英语语言学笔记（3）

三、 MORPHOLOGY 形态学请结合《词汇学中的构词法》进⾏学习。

语素：语⾔最⼩的意义单位
语素的类型
复合词的类型
复合词的特征
Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. It is divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and lexical or derivational morphology.
形态学研究单词的内部结构以及构词规则，有屈折形态学和词汇形态学两⼤分⽀。

Morpheme:the smallest meaningful unit of language.
语素：语⾔最⼩的意义单位。

Free Morpheme: A free morpheme is one that can stand by itself. （independent）
⾃由语素可以作为单词独⽴使⽤。

Bound Morpheme: A bound morpheme is one that cannot stand by itself.
粘着语素必须和其他语素结合成单词
Bound Morpheme includes two types: （1） root （2）Affix（词缀）
1）Inflectional affixes （屈折词缀）（inflectional morphemes）:
affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional
2）Derivational affixes（派⽣词缀） A） prefix: A prefix comes before words. B）suffix
An adjective suffix（形容词后缀） that is added to the stem, whatever classis belongs to , the result will be an adjective. free=free root（⾃由词根）
Morpheme（词素）
Bound root prefix
bound derivational
affix suffix
inflectional
Root and stem（词根和词⼲）
1） Root 2） Stem
The differences between root and stem:
A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.
A stem is the surplus part after the cutting of inflectional morpheme in a word with inflectional morphemes,can be further analyzed, it sometimes could be a root.
Individualistic Undesirables
Individualist （stem） undesirable （stem）
Individual （stem） desirable （stem）
dividual （stem） desire （root, stem）
divide（root, stem）
Affixation词缀法（Derivation派⽣法）：adding word-formation or derivational affixes to stem.
Prefixation前缀@：It's the formation of new words by adding a prefixes to stems.
1）'表⽰否定'nagative prefixes: un-,non,in-,dis,a- etc.
2）''reversative or privative prefixes: un-,de-dis etc.
3）'表⽰贬义'pejorative prefixes: mis-, mal-, pseudo- etc.
4）'表⽰程度'degree or size prefixes: arch-, super-,out-,sub-,over-,under-,hyper-,ultra-,mini- etc.
5）'表⽰⽅向、态度'orientation & attitude prefixes:counter-,contra-,anti-,pro- etc.
6）locative prefixes:super-,sub-,inter-,trans- etc.
7）'表⽰时间、次序'time and order prefixes:fore-,pre-,post-,ex-,re- etc.
8）'表⽰数量'number prefixes:uni-/mono-,bi-/di-,tri-,multi-/poly- etc.
9）'混杂'miscellaneous prefixes：auto-, neo-, pan-, vice-
Suffixation后缀@: It's the formation of a new word by adding suffixes to stems.
1）noun suffixes 2）adjective suffixes 3）Adverb suffixes 4）verb suffixes
Compounding复合法（also called composition）
Compounding: is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems
Formation of compounds
Noun + noun（名词＋名词） —— handbook, sunshine
Adjective + noun（形容词＋名词）——highway, deadline
Adjective + noun + -ed（形容词＋名词＋ed）——white-haired, red-eyed
Verb + noun（动词＋名词）——driveway, breakwater（挡⽔板）
Adverb + noun（副词＋名词）——downtown, overburden
Noun + verb（名词＋动词）——toothpick, snowfall
Verb + adverb（动词＋副词）——follow-up, kick-off
Noun + adjective（名词＋形容词）——world-famous, lifelong
-ing form + noun（ing+名词）——baking power, dining-room
other forms（其他）——go-between, father-in-law
Features of compounds复合词的特征
1.Orthographically书写特征
（Compounds are written in three ways: solid（airmail） hyphenated（air-conditioning） open（air force, air raid）
2.Syntactically句法特征（复合词的词性⼀般取决于复合词最后⼀个成分的词性）
3.Semantically语义特征（复合词的意义具有习语性质，许多复合词的意义都不是其构成成分意义和总和）
4.Phonetically语⾳特征（复合词的单词重⾳落在第⼀个构成成分上）。