语言学精品课ppt-02

English consonants p pill d desk m member f feel z zoo ʃ shy ʤ Jill w wait b k n v θ ʒ l ϳ ball t till kiss g gap name ŋ ring veal s so thin ð thy measure ʧ chain letter r reef yard
3) Phonetics studies speech sounds from three different angles. Accordingly, it can be further classified into three sub-branches: ________ phonetics, ________ phonetics and ________ phonetics. 4) The speech organs are contained in three important areas or cavities: the ________, the ________ and the ________.
5) There are two ways to transcribe speech sounds. One is ________ transcription; the other is ________ transcription.
6) ________ are sounds produced by some form of obstruction of the air stream and may be either voiced or voiceless.
Standard and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription—the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). A list of symbols are used to transcribe the sounds. The vowels The consonants
Through a number of facts: the position of the tongue, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels. the position of the tongue: front, central, back the openness of the mouth: close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels, and open vowels
9) ________ vowels are made by raising the back of the tongue towards the soft palate.
10) ________ are produced by moving from one vowel position to another.
tense and lax: long vowels are tense and the short vowels are lax
Classification of vowels
Front i: Close i Semi-close e Semi-open æ Open
Central
Back u: ʊ
Chapter 2
Phonetics
2.1 The terminology phonetics (1) phonology phonemics phonology (2) study of speech sounds phonetics
Phonetics: the study of phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s language.
7) For ________ consonants, the obstruction takes place between the lower lip and the upper teeth.
8) ________ consonants are made by completely shutting up the air passage at some points in the mouth and lowering the soft palate to let the air go out through the nose.
English vowels （monophthongs and diphthongs） i: beat æ bat u: moon ɒ lot ei say ƽu so eƽ pair ƽ i bit ƽ another ʊ put ɑ: car ai buy aʊ noãw ʊ ʊƽ poor e bet ɜ: burn ɔ: sword ʌ but ɔi boy iƽ peer ƽ
Broad Transcription —with only lettersymbols [spit] [pit] Narrow transcription —letter-symbols with diacritics [p it]
h
2.5. Classification of English speech sounds
the shape of the lips: unrounded—all the front and central vowels rounded----all the back vowels except [a:] the length of the sound: short and long vowels
Classification of English consonants
In terms of places of articulation Bilabial:[p][b][m] Labiodental:[f] [v] Dental: [θ] [ð ] Alveolar: [t][d][s][z][n][l][r] Palatal: [ʃ][ʒ][ʧ] [ʤ][ϳ] ʃ ʧ ʤ ϳ Velar: [k][g] [ŋ] Glottal: [h]
2.5.3. Description of consonants
Three steps: vibration of vocal cords – voiced or voiceless place of articulation manner of articulation
2.5.4. Classification of vowels
By manners of articulation Stops: [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g] [m] [n] [ŋ] Fricatives: [f] [v] [s] [z] [θ] [ð] [ʃ] [ʒ] ʃ Affricates: [ʧ] [ʤ] ʧ ʤ Liquids: lateral [l] retroflex [r] Nasals: [m][n] [ŋ] Glides: [w] [ϳ] ϳ
The Speech Organs
2.3. Production of a sound
Oral cavity
Nasal cavity
Uvular pharyngeal cavity (glottis, vocal cords) (through windpipes) (air) lungs
2.4. Transcription of sounds
2.2. The Speech Organs
The articulatory apparatus of human beings are contained in the important areas or cavities: the pharyngeal cavity — the throat the oral cavity —the mouth the nasal cavity —the nose
2. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. 1) Phonetics also studies the sound of one’s cough. 2) Phonetics is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.
Speech Production (Speaker) transmitted in the air
Speech Perception (Hearer)
The process of speech production and perception
Subdivisions: articulatory phonetics —how to produce speech sounds auditory phonetics —studies how the sounds are perceived by the hearer acoustic phonetics —studies the way speech sounds are transmitted in the air (using spectrographs, analyze sound waves)
3) The branch of phonetics which studies the perception of speech sounds is called acoustic phonetics.
p pill d desk m member f feel z zoo ʃ/š shy ǐ Jill w wait
b ball t till k kiss g gap n name ŋ ring v veal s so θ thigh ð thy ʒ/ž measure č chain l letter r reef ϳ yard ʍ which
ɜ: ƽ ʌ
ɔ: ɒ ɑ:
Exercises 1. Fill in the blanks with the most suitable words. Each blank represents ONE word. 1) ________ and _______ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ are the two major media used by natural languages for communication. 2) Phonetics is the study of phonic medium of language, i.e., the study of the ________, ________ and ________ of speech sounds.
Vowels of American English
i beet ε bet o boat ʌ butt ƽ sofa
ı bit u boot ɔ bore ɒ pot/bar ɔϳ boy
e bait U foot æ bat aϳ site ϳ aw/ æw bout
Consonants of American English
2.5.1. Vowels vs. consonants vowels (with no obstruction through the speech organs) consonants (with obstruction through the speech organs)
2.5.2. Classification of English consonants