操作系统进程翻译

操作系统进程翻译
1
A process can be thought of as a program in execution. A process will need certain
进程可以看做是一个正在执行的程序。

进程需要一定的资源，
resources—such as CPU time, memory, files, and I/O devices—to accomplish its task. These 例如：CPU的时间片，内存，文件和输入输出设备，来完成任务。

resources are allocated to the process either when it is created or while it is executing. 当进程被创建或者正在执行时，资源就会为它分配内存。

A process is the unit of work in most systems. Such a system consists of a collection of 在大多数的系统中，进程是工作单元。

这样的一个系统是由大量的进程组成在一起的：
processes: Operating system processes execute system code, and user processes execute user 操作系统的进程执行系统代码，用户进程执行用户代码
code. All these processes may execute concurrently.
所有这些进程都是并发执行的。

Although traditionally a process contained only a single thread of control as it ran, most
尽管早期的进程只允许单线程控制，但现代大多数的操作系统都支持多线程控制。

modern operating systems now support processes that have multiple threads.
The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection with process 操作系统的任务把进程和线程管理与以下活动相连接：
and thread management: the creation and deletion of both
user and system processes; the
创建和删除用户和系统的进程；安排进程执行的时间；
scheduling of processes; and the provision of mechanisms for synchronization, communication, and 为同步装置和交流提供方法，以及为进程安排死锁处理。

deadlock handling for processes.
2
Early computer systems allowed only one program to be executed at a time. This program had complete 早期计算机系统只允许一次一个程序被执行。

这种方式完全限制了系统，
control of the system, and had access to all the system's resources. Current-day computer systems 并且占据了电脑所有的资源。

allow multiple programs to be loaded into memory and to be executed concurrently. This evolution 现在的计算机系统允许多道程序载入内存并且并发执行。

required firmer control and more compartmentalization of the various programs. These needs
这种变革要求更稳定的控制和程序的更多分区。

resulted in the notion of a process, which is a program in execution. A process is the unit of 这种需要使进程这一说法被提出，即进程是指一个正在执行的程序。

work in a modern time-sharing system.u
进程是现代分时操作系统的工作单元。

The more complex the operating system, the more it is expected to do on behalf of its users. 越复杂的操作系统，用户越希望它能支持更多功能。

Although its main concern is the execution of user programs, it also needs to take care of various 尽管操作系统主要负责用户使用的程序的进程，但也同样需要管理各种内核本身的系统任务。

system tasks that are better left outside the kernel itself. A system therefore consists of a 因此系统是进程的组合：collection of processes: Operating-system processes executing system code, and user processes 操作系统进程处理系统代码，用户进程处理用户代码。

executing user code. All these processes can potentially execute concurrently, with the CPU (or 所有这些代码能和多线程cpu（或者cpus）一起，有效的并发执行。

CPUs) multiplexed among them. By switching the CPU between processes, the operating system can 通过CPU和进程之间的交换，操作系统可以使计算机更为高效。

make the computer more productive.。