U3形态学02

Chapter 3 Morphology
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
1.Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words
are formed.
2.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.
3.Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme
the basic unit in the study of morphology.
4.The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free
morphemes.
5.Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.
6.Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical
categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.
7.The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem,
which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.
8.Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning
of it.
9.There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form
a new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are
acceptable words.
10.Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the
second element receives secondary stress.
II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:
11.M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.
12.The affix “-ish” in the word …boyish‟ conveys a g____ meaning.
13.B___________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have
to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.
14.Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d__________ affixes.
15.D________ affixes are added to an existing form to create words.
16.A s______ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original
word and it may case change its part of speech.
17.C__________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to
create new words.
18.The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new
word are called m___________ rules.
19.In terms of morphemic analysis, d_______________ can be viewed as the
addition of affixes to stems to form new words.
20.A s______ can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself to
which a derivational affix can be added.
III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
21.The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) ______.
A. bound morpheme
B. bound form
C. inflectional morpheme
D. free morpheme
22. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound __________.
A. is the sum total of the meaning of its components
B. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemes
C. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase
D. None of the above
23. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of __________.
A. the first element
B. the second element
C. either the first or the second element
D. both the first and the second elements
24. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined
with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.
A. Free morphemes
B. Bound morphemes
C. Bound words
D. Words
25. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
A. Syntax
B. Grammar
C. Morphology
D. Morpheme
26. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.
A. lexical
B. morphemic
C. grammatical
D. semantic
27. Bound morphemes are those that ___________.
A. have to be used independently
B. can not be combined with other morphemes
C. can either be free or bound
D. have to be combined with other morphemes
28. ____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.
A. Prefixes
B. Suffixes
C. Roots
D. Affixes
29. _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.
A. Words
B. Morphemes
C. Phonemes
D. Sentences
30. “-s” in the word “books” is _______.
A. a derivative affix
B. a stem
C. an inflectional affix
D. a root
IV. Define the following terms:
V. Answer the following questions:
43. What are the main features of the English compounds?
44. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.
Suggested Answers
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False.
l.T 2.F 3.T 4.T 5.T 6.T 7.T 8.F 9.F 10.T II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given.
11.Morpheme12.grammatical13.Bound14.derivative
15.Derivative 16.suffix pounding18.morphological
19.derivation20.stem
III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.
2l.D 22.D 23.B 24.B 25.C 26.C 27.D 28.A 29.B 30.C
IV. Define the following terms.
31.Morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal
structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
32.Inflectional morphology: The inflectional morphology studies the inflections
33.Derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word-
formation.
34.Morpheme: It is the smallest meaningful unit of language.
35.Free morpheme: Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent
units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with other morphemes.
36.Bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used
independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.
37.Root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although
it bears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.
38.Affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional affixes
manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories, while derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.
39.Prefix: Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word. Prefixes modify the meaning of
the stem, but they usually do not change the part of speech of the original word. 40.Suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the
original word and in many cases change its part of speech.
41.Derivation:Derivation is a process of word formation by which derivative affixes
are added to an existing form to create a word.
pounding: Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or
sometimes more than two words to create new words.
V. Answer the following questions.
43. What are the main features of the English compounds?
Orthographically a compound can be written as one word, two separate words with or without a hyphen in between. Syntactically, the part of speech of a compound is determined by the last element. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is idiomatic, not calculable from the meanings of all its components. Phonetically, the word stress of a compound usually falls on the first element.
44. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.
Free morphemes: They are the independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves, for example, “book-” in the word “bookish”.
Bound morphemes: They are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word such as “-ish” in “bookish”. Bound morpheme s can be subdivided into roots and affixes. A root is seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it has a clear and definite meaning, such as “gene-” in the word “generate”. Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as “-s” in the word “books” to indicate plurality of nouns. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word
such as “mis-” in the word “misinform”. D erivational affixes can also be divided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word such as “dis- ” in the word “dislike”, while suffixes occur at the end of a word such as “-less” in the word “friendless”.。