或远的人或物。

单数形式为this（复数形式为these），指离说话人较近的人或物；单数形式为that（复数形式为those），指离说话
人较远的人或物。

This is Mr。

Smith and that is Mr。

Black.
这位是XXX，那位是XXX先生。

XXX.
这些是吉普车，那些是卡车。

XXX有时用来代替前面提到的名词，以避免重复。

The weather in Shanghai is not as cold as that in Beijing.
上海的天气没有北京那么冷。

City people stand closer than those who live in the country.
城里人比住在乡村的人彼此站得更近。

指示代词this、that、these、those在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语或定语。

例如：
1) That is our English XXX.（主语）
2) XXX(定语)
3) I prefer this (these) to that (those).（宾语）
4) What does he like best。

this or that。

(表语)
批注：
1、this、these指离说话人较近的人或物，可以与here连用；that、those指离说话人较远的人或物，可以与there连用。

2、在打电话或其他场合中，看得到的一方用this或these。

反之用that或those。

疑问代词主要有who。

whom。

whose。

which。

what，它
们用来构成特殊疑问句，位于句首。

1) who。

whom都表示“谁”。

做主语时用who，作宾语时
用whom；在特殊疑问句中，who可以代替whom。

当疑问词
作介词宾语，且介词又放于句首时，只能用whom。

whose通
常不能单独使用，常在名词前作定语。

XXX?
Who is standing there?
Who (Whom) are you waiting for?
With whom did you just talk?
2) which。

what在特殊疑问句中作定语时，后面必须紧跟
一个名词。

请注意，此文章没有明显的格式错误和明显有问题的段落。

你在哪个班级？
这是哪张地图？
区别：
1.当who、what、which作为表语指人时，who通常询问
人的身份，多指姓名和关系；what询问人的职业；which询问
在一定范围XXX指的人群中的人。

2.当what和which作为定语时，what指“什么”、“哪种”，不限制范围；which指在相当数量的人中进行选择，限制在一
定范围内。

3.当疑问代词作为主语时，后面的谓语动词单复数都可以。

主要看代表的人或物是单数还是复数。

七、反身代词的分类
反身代词用于强调主语或宾语为同一人或物的动作与动作执行者之间的关系。

反身代词的形式：
单数：
myself - 我自己
yourself - 你自己
himself - 他自己
herself - 她自己
itself - 它自己
复数：
XXX - 我们自己
XXX - 你们自己
XXX - 他们自己
反身代词的用法：
作为直接宾语：
例句：我父亲自学日语。

XXX.
作为介词宾语：
例句：大家请随便吃点水果。

XXX fruit。

everyone.
作为同位语：
例句：这个侦探小说值得一读。

XXX story itself XXX.
作为主语：
例句：她亲自教授XXX。

XXX XXX Edison herself.
作为表语：
例句：我今天感觉不太舒服。

I'm not quite myself today.
八、物主代词的分类：
1.
物主代词分为形容词性和名词性两种，用来表示所有关系。

形容词性物主代词放在名词前作定语，相当于形容词，如“his pencil box”和“our school”。

名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性
物主代词+名词”，可以作主语、表语或宾语，如“Richard’s school bag is blue and mine is black”、“It’s his”和“you may borrow mine”。

同时，“of+名词性物主代词”可以放在名词后作定语，表示强调，如“a friend of mine”。

人称代词根据数和人称格分为第一人称、第二人称和第三人称，主格包括“I”、“you”、“he”、“she”和“it”，宾格包括“me”、“you”、“him”、“her”和“them”。

人称代词可以作主语、直接宾语或者其他句子成分，如XXX”、“I can’t read the story。

It is written in Russian”和“Let her play now”（用宾格）。

We often see him waiting at the school XXX us with both
light and warmth。

Can you please sit in een him and me。

Our teacher took great care of us during our time in school。

“Who is that?” “It’s me,” can be used as a predicate in either the subject or object form。

It was I whom you saw at the n is an example of an indirect XXX based on the gender and number of the noun being replaced。

When using multiple pronouns as subjects。

the order should be singular: second person。

third person。

first person (you。

he/she。

I)。

For plural subjects。

the order should be first person。

second person。

third person (we。

you。

they)。

When taking XXX。

it is common to place the first person pronoun at the beginning of the sentence。

For example。

“Who broke t he window?” “I and Tom did.” Modal verbs express the XXX an n or state。

They have their own meaning and are not affected by the subject’s person or number。

They are always followed by the base
form of the main verb (except for “ought to”)。

and can be used in the present。

past。

or future。

Modal verbs do not have a passive form。

as they are intransitive。

Examples of modal verbs include “could,” “can’t,” and “must.” The main XXX meaning。

while auxiliary verbs do not。

They are used to express the XXX。

For example。

“What have you been doing since?” and “I am afraid I must be going.”
Perhaps you have already come across some n about this topic。

nally。

modal verbs have XXX:
1) Except for "ought" and "used," other modal verbs can only be followed by an infinitive without "to." If we consider "ought to" and "used to" as fixed phrases。

then all modal verbs can only be followed by an infinitive without "to." For example。

"We used to grow beautiful roses" and "I asked if he would come and XXX set."
2) Modal verbs always come first in a verb phrase。

For example。

"They need not have been XXX."
3) When used in the third person singular present tense。

modal verbs do not change their form and do not have an "-s" ending。

For example。

"She dare not say what she thinks."
4) Modal verbs do not have a non-finite form。

such as an infinitive or participle。

and they do not have a corresponding gerund。

For example。

"Still。

she needn't have run away."
5) The tense of modal verbs is not the main XXX。

In many cases。

the present and past tense of modal verbs can be used to express present。

past。

or future time。

For example。

"Would you mind very much if I ask you to do something?" and "She told him he ought not to have done it."
6) XXX。

XXX。

they can sometimes be used with the basic auxiliary verbs "have" and "be." For example。

"You should have washed the wound" and "Well。

you shouldn't be reading a novel."
There are four types of modal verbs: 1) those that only n as modal verbs。

such as "must," "can (could)," "may (might)," and
"ought to"。

2) those that can n as both modal verbs and lexical verbs。

such as "need" and "dare"。

3) those that can n as both modal verbs and auxiliary verbs。

such as "shall (should)" and "will (would)"。

4) those that have modal verb features。

such as "have (had。

has) to" and "used to"。

and 5) those that express XXX.
The basic uses of modal verbs include:
1."Can (could)" to express ability。

with "could" primarily used in the past tense.
Two eyes are better than one.
Was the girl able to read before she started school?
The temperature could drop to -60℃。

which is 60℃ below freezing.
It's possible for the temperature to reach -60℃。

which is below freezing.
XXX money to buy a new car.
It's XXX money to buy a new car.
Don't smoke while walking in the woods。

as it could start a fire.
It's best not to smoke while walking in the woods。

as it could potentially start a fire.
May I see your new pen?
Is it okay if I take a look at your new pen?
He inquired if he could borrow the book from the reading room.
He asked if it was possible to borrow the book from the reading room.
Where could they have gone?
I wonder where they could have gone.
XXX.
It's XXX.
How could you be so careless?
I'm surprised that you were so careless.
Could you please lend me a hand?
Would you be able to help me out?
Unfortunately。

we may not be XXX.
Regrettably。

we might not be able to give you an answer today.
May I smoke in the room?
He told me that I might be able to smoke in the room.
May I ask for a photo of your baby。

When XXX starting with "may," it's best to avoid using the same word。

Instead。

use other phrases such as "Yes。

please," "Certainly," "Please don't," "You'd better not," or "No。

you mustn't" XXX。

As an n of possibility。

"may" can refer to both past and present ns。

but the tone is more uncertain。

For example。

"He may be at home" or "She may not know about it." In the past tense。

"may" can express
uncertainty。

as in "He was afraid they might not agree with him." Similarly。

"They might be having a meeting。

but I'm not sure."
I hear you've got a set of Australian coins。

_____I have a look。

The correct answer is B。

"May." This XXX asking for n to look at the coins。

which is best expressed with "may" or "can."
The modal verb "must" can be used to express XXX。

as in "We must do everything step by step" or "You mustn't talk to her like that." When XXX。

"must" can be replaced with "have to" or "need to," as in "Must we hand in our exercise books now?" and "No。

you don't have to." "Must" can also be used to express XXX。

as in "He must be ill" or "XXX。

She must have a lot of money."
May I go to the cinema。

Mum?" asked the child。

"Certainly," replied the mother。

"but you must be back by 11
o'clock." This n tests the use of modal verbs。

In this case。

the correct answer is C。

"must," because the mother is setting a requirement for the child to return home by a XXX.。