外文翻译---建筑围护结构_对空气泄露设置障碍(有word版)

Building Envelopes: Putting Up Barriers To Air Leak s
All buildings leak air. The difference between buildings is the amount of air leakage. Air infiltration and exfiltration through the building envelope — walls, roofs, windows, etc. — can be problematic for a building, due to water leaks, condensation formation within walls, drafty interior conditions, varying interior temperatures, energy loss, and overworked mechanical systems.
If a building envelope is not designed to withstand air leaks, these problems can occur. Although air barriers are conceived for many applications, the system must be complete to deliver both functionality and reliability.
Which Way the Wind Blows
The direction of air leaks typically is categorized by the direction of flow. Air infiltration is air moving from the exterior to the interior, while air exfiltration is air moving in the opposite direction. Differing air pressures on either side of the envelope cause air movement through the building envelope. One or a combination of the following factors causes differential air pressure.
• Mechanical systems. Whether intentionally or not, most mechanical systems are not balanced, where the amount of air supply equals the amount of exhaust. Depending on the configuration, the mechanical systems might cause a positive pressure, where air is pushed out, or negative pressure, where air is pulled in.
• Wind. Wind blowing on a building can have various effects, depending on the side of the building. On the side at which wind is blowing, a wall will exhibit negative pressure. Wind on the opposite side and the roof causes positive pressure.
• Stack effect. More prominent in high-rise buildings, stack effect is induced by warm air rising and will cause varying pressures. At the lower floors, negative pressures will exist, whereas the upper floors will experience positive pressurization.
Effects of Air Leaks
Depending on the airflow’s direction and other environmental factors, air leaks can cause many problems, including these.
Water Leaks. Technicians can address water running down the face of a wall by using various components and flashing systems to prevent interior leaks and damage. But when combined with air infiltration, water running down a wall might be pulled through the building envelope to interior spaces.
Although it can occur anywhere in a building envelope, the most typical occurrence of water leaks caused by air infiltration is glazing systems. Weeps in frame systems allow water in the glazing pocket to drain, and unsealed conditions in the framing and interior glazing gaskets provide an air path to the interior.
Condensation. The amount of moisture air can hold as quantified by relative humidity (RH) is based on temperature. Warmer air can hold more moisture than colder air. When the temperature of a given parcel of air at a specific RH quickly decreases, the temperature at which air reaches 100 percent RH is defined as the dew point. When the air reaches the dew point, condensation forms.
When warm, humid air moves through a leaky envelope and encounters a component at or below the dew point temperature, condensation can form. Depending on conditions, condensation from air leaks can occur due to infiltration and exfiltration.
In cold climates, a positive building pressure pushes warm air through the envelope, and it can encounter colder, or even freezing, components. In warm climates, negative building pressure can pull warm and humid exterior air into a building, where it can encounter colder wall-system components caused by air conditioning.
Mechanical systems and occupant complaints. Air leaks through an envelope can increase the load on mechanical systems and hamper their efficiency. Under positive pressure, treated air is pushed out of the building, causing a direct loss of energy and requiring treatment of additional make-up air. Under negative pressure, untreated air is pulled into the building and must be treated.
Excessive air leaks in either direction also make maintaining a constant interior
temperature and relative humidity difficult, requiring mechanical systems to work harder and resulting in occupant discomfort.
Preventive Measures
To prevent air leaks through a building envelope, technicians must establish an air barrier. The location of the barrier within the system cross-section is determined by installation factors, not functional factors such as a vapor retarder, but it must be continuous. The air barrier also has to withstand negative and positive pressures to perform as designed.
Depending on the type of construction, the air barrier in the field of the wall can be many things. In veneer or cladding-type construction, the air barrier might be a self-adhered asphalt-modified membrane or building wrap. In pre-cast concrete tilt-up construction, the air barrier is the concrete and sealant applied at joints. In glass-metal curtain wall construction, the air barrier is the interior glazing gaskets and seals at frame joints.
In general, the interior side of a building envelope system consists of many holes, openings and gaps, so establishing a reliable and continuous air barrier can be difficult. For example, establishing an air barrier on the inside of a wall would require sealing electrical outlets and all items in the ceiling spaces, such as around slab ends at floor levels and around structural columns and beams, which are typically covered with fireproofing.
The outside of a building envelope system is typically relatively free of penetrations and openings, except for doors and windows, with the wall construction outboard of the structure. Due to the minimal amounts of penetrations and transitions, most air barrier membranes and wraps are installed on the exterior side. But in this location, the air barrier likely will be exposed to moisture. So managers must consider the weatherproofing reliability and functionality.
Attention to Detail
Managers should make sure the complete air barrier concept is conceived during the design process and expressed in the construction documents. In most cases, an air-barrier material is illustrated on the drawings and is specified. But the designer does not provide details to illustrate transition details at
transitions, such as windows, top of walls, roof-to-wall transitions, and around structural components.
If the air barrier is not designed, it is likely to be discontinuous, allowing air leaks. Similarly, the components that the air-barrier membrane is integrated with, such as windows, must be designed and constructed to prevent air leaks.
In many instances, self-adhered membranes extend from the exterior wall surface into window openings in an attempt to manage and prevent water leaks. Although sealants commonly are installed around the windows on the interior to prevent air leakage, the sealant does not bond well to the plastic facer of the membrane. When the bonding fails, it creates an air leak path. To prevent air and water leaks, technicians can install a secondary strip of membrane flashing to bridge the gap between the window frame and opening.
Establishing a functional, reliable air barrier is critical to preventing infiltration and exfiltration. In some cases, leaks can lead to moisture in building envelope through water leaks and condensation within the system. Water migrating through or forming within the envelope can damage interior components and energy inefficiency. To establish a functional air-barrier, managers must consider all details, transitions, components and material compatibilities.
Boilers: Saving Energy,
Contributing To 'Green'
The cost of fuel oil and natural gas continues to rise, making the energy dollar that much more precious. Inefficient operation of a boiler plant can waste energy and increase the bottom-line cost to heat the facilities, and undermine organizations’ efforts to become greener. Leaks, uninsulated piping, dirt
build-up, inoperable controls, and other overlooked maintenance basics can translate directly into added energy costs.
To prevent these problems, maintenance and engineering managers need to ensure their departments’ boiler maintenance activities and priorities address
the needs of the equipment and help the organization achieve its goals for energy efficiency and green operations.
Fire-side Basics
Cleaning a boiler is more important than most maintenance and engineering managers realize. The byproducts of burning fuel oil are soot and ash, which need to be cleaned from combustion-chamber surfaces to maintain proper heat-transfer efficiency. A layer of soot and ash that hardly looks like a candidate for removal can reduce efficiency by 10 percent. Letting that build-up continue over a period of as little as five years can result in the loss of 15-20 percent of a boiler’s efficiency.
The most overlooked component of a boiler plant is the barometric damper, which is typically discovered inoperable and in the closed position. It is a passive draft-control device located at the base of the chimney. A tall chimney is an asset if when burning wood or coal, as it provides good draft to maintain combustion.
Oil- and gas-fired systems only need enough draft to remove the flue gases. Too much draft, and unburned fuel is dragged up the chimney, along with energy dollars. The barometric damper is similar to a regulator. It constantly adjusts to assure proper draft, regardless of weather conditions or flue-gas temperature.
Technicians normally perform burner adjustments when installing a boiler, but managers must make sure they check combustion conditions regularly. Combustion-air volume needs to be correct for the fuel volume, or it will push unburned fuel up the chimney.
Maintenance Activities
Assuring boilers are clean, allowing for best heat transfer and keeping an eye on the barometric damper are ongoing activities that managers and boiler technicians and operators cannot dismiss. In support of such activities, technicians should fire-test boilers periodically using flue-gas analysis to properly adjust the flue draft and combustion air input to optimize efficiency.
This work typically includes: efficiency testing, which requires checking: the carbon dioxide and oxygen content of the flue gas; stack temperature; burner
and barometric damper adjustment; and controls and safeties.
Keep in mind the typical, newly installed, steel fire-tube boiler has a combustion efficiency of about 86 percent. Let the boiler maintenance go unattended, and that efficiency can slip to as low as 54 percent.
Fuel oil presents technicians with a different set of problems. Even when there is enough consumption, water traveling with the fuel oil can collect on the tank bottom, accelerating corrosion that eventually will perforate the bottom. Routine maintenance of the fuel-oil storage tank should include using additives to the fuel oil to help dissipate water collection. Typically, the fuel additive of choice also stabilizes the cetane rating of the fuel and prevents paraffin precipitation and microorganism growth.
Water-side Basics
A central heating system that is designed, installed, and maintained properly will have minimal corrosion problems. Studies have shown that numerous failures to building heating systems result from excessive infiltration of oxygen through minor leaks in pipe fittings or malfunctioning steam traps.
Oxygen also is present in the domestic make-up water used in closed-loop — hot-water heating system — and open-loop — steam-heating system — building heating configurations. Corrosion problems can occur when oxygen enters the water circulation loop, which is often a direct result of improper design or improper installation or operating practices, such as unacceptable or no water treatment. Also, an important consideration with hot-water boilers is keeping the water temperature above 165 degrees. Lower temperatures support
high-surplus oxygen content that leads to pitting.
Corrosion issues normally occur only in closed-loop, hot-water boiler plants on initial start-up or after draining the system and refilling with domestic water, when testing of the boiler water is necessary. Should testing indicate the need for chemical treatment of the water, a one-time treatment should be sufficient.
Nitrite is an oxygen scavenger and a chemical-treatment product used primarily in closed-loop boilers. Testing for nitrite levels occurs during start-up to gauge the level of treatment, after servicing that involves draining, or an ongoing leak is discovered. Another possible use of nitrite testing is when technicians suspect
a leak exists. Operators then will need to adjust nitrite levels to control the oxygen level because of the introduction of fresh make-up water.
In-house technicians can perform testing with an easy-to-use test kit. Nitrites typically are not used in steam boiler treatment schemes. But if a loss of water in the closed-system points to a design problem or leak, it might be necessary to introduce make-up water. Operators then will need to adjust nitrite levels to control the oxygen level of make-up water.
Steel fire-tube and water-tube steam boilers — open-loop systems — require annual water testing because of ongoing water use. Results of boiler water tests determine surplus oxygen content, a major cause of deterioration due to pitting and iron content and, in turn, a major cause of scale build-up and clogging. Technicians should install a flow meter on the make-up water line of a hot-water boiler. An indication of water flow suggests water loss somewhere in the system and the need to monitor water treatment more closely.
Treating the Problem
The constant supply of make-up water introduced to a steam system means technicians must treat the water. Water treatment is necessary in heating systems to prevent the restriction of water circulation and heat output, prevent bi-metallic corrosion by galvanic action, and prevent pitting corrosion, which creates pinhole pipe leaks.
Improper or non-existent boiler make-up water treatment is a major factor in system failures, which ultimately results in boiler downtime and costly repairs. All fresh water available from natural sources requires varying degrees of treatment before use in a boiler. Solids in the form of minerals, chemicals and organic material are all found in fresh water and have a different effect on the internal surfaces of a boiler.
But it is important to note that manufacturers of cast-iron boilers recommend not using chemical treatment in their boilers because of possible interaction with the section seals. Chemical treatment has been known to deteriorate those seals, causing leaks.
Fine-tuning Performance
Beyond cleaning, technicians should test the low-water cutouts and lift safety valves periodically. A licensed engineer must check an operating boiler plant at least once every 24 hours. Daily checks should include a look at the settings and performance of the operating controls and the high-limit controls.
Technicians should perform hydrotesting and inspections on boilers to assess their overall condition and uncover hidden deficiencies. The work includes opening and inspecting the fireside and watersides of the boilers, along with pressure testing.
Maintenance targeting leaks or pipe deterioration can control the amount of domestic make-up water entering the system. Adequate chemical treatment for a system’s make-up water is necessary to prevent deposits, remove dissolved gases — free oxygen — and prevent corrosion
It is imperative managers remain aware of the basic precautions in the maintenance of boilers and their heating systems. Failure to implement a maintenance program can result in excessive damage to the boiler and piping, which becomes costly to repair and return to operating condition.
Managers should develop preventive maintenance for a building’s heating system in conjunction with an operations and maintenance plan, which includes the necessary tasks and associated labor. Good maintenance and operating practices of a building’s heating system can prolong equipment service life and ensure energy efficiency. Fine-tuning, cleaning, and conducting proper water management costs money; but improved boiler efficiency will return that modest investment with important savings in fuel consumption that far exceed the outlay.
建筑围护结构：对空气泄露设置障碍
所有建筑物都漏气。

建筑物之间的区别是空气泄漏量。

对一栋建筑来说，通过墙壁，屋顶，窗户等建筑维护结构的空气渗入和漏出是不确定的，这是受漏水，墙壁内侧凝结，通风良好的内部条件，不同的室内温度，能量损耗，机械系统的过度劳累等因素影响的。

如果建筑围护结构不是被设计的能够承受空气泄漏，这些问题就可能发生。

虽然空气障碍是许多应用的设想，但该系统必须是完整的，才能保证其功能性和可靠性。

风向
空气泄漏的方向通常是根据流动的方向来分类的。

空气渗入是空气从外部转向内部，而空气漏出是空气在相反的方向移动。

围护结构每一侧不同的空气压力引起通过围护结构的空气运动。

一项或多项下列因素造成空气压力差。

机械系统。

无论是有意还是无意，大多数机械系统是不均衡的，那里的空气供应量等于排风量。

根据不同的配置，机械系统可能会导致正压，在那里空气被推出，或负压，在那
里空气被压进。

风。

在建筑物上吹动的风可以产生多种影响，这取决于在建筑物的哪一侧。

在这风侧吹，墙上将产生负压。

在相反侧和屋顶的风引起正压。

烟囱效应。

在超高层建筑更加突出，烟囱效应因暖空气上升而诱发，并会造成不同的压力。

在较低的楼层，负压力会存在，而上部楼层将经历正压。

漏气的影响
根据气流的方向和其他的环境因素，漏气会引起多种问题，包括以下这些。

漏水。

技术人员通过使用各种组件和防雨板系统可以解决水从墙表面跑下来的问题，以防止内部泄漏，破坏了墙面。

但是，当空气渗入也发生时，从墙面流下的水可能通过围护
结构被拉向内部空间。

虽然它可以发生在一个围护结构的任何地方，但是最典型的由空气渗入造成漏水情况发生的是在玻璃系统。

在框架系统中水滴可以在玻璃贮存器中排掉，并且结构中的非密封条件和内部玻璃垫片提供了室内空气流动的路径。

凝聚。

可容纳被相对湿度量化的水分数量是根据温度确定的。

暖空气比冷空气可以容纳更多的水分。

当给定的空气在含湿量不变而温度迅速下降时，空气达到饱和时的温度被定义为露点温度。

当空气温度达到露点温度，结露产生。

当暖空气或冷空气通过有裂缝的围护结构移动并接触到等于或低于露点温度的物体时，凝结可以形成。

在不同的情况下，空气的渗入和漏出都能导致凝结形成。

在寒冷的气候条件下，正压力推动热空气流过围护结构，使它遇到寒冷甚至冻结的物体。

在温暖的气候条件下，负压力使外部的暖空气或湿空气进入建筑物，使其遇到由空调系统
导致的寒冷的墙体系统元件。

机械系统和室内居住者存在矛盾。

通过围护结构泄漏的空气可以增加对机械系统的负载，并限制它们的效率。

在正压下，经处理的空气从建筑物中被推出去，造成了直接的能量损失，而且需要额外的补充空气。

在负压下，未经处理的空气被压进建筑物内，而它们又需要被处理。

在任何一个位置的过量空气泄漏使室内保持恒定的温度和相对湿度变的困难，这就需要机械系统加倍运转，从而导致居住者感到不舒适。

预防措施
为了防止通过围护结构漏气，技术人员必须建立一个空气屏障。

该系统内的屏障横截面的位置，是由安装的因素，而不是如蒸汽缓凝剂这样的功能性因素决定的，但它必须是连续的。

空气屏障也要能像设计的那样承受正压和负压。

根据不同的建筑类型，在墙体层面的空中屏障可以是许多的东西。

在贴面或包层式建筑中，空气屏障可能是双面粘沥青改制膜或建筑膜。

在预制混凝土倾斜式建筑中，空气屏障
是应用在连接处的凝结物和密封剂。

在玻璃金属幕墙建筑中，空气屏障是在结构连接处的内部的上光垫片和密封垫。

一般来说，建筑物的围护结构系统内侧由许多小洞、缺口和缝隙组成，如此建立一个可靠和持续的空气屏障是很困难的。

例如，在墙体内侧建立空气屏障需要密封电源插座和在天花板空间的所有项目，如在楼层板左右两端及周围结构上的柱和横梁，而这些都是典型的防火覆盖。

建筑物的围护结构系统外侧是典型的相对自由的渗透和开口，除了门和窗，包括结构外侧的墙。

由于最小限度的渗透和式样过渡，大部分空气阻隔膜都安装在外侧。

但在这个位
置上，空气阻隔可很能会受潮。

因此，管理者必须考虑的防水的可靠性和功能性。

注重细节
管理者应确保完整的空气阻隔的概念是在设计过程中构思并在建筑施工图中表现的。

在大多数情况下，空气阻隔材料在图纸上阐明并且指定。

但设计者并没有提供详细情况来阐
明在过渡中的过渡细节，如窗户、墙壁顶部、屋顶到墙的转换过渡的细节和围绕结构的成分。

如果空气阻隔没有被设计，它很可能是不连续的，而发生空气泄漏。

同样，像窗户这样和空气阻隔膜集成在一起的部件，必须设计和建造成能防止漏气。

在许多情况下，自粘膜都是从外墙表面延伸到窗户口来试图控制和防止漏水。

虽然密封材料通常被安装在窗户内侧面的周围来防止空气泄漏，但是密封材料和膜的塑料表面粘接的并不是很好。

当粘接失败时，就创建了漏气的路径。

为了防止空气和水的泄漏，技术人员可以安装防水板膜的二次条带来填补窗结构和开口处的间隙。

建立功能齐全、可靠的空气阻隔对防止空气渗入和漏出是至关重要的。

在某些情况下，通过系统内水的泄漏和凝结可能导致建筑物维护结构结露。

围护结构内水滴的形成和流动
会损坏内部组件并导致能量的低效率。

为了建立一个功能齐全的空气屏障，管理者必须考虑到所有细节、过渡、元器件和材料的兼容性。

锅炉：节能，为“绿色”做贡献
燃油和天然气价格的不断上涨，使能源变的更加珍贵。

锅炉厂的低效运作会浪费能源和提高加热设备所需的最低花费，并使组织为更加绿色环保所做的努力遭到破坏。

泄漏，非绝缘管，污垢积聚，行不通的控制，还有其他被忽视的维修方面直接转化为能源成本增加。

为了避免这些问题，维护和工程管理人员需要确保其部门的锅炉维修活动和优先满足设备的需求，帮助组织实现节能和绿色行动的目标。

消防端基础
清洗锅炉比大多数维修更重要，工程管理人员认识到了这一点。

燃油燃烧的副产品是烟尘和灰烬，这需要从燃烧膛的表面来清洁，以维持适当的热传递效率。

看起来不能去除的一层烟尘和灰烬会使工作效率降低10％。

污垢堆积达五年时就可导致锅炉的效率损失15％—20％。

锅炉厂最容易忽略的部分是气流调节器，它通常被发现无法操作，而且处于关闭。

它是一种位于烟囱底部的被动通风控制装置。

高的烟囱在燃烧木材和煤炭时很有优势烧，因为它能提供足够的气流来维持燃烧。

燃油和天然气的系统只需要足够的气流来除去烟道内气体。

气流太多，会使未燃尽的燃料被带出烟囱，造成能源浪费。

气流调节器类似于一个调节阀。

它不断地调整，以确保适当的气流，不受天气状况或烟道内烟气温度影响。

当安装锅炉时技术人员通常执行燃烧器的调整，但管理者必须确保他们定期检查燃烧状况。

燃烧空气量需要与燃料量相匹配，否则它会把未燃尽的燃料带出烟囱。

维护工作
确保锅炉是干净的，使传热达到最佳效果，管理人员、锅炉技术人员和操作员要认真对待确保气流调节器是连续工作的。

为了维持其正常工作，技术人员要利用烟气分析定期检验锅炉，适当调整烟道内气流量和助燃空气的输入，以提高效率。

这项工作通常包括：效率测试，这需要检查：烟气中二氧化碳和氧气的含量;烟道温度，炉膛和气流调节器的调整，以及控制和安全装置。

记住典型的新安装的钢火管锅炉燃烧效率大约是86％。

如果不去做锅炉的维护工作，燃烧效率最低可降至54％。

燃料油给技术人员带来一些不同的问题。

即使充分燃烧，混有燃料油的水在罐子底部聚集，加速了腐蚀最终导致底部被贯穿。

日常的燃料油储罐维护应该包括在燃料油中使用添加剂，以帮助遏制水收集。

通常情况下，上等的燃油添加剂也稳定了十六烷燃料的速率，预防了石蜡沉淀和微生物的生长。

水侧基础
一套中央供暖系统设计、安装和保养得当会是系统腐蚀问题降到最小。

研究表明，建筑物采暖系统中许多的失败，都是由过多的氧气通过管件中的微小漏洞渗入或出故障的疏水阀造成的。

氧还存在于闭环- 热水供暖系统- 和开环- 蒸汽加热系统- 建筑采暖配置中使用的家用
补给水中。

当氧气进入水循环回路中时腐蚀问题就会发生。

这往往是由设计不当或安装不当或操作的方法不当如不能接受或没有水处理等引起的。

此外，热水锅炉要考虑的一个重要问题是使水温保持在165度以上。

较低温度下导致氧含量过剩，导致点蚀。

腐蚀问题通常仅发生在闭环中，热水锅炉厂在初始启动或当有必要测试锅炉水时排出系统中水后并再注入生活水时。

如果测试表明水化学处理是需要的，一次性处理就足够的。

亚硝酸盐是一种主要应用于闭环锅炉的氧清除剂和化学处理产品。

当启动系统以评估处理水平时，当检修系统内排水后，或者当泄漏被发现时，就需要进行亚硝酸盐含量测试。

进行亚硝酸盐检测的另一种可能的用途是当技术人员怀疑有泄漏存在时。

由于新鲜补给水的引入这时操作员就需要调整亚硝酸盐含量以控制氧气含量。

在内部的技术人员可以使用易用的工具箱进行测试。

亚硝酸盐通常不用于蒸汽锅炉的处理方案中。

但是如果封闭的水系统中水的损失是由于设计问题或者裂缝，就有必要引入补给水。

操作员就需要调整亚硝酸盐含量，以控制补给水中的氧气量。

钢材料火管和水管蒸汽锅炉—开环系统每年都需要进行水测试，因为水是一直在使用的。

锅
炉水测试结果决定过剩的氧含量，它是由于点蚀和铁的含量导致破坏的主要原因，以及，规模积累和堵塞的一个主要原因。

技术人员应该在热水锅炉的补给水线上安装一个流量计。

水流量的指示器读数表明系统内某处水的损失，并能更严密的监控水处理情况。

处理问题
被引入蒸汽系统的补给水的持久供应意味着技术人员必须处理这些水。

水处理在供暖系统中是必要的，是为了防止对水循环和热输出的限制，防止由于电流作用引起的铋金属腐蚀，防止点蚀而产生管道针孔泄漏。

不适当的或不存在的锅炉补给水的处理是系统发生故障的主要原因，最终导致锅炉停机和昂贵的维修。

所有来自自然界的可用淡水源在进入锅炉使用以前需要不同程度的处理。

以矿物质、化学品和有机物质形态的固体都在淡水中被发现，它们对于锅炉的内表面会产生不同的影响。

注意这一点，铸铁锅炉制造商建议不要在这些锅炉内使用化学处理方式，因为可能与密封部件产生相互作用。

我们已经知道化学处理会破坏那些密封部件，造成泄漏。

微调性能
除了清洁，技术人员应该定期检测低水位断流器和扬水泵安全阀门。

持证工程师必须至少24小时检查一次运行中的锅炉厂。

日常检查应包括查看设备、运行控制性能和高限控制。

技术人员要对锅炉进行水压测试和安全检测，以评估它们的总体状况并发现隐藏的缺陷。

这项工作包括开启和检查锅炉的着火侧和热水侧，同时进行压力测试。

针对泄漏或管道恶化进行的围护可以控制家用补给水进入系统的水量。

对系统补给水进行充分的化学处理是必要的，它可以防止沉淀物，除去溶解的气体—氧并且防止腐蚀。

管理者在锅炉和其供暖系统的维护时清楚地了解基本的预防措施是必要的。

不认真执行维护步骤就可能对锅炉和管道造成重大的破坏，从而花费高昂费用来维修和使其恢复工作状态。

管理者应对建筑物的供暖系统进行预防性的维护连同运营和维护计划，其中包括必要的任务和关联的工作。

对建筑物供暖系统，良好的保养及经营方式可以延长设备的使用寿命，确保能量效率。

微调，清洗，并进行适当的水处理需要花费金钱，但提高了锅炉效率，大大节省了燃料，省下的钱远远多于前期那些微小的投入。