考研英语-试卷207

考研英语-试卷207
(总分：142.00，做题时间：90分钟)
一、 Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)
1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________ 解析：
What"s your earliest childhood memory? Can you remember learning to walk? Or talk? The first time you heard thunder or watched a television program? Adults seldom (1)_____ events much earlier than the year or so before entering school, (2)_____ children younger than three or four (3)_____ retain any specific, personal experiences. A variety of explanations have been (4)_____ by psychologists for this "childhood amnesia". One argues that the hippo-campus; the region of the brain which is (5)_____ for forming memories, does not mature until about the age of two. But the most popular theory (6)_____ that, since adults don"t think like children, they cannot (7)_____ childhood memories. Adults think in words, and their life memories are like stories or (8)_____ one event follows (9)_____ as in a novel or film. But when they search through their mental (10)_____ for early childhood memories to add to this verbal life story, they don"t find any that fit the (11)_____. It"s like trying to find a Chinese word in an English dictionary. Now psychologist Annette Simms of the New York State University offers a new (12)_____ for childhood amnesia. She argues that there simply aren"t any early childhood memories to (13)_____. According to Dr. Simms, children need to learn to use someone else"s spoken description of their personal (14)_____ in order to turn their own short-term, quickly forgotten (15)_____ of them into long-term memories. In other (16)_____, children have to talk about their experiences and hear others talk about (17)_____—Mother talking about the afternoon (18)_____ looking for seashells at the beach or Dad asking them about their day at Ocean Park. Without this (19)_____ reinforcement, says Dr. Simms, children cannot form (20)_____ memories of their personal experiences.Notes: childhood amnesia 儿童失忆症。

（分数：40.00）
A.figure
B.interpret
C.recall √
D.affirm
解析：解析：词义搭配。

recall vt.想起。

例如：recall old faces(想起老朋友的面貌)；又如：I remember her face but I cannot recall where I met her. (我记得她的面貌，但想不起在什么地方见过她)。

figure vt.图示，塑造(形象)；想象。

如：figure something to oneself(心中描绘某物)。

interpret vt.解释，说明；affirm vt.断言，肯定。

A.now that
B.even if
C.as though
D.just as √
解析：解析：逻辑搭配。

just as 就像…；now that 既然…；even if 即使…；as though 似乎，好像。

rgely
B.rarely √
C.merely
D.really
解析：解析：词义搭配。

rarely(否定副词，意为"很少，不常")与主句中的seldom(否定副词，意为"很少")前后照应。

largely主要地；merely仅仅；really真实地。

A.refuted
B.defied
C.proposed √
D.witnessed
解析：解析：词义搭配。

propose vt.提出；refute vt.反驳；defy vt.(公然)对抗，蔑视，如：defy the law(目无法纪)；witness vt.目睹；(for)(签名)作证支持…，(against)(签名)作证反对…。

例如：1)Your brother will witness for you in this charge．(在这次控告中你兄弟将为你作证辩护)。

2)He will witness against you if only out of spite．(假如出于恶意，他将作证说明你有罪)。

A.responsible √
B.suitable
C.favorable
D.available
解析：解析：词义搭配。

be responsible for是…(产生)的原因。

例如：Cars are mainly responsible for the air pollution in cities．(汽车是城市产生空气污染的主要原因)。

A.declines
B.assesses
C.estimates
D.maintains √
解析：解析：词义搭配。

maintain vt.坚持认为，主张(后接宾语从句)。

例如：He maintained that he was to blame. (他坚持说，他应受到责备)。

A.reflect
B.attain
C.access √
D.acquire
解析：解析：词义搭配。

access vt.(计算机用语)存取。

例如：She accessed three different files to find the correct information. (她存取了三个文件以找寻她所要的信息)。

又如：The files were accessed every day to keep them up to date. (文件每日存取，使之不断更新)。

A.narratives √
B.forecasts
munications
D.descriptions
解析：解析：词义搭配。

narrative n.叙事，故事。

forecast预报；regulation 规章；description描述。

A.the rest
B.another √
C.the other
D.others
解析：解析：结构搭配。

one...another...是语法上的惯用搭配，一般指两个以上。

A.deposits
B.dreams
C.flashes
D.files √
解析：解析：词义搭配。

file n.文件夹。

A.model
B.pattern √
C.frame
D.formula
解析：解析：词义搭配。

pattern n.模式，方式。

model模型frame框架；formula公式。

A.emphasis
B.assertion
C.explanation √
D.assumption
解析：解析：词义结构搭配。

offer an explanation for为…提出解释。

A.recall √
B.remember
C.reflect
D.respond
解析：解析：词义搭配。

recall回想起。

A.instincts
B.feelings
C.sensations
D.experiences √
解析：解析：词义搭配。

experience(不可数名词)经验，(可数名词)经历的事情。

A.impressions √
B.beliefs
C.minds
D.insights
解析：解析：词义搭配。

impression 印象；belief 信念；mind思维；insight洞察力，见识。

A.senses
B.cases
C.words √
D.aspects
解析：解析：惯用搭配。

in other words换言之。

A.him
B.their
C.it
D.them √
解析：解析：结构搭配。

them 指代前面的experiences。

A.taken
B.utilized
C.applied
D.spent √
解析：解析：词义结构搭配。

spend...doing sth. 花(多少时间)做某事。

A.habitual
B.verbal √
C.unique
D.particular
解析：解析：词义搭配。

verbal口头的，言语的。

A.permanent √
B.mental
C.spiritual
D.conscious
解析：解析：词义搭配。

permanent永久的；mental心理的；spiritual精神的；conscious有意识的。

二、 Reading Comprehension(总题数：10，分数：58.00)
2.Section II Reading Comprehension
__________________________________________________________________________________________ 解析：
3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
解析：
The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in Congress. The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user. All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error. Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person has learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the empirical evidence concerning comparative validity, and upon such factors as cost and availability. In general, the tests work most effectively when the traits or qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined (for example, ability to do well in a particular course of training program) and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined (for example, personality or creativity). Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do. For example, they don"t compensate for gross social inequality, and thus don"t tell how able an underprivileged younger might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.Notes: divert attention from 没有注意到。

keep careful score 仔细记分。

define vt.界定。

（分数：10.00）
(1).What is the essence of this text?（分数：2.00）
A.Attacking standardized tests.
B.Don"t Blame the test blame the user. √
C.Standardized tests and their wide applications.
D.The standardized test—a useful means of assessment.
解析：解析：全文主旨题。

本题问：本文的中心思想是什么?本文是用演绎法写的，所以全文主旨在第1段中。

第1段中作者指出。

把标准化考试作为抨击目标是错误的。

在段落结尾句中明确指出："测试成绩是否有价值、有意义或者甚至是误导的，部分取决于工具本身，但主要取决于使用测试的人"。

本句是全文的主题句，可见，B符合此意。

(2).The selection implies that, more often, the value of an educational test rests with _____.（分数：2.00）
A.the interpretation of test results. √
B.the analysis of the students tested.
C.the skill and wisdom of the test itself.
D.the accuracy of the information provided.
解析：解析：细节理解题。

本题问：本文暗示，教育测试的价值何在?第2段第2句写道："测试结果是否被后来的表现证明为有效要看所使用的信息(即考试成绩)的量、信度及针对性，也要看解释所得信息的技能"。

由此看来，A符合以上表述。

"分析被考的学生"太笼统，不切题。

注意：解这类题的技巧是抓住信息信号词的相关性，如A选项中的信息信号词是interpretation，文章中的信息信号词是第2段第2句中的interpreted，注意它们之间的信息相关性并加以分析和判断。

(3).The third paragraph is written mainly to state _____.（分数：2.00）
A.the functions of educational tests.
B.the dimensions of standardized tests.
C.the bases for using standardized tests. √
D.the mixed results of standardized tests.
解析：解析：段落主旨题。

本题问：第3段写来主要是为了阐述什么?第3段最后1句是段落结论句，它写道："因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是两者兼用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素"。

可见，阐述"使用标准化测试的依据"是本段写作的主要目的。

"标准化考试的功能"是强干扰项，因为尽管本段第2句提到标准化考试的功能，但接着作者就指出，这种测试所获得的信息从性质上讲与其他种类的信息一样有长处又有短处，最后作者告诉我们采用标准化考试的依据，即由有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。

可见，前半段是铺垫，最后一句说明是否使用标准化考试的依据。

(4).According to the text. which of the following statements is not true?（分数：2.00）
A.Predictions do nor always hold true.
B.Some students "shine" unexpectedly.
C.The supervisor of the test must be well trained. √
D.Personality rests often fall short of their purpose.
解析：解析：细节辨认题。

本题问：根据本文，下面哪一表述是错误的?最后一段最后1句写道："有时这些测试能鉴别出一些学生，这些学生的很高的潜力以前从来没有被承认"。

B符合此意。

第2段最后1句写道："任何仔细记录分数的人都知道，所得到的信息总是不全面的，预测总是会有误差的"。

A符合此意。

最后一段第1句的后半句写道："…所测的效果最差是在所测内容无法清楚界定时(例如，性格或创造性)"。

"性格测试常常达不到目的"符合此意。

可见，应排除C。

(5).According to the text. the author"s attitude toward the value of standardized tests seems to be _____.（分数：2.00）
A.critical
B.dubious.
C.objective. √
D.ambiguous.
解析：解析：作者观点题。

本题问：作者对标准化考试的价值的态度是什么?从全篇文章的内容来看，作者既肯定了标准化考试的某些优点，也指出其不足，故作者的态度是客观的。

"批判的"，"怀疑的"与"模棱两可的"均与全文内容所体现的作者态度相悖，故应排除。

Manners nowadays in metropolitan cities like London are practically non-existent. It is nothing for a big, strong schoolboy to elbow an elderly woman aside in the dash for the last remaining seat on the tube or bus, much less stand up and offer his seat to her, as he ought. In fact, it is saddening to note that if a man does offer his seat to an older woman, it is nearly always a Continental man or one from the older generation. This question of giving up seats in public transport is much argued about by young men, who say that, since women have claimed equality, they no longer deserve to be treated with courtesy, and that those who go out to work should take their turn in the rat race like anyone else. Women have never claimed to be physically as strong as men. Even if it is not agreed, however, that young men should stand up for younger women, the fact remains that courtesy should be shown to the old. the sick and the burdened. Conditions in travel are really very hard on everyone, we know, but hardship is surely no excuse. Sometimes one wonders what would have been the behavior of these about young men in a packed refugee train or a train on its way to a prisoner-camp during the war. Would they have considered it only right and their proper due to keep the best places for themselves then? Older people, tired and irritable from a day"s work, are not angels, either—far from it. Many a brisk argument or an insulting quarrel breaks out as the weary queues push and shove each other to gel on buses and tubes. One cannot commend this, of course, but one does feel there is just a little more excuse. If cities are to remain pleasant places to live in at all, however, it seems urgent, not only that communications in transport should be improved, but also that communication between human beings
should be kept smooth and polite. All over cities, it seems that people are too tired and too rushed to be polite. Shop assistants won"t bother to assist, taxi drivers shout at each other as they dash dangerously round corners, bus conductors pull the bell before their desperate passengers have had time to get on or off the bus. and so on and so on. It seems to us that it is up to the young and strong to do their small part to stop such deterioration.Notes:much less 更不用说。

Continental man欧洲大陆上的人。

rat race激烈的竞争。

be lost to全然不顾。

all too实在太。

be hard on sth.对…太严峻。

due n.应该得到的东西。

communications In transport 运输工具。

won"t bother to do sth.不愿费心去做某事。

pull the hell(售票员)拉铃(以便让司机开动车辆)。

do one"s part某人的责任。

（分数：10.00）
(1).From what you have read, would you expect manners to improve among people who _____.（分数：2.00）
A.are physically strong.
B.live in big modern cities. √
C.are from the older generation.
D.live only in metropolitan cities.
解析：解析：细节理解题。

本题问：从本文中你期待哪些人应注意礼貌?第1段第1句写道："礼貌如今在像伦敦这样的大都市里实际上已不存在"。

所以应该选。

D属于绝对化，不宜入选。

(2).What is the writer"s opinion concerning courteous manners toward women?（分数：2.00）
A.Men should give up their seats to young women.
B.Women needn"t be treated differently from men.
dy First should be universally practiced.
D.Special consideration ought to be shown to them. √
解析：解析：作者观点题。

本题问：有关对妇女的礼貌问题作者的看法如何?第2段第2句写道："妇女从来也没有说她们的体力和男子一样壮。

然而，即使大家对此没有一致的看法，年轻的男子也应该站起来为年轻的女子让位，…"可见，"对妇女应有特别的关照"符合此意。

A与C属绝对化，不能入选。

B是某些年轻男子的看法。

(3).According to the author, communication between human beings would be smoother if _____.（分数：2.00）
A.public transport could be improved.
B.people were not so tired and irritable.
C.women were treated with more courtesy.
D.people were considerate toward each other. √
解析：解析：作者观点题。

本题问：根据作者的看法，在什么情况下人际交流会更顺利?最后一段第1句的后半句写道："…迫在眉睫的是，…人与人之间的交往应该更温和更有礼貌"。

"人们互相关照"符合以上表述。

B从局部看也有道理，且文中也有提及，但不是主要原因，不如D触及了问题的本质，且有概括性。

C 只涉及妇女，不涉及其他人，太片面，故不能入选。

A只是部分对，强调客观条件，太片面。

(4).What is the possible meaning of the word "deterioration" in the last paragraph?（分数：2.00）
A.Spreading of evil conduct.
B.Lowering of moral standards. √
C.Worsening of general situation.
D.Declining of physical constitution.
解析：解析：词汇释义题。

本题问："deterioration"的含义是什么?从最后一句的句意来看，作者提出，我们似乎感到，年轻力壮的人该尽他们的一份职责来制止这种道德水平的下降。

B与上述句意相符。

"邪恶行为的传布"言过其实；"总体形势恶化"太笼统，无针对性，与本文主题"公共交通中的道德"无关。

"身体体质下降"，不切题。

(5).In the author"s view. the best remedy for coping with the hard conditions in travel in cities would be to _____.（分数：2.00）
A.attach significance to the moral education of young people.
B.improve the means of transportation and the public morality. √
C.treat people, be they young and old, with courtesy and sympathy.
D.demand that everyone avoid brisk arguments and insulting quarrels.
解析：解析：细节理解题。

本题问：根据作者的看法，如何解决城市中交通拥挤条件下的礼貌问题?最后一段第1句中作者提出应从两方面来解决问题。

一方面应改进交通工具；另一方面应提高公德。

其他三个选项均片面地只及一点，不及其余。

For me, scientific knowledge is divided into mathematical sciences, natural sciences or sciences dealing with the natural world (physical and biological sciences), and sciences dealing with mankind (psychology, sociology, all the sciences of cultural achievements. every kind of historical knowledge). Apart from these sciences is philosophy, about which we will talk later. In the first place, all this is pure or theoretical knowledge, sought only for the purpose of understanding, in order to fulfill the need to understand that is intrinsic and con-substantial to man. What distinguishes man from animals is that he knows and needs to know. If man did not know that the world existed, and that the world was of a certain kind, that he was in the world and that he himself was of a certain kind, he wouldn"t be man. The technical aspects or applications of knowledge are equally necessary for man and are of the greatest importance, because they also contribute to defining him as man and permit him to pursue a life increasingly more truly human. But even while enjoying the results of technical progress, man must defend the primacy and autonomy of pure knowledge. Knowledge sought directly for its practical applications will have immediate and foreseeable success, but not the kind of important result whose revolutionary scope is for the most part unforeseen, except by the imagination of the Utopians. Let me recall a well-known example. If the Greek mathematicians had not applied themselves to the investigation of conic section zealously and without the least suspicion that it might someday be useful, it would not have been possible centuries later to navigate far from shore. The first men to study the nature of electricity could not imagine that their experiments, carried on because of mere intellectual curiosity, would eventually lead to modern electrical technology, without which we can scarcely conceive of contemporary life. Pure knowledge is valuable for its own sake, because the human spirit cannot resign itself to ignorance. Butt in addition, it is the foundation for practical results that would not have been reached if this knowledge had not been sought disinterestedly.Notes:intrinsic 固有的。

con-substantial 同体的。

autonomy 自主性。

zealously and without the least suspicion热情地并丝毫也没有想到。

for the most part 大部分，主要地。

Utopian 乌托邦，理想主义。

disinterestedly 不偏不倚地。

resign oneself to 听任，顺从。

（分数：10.00）
(1).The author does not include among the sciences the study of _____.（分数：2.00）
A.literature. √
B.chemistry.
C.astronomy.
D.anthropology.
解析：解析：细节类比题。

本题问：作者认为，科学中不包括研究什么?从全文看，作者只是谈自然科学，并没有涉及人文科学。

从第1段第l句中可以得到启示；"除了这些科学以外是哲学，对此我们以后再谈"。

文学与哲学可以类比。

(2).In the author"s view, the Greeks who studied conic sections _____.（分数：2.00）
A.were mathematicians.
B.worked with electricity.
C.were interested in navigation.
D.were unaware of the value of their studies. √
解析：解析：细节理解题。

本题问：在作者看来，研究圆锥体的希腊人当时如何?第3段第4句写道："如果希腊数学家不热心致力于研究圆锥体的截面，而且丝毫没有想到，这种研究有朝一日会有用，那么几个世纪以后就不可能有远离海岸的航行"。

(3).According to the text, the most important advances made by mankind most probably stem from _____.（分数：2.00）
A.innovations.
B.the natural sciences.
C.technical applications.
D.apparently useless information. √
解析：解析：细节推理题。

本题问：人类取得的最重要进步很可能来自何处?第3段第5句写遭："最初研究电的性质的人不会想到，他们的实验—只是出于对知识的好奇心而进行的—会最终导致现代的电气技术。

没有电气技术我们就几乎无法想象现代生活"。

由此推理，人类取得的许多重要进步来自于表面上无用的信息。

(4).Why is electrical technology mentioned in the third paragraph?（分数：2.00）
A.To confirm its importance in the modern world.
B.To show the powerful influence of its inventions.
C.To verify the usefulness of theoretical knowledge. √
D.To give an example of success in practical science.
解析：解析：逻辑结构题。

本题问：为什么第3段中提到电气技术?第3段第1句是段落主题句，它写道："但是即使人类在享受技术进步的成果时，他也必须维护理论知识的首要性和自主性"。

这是本段的论点。

接着作者以对圆锥体和电的理论研究来证明理论知识的有用性，即理论科学是应用科学的基础。

D是强干扰项，属就事论事、偏离主题；其他选项之所以不能入选是因为没有说明论据与论点之间的逻辑关系。

此类题很重要，属必考题。

(5).The title which best expresses the idea of this text is _____.（分数：2.00）
A.Progress in Pure Science.
B.Learning for Its Own Sake. √
C.Man"s Science and Inventions.
D.Difference between Science and Technology.
解析：解析：全文主旨题。

本题问：本文的最佳标题是什么?本文是用归纳法写的。

全文主题句是最后一段第一句："理论知识本身就是珍贵的，因为人类的灵魂不能听任于无知"。

可见，本文主要论述研究理论科学是为了了解世界，是纯粹的知识探究。

Despite their many differences of temperament and of literary perspective, Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Melville, and Whitman share certain beliefs. Common to all these writers is their humanistic perspective. Its basic premises are that humans are the spiritual center of the universe and that in them alone is the clue to nature, history, and ultimately the cosmos itself. Without completely denying the existence either of a deity (the God) or of irrational matter, this perspective nevertheless rejects them as exclusive principles of interpretation and prefers to explain humans and the world in terms of humanity itself. This preference is expressed most clearly in the Transcendentalist principle that the structure of the universe literally duplicates the structure of the individual self; therefore, all knowledge begins with self-knowledge. This common perspective is almost always universalized. Its emphasis is not upon the individual as a particular European or American, but upon the human as universal, freed from the accidents of time, space, birth, and talent. Thus, for Emerson, the "American Scholar" turns out to be simply "Man Thinking"; while, for Whitman, the "Song of Myself" merges imperceptibly into a song of all the "children of Adam", where "every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you". Also common to all five writers is the belief that individual virtue and happiness depend upon self-realization, which, in turn, depends upon the harmonious reconciliation of two universal psychological tendencies: first, the self-asserting impulse of the individual to withdraw, to remain unique and separate, and to be responsible only to himself or herself; and second, the self-transcending impulse of the individual to embrace the whole world in the experience of a single moment and to know and become one with that world. These conflicting impulses can be seen in the democratic ethic. Democracy advocates individualism, the preservation of the individual"s freedom and self-expression. But the democratic self is torn between the duty to self, which is implied by the concept of liberty, and the duty to society, which is implied by the concepts of equality and fraternity. A third
assumption common to the five writers is that intuition and imagination offer a surer road to truth than does abstract logic or scientific method. It is illustrated by their emphasis upon introspection—their belief that the clue to external nature is to be found in the inner world of individual psychology—and by their interpretation of experience as. in essence, symbolic. Both these stresses presume an organic relationship between the self and the cosmos, of which only intuition and imagination can properly take account. These writers" faith in the imagination and in themselves as practitioners of imagination led them to conceive of the writer as a seer and enabled them to achieve supreme confidence in their own moral and metaphysical
insights.Notes:Transcendentalist 先验论的。

self-transcending 超越自我的。

ethic 伦理标准，道德规范。

be torn between 在...之间左右为难。

fraternity博爱。

introspection 反省。

seer 预言家，先知。

metaphysical 形而上学的。

（分数：10.00）
(1).Which of the following best reflects the humanistic perspective of the five writers?（分数：2.00）
A.The spiritual and the material worlds are incompatible.
B.Humanity can scarcely account for humans and the world.
C.Self-knowledge stems partly from the perception of the universe.
D.The structure of the universe can be discovered through self-knowledge. √
解析：解析：细节理解题。

本题问：下面哪一表述反映了5位作家的人文主义观点?第1段最后一句反映了他们的人文主义观点，它写道："这种倾向在先验论的原则中表现得再清楚不过了：宇宙的构成是人之构成的真实翻版，因而一切知识都要从认识自己开始"。

选项"宇宙的构成可以通过自我认识来揭示"符合上述句意。

A和B属正反颠倒；C属前后逻辑颠倒；故均不能入选。

(2).By quoting Whitman in paragraph 2, the author intends to _____.（分数：2.00）
A.show that the poet does not completely agree with Emerson.
B.indicate the way the poet uses the humanist ideal to appraise himself.
C.demonstrate that the poet is concerned with the well-being of all humans.
D.illustrate a way the poet expresses the relationship of the individual to the humanistic universe. √
解析：解析：逻辑结构题。

本题问：作者在第2段中引用惠特曼诗句的目的是什么?第2段中指出，人文主义观点中的个人不是具体的某一个人，而是指抽象的人类。

"Song of Myself"(自我之歌)中的"自我"就是"children of Adam"(亚当之子)，即指"人类"，在这里"任何一点属于我的东西，同样也属于你"。

可见，作者引用惠特曼的诗句是为了具体说明惠特曼表达个人和人文宇宙之间关系的一种方式。

"表示诗人并不完全同意爱默生"属正反颠倒。

从第2段最后一句来看，爱默生和惠特曼的看法是相同的。

"表示惠特曼使用人文主义理想来评价自己的方式"和"展示诗人关心所有人的幸福"文中均未提到，属无中生有，故不能入选。

(3).The author discusses "the democratic ethic" in paragraph 3 in order to _____.（分数：2.00）
A.explain the relationship between external experience and inner imagination.
B.support the notion that the self contains two conflicting and irreconcilable arguments.
C.illustrate the relationship between the self"s desire to be individual and its desire to merge with all other selves. √
D.elaborate on the concept that the self constantly desires to realize its potential.
解析：解析：逻辑结构题。

本题问：作者在第3段中讨论"民主的道德规范"的目的是什么?第3段中指出，"自我实现反过来又取决于两种普遍心理倾向的和谐和统一…这两种矛盾的欲望可以在民主的道德规范中
看到"。

由此可见，作者讨论民主的道德规范是为了证明个人有自我独立和与他人和睦相处的愿望。

选项"具体说明个人自我独立的愿望和他与别人融合相处的愿望之间的关系"符合上述句意。

(4).It can be inferred that the idea of "an organic relationship between the self and the cosmos" in paragraph 4 is necessary to the thinking of the five writers because such a relationship _____.（分数：2.00）
A.is the foundation of their humanistic view of existence. √
B.justifies their concept of the freedom of the individual.
C.enables them to assert the importance of the democratic ethic.
D.denies their faith in the existence of intuition and imagination.
解析：解析：推理判断题。

本题问：第4段中"个人与宇宙之间的有机联系"的观点对五位作家的思想是必需的，请推理原因何在?本文介绍了，五位作家都认为人类是宇宙的精神中心，可以用人性来解释人类、世界和宇宙。

人类有自主的倾向，又有认识世界与世界融合的倾向，从个人内心世界中可以找到通向外部世界的线索。

所有这些想法都以认为"个人与宇宙有机联系在一起"的观点为前提的。

因此这一观点对作家的理论形成是必需的。

选项"这种联系是五位作家人文主义存在观的基础"符合上面所述的内容。

五位作家确实主张个人自由和独立，但是个人与宇宙的有机联系并不能证明他们关于个人自由的观念，故B应排除。

由于文章中并没有讲到人与宇宙之间的有机联，系使作家们能肯定民主道德规范的重要性，故C属无中生有，应予排除。

第4段第1句中谈到五位作家认为，"比起抽象逻辑和科学方法，直觉和想象力更能使人找到真理"。

可见，这种关系"否认了他们相信直觉与想象力的存在"，是错误的。

(5).The author discusses the five writers mainly to explain some of their beliefs about _____.（分数：2.00）
A.the relationship of humans to the external nature. √
B.the immense difficulties involved in self-realization.
C.the emphasis upon the individual as an universal one.
D.the human nature and its dependency on the world and universe.
解析：解析：全文主旨题。

本题问：作者讨论五位作家来解释他们有关什么问题的一些观点?本文第1、2段讲五位作家的人文主义观点。

第3段讲他们对自我实现的看法。

第4段讲他们对直觉与想象力的相同观点。

所有这些看法都围绕着一个中心议题，即人与外界(即世界和宇宙)的关系。

B只是第3段讲的内容，C 只是第1段讲的内容，均太片面，不能入选。

D"人性以及它对世界和宇宙的依赖性"所述内容与全文主题无关，应予排除。

4.Part B
__________________________________________________________________________________________ 解析：
You are going to read a text about studying in the United States followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A—F for each numbered subheading (41—45). There is one extra example which you do not need to use. (41) Conflicts: If you do get a place in the student dormitory, it is likely that you will have to share your living space with one other student. While having an American roommate will help you to learn more about American ways, there will probably be many times that discomfort or conflict will arise due to cultural differences. (42) Sex: With regard to sex in general, American behavior is quire different from the norms found in China. (43) Relationship Between Teachers & Students: On the campus, particularly where classes are small, I found a strange informality that characterized the relationship between students and their professors. (44) Gifts: In my interaction with American friends, I noticed that the concept of a gift is quite different here. Many things we give to each other in China are not called "gifts" but are considered to be a reflection of ordinary duties and mutual obligations. Accustomed as we are to using the word "gift" to refer to something valuable given on special occasions, it comes as a surprise to see how often the word is used in America. In the United States, "gifts", given on many different occasions, are only services. (45) Social Intercourse: When you do enter American homes, you will have an opportunity to observe different ways of greeting people. On the whole, Americans tend to be far more physical than we in their greetings.A. I was astonished, for example, when a friend told me that he was offering to care for his younger brother and sister so that his father could take a vacation for his birthday this was a gift to him. For us this would be considered duty rather than a gift. Even between friends gestures of this sort might be considered "gifts" here.B. While many students do call their professors, "Professor" so and so or "Dr" so and so. Some professors prefer to be called familiarly by their first names. And in the spirit of informality, many professors may invite students to their homes or can be seen chatting with students over a meal or a cup of coffee in the school cafeteria. A good number of instructors even request that students fill our class evaluation forms which assess the content。