第八讲 英汉篇章结构比较

But most importantly ,China possesses a five thousand-year-old history, innumerable historical relics left over from the past, priceless pearls and jewels, historic and scenic sites, palaces and edifices of superb architecture—all of which can take your breath away. So, for a variety of reasons, China is a dreamland for tourists.
例如：Soccer is a difficult sport .（1） A player must be able to run steadily without rest .（2） Sometimes a player must hit the ball with his or her head .（3）Players must be willing to bang into and be banged into by others.(4)They must put up with aching feet and sore muscles.
英汉段落意义连贯比较
But everything has two sides. Indeed science and technology have brought us a lot of benefits. We are enjoying them, but we are also suffering from a lot of troubles: water pollution, noise and green-house effect. For example, cars pollute the air, crowd the cities. They are responsible for heart diseases because we don’t have to walk anywhere any more.
虽符合英语段落的结构，但读起来不够通顺，缺少 连贯与衔接。表明中国学生的汉式文化思维影响到 句式结构，也更明显地影响到语篇结构上。
改为：
Everything, however, has two side. While we’re enjoying the remarkable benefits which science and technology have brought us, we are suffering from a lot of troubles such as: water pollution noise and greenhouse effect. Let’s take cars for example, cars not only pollute the air but also crowd the cities. Moreover,they are responsible for heart diseases because we don’t have to walk anywhere any more.
汉语语篇结构呈现螺旋形，以“开始—发展— 反复”的模式围绕着主题展开讨论，并间接地 从不同的角度，由表及里的阐述问题。
而英语篇章结构呈三角形，或者叫金字塔形， 以主题句为塔尖，论点为塔基。英语的一个段 落由主题句和扩展句共同构成的，层层递进， 环环相扣，具有内在黏着性。
二、英汉段落意义连贯比较
英语是形合语言，句子各成分之间的逻 辑关系常常通过连接词表现出来
汉语是意合语言，通过语义的自然衔接， 前后的贯通，上下呼应来表达一个完整 的意思。
修改文章
George goes through the same morning routine every weekday. He shaves, brushes his teeth, washes his face, and dressed. He has breakfast and reads the morning newspaper. At six he is wakened by an alarm clock and gets up. At seven thirty he says goodbye to his family and leaves for his office. He exercises deep breathing in the garden for ten minutes.
第八讲 英汉篇章结构比较
读书使人充实，讨论使 人机智，写作使人精 确
Reading makes a full man ,conference a ready man ,and writing an exact man.
一、英汉段落结构比较 二、英汉段落意义连贯比较 三、英汉文体风格的差异
英美人和中国人思维方式的不 同也体现在英汉段落中
译法二：
Some Singaporean newspapers say that China， one of the four countries in the world with an ancient civilization, and blessed with a huge territory, resources, forests, mountains ,rivers, lakes, waterfalls, and historic sites regularly attracts tourists from all parts of the world. But most importantly ,China possesses a five thousand-year-old history, with innumerable historic relics which can take your breath away. So, for a variety of reasons, China is a tourist’s dream come true.
英汉文体风格的差异
英语文章：朴实、直接 汉语文章：华丽、夸张、婉转
段落翻译
新加坡报纸说，中国是世界四大文明古国之 一，地大物博，拥有茂密的森林、壮丽的山 河、如利剑直插云霄的高峰、雄伟壮丽的瀑 布、秀丽的湖泊及富有中华文化光辉的名胜 古迹，令世界各国人民神往。但是，更重要 的是，中国具有五千多年的历史，遗留下无 数的历史文物，令人惊叹不已。这种种原因 都促使中国成为许多人梦寐以求的旅游胜地。
上面短文中，主题句（main idea sentence)也就是 文章中心的第一句，(1),(2),(3),(4)句是用来说明主 句的。
而在汉语中，我们习惯于先分后总，先说明原因后说 结果，即所谓的“前因后果”
足球运动员必须能不停地奔跑，有时得用头顶球，撞 别人或被别人撞，必必须忍受双脚和肌肉的疼痛，所 以说，足球运动是一项难度大的运动。
英美人思维方式：直线式（linear），偏爱演 绎推理，注重追溯因果，遵循从一般到具体，
从概括到举例，从整体到个体。
中国人的思维方式：迂回式（cyclical），偏 爱结构的比较
英美人的思维方式是直线式的: 一般(general)到具体(specific) 概括(summarize)到举例(exemplify) 整体(whole)到个体(respective)
这样句子之间衔接紧密，全文读起来也流畅通顺了。
语义的连贯与衔接十分重要。
我们在写作中应注意衔接手段的 应用，恰当使用过 渡词，使文章的结构条理清晰，层次分明。
连贯性原则
语言的连贯方法： 使用过渡性词语（use of transitional words） 重复关键词(repetition of key words) 代词的使用(use of pronouns) 使用平行结构(use of parallel structure)
再比如写下面一则便条，因你母亲突然 生病，周末你不能和汤姆去跳舞了，你 找了舞跳得很好的石黛来代替你，并表 示抱歉。
此英语便条为：
July 6,2002
Dear Tom，
I am sorry to inform you that I won’t be able to go to dance with you this weekend .My mother is suddenly taken ill .In order not to disappoint you ,I have asked Shi Dai to take my place. She is a better dancer, I think. My regrets.
修改后：
George goes through the same morning routine every weekday. At six he is wakened by an alarm clock and gets up. Then he shaves, brushes his teeth, washes his face, and gets dressed. After that he exercises deep breathing in the garden for ten minutes. Then he has breakfast and reads the morning newspaper. At seven thirty he says goodbye to his family and leaves for his office.
由上述例子，英语族人欣赏的是具有新颖 独特魅力的表达文字，而夸张华丽的文 体风格是不被他们所接受的。太繁琐的 句子反而会让他们产生矫揉造作之感， 选取最恰当的表达才能更符合他们的阅 读习惯。
Joe
从便条中可以看出来，英语表达先“果”——I won’t be able to go to dance with you this weekend后“因”——My mother is suddenly taken ill,即所谓的“先因后果”。
Smoking is harmful to people’s health. （主题句）Medical science has now proved that smoking can cause lung cancer and other diseases such as emphysema(肺气肿).Your chances of having a heart attack also increase if you smoke heavily. Smoking is definitely a health hazard.
译法一：Some Singaporean newspapers say that China—one of the four countries in the world with an ancient civilization, with vast territory, abundant resources, and dense forests; with high-peaked mountains, magnificent waterfalls and lakes, and historical remains underlying her glorious past—this China does attract tourists from all parts of the world.