Chapter 14 Nutrition and bone health
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◆ Diet rich in fruits, vegetables, grains, lean protein ◆ Healthy body weight ◆ Normal menses ◆ Weight-bearing physical activity ◆ Smoking cessation: Smoking lowers estrogen level in blood ◆ Moderate intake (only) of phosphorus, sodium,
• Hormonally controlled actions reestablish normal blood calcium levels
✓ bones release calcium, ✓ intestines absorb more calcium ✓ kidneys retain more calcium in the blood
Nutrition and Bone Health
Nutrition
Outcomes
◆ Describe the process of bone synthesis and degradation and classify bone as either cortical or trabecular.
Degradation and synthesis of new bone
➢ Hydroxyapatite（羟基磷灰石）
⚫ crystalline compound containing calcium, phosphorus, sometimes fluoride—also known as bone mineral
• contains stem cells
Cortical bone （骨密质）
• compact or dense bone • found on outer surfaces of bone
Periosteum （骨膜）
• connective tissue covering all bones • has bone-forming potential
Calcium Functions
40% of all minerals in body Bone growth, development, and maintenance
⚫ 99% of calcium in body is used to strengthen bones and teeth
Blood clot formation Muscle contraction Nerve transmission Cenelzlyumlaersm, aentadbhoolirsmmo, nal responses Maintaining cell integrity Promoting cell differentiation
⚫ losing substance: part of initial process for remodeling and growth
➢ Osteoblast（成骨细胞）
⚫ bone cells that initiate synthesis of new bone
Bone Growth and Remodeling (1)
◆ Explain the functions and sources of vitamin D, including its synthesis by the action of ultraviolet radiation and the signs and symptoms of vitamin D deficiency.
• generally expressed as grams per cubic centimeter
➢ Bone is composed of approximately
• 65% minerals • 35% connective tissue
Peak bone mass is achieved by age 30
caffeine, wheat bran, and alcohol ◆ Medications ◆ Sunlight exposure
Increasing Bone Density
Part 3: Calcium—Concepts
◆What percent of calcium in the body is found in bone and teeth?
➢ Bone resorption
• occurs at rate faster than bone synthesis after age 30, • leads to decrease in bone mass and bone mineral density
Part 2: Factors That Influence Bone Health—Concepts
Women at menopause and beyond should consider use of current medical therapies to reduce bone loss linked to the fall in estrogen output.
Modifiable Lifestyle Factors
Individuals of Caucasian or Asian heritage are at greater risk for poor bone health than individuals of African descent. People with “small bones” have a lower bone mass.
Biologica l Factors
Sex
Effect on Bone Status Women have lower bone mass and density than men.
Age Ethnicity
Frame size Estrogen
Bone loss occurs after age 30.
Calcium Deficiency
Blood calcium level is tightly regulated within narrow range
• Poor dietary intake of calcium is not likely to result in low blood calcium.
Bone Growth and Remodeling (1)
Degradation and synthesis of new bone
➢ Osteoclasts （破骨细胞）
⚫ bone marrow breaks down or degrades small amounts of bone
➢ Resorption
◆ What are the biological factors that influence bone mineral density?
◆ What are the lifestyle factors that influence bone mineral density?
Table 1. Biological Factors Associated with Bone Status
◆Beyond its role in bone health, what are some other critical functions of calcium?
◆What role does vitamin D play in calcium metabolism?
◆What factors reduce calcium absorption?
beverage, tofu, almonds
Gap in Recommended Dietary Intake and Daily Consumption of Calcium
Avoiding Too Much Calcium
contraction and nerve function is disrupted. ⚫ Result is tetany in which muscles become stiff or twitch involuntarily
Getting Enough Calcium
RDA is 1,000 milligram per day for adults up to 50 RDA is 1,200 milligram per day for adults 51+ Average US intake:
Likely causes of calcium deficiency
⚫ Kidney diseases, hormonal abnormality, or medications ⚫ If blood calcium falls below a critical point, muscles cannot relax after
Part 1: Bone Physiology—Concepts
◆ What are the roles of periosteum, cortical bone, trabecular bone, and bone marrow?
◆ What types of cells are responsible for bone building and bone breakdown?
Outcomes
◆ List magnesium functions and sources. ◆ List other nutrients olved in bone health, including
their primary function in bone, and common food sources. ◆ Describe the process of osteoporosis development and prevention. ◆ Describe current prevention methods of osteoporosis .
• 800 milligram per day for women • 1000 milligram per day for men
Rule of 300s used to estimate calcium intake
• 300 milligram for food consumed throughout day, • 300 milligram for each cup of milk, calcium-fortified
➢ Osteocyte（骨细胞）
⚫ osteoblast embedded into the bone matrix
Bone Remodeling
Bone Growth and Remodeling (2)
➢ Bone mineral density
• total mineral content of bone at a specific bone site divided by width of bone at site
Bone Structure
Trabecular bone （骨小梁）
• less-dense, more open structure • found in inner layer of bones
Bone marrow
• spongy tissue in flat bones and trabecular bones
◆ List sources and functions of calcium, including its role in bone growth, maintenance, and repair.
◆ Describe the functions, recommendations, and sources of phosphorus.
• Hormonally controlled actions reestablish normal blood calcium levels
✓ bones release calcium, ✓ intestines absorb more calcium ✓ kidneys retain more calcium in the blood
Nutrition and Bone Health
Nutrition
Outcomes
◆ Describe the process of bone synthesis and degradation and classify bone as either cortical or trabecular.
Degradation and synthesis of new bone
➢ Hydroxyapatite（羟基磷灰石）
⚫ crystalline compound containing calcium, phosphorus, sometimes fluoride—also known as bone mineral
• contains stem cells
Cortical bone （骨密质）
• compact or dense bone • found on outer surfaces of bone
Periosteum （骨膜）
• connective tissue covering all bones • has bone-forming potential
Calcium Functions
40% of all minerals in body Bone growth, development, and maintenance
⚫ 99% of calcium in body is used to strengthen bones and teeth
Blood clot formation Muscle contraction Nerve transmission Cenelzlyumlaersm, aentadbhoolirsmmo, nal responses Maintaining cell integrity Promoting cell differentiation
⚫ losing substance: part of initial process for remodeling and growth
➢ Osteoblast（成骨细胞）
⚫ bone cells that initiate synthesis of new bone
Bone Growth and Remodeling (1)
◆ Explain the functions and sources of vitamin D, including its synthesis by the action of ultraviolet radiation and the signs and symptoms of vitamin D deficiency.
• generally expressed as grams per cubic centimeter
➢ Bone is composed of approximately
• 65% minerals • 35% connective tissue
Peak bone mass is achieved by age 30
caffeine, wheat bran, and alcohol ◆ Medications ◆ Sunlight exposure
Increasing Bone Density
Part 3: Calcium—Concepts
◆What percent of calcium in the body is found in bone and teeth?
➢ Bone resorption
• occurs at rate faster than bone synthesis after age 30, • leads to decrease in bone mass and bone mineral density
Part 2: Factors That Influence Bone Health—Concepts
Women at menopause and beyond should consider use of current medical therapies to reduce bone loss linked to the fall in estrogen output.
Modifiable Lifestyle Factors
Individuals of Caucasian or Asian heritage are at greater risk for poor bone health than individuals of African descent. People with “small bones” have a lower bone mass.
Biologica l Factors
Sex
Effect on Bone Status Women have lower bone mass and density than men.
Age Ethnicity
Frame size Estrogen
Bone loss occurs after age 30.
Calcium Deficiency
Blood calcium level is tightly regulated within narrow range
• Poor dietary intake of calcium is not likely to result in low blood calcium.
Bone Growth and Remodeling (1)
Degradation and synthesis of new bone
➢ Osteoclasts （破骨细胞）
⚫ bone marrow breaks down or degrades small amounts of bone
➢ Resorption
◆ What are the biological factors that influence bone mineral density?
◆ What are the lifestyle factors that influence bone mineral density?
Table 1. Biological Factors Associated with Bone Status
◆Beyond its role in bone health, what are some other critical functions of calcium?
◆What role does vitamin D play in calcium metabolism?
◆What factors reduce calcium absorption?
beverage, tofu, almonds
Gap in Recommended Dietary Intake and Daily Consumption of Calcium
Avoiding Too Much Calcium
contraction and nerve function is disrupted. ⚫ Result is tetany in which muscles become stiff or twitch involuntarily
Getting Enough Calcium
RDA is 1,000 milligram per day for adults up to 50 RDA is 1,200 milligram per day for adults 51+ Average US intake:
Likely causes of calcium deficiency
⚫ Kidney diseases, hormonal abnormality, or medications ⚫ If blood calcium falls below a critical point, muscles cannot relax after
Part 1: Bone Physiology—Concepts
◆ What are the roles of periosteum, cortical bone, trabecular bone, and bone marrow?
◆ What types of cells are responsible for bone building and bone breakdown?
Outcomes
◆ List magnesium functions and sources. ◆ List other nutrients olved in bone health, including
their primary function in bone, and common food sources. ◆ Describe the process of osteoporosis development and prevention. ◆ Describe current prevention methods of osteoporosis .
• 800 milligram per day for women • 1000 milligram per day for men
Rule of 300s used to estimate calcium intake
• 300 milligram for food consumed throughout day, • 300 milligram for each cup of milk, calcium-fortified
➢ Osteocyte（骨细胞）
⚫ osteoblast embedded into the bone matrix
Bone Remodeling
Bone Growth and Remodeling (2)
➢ Bone mineral density
• total mineral content of bone at a specific bone site divided by width of bone at site
Bone Structure
Trabecular bone （骨小梁）
• less-dense, more open structure • found in inner layer of bones
Bone marrow
• spongy tissue in flat bones and trabecular bones
◆ List sources and functions of calcium, including its role in bone growth, maintenance, and repair.
◆ Describe the functions, recommendations, and sources of phosphorus.