公司理财Chapter_14
《公司理财》
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二、财务的本质
（一）财务的产生 （二）财务的本质 （三）企业管理的财务导向 （四）财务管理的目标 （五）财务的职能
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（一）财务的产生
1．货币的资本化是财务产生的根源 2．资本化的货币是理财的独有对象
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（二）财务的本质
1．财务的本质：资本价值经营 2．本质特征
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（三）企业管理的财务导向
1.财务导向是资本市场对企业管理的要求
2.财务的本质决定了财务能够成为企业管理的 导向
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（四）财务管理的目标
1．财务目标的性质 2．现代财务的目标：资本价值最大化
1．流量比值指数 2．资产回收率 3．现金经营指数
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1.流量比值指数
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2.资产回收率
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3.经营现金指数
经营现金净流量＝净利润＋调整项目
＝净利润－非经营利润＋非付现费用 －（经营性流动资产净增加＋经营性流动负债净减少）
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三、财务状况综合分析
1.杜邦财务分析体系 2.提高净资产报酬率的途径 3.因素分析：连锁替代法
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杜邦财务分析体系
净资产报酬率
总资产报酬率
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权益乘数
罗斯《公司理财》英文习题答案DOCchap014
公司理财习题答案第十四章Chapter 14: Long-Term Financing: An Introduction14.1 a. C om m on Stock A ccountPar V alue$135,430$267,715 shares ==b. Net capital from the sale of shares = Common Stock + Capital SurplusNet capital = $135,430 + $203,145 = $338,575Therefore, the average price is $338,575 / 67,715 = $5 per shareAlternate solution:Average price = Par value + Average capital surplus= $2 + $203,145 / 67,715= $5 per sharec. Book value = Assets - Liabilities = Equity= Common stock + Capital surplus + Retained earnings= $2,708,600Therefore, book value per share is $2,708,600 / 67,715= $40.14.2 a. Common stock = (Shares outstanding ) x (Par value)= 500 x $1= $500Total = $150,500b.Common stock (1500 shares outstanding, $1 par) $1,500Capital surplus* 79,000Retained earnings 100,000Total $180,500* Capital Surplus = Old surplus + Surplus on sale= $50,000 + ($30 - $1) x 1,000=$79,00014.3 a. Shareholders’ equityCommon stock ($5 par value; authorized 500,000shares; issued and outstanding 325,000 shares)$1,625,000 Capital in excess of par* 195,000Retained earnings** 3,794,600Total $5,614,600*Capital surplus = 12% of Common Stock= (0.12) ($1,625,000)= $195,000**Retained earnings = Old retained earnings + Net income - Dividends= $3,545,000 + $260,000 - ($260,000)(0.04)= 3,794,600b. Shareholders’ equity$1,750,000Common stock ($5 par value; authorized 500,000shares; issued and outstanding 350,000 shares)Capital in excess of par* 170,000Retained earnings 3,794,600Total $5,714,600*Capital surplus is reduced by the below par sale, i.e. $195,000 - ($1)(25,000) =$170,00014.4 a. Under straight voting, one share equals one vote. Thus, to ensure the election of onedirector you must hold a majority of the shares. Since two million shares areoutstanding, you must hold more than 1,000,000 shares to have a majority of votes.b. Cumulative voting is often more easily understood through a story. Remember thatyour goal is to elect one board member of the seven who will be chosen today.Suppose the firm has 28 shares outstanding. You own 4 of the shares and one otherperson owns the remaining 24 shares. Under cumulative voting, the total number ofvotes equals the number of shares times the number of directors being elected,(28)(7) = 196. Therefore, you have 28 votes and the other stockholder has 168 votes.Also, suppose the other shareholder does not wish to have your favorite candidateon the board. If that is true, the best you can do to try to ensure electing onemember is to place all of your votes on your favorite candidate. To keep yourcandidate off the board, the other shareholder must have enough votes to elect allseven members who will be chosen. If the other shareholder splits her votes evenlyacross her seven favorite candidates, then eight people, your one favorite and herseven favorites, will all have the same number of votes. There will be a tie! If shedoes not split her votes evenly (for example 29 28 28 28 28 28 27) then yourcandidate will win a seat. To avoid a tie and assure your candidate of victory, youmust have 29 votes which means you must own more than 4 shares.Notice what happened. If seven board members will be elected and you want to becertain that one of your favorite candidates will win, you must have more than one-eighth of the shares. That is, the percentage of the shares you must have to win ismore than1.(The num ber of m em bers being elected The num ber you w ant to select)Also notice that the number of shares you need does not change if more than oneperson owns the remaining shares. If several people owned the remaining 168shares they could form a coalition and vote together.Thus, in the Unicorn election, you will need more than 1/(7+1) = 12.5% of theshares to elect one board member. You will need more than (2,000,000) (0.125) =250,000 shares.Cumulative voting can be viewed more rigorously. Use the facts from the Unicornelection. Under cumulative voting, the total number of votes equals the number of公司理财习题答案第十四章shares times the number of directors being elected, 2,000,000 x 7 = 14,000,000. Let x be the number of shares you need. The number of shares necessary is7x14,000,0007x7x250,000.>-==>> You will need more than 250,000 shares.14.5 She can be certain to have one of her candidate friends be elected under the cumulativevoting rule. The lowest percentage of shares she needs to own to elect at least one out of 6candidates is higher than 1/7 = 14.3%. Her current ownership of 17.3% is more thanenough to ensure one seat. If the voting rule is staggered as described in the question, shewould need to own more than 1/4=25% of the shares to elect one out of the three candidatesfor certain. In this case, she will not have enough shares.14.6 a. You currently own 120 shares or 28.57% of the outstanding shares. You need to control 1/3 of the votes, which requires 140 shares. You need just over 20 additionalshares to elect yourself to the board.b. You need just over 25% of the shares, which is 250,000 shares. At $5 a share it willcost you $2,500,000 to guarantee yourself a seat on the board.14.7 The differences between preferred stock and debt are:a. The dividends of preferred stock cannot be deducted as interest expenses whendetermining taxable corporate income. From the individual investor’s point of view,preferred dividends are ordinary income for tax purposes. From corporate investors,80% of the amount they receive as dividends from preferred stock are exempt fromincome taxes.b. In liquidation, the seniority of preferred stock follows that of the debt and leads thatof the common stock.c. There is no legal obligation for firms to pay out preferred dividends as opposed tothe obligated payment of interest on bonds. Therefore, firms cannot be forced intodefault if a preferred stock dividend is not paid in a given year. Preferred dividendscan be cumulative or non-cumulative, and they can also be deferred indefinitely.14.8 Some firms can benefit from issuing preferred stock. The reasons can be:a. Public utilities can pass the tax disadvantage of issuing preferred stock on to theircustomers, so there is substantial amount of straight preferred stock issued byutilities.b. Firms reporting losses to the IRS already don’t have positive income for taxdeduction, so they are not affected by the tax disadvantage of dividend vs. interestpayment. They may be willing to issue preferred stock.c. Firms that issue preferred stock can avoid the threat of bankruptcy that exists withdebt financing because preferred dividends are not legal obligation as interestpayment on corporate debt.14.9 a. The return on non-convertible preferred stock is lower than the return on corporatebond for two reasons:i. Corporate investors receive 80% tax deductibility on dividends if they hold thestock. Therefore, they are willing to pay more for the stock; that lowers its return.ii. Issuing corporations are willing and able to offer higher returns on debt since theinterest on the debt reduces their tax liabilities. Preferred dividends are paid outof net income, hence they provide no tax shield.b. Corporate investors are the primary holders of preferred stock since, unlikeindividual investors, they can deduct 80% of the dividend when computing their taxliability. Therefore, they are willing to accept the lower return which the stockgenerates.14.10 The following table summarizes the main difference between debt and equity.Debt EquityRepayment is an obligation of the firm Yes NoGrants ownership of the firm No YesProvides a tax shield Yes NoLiquidation will result if not paid Yes NoCompanies often issue hybrid securities because of the potential tax shield and thebankruptcy advantage. If the IRS accepts the security as debt, the firm can use it as a tax shield. If the security maintains the bankruptcy and ownership advantages of equity, the firm has the best of both worlds.14.11 The trends in long-term financing in the United States were presented in the text. If CableCompany follows the trends, it will probably use 80% internal financing, net income of the project plus depreciation less dividends, and 20% external financing, long term debt and equity.。
公司理财英文版第十四章
14-15
Example: Cost of Debt
• Suppose we have a bond issue currently outstanding that has 25 years left to maturity. The coupon rate is 9%, and coupons are paid semiannually. The bond is currently selling for $908.72 per $1,000 bond. What is the cost of debt?
• There are two major methods for determining the cost of equity
– Dividend growth model – SML, or rowth Model Approach
• Start with the dividend growth model formula and rearrange to solve for RE
14-2
Chapter Outline
• • • • • • The Cost of Capital: Some Preliminaries The Cost of Equity The Costs of Debt and Preferred Stock The Weighted Average Cost of Capital Divisional and Project Costs of Capital Flotation Costs and the Weighted Average Cost of Capital
14-13
Example – Cost of Equity
431罗斯《公司理财》整理
6.杜邦恒等式
ROE=销售利润率（经营效率）x总资产周转率（资产运用效率）x权益乘数（财杠）
ROA=销售利润率x总资产周转率
7.销售百分比法
假设项目随销售额变动而成比例变动，目的在于提出一个生成预测财务报表的快速实用方法。是根据资金各个项目与销售收入总额的依存关系，按照计划销售额的增长情况预测需要相应追加多少资金的方法。
第五章
1.名义利率与实际利率：1 + R =（1+r）x（1+h）
2.普通股价格等于所有预期未来股利现值，三种类型。
股利零增长，固定增长，变动增长（分段求现值）。
3.参数估计
公司盈利增长率g =留存收益比x留存收益的收益率即ROE（假设股利/盈利比不变）
R由固定增长股价公式求得。
4.增长机会
股价分为两部分：现金牛价值EPS/R，以及留存盈利用于投资新项目的新增价值NPVGO。
有效集或有效边界：投资者只考虑MV以上的部分。
4.多种资产组合有效集（一个平面区域）
有效集：相同收益率下方差最小的点，即最左侧边界，且高于MV。
5.多元化
实际收益率=预期收益率+系统风险+非系统风险
多元化的本质：降低非系统风险，但无法分散系统风险。
6.最优投资组合
资本市场线CML：在 平面内，表示风险资产的有效组合，与无风险资产有效再组合。
4.方法相对简单，易于管理，常用量筛选大量小型投资项目。
折现回收期法：对现金流折现后求出达到初始投资额所需折现现金流的时间。
3.平均会计收益率法
定义：扣除税和折旧之后的项目平均收益除以整个项目期限内平均账面投资额所得的比率。
罗斯《公司理财》(第11版)章节题库(第14章 有效资本市场和行为挑战)【圣才出品】
第14章有效资本市场和行为挑战一、概念题半强式有效市场答：半强式有效市场，指所有公开的可用信息假定都被反映在证券价格中，不仅包括证券价格序列信息，还包括公司财务报告信息、经济状况的通告资料和其他公开可用的有关公司价值的信息，也包括公布的宏观经济形势和政策方面的信息。
半强式有效的市场并不意味着所有的市场参与者都能马上接受并且理解所有公开有用的信息，事实上只有机构投资者和职业分析家才可能对新的信息做出迅速的反应。
二、简答题1．某美国上市公司的大量销售收入来自美国政府的采购，该公司宣布将在1月15日每股发放0.40美元现金股利。
（1）假设今天是除息日，该公司股票昨天的收盘价为每股70.56美元，今天的开盘价为每股70.32美元。
假设市场是半强有效的，怎样解释这一现象？请简要说明。
（2）由于美国政府定购合同的减少，该公司需要进行的投资减少，导致公司有大量的现金盈余，这已是公开信息。
现公司决定发放10亿美元的额外现金股利。
在公司宣布这一消息后，公司股票的市场总值上升了3亿美元。
怎样在半强有效市场的框架下解释这一现象？答：首先明确半强式有效市场的含义：在半强式有效市场的情况下，证券价格反映了所有公开有用的信息，其中包括与现在和过去证券价格有关的信息。
如果用这些信息来预测未来的证券价格，进行交易，投资者也不会得到超额收益，因为证券的现价已在这些信息的作用下得到充分的反映，只有那些利用内幕信息者才能获得非正常的回报。
因此，只有加强对内幕信息的管束，杜绝内幕交易，才能符合“公开、公正、公平”原则的有效市场要求。
（1）公司除息日前一天的股价是70.56元，因为市场是半强式的，所以公司宣布发放每股0.40元现金股利的消息为公开消息，那么在除息日的股价开盘价应为：70.56－0.40＝70.16元；但由于在除息日股价会下调，所以人们会有一个错觉；认为股票变得价格低而值得买，因此有“炒除息”的说法。
一些投资者会在股票除息当日买入该股，然后等股价反弹再卖出套现获利。
公司理财目录
《公司理财》目录公司理财（精华版）韩海燕,吴治成,李明第一章公司理财概述 1第一节股份公司概述 4一、股份公司的基本形式4二、股份公司的组成要素4三、股份公司的组织机构5第二节公司理财概念与内容7一、公司理财的概念8二、公司理财的内容8三、公司理财的基本环节与方法11第三节公司财务关系与公司理财目标13一、公司财务关系13二、公司理财的目标15三、公司理财的具体目标19第四节公司理财的环境20一、公司理财的法律环境20二、公司理财的金融环境21三、公司理财的经济环境24本章小结28思考题28第二章公司理财的财务基础31第一节货币的时间价值32一、货币的时间价值的含义32二、货币的时间价值计算中的几个概念33三、货币时间价值的计算34第二节年金35一、普通年金35二、预付年金37三、递延年金38四、永续年金38五、折现率、期间和利率的推算38第三节风险价值40一、风险及其衡量41二、风险报酬的计算46三、投资组合的风险47本章小结47思考题48第三章财务预算51第一节财务预算概述53一、全面预算及其内容53二、财务预算的含义与作用54三、财务预算的分类54四、财务预算在全面预算体系中的地位与作用55第二节全面预算的编制流程与方法55一、全面预算的编制流程55二、全面预算的编制方法56第三节财务预算的编制与例解61一、销售预算61二、生产预算62三、直接材料预算62四、直接人工预算63五、制造费用预算64六、销售及管理费用预算65七、产品成本预算66八、现金预算66九、预计财务报表的编制67本章小结69思考题69第四章财务控制73第一节财务控制概述74一、财务控制的含义与特征74二、财务控制的种类76三、财务控制的方式77四、财务控制的程序78第二节责任中心79一、责任中心的含义和特征79二、成本中心80三、利润中心82四、投资中心84第三节责任预算与责任报告85一、责任预算86二、责任报告89三、业绩考核91第四节责任核算94一、内部转移价格94二、内部结算97三、责任成本的内部结转99本章小结100思考题100第五章财务分析105第一节财务分析概述107一、财务分析的概念107二、财务分析的常用方法107第二节财务分析的基本内容109一、偿债能力分析109二、营运能力分析112三、盈利能力分析115四、发展能力分析120第三节全面财务分析121一、杜邦财务分析121二、综合财务分析123本章小结123思考题124第六章权益与权益交换性融资127第一节权益与权益交换性融资概述128一、资金成本128二、公司理财中的杠杆原理131三、资本结构135第二节直接投资137第三节留存收益138一、留存收益的主要类型138二、留存收益的经济用途139第四节普通股融资142一、股票及其种类142二、股票的发行143三、股票上市145四、普通股筹资评价146第五节优先股融资146一、优先股的特征147二、优先股的种类147三、优先股筹资评价148四、收益留用筹资148第六节可转债券融资149一、可转债的特征150二、可转债的发行主体151三、发行可转债的特点151本章小结153思考题154第七章负债性融资157第一节负债性融资概述159一、负债性融资的概念159二、负债性融资的类型与方式159第二节流动负债融资160一、流动负债融资的概念160二、短期借款161三、商业信用164第三节长期负债筹资166一、长期借款166二、债券筹资170三、融资租赁174本章小结180思考题180第八章证券投资决策183第一节证券投资概述184一、证券的概念185二、证券的分类185三、证券投资的概念及特征186四、证券投资的种类和程序187第二节证券投资的风险与报酬187一、证券投资的风险187二、证券投资的报酬189三、证券风险与报酬的关系189第三节债券投资191一、债券的种类、特点和投资目的191二、债券估价方法193三、债券投资收益率的计算194四、债券投资的优缺点195第四节股票投资196一、股票的分类和发行目的、特点196二、股票投资的估价201三、股票投资的优缺点203第五节基金投资203一、基金投资的含义和特点203二、基金投资的种类204三、基金投资的风险205四、基金投资的报酬206五、基金投资的优缺点207第六节证券投资中的投资组合207一、证券投资组合的意义207二、证券投资组合的风险及风险报酬208三、资本资产定价模型210四、证券投资组合策略211五、证券投资组合的具体做法213本章小结214思考题215第九章项目投资决策217第一节项目投资概述219一、项目投资及其特点219二、项目投资决策的一般程序221三、投资方案的现金流量分析222四、现金净流量的计算225第二节项目投资决策的评价方法229一、非贴现现金流量法229二、贴现现金流量法232第三节项目投资决策评价方法的运用240一、购置设备的决策分析240二、固定资产更新及改造决策241三、资本限量的决策分析242本章小结243思考题244第十章营运资金管理249第一节现金管理251一、持有现金的原因和成本251二、最佳现金持有量的确定254三、现金的日常管理258第二节应收账款管理259一、应收账款的功能与成本259二、信用政策的确定260三、应收账款日常管理265第三节存货管理269一、存货的功能与成本269二、存货的经济采购批量271三、存货日常控制274本章小结275思考题275第十一章公司的利润分配决策279第一节公司利润分配280一、公司利润分配的程序280二、公司支付股利的过程283三、股利分配的形式284第二节股利分配政策291一、股利分配政策概述291二、影响股利分配政策的因素292三、股利分配政策的评价与选择294四、股份公司的股利形式298第三节收益的分配程序299一、利润分配的程序299二、股利发放程序300本章小结301思考题301第十二章企业并购307第一节企业并购概述309一、企业并购的概念309二、企业并购的形式309三、企业并购的动因311四、企业并购的程序316第二节企业并购的财务分析318一、企业并购的收益分析318二、企业并购的成本分析321三、企业并购的风险分析322第三节企业并购的估价方法和支付方式325一、企业并购的估价方法325二、企业并购的支付方式327第四节被收购企业的防御策略328一、焦土策略328二、毒丸计划328三、降落伞计划329四、白衣骑士与锁定安排330五、帕克门策略330六、股票回购330本章小结331思考题331附录A 1元复利终值系数表334附录B 1元年金终值系数表336附录C 1元复利现值系数表337附录D 1元年金现值系数表339参考答案341参考文献350[2]。
《公司理财》斯蒂芬A.罗斯
• There are two dimensions:
1. A Time Frame
• Short run is probably anything less than a year. • Long run is anything over that; usually taken to be a
two-year to five-year period.
2. A Level of Aggregation
• •
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Each division and operational unit should have a plan.
As the capital-budgeting analyses of each of the firm’s divisions are added up, the firm aggregates these small projects as a big project.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-6
Sales Forecast
• All financial plans require a sales forecast. • Perfect foreknowledge is impossible since
3-0
Chapter Three
Long-Term FCinoarpnocriaatel Finance
Planning and Growth Ross • Westerfield • Jaffe
罗斯公司理财题库全集
Chapter 14Efficient Capital Markets and Behavioral Challenges Multiple Choice Questions1. An efficient capital market is one in which:A. brokerage commissions are zero.B. taxes are irrelevant.C. securities always offer a positive rate of return to investors.D. security prices are guaranteed by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission to be fair.E. security prices reflect available information.2. The notion that actual capital markets, such as the NYSE, are fairly priced is called the:A. Efficient Markets Hypothesis (EMH).B. Law of One Price.C. Open Markets Theorem.D. Laissez-Faire Axiom.E. Monopoly Pricing Theorem.3. The hypothesis that market prices reflect all available information of every kind is called_____ form efficiency.A. openB. strongC. semistrongD. weakE. stable4. The hypothesis that market prices reflect all publicly available information is called _____ form efficiency.A. openB. strongC. semistrongD. weakE. stable5. The hypothesis that market prices reflect all historical information is called _____ form efficiency.A. openB. strongC. semistrongD. weakE. stable6. In an efficient market, the price of a security will:A. always rise immediately upon the release of new information with no further price adjustments related to that information.B. react to new information over a two-day period after which time no further price adjustments related to that information will occur.C. rise sharply when new information is first released and then decline to a new stable level by the following day.D. react immediately to new information with no further price adjustments related to that information.E. be slow to react for the first few hours after new information is released allowing time for that information to be reviewed and analyzed.7. If the financial markets are efficient, then investors should expect their investments in those markets to:A. earn extraordinary returns on a routine basis.B. generally have positive net present values.C. generally have zero net present values.D. produce arbitrage opportunities on a routine basis.E. produce negative returns on a routine basis.8. Which one of the following statements is correct concerning market efficiency?A. Real asset markets are more efficient than financial markets.B. If a market is efficient, arbitrage opportunities should be common.C. In an efficient market, some market participants will have an advantage over others.D. A firm will generally receive a fair price when it sells shares of stock.E. New information will gradually be reflected in a stock's price to avoid any sudden change in the price of the stock.9. According to the efficient market hypothesis, financial markets fluctuate daily because they:A. are inefficient.B. slowly react to new information.C. are continually reacting to new information.D. offer tremendous arbitrage opportunities.E. only reflect historical information.10. Insider trading does not offer any advantages if the financial markets are:A. weak form efficient.B. semiweak form efficient.C. semistrong form efficient.D. strong form efficient.E. inefficient.11. According to theory, studying historical prices in order to identify mispriced stocks will not work in markets that are _____ efficient.I. weak formII. semistrong formIII. strong formA. I onlyB. II onlyC. I and II onlyD. II and III onlyE. I, II, and III12. Which of the following tend to reinforce the argument that the financial markets are efficient?I. Information spreads rapidly in today's world.II. There is tremendous competition in the financial markets.III. Market prices continually fluctuate.IV. Market prices react suddenly to unexpected news announcements.A. I and III onlyB. II and IV onlyC. I, II, and III onlyD. II, III, and IV onlyE. I, II, III, and IV13. If you excel in analyzing the future outlook of firms, you would prefer that the financial markets be ____ form efficient so that you can have an advantage in the marketplace.A. weakB. semiweakC. semistrongD. strongE. perfect14. Your best friend works in the finance office of the Delta Corporation. You are aware that this friend trades Delta stock based on information he overhears in the office. You know that this information is not known to the general public. Your friend continually brags to you about the profits he earns trading Delta stock. Based on this information, you would tend to argue that the financial markets are at best _____ form efficient.A. weakB. semiweakC. semistrongD. strongE. perfect15. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission periodically charges individuals for insider trading and claims those individuals have made unfair profits. Based on this fact, you would tend to argue that the financial markets are at best _____ form efficient.A. weakB. semiweakC. semistrongD. strongE. perfect16. Individuals that continually monitor the financial markets seeking mispriced securities:A. tend to make substantial profits on a daily basis.B. tend to make the markets more efficient.C. are never able to find a security that is temporarily mispriced.D. are always quite successful using only well-known public information as their basis of evaluation.E. are always quite successful using only historical price information as their basis of evaluation.17. Efficient capital markets are financial markets:A. in which current market prices reflect available information.B. in which current market prices reflect the present value of securities.C. in which there is no excess profit from using available information.D. All of the above.E. None of the above.18. If the efficient market hypothesis holds, investors should expect:A. to earn only a normal return.B. to receive a fair price for their securities.C. to always be able to pick stocks that will outperform the market averages.D. Both A and B.E. Both B and C.19. Financial managers can create value through financing decisions that:A. reduce costs or increase subsidies.B. increase the product prices.C. create a new security.D. Both A and B.E. Both A and C.20. In an efficient market when a firm makes an announcement of a new product or product enhancement with superior technology providing positive NPV, the price of the stock will:A. rise gradually over the next few days.B. decline gradually over the next few days.C. rise on the same day to the new price.D. stay at the same price, with no net effect.E. drop on the same day to the new price.21. An investor discovers that for a certain group of stocks, large positive price changes are always followed by large negative price changes. This finding is a violation of the:A. moderate form of the efficient market hypothesis.B. semistrong form of the efficient market hypothesis.C. strong form of the efficient market hypothesis.D. weak form of the efficient market hypothesis.E. None of the above.22. Which of the following would be indicative of inefficient markets?A. Overreaction and reversionB. Delayed responseC. Immediate and accurate responseD. Both A and B.E. Both A and C.23. When the stock price follows a random walk, the price today is said to be equal to the prior period price plus the expected return for the period with any remaining difference to the actual return due to:A. a predictable amount based on the past prices.B. a component based on new information unrelated to past prices.C. the security's risk.D. the risk free rate.E. None of the above.24. Which form of the efficient market hypothesis implies that security prices reflect only information contained in past prices?A. Weak formB. Semistrong formC. Strong formD. Hard formE. Past form25. If the weak form of efficient markets holds, then:A. technical analysis is useless.B. stock prices reflect all information contained in past prices.C. stock prices follow a random walk.D. All of the above.E. None of the above.26. Under the concept of an efficient market, a random walk in stock prices means that:A. there is no driving force behind price changes.B. technical analysts can predict future price movements to earn excess returns.C. the unexplained portion of price change in one period is unrelated to the unexplained portion of price change in any other period.D. the unexplained portion of price change in one period that can not be explained by expected return can only be explained by the unexplained portion of price change in a prior period.E. None of the above.27. A semistrong form efficient market is distinct from a weak form efficient market by:A. incorporating only random movements in the price.B. incorporating all publicly available information in the price.C. incorporating inside information in the price.D. All of the above.E. None of the above.28. If a market is strong form efficient, it also implies that:A. semistrong form efficiency holds.B. weak form efficiency holds.C. one cannot earn abnormal returns with inside information.D. Both A and C.E. A, B and C.29. An investor discovers that predictions about weather patterns published years in advance and found in the Farmer's Almanac are amazingly accurate. In fact, these predictions enable the investor to predict the health of the farm economy and therefore certain security prices. This finding is a violation of the:A. moderate form of the efficient market hypothesis.B. semistrong form of the efficient market hypothesis.C. strong form of the efficient market hypothesis.D. weak form of the efficient market hypothesis.E. None of the above.30. A lawyer works for a firm that advises corporate firms planning to sue other corporations for antitrust damages. He finds that he can "beat the market" by short-selling the stock of the firm that will be sued. This finding is a violation of the:A. moderate form of the efficient market hypothesis.B. semistrong form of the efficient market hypothesis.C. strong form of the efficient market hypothesis.D. weak form of the efficient market hypothesis.E. None of the above.31. An investor discovers that stock prices change drastically as a result of certain events. This finding is a violation of the:A. moderate form of the efficient market hypothesis.B. semistrong form of the efficient market hypothesis.C. strong form of the efficient market hypothesis.D. weak form of the efficient market hypothesis.E. None of the above.32. The semistrong form of the efficient market hypothesis states that:A. all information is reflected in the price of securities.B. security prices reflect all publicly available information.C. future prices are predictable.D. Both A and C.E. None of the above.33. The market price of a stock moves or fluctuates daily. This fluctuation is:A. inconsistent with the semistrong efficient market hypothesis because prices should be stable.B. inconsistent with the weak form efficient market hypothesis because all past information should be priced in.C. consistent with the semistrong form of the efficient market hypothesis because as new information arrives daily prices will adjust to it.D. consistent with the strong form because prices are controlled by insiders.E. None of the above.34. An investor who picks a portfolio by throwing darts at the financial pages:A. believes that efficient markets will protect the portfolio from harm as all information is priced.B. believes that riskier portfolios earn the same as less risky portfolios.C. does so because stock prices do not matter; only cash flow generated matters.D. Both A and C.E. Both B and C.35. Suppose that firms with unexpectedly high earnings earn abnormally high returns for several months after the announcement. This would be evidence of:A. efficient markets in the weak form.B. inefficient markets in the weak form.C. efficient markets in the semistrong form.D. inefficient markets in the semistrong form.E. inefficient markets in the strong form.36. Which of the following is not true about serial correlation?A. It measures the correlation between the current return on a security and the current return on another security.B. It involves only one security.C. Positive serial correlation indicates a tendency for continuation.D. Negative serial correlation indicates a tendency toward reversal.E. Significant positive or negative serial correlation coefficients are indicative of market inefficiency in the weak form.37. Which of the following is true?A. A random walk for stock price changes is inconsistent with observed patterns in price changes.B. If the stock market follows a random walk, price changes should be highly correlated.C. If the stock market is weak form efficient, then stock prices follow a random walk.D. All of the above.E. Both B and C.38. Event studies attempt to measure:A. the influence of information released to the market on returns in days surrounding its announcement.B. if the market is at least semistrong form efficient.C. whether there is a significant reaction to public announcements.D. All of the above.E. None of the above.39. The abnormal return in an event study is described as:A. the return earned on the day of announcement for the stock.B. the excess return earned on the day of announcement for the stock.C. the total return earned for the investment holding period.D. All of the above.E. None of the above.40. Evidence on stock prices finds that the sudden death of a chief executive officer causes stock prices to fall and the sudden death of an active founding chief executive officer causes stock price to rise. This contrary evidence happens because:A. markets are inefficient and unsure of the real value of the events.B. death is inevitable and market prices are random.C. things simply happen.D. the value of the founding executive was a negative to the firm.E. None of the above.41. Studies of the performance of professionally managed mutual funds find that these funds:A. do not outperform a market index. Assuming mutual fund managers rely primarily on public information, this finding refutes the semistrong form of the efficient market hypothesis.B. do not outperform a market index. Assuming mutual fund managers rely primarily on public information, this finding supports the semistrong form of the efficient market hypothesis.C. outperform a market index. Assuming mutual fund managers rely primarily on public information, this finding refutes the semistrong form of the efficient market hypothesis.D. outperform a market index. Assuming mutual fund managers rely primarily on public information, this finding supports the semistrong form of the efficient market hypothesis.E. Both C and D.42. Which of the following statements is true?A. In efficient markets, a stock's price should change with the arrival of new information.B. Average stock returns are higher in January than other months.C. Studies by Fama and French and others find that returns of high book to market stocks are much higher than low book to market value stocks to be consistent with the efficient market hypothesis.D. All of the above.E. None of the above.43. Which of the following is true?A. Most empirical evidence is consistent with strong form efficiency.B. Most empirical evidence is inconsistent with weak form efficiency.C. Strong form market efficiency is not supported by the empirical evidence.D. Both A and C.E. Both B and C.44. In examining the issue of whether the choice of accounting methods affects stock prices, studies have found that:A. accounting depreciation methods can significantly affect stock prices.B. switching depreciation methods can significantly affect stock prices.C. accounting changes that increase accounting earnings also increases stock prices.D. accounting changes can affect stock prices if the company were either to withhold information or provide incorrect information.E. All of the above.45. Market efficiency says:A. prices may not reflect underlying value.B. a good financial manager can time stock sales.C. managers may profitablly speculate in foreign currency.D. managers cannot boost stock prices through creative accounting.E. None of the above.46. The abnormal returns for initial public offerings over longer time periods seem to call market efficiency into question because:A. the average returns at announcement are large and positive while the long-term results are much lower than the returns for seasoned equity offerings.B. the average returns at announcement are small and negative while the long-term results are much lower than the returns for seasoned equity offerings.C. the average returns at announcement are zero while the long-term results are much higher than the returns for seasoned equity offerings.D. the average returns at announcement are large and positive while the long-term results are much higher than the returns for seasoned equity offerings.E. the average returns at announcement are insignificant while the long-term results are much lower than the returns for seasoned equity offerings.47. An example of financially irrational behavior is:A. gambling in Las Vegas.B. when a firm announces an increase in earnings and the stock price enjoys three days of large abnormal returns.C. when a firm announces an increase in earnings and the stock price enjoys an immediate surge in value which is captured in one day.D. Both A and B.E. Both A and C.48. Ritter's study of Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) showed that the post offering stock performance was:A. less than the control group by about 2% in the five years following the IPO.B. incorrectly priced at issuance because over the next five years the abnormal returns were greater than zero on average.C. immaterial to the pricing of the IPO because future market performance is unknown at issuance.D. equal across IPOs, irrespective of risk or which year they were issued.E. All of the above.49. If the securities market is efficient, an investor need only throw darts at the stock pages to pick securities and be just as well off.A. This is true because there are no differences in risk and return.B. This is true because in an efficient stock market prices do not fluctuate.C. This is false because professional portfolio managers prefer to generate commissions by active trading.D. This is false because investors may not hold a desirable risk-return combination in their portfolio.E. This is false because the markets are controlled by the institutional investors.50. Financial managers must be cognizant of market efficiency because:A. manipulating earnings by accounting changes does not fool the market.B. timing security sales is futile because without private information the current price reflects all known information.C. there is limited price pressure from any large sale of stock depressing prices only momentarily before recovering to prior levels.D. All of the above.E. None of the above.51. Event studies have been used to examine:A. IPOs, SEOs, and other equity issuances.B. changes in earnings.C. mergers and acquisitions.D. most financial events.E. All of the above.52. If the market is weak form efficient:A. semistrong form efficiency holds.B. strong form efficiency must hold.C. semistrong form efficiency may hold.D. markets are not weak form efficient.E. None of the above.53. In order to create value from capital budgeting decisions, the firm is likely to:A. locate an unsatisfied demand for a particular product or service.B. create a barrier to make it more difficult for other firms to compete.C. produce products or services at a lower cost than the competition.D. A and C.E. A, B, and C.54. Valuable financing opportunities can be created by:A. fooling investors.B. reducing costs or increasing subsidies.C. the creation of a new security.D. A and B.E. A, B, and C.55. The following time period(s) is/are consistent with the bubble theory:A. the stock market crash of 1929.B. the stock market crash of 1972.C. the stock market crash of 1987.D. A and C.E. A, B, and C.56. In the five years after the offering, ___ underperform matched control groups.A. initial public offeringsB. seasoned equity offeringsC. bond offeringsD. A and BE. A, B, and C57. In the three years prior to a forced departure of management, stock prices, adjusted for market performance, on average will:A. decline about 20%.B. decline about 40%.C. decline about 60%.D. remain stable.E. increase about 20%.Essay Questions58. Define the three forms of market efficiency.59. Explain why it is that in an efficient market, investments have an expected NPV of zero.60. Do you think the lessons from capital market history will hold for each year in the future? That is, as an example, if you buy small stocks will your investment always outperformU.S. Treasury bonds?61. Suppose your cousin invests in the stock market and doubles her money in a single year while the market, on average, earned a return of only about 15%. Is your cousin's performance a violation of market efficiency?62. Why should a financial decision maker such as a corporate treasurer or CFO be concerned with market efficiency?Chapter 14 Efficient Capital Markets and Behavioral Challenges Answer KeyMultiple Choice Questions1. An efficient capital market is one in which:A. brokerage commissions are zero.B. taxes are irrelevant.C. securities always offer a positive rate of return to investors.D. security prices are guaranteed by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission to be fair.E. security prices reflect available information.Difficulty level: EasyTopic: EFFICIENT CAPITAL MARKETType: DEFINITIONS2. The notion that actual capital markets, such as the NYSE, are fairly priced is called the:A. Efficient Markets Hypothesis (EMH).B. Law of One Price.C. Open Markets Theorem.D. Laissez-Faire Axiom.E. Monopoly Pricing Theorem.Difficulty level: EasyTopic: EFFICIENT MARKETS HYPOTHESISType: DEFINITIONS3. The hypothesis that market prices reflect all available information of every kind is called _____ form efficiency.A. openB. strongC. semistrongD. weakE. stableDifficulty level: EasyTopic: STRONG FORM EFFICIENCYType: DEFINITIONS4. The hypothesis that market prices reflect all publicly available information is called _____ form efficiency.A. openB. strongC. semistrongD. weakE. stableDifficulty level: EasyTopic: SEMI STRONG FORM EFFICIENCYType: DEFINITIONS5. The hypothesis that market prices reflect all historical information is called _____ form efficiency.A. openB. strongC. semistrongD. weakE. stableDifficulty level: EasyTopic: WEAK FORM EFFICIENCYType: DEFINITIONS6. In an efficient market, the price of a security will:A. always rise immediately upon the release of new information with no further price adjustments related to that information.B. react to new information over a two-day period after which time no further price adjustments related to that information will occur.C. rise sharply when new information is first released and then decline to a new stable level by the following day.D. react immediately to new information with no further price adjustments related to that information.E. be slow to react for the first few hours after new information is released allowing time for that information to be reviewed and analyzed.Difficulty level: MediumTopic: MARKET EFFICIENCYType: CONCEPTS7. If the financial markets are efficient, then investors should expect their investments in those markets to:A. earn extraordinary returns on a routine basis.B. generally have positive net present values.C. generally have zero net present values.D. produce arbitrage opportunities on a routine basis.E. produce negative returns on a routine basis.Difficulty level: MediumTopic: MARKET EFFICIENCYType: CONCEPTS8. Which one of the following statements is correct concerning market efficiency?A. Real asset markets are more efficient than financial markets.B. If a market is efficient, arbitrage opportunities should be common.C. In an efficient market, some market participants will have an advantage over others.D. A firm will generally receive a fair price when it sells shares of stock.E. New information will gradually be reflected in a stock's price to avoid any sudden change in the price of the stock.Difficulty level: MediumTopic: MARKET EFFICIENCYType: CONCEPTS9. According to the efficient market hypothesis, financial markets fluctuate daily because they:A. are inefficient.B. slowly react to new information.C. are continually reacting to new information.D. offer tremendous arbitrage opportunities.E. only reflect historical information.Difficulty level: MediumTopic: MARKET EFFICIENCYType: CONCEPTS10. Insider trading does not offer any advantages if the financial markets are:A. weak form efficient.B. semiweak form efficient.C. semistrong form efficient.D. strong form efficient.E. inefficient.Difficulty level: EasyTopic: MARKET EFFICIENCYType: CONCEPTS11. According to theory, studying historical prices in order to identify mispriced stocks will not work in markets that are _____ efficient.I. weak formII. semistrong formIII. strong formA. I onlyB. II onlyC. I and II onlyD. II and III onlyE. I, II, and IIIDifficulty level: MediumTopic: MARKET EFFICIENCYType: CONCEPTS12. Which of the following tend to reinforce the argument that the financial markets are efficient?I. Information spreads rapidly in today's world.II. There is tremendous competition in the financial markets.III. Market prices continually fluctuate.IV. Market prices react suddenly to unexpected news announcements.A. I and III onlyB. II and IV onlyC. I, II, and III onlyD. II, III, and IV onlyE. I, II, III, and IVDifficulty level: MediumTopic: MARKET EFFICIENCYType: CONCEPTS13. If you excel in analyzing the future outlook of firms, you would prefer that the financial markets be ____ form efficient so that you can have an advantage in the marketplace.A. weakB. semiweakC. semistrongD. strongE. perfectDifficulty level: EasyTopic: MARKET EFFICIENCYType: CONCEPTS14. Your best friend works in the finance office of the Delta Corporation. You are aware that this friend trades Delta stock based on information he overhears in the office. You know that this information is not known to the general public. Your friend continually brags to you about the profits he earns trading Delta stock. Based on this information, you would tend to argue that the financial markets are at best _____ form efficient.A. weakB. semiweakC. semistrongD. strongE. perfectDifficulty level: MediumTopic: MARKET EFFICIENCYType: CONCEPTS15. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission periodically charges individuals for insider trading and claims those individuals have made unfair profits. Based on this fact, you would tend to argue that the financial markets are at best _____ form efficient.A. weakB. semiweakC. semistrongD. strongE. perfectDifficulty level: MediumTopic: MARKET EFFICIENCYType: CONCEPTS16. Individuals that continually monitor the financial markets seeking mispriced securities:A. tend to make substantial profits on a daily basis.B. tend to make the markets more efficient.C. are never able to find a security that is temporarily mispriced.D. are always quite successful using only well-known public information as their basis of evaluation.E. are always quite successful using only historical price information as their basis of evaluation.Difficulty level: MediumTopic: MARKET EFFICIENCYType: CONCEPTS。
罗斯《公司理财》(第9版)笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解
罗斯《公司理财》（第9版）笔记和课后习题详解第1章公司理财导论1.1复习笔记公司的首要目标——股东财富最大化决定了公司理财的目标。
公司理财研究的是稀缺资金如何在企业和市场内进行有效配置，它是在股份有限公司已成为现代企业制度最主要组织形式的时代背景下，就公司经营过程中的资金运动进行预测、组织、协调、分析和控制的一种决策与管理活动。
从决策角度来讲，公司理财的决策内容包括投资决策、筹资决策、股利决策和净流动资金决策；从管理角度来讲，公司理财的管理职能主要是指对资金筹集和资金投放的管理。
公司理财的基本内容包括：投资决策（资本预算）、融资决策（资本结构）、短期财务管理（营运资本）。
1．资产负债表资产负债表是总括反映企业某一特定日期财务状况的会计报表，它是根据资产、负债和所有者权益之间的相互关系，按照一定的分类标准和一定的顺序，把企业一定日期的资产、负债和所有者权益各项目予以适当排列，并对日常工作中形成的大量数据进行高度浓缩整理后编制而成的。
资产负债表可以反映资本预算、资本支出、资本结构以及经营中的现金流量管理等方面的内容。
2．资本结构资本结构是指企业各种资本的构成及其比例关系，它有广义和狭义之分。
广义资本结构，亦称财务结构，指企业全部资本的构成，既包括长期资本，也包括短期资本（主要指短期债务资本）。
狭义资本结构，主要指企业长期资本的构成，而不包括短期资本。
通常人们将资本结构表示为债务资本与权益资本的比例关系（D/E）或债务资本在总资本的构成（D/A）。
准确地讲，企业的资本结构应定义为有偿负债与所有者权益的比例。
资本结构是由企业采用各种筹资方式筹集资本形成的。
筹资方式的选择及组合决定着企业资本结构及其变化。
资本结构是企业筹资决策的核心问题。
企业应综合考虑影响资本结构的因素，运用适当方法优化资本结构，从而实现最佳资本结构。
资本结构优化有利于降低资本成本，获取财务杠杆利益。
3．财务经理财务经理是公司管理团队中的重要成员，其主要职责是通过资本预算、融资和资产流动性管理为公司创造价值。
公司理财英文版第十四章课件
– Year Dividend Percent Change
– 2005 1.23
-
– 2006 1.30 (1.30 – 1.23) / 1.23 = 5.7%
– 2007 1.36 – 2008 1.43 – 2009 1.50
(1.36 – 1.30) / 1.30 = 4.6% (1.43 – 1.36) / 1.36 = 5.1% (1.50 – 1.43) / 1.43 = 4.9%
– Business risk – Financial risk
• There are two major methods for determining the cost of equity
– Dividend growth model – SML, or CAPM
PPT学习交流
14-6
The Dividend Growth Model Approach
Cost of Capital
PPT学习交流
14-3
Why Cost of Capital Is Important
• We know that the return earned on assets depends on the risk of those assets
• The return to an investor is the same as the cost to the company
• Our cost of capital provides us with an indication of how the market views the risk of our assets
• Knowing our cost of capital can also help us determine our required return for capital budgeting projects
公司理财罗斯第九版课后习题答案
罗斯《公司理财》第9版精要版英文原书课后部分章节答案详细»1 / 17 CH5 11，13，18，19，20 11. To find the PV of a lump sum, we use: PV = FV / (1 + r) t PV = $1,000,000 / (1.10) 80 = $488.19 13. To answer this question, we can use either the FV or the PV formula. Both will give the same answer since they are the inverse of each other. We will use the FV formula, that is: FV = PV(1 + r) t Solving for r, we get: r = (FV / PV) 1 / t –1 r = ($1,260,000 / $150) 1/112 – 1 = .0840 or 8.40% To find the FV of the first prize, we use: FV = PV(1 + r) t FV = $1,260,000(1.0840) 33 = $18,056,409.94 18. To find the FV of a lump sum, we use: FV = PV(1 + r) t FV = $4,000(1.11) 45 = $438,120.97 FV = $4,000(1.11) 35 = $154,299.40 Better start early! 19. We need to find the FV of a lump sum. However, the money will only be invested for six years, so the number of periods is six. FV = PV(1 + r) t FV = $20,000(1.084)6 = $32,449.33 20. To answer this question, we can use either the FV or the PV formula. Both will give the same answer since they are the inverse of each other. We will use the FV formula, that is: FV = PV(1 + r) t Solving for t, we get: t = ln(FV / PV) / ln(1 + r) t = ln($75,000 / $10,000) / ln(1.11) = 19.31 So, the money must be invested for 19.31 years. However, you will not receive the money for another two years. From now, you’ll wait: 2 years + 19.31 years = 21.31 years CH6 16，24，27，42，58 16. For this problem, we simply need to find the FV of a lump sum using the equation: FV = PV(1 + r) t 2 / 17 It is important to note that compounding occurs semiannually. To account for this, we will divide the interest rate by two (the number of compounding periods in a year), and multiply the number of periods by two. Doing so, we get: FV = $2,100[1 + (.084/2)] 34 = $8,505.93 24. This problem requires us to find the FVA. The equation to find the FVA is: FV A = C{[(1 + r) t – 1] / r} FV A = $300[{[1 + (.10/12) ] 360 – 1} / (.10/12)] = $678,146.38 27. The cash flows are annual and the compounding period is quarterly, so we need to calculate the EAR to make the interest rate comparable with the timing of the cash flows. Using the equation for the EAR, we get: EAR = [1 + (APR / m)] m – 1 EAR = [1 + (.11/4)] 4 – 1 = .1146 or 11.46% And now we use the EAR to find the PV of each cash flow as a lump sum and add them together: PV = $725 / 1.1146 + $980 / 1.1146 2 + $1,360 / 1.1146 4 = $2,320.36 42. The amount of principal paid on the loan is the PV of the monthly payments you make. So, the present value of the $1,150 monthly payments is: PVA = $1,150[(1 – {1 / [1 + (.0635/12)]} 360 ) / (.0635/12)] = $184,817.42 The monthly payments of $1,150 will amount to a principal payment of $184,817.42. The amount of principal you will still owe is: $240,000 – 184,817.42 = $55,182.58 This remaining principal amount will increase at the interest rate on the loan until the end of the loan period. So the balloon payment in 30 years, which is the FV of the remaining principal will be: Balloon payment = $55,182.58[1 + (.0635/12)] 360 = $368,936.54 58. To answer this question, we should find the PV of both options, and compare them. Since we are purchasing the car, the lowest PV is the best option. The PV of the leasing is simply the PV of the lease payments, plus the $99. The interest rate we would use for the leasing option is the same as the interest rate of the loan. The PV of leasing is: PV = $99 + $450{1 –[1 / (1 + .07/12) 12(3) ]} / (.07/12) = $14,672.91 The PV of purchasing the car is the current price of the car minus the PV of the resale price. The PV of the resale price is: PV = $23,000 / [1 + (.07/12)] 12(3) = $18,654.82 The PV of the decision to purchase is: $32,000 – 18,654.82 = $13,345.18 3 / 17 In this case, it is cheaper to buy the car than leasing it since the PV of the purchase cash flows is lower. To find the breakeven resale price, we need to find the resale price that makes the PV of the two options the same. In other words, the PV of the decision to buy should be: $32,000 – PV of resale price = $14,672.91 PV of resale price = $17,327.09 The resale price that would make the PV of the lease versus buy decision is the FV ofthis value, so: Breakeven resale price = $17,327.09[1 + (.07/12)] 12(3) = $21,363.01 CH7 3，18，21，22，31 3. The price of any bond is the PV of the interest payment, plus the PV of the par value. Notice this problem assumes an annual coupon. The price of the bond will be: P = $75({1 – [1/(1 + .0875)] 10 } / .0875) + $1,000[1 / (1 + .0875) 10 ] = $918.89 We would like to introduce shorthand notation here. Rather than write (or type, as the case may be) the entire equation for the PV of a lump sum, or the PV A equation, it is common to abbreviate the equations as: PVIF R,t = 1 / (1 + r) t which stands for Present Value Interest Factor PVIFA R,t = ({1 – [1/(1 + r)] t } / r ) which stands for Present Value Interest Factor of an Annuity These abbreviations are short hand notation for the equations in which the interest rate and the number of periods are substituted into the equation and solved. We will use this shorthand notation in remainder of the solutions key. 18. The bond price equation for this bond is: P 0 = $1,068 = $46(PVIFA R%,18 ) + $1,000(PVIF R%,18 ) Using a spreadsheet, financial calculator, or trial and error we find: R = 4.06% This is the semiannual interest rate, so the YTM is: YTM = 2 4.06% = 8.12% The current yield is: Current yield = Annual coupon payment / Price = $92 / $1,068 = .0861 or 8.61% The effective annual yield is the same as the EAR, so using the EAR equation from the previous chapter: Effective annual yield = (1 + 0.0406) 2 – 1 = .0829 or 8.29% 20. Accrued interest is the coupon payment for the period times the fraction of the period that has passed since the last coupon payment. Since we have a semiannual coupon bond, the coupon payment per six months is one-half of the annual coupon payment. There are four months until the next coupon payment, so two months have passed since the last coupon payment. The accrued interest for the bond is: Accrued interest = $74/2 × 2/6 = $12.33 And we calculate the clean price as: 4 / 17 Clean price = Dirty price –Accrued interest = $968 –12.33 = $955.67 21. Accrued interest is the coupon payment for the period times the fraction of the period that has passed since the last coupon payment. Since we have a semiannual coupon bond, the coupon payment per six months is one-half of the annual coupon payment. There are two months until the next coupon payment, so four months have passed since the last coupon payment. The accrued interest for the bond is: Accrued interest = $68/2 × 4/6 = $22.67 And we calculate the dirty price as: Dirty price = Clean price + Accrued interest = $1,073 + 22.67 = $1,095.67 22. To find the number of years to maturity for the bond, we need to find the price of the bond. Since we already have the coupon rate, we can use the bond price equation, and solve for the number of years to maturity. We are given the current yield of the bond, so we can calculate the price as: Current yield = .0755 = $80/P 0 P 0 = $80/.0755 = $1,059.60 Now that we have the price of the bond, the bond price equation is: P = $1,059.60 = $80[(1 – (1/1.072) t ) / .072 ] + $1,000/1.072 t We can solve this equation for t as follows: $1,059.60(1.072) t = $1,111.11(1.072) t –1,111.11 + 1,000 111.11 = 51.51(1.072) t 2.1570 = 1.072 t t = log 2.1570 / log 1.072 = 11.06 11 years The bond has 11 years to maturity.31. The price of any bond (or financial instrument) is the PV of the future cash flows. Even though Bond M makes different coupons payments, to find the price of the bond, we just find the PV of the cash flows. The PV of the cash flows for Bond M is: P M = $1,100(PVIFA 3.5%,16 )(PVIF 3.5%,12 ) + $1,400(PVIFA 3.5%,12 )(PVIF 3.5%,28 ) + $20,000(PVIF 3.5%,40 ) P M = $19,018.78 Notice that for the coupon payments of $1,400, we found the PV A for the coupon payments, and then discounted the lump sum back to today. Bond N is a zero coupon bond with a $20,000 par value, therefore, the price of the bond is the PV of the par, or: P N = $20,000(PVIF 3.5%,40 ) = $5,051.45 CH8 4，18，20，22，24 4. Using the constant growth model, we find the price of the stock today is: P 0 = D 1 / (R – g) = $3.04 / (.11 – .038) = $42.22 5 / 17 18. The priceof a share of preferred stock is the dividend payment divided by the required return. We know the dividend payment in Year 20, so we can find the price of the stock in Year 19, one year before the first dividend payment. Doing so, we get: P 19 = $20.00 / .064 P 19 = $312.50 The price of the stock today is the PV of the stock price in the future, so the price today will be: P 0 = $312.50 / (1.064) 19 P 0 = $96.15 20. We can use the two-stage dividend growth model for this problem, which is: P 0 = [D 0 (1 + g 1 )/(R – g 1 )]{1 – [(1 + g 1 )/(1 + R)] T }+ [(1 + g 1 )/(1 + R)] T [D 0 (1 + g 2 )/(R –g 2 )] P 0 = [$1.25(1.28)/(.13 – .28)][1 –(1.28/1.13) 8 ] + [(1.28)/(1.13)] 8 [$1.25(1.06)/(.13 – .06)] P 0 = $69.55 22. We are asked to find the dividend yield and capital gains yield for each of the stocks. All of the stocks have a 15 percent required return, which is the sum of the dividend yield and the capital gains yield. To find the components of the total return, we need to find the stock price for each stock. Using this stock price and the dividend, we can calculate the dividend yield. The capital gains yield for the stock will be the total return (required return) minus the dividend yield. W: P 0 = D 0 (1 + g) / (R – g) = $4.50(1.10)/(.19 – .10) = $55.00 Dividend yield = D 1 /P 0 = $4.50(1.10)/$55.00 = .09 or 9% Capital gains yield = .19 – .09 = .10 or 10% X: P 0 = D 0 (1 + g) / (R – g) = $4.50/(.19 – 0) = $23.68 Dividend yield = D 1 /P 0 = $4.50/$23.68 = .19 or 19% Capital gains yield = .19 – .19 = 0% Y: P 0 = D 0 (1 + g) / (R – g) = $4.50(1 – .05)/(.19 + .05) = $17.81 Dividend yield = D 1 /P 0 = $4.50(0.95)/$17.81 = .24 or 24% Capital gains yield = .19 – .24 = –.05 or –5% Z: P 2 = D 2 (1 + g) / (R – g) = D 0 (1 + g 1 ) 2 (1 +g 2 )/(R – g 2 ) = $4.50(1.20) 2 (1.12)/(.19 – .12) = $103.68 P 0 = $4.50 (1.20) / (1.19) + $4.50(1.20) 2 / (1.19) 2 + $103.68 / (1.19) 2 = $82.33 Dividend yield = D 1 /P 0 = $4.50(1.20)/$82.33 = .066 or 6.6% Capital gains yield = .19 – .066 = .124 or 12.4% In all cases, the required return is 19%, but the return is distributed differently between current income and capital gains. High growth stocks have an appreciable capital gains component but a relatively small current income yield; conversely, mature, negative-growth stocks provide a high current income but also price depreciation over time. 24. Here we have a stock with supernormal growth, but the dividend growth changes every year for the first four years. We can find the price of the stock in Year 3 since the dividend growth rate is constant after the third dividend. The price of the stock in Year 3 will be the dividend in Year 4, divided by the required return minus the constant dividend growth rate. So, the price in Year 3 will be: 6 / 17 P 3 = $2.45(1.20)(1.15)(1.10)(1.05) / (.11 – .05) = $65.08 The price of the stock today will be the PV of the first three dividends, plus the PV of the stock price in Year 3, so: P 0 = $2.45(1.20)/(1.11) + $2.45(1.20)(1.15)/1.11 2 + $2.45(1.20)(1.15)(1.10)/1.11 3 + $65.08/1.11 3 P 0 = $55.70 CH9 3，4，6，9，15 3. Project A has cash flows of $19,000 in Year 1, so the cash flows are short by $21,000 of recapturing the initial investment, so the payback for Project A is: Payback = 1 + ($21,000 / $25,000) = 1.84 years Project B has cash flows of: Cash flows = $14,000 + 17,000 + 24,000 = $55,000 during this first three years. The cash flows are still short by $5,000 of recapturing the initial investment, so the payback for Project B is: B: Payback = 3 + ($5,000 / $270,000) = 3.019 years Using the payback criterion and a cutoff of 3 years, accept project A and reject project B. 4. When we use discounted payback, we need to find the value of all cash flows today. The value today of the project cash flows for the first four years is: Value today of Year 1 cash flow = $4,200/1.14 = $3,684.21 Value today of Year 2 cash flow = $5,300/1.14 2 = $4,078.18 Value today of Year 3 cash flow = $6,100/1.14 3 = $4,117.33 V alue today of Year 4 cash flow = $7,400/1.14 4 = $4,381.39 To find the discounted payback, we use these values to find the payback period. The discounted first year cash flow is $3,684.21, so the discounted payback for a $7,000 initial cost is: Discounted payback= 1 + ($7,000 – 3,684.21)/$4,078.18 = 1.81 years For an initial cost of $10,000, the discounted payback is: Discounted payback = 2 + ($10,000 –3,684.21 – 4,078.18)/$4,117.33 = 2.54 years Notice the calculation of discounted payback. We know the payback period is between two and three years, so we subtract the discounted values of the Year 1 and Year 2 cash flows from the initial cost. This is the numerator, which is the discounted amount we still need to make to recover our initial investment. We divide this amount by the discounted amount we will earn in Year 3 to get the fractional portion of the discounted payback. If the initial cost is $13,000, the discounted payback is: Discounted payback = 3 + ($13,000 – 3,684.21 – 4,078.18 – 4,117.33) / $4,381.39 = 3.26 years 7 / 17 6. Our definition of AAR is the average net income divided by the average book value. The average net income for this project is: Average net income = ($1,938,200 + 2,201,600 + 1,876,000 + 1,329,500) / 4 = $1,836,325 And the average book value is: Average book value = ($15,000,000 + 0) / 2 = $7,500,000 So, the AAR for this project is: AAR = Average net income / Average book value = $1,836,325 / $7,500,000 = .2448 or 24.48% 9. The NPV of a project is the PV of the outflows minus the PV of the inflows. Since the cash inflows are an annuity, the equation for the NPV of this project at an 8 percent required return is: NPV = –$138,000 + $28,500(PVIFA 8%, 9 ) = $40,036.31 At an 8 percent required return, the NPV is positive, so we would accept the project. The equation for the NPV of the project at a 20 percent required return is: NPV = –$138,000 + $28,500(PVIFA 20%, 9 ) = –$23,117.45 At a 20 percent required return, the NPV is negative, so we would reject the project. We would be indifferent to the project if the required return was equal to the IRR of the project, since at that required return the NPV is zero. The IRR of the project is: 0 = –$138,000 + $28,500(PVIFA IRR, 9 ) IRR = 14.59% 15. The profitability index is defined as the PV of the cash inflows divided by the PV of the cash outflows. The equation for the profitability index at a required return of 10 percent is: PI = [$7,300/1.1 + $6,900/1.1 2 + $5,700/1.1 3 ] / $14,000 = 1.187 The equation for the profitability index at a required return of 15 percent is: PI = [$7,300/1.15 + $6,900/1.15 2 + $5,700/1.15 3 ] / $14,000 = 1.094 The equation for the profitability index at a required return of 22 percent is: PI = [$7,300/1.22 + $6,900/1.22 2 + $5,700/1.22 3 ] / $14,000 = 0.983 8 / 17 We would accept the project if the required return were 10 percent or 15 percent since the PI is greater than one. We would reject the project if the required return were 22 percent since the PI。
罗斯《公司理财》中文版第九版课件
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2.1资金时间价值观念
利率（折现率）的确定：
对于复利来说，若已知P，F，n，可不用查表而直接计 算出i；
但对普通年金问题，首先要根据等额的款项A、相应的 终值FA或现值PA，计算出相应系数（FA/A, i, n） 或（PA/A, i, n），然后，根据该系数和已知的基 数n去查相应的系数表，或用插值法计算所要求的利 率。
复利终值计算公式为如下形式：
其中，现值为P，利率为i，第n年的终值为Fn 复利现值是复利终值的逆运算
2.1资金时间价值观念
年金是指在一定时期内，每隔相同的时间，发生的 相同数额的系列收（或付）款项，年金具有连续 性和等额性 。
年金按照收（或付）款的时间分为普通年金、预付 年金、递延年金和永续年金等几种形式 。
2.2风险与收益权衡观念
协方差的计算。证券报酬率的协方差可以用来衡量它们 之间共同变动的程度。
式中： 是证券j和证券k报酬率之间的预期相关系数； 是第j种证券的标准差； 是第k种证券的标准差。
组合资产之间的相关系数
2.2风险与收益权衡观念
两种证券组合的投资有效集
图2—7描绘出随着对两种证券投资比例的改变，期望报酬率 与风险之间的关系。
方法一：把递延年金视为n期普通年金，求出递延期末的年金现 值，然后再将此现值用复利调整到第一期期初。
方法二：假设递延期中也有收付款项，则应先求出（m+n）期 的年金现值，然后扣除实际并未发生收付的递延期（m）的 年金现值，即可得出递延年金的现值。
2.1资金时间价值观念
永续年金是指无限期等额支付的年金。实际经济生活 中可以将利率较高、持续期较长的年金视为永续 年金。
公司理财罗斯中文版14
第14章期权与公司理财◆本章复习与自测题14.1 看涨期权的价值Nantucket公司的股票目前以每股25美元的价格出售。
1年后，股票价格将要么是20美元，要么是30美元。
1年后到期的国库券支付10%的利息。
执行价格为20美元的看涨期权的价值是多少？执行价格为26美元的呢？14.2 可转换债券Old Cycle公司（OCC）是《古代钢铁》（Ancient Iron）杂志出版商，它发行的可转换债券目前在市场上的售价为950美元。
如果持有者选择转换，则每1张债券可以交换100股股票。
债券的利息为7%，逐年支付，债券将在10年后到期。
OCC的债务属于BBB级。
这个级别的债务的标价收益率为12%。
OCC的股票正以每股7美元的价格交易。
债券的转换比率是多少？转换价格呢？转换溢价呢？债券的底线价值是多少？它的期权价值是多少？◆本章复习与自测题解答14.1 执行价格为20美元时，期权不可能出现虚值（如果股票价格为20美元，它将实现实值）。
我们可以通过将20美元的现值投资于国库券并购买包含1股的看涨期权来复制股票的价值。
购买国库券将花费20美元/1.1 = 18.18美元。
如果股票最终的价格为20美元，看涨期权的价值将为0，而国库券将值20美元。
如果股票最终的价格为30美元，国库券仍然能偿付20美元，而期权的价值将为30美元-20美元= 10美元，所以组合的价值将为30美元。
因为这个国库券和看涨期权的组合实际上复制了股票的回报，所以它的价值必须是20美元，否则就有套利的可能。
利用本章中的符号，我们可以这样计算看涨期权的价值：S 0= C+ E/(1 + Rf)25美元= C+ 18.18美元C= 6.82美元当执行价格为26美元时，我们从按较低的股票价格的现值投资于国库券着手。
它保证我们在股票价格为20美元时能有20美元。
如果股票价格是30美元，那么期权的价值为30美元-26美元= 4美元。
我们从国库券中获得20美元，所以我们需要从期权中获得10美元以便与股票相配比。
公司理财课程大纲
公司理财课程大纲课程名称：公司理财/ Corporate Finance课程编号：241076课程属性：专业教育必修课授课对象：各专业本科生总学时/学分：64/4开课学期：第3学期执笔人：先修课程：财务管理编写日期：一、课程概述公司理财是就公司经营过程中的资金运动进行预测、组织、协调、分析和控制的一种决策与管理活动。
从决策角度来讲，公司理财的决策内容包括投资决策、筹资决策、股利政策和短期财务决策；从管理角度来讲，公司理财的管理职能主要是至对资金筹集和资金投放的管理。
本门课程在财务管理课程内容的基础上，对公司财务决策进行全面、深入的学习。
Corporate Finance is to predict the course of operation on the movement of funds, a decision-making and management activities of the organization, coordination, analysis and control. From the perspective of decision-making, corporate finance including investment decision-making, funding decisions, dividend policy and short-term financial decision-making; from a management point of view, corporate finance management function is mainly to put on fund-raising and fund management. The course is based on the financial management of course content on the company's financial decision-making comprehensive, in-depth study.二、课程目标1.掌握公司理财的基本目标、投资决策、融资决策和利润分配的基本原理和方法；2.熟悉投资评价的各种方法(净现值法、内部收益率法、回收期法、折现回收期法等等)、资本结构的相关理论(权衡理论、信号理论、融资优序理论等)；3.学会股票和债券定价、投资收益的估计、长期计划与财务预测；4. 了解公司理财的理论与实践的最新进展，培养学生运用所学理论知识发现、解释现实世界公司财务问题的能力。
公司理财 第一章
第一章（P14）1.股东是公司的所有者。
股东选举公司的董事会,董事会任命该公司的管理层。
企业的所有权和控制权分离的组织形式是导致的代理关系存在的主要原因。
管理者可能追求自身或别人的利益最大化,而不是股东的利益最大化，可能因为目标不一致而存在代理问题。
2.非营利公司经常追求社会或政治任务等各种目标。
非营利公司财务管理的目标是获取并有效使用资金以最大限度地实现组织的社会使命。
3.这句话是不正确的。
管理者实施财务管理的目标就是最大化现有股票的每股价值，当前的股票价值反映了短期和长期的风险、时间以及未来现金流量。
4.比如在市场经济中所有的东西都被定价。
因此所有目标都有一个最优水平，包括避免不道德或非法的行为，股票价值最大化。
5.财务管理的目标都是相同的,但实现目标的最好方式可能是不同的,因为不同的国家有不同的社会、政治环境和经济制度。
6.管理层的目标是最大化股东现有股票的每股价值。
如果管理层认为能提高公司利润，使股价超过 35 美元,应该展开对恶意收购的斗争。
如果管理层认为该投标人或其它未知的投标人将支付超过每股35美元的价格收购公司,也应该展开斗争。
但是,如果管理层不能增加企业的价值,并且没有其他更高的投标价格,那么管理层不是在为股东的最大化权益行事。
现在的管理层经常在公司面临这些恶意收购的情况时迷失自己的方向。
7.不严重,因为他们的私人投资者占比重较小。
较少的私人投资者能减少不同的企业目标。
高比重的机构所有权导致高学历的股东和管理层讨论决策风险项目，减少决策失误，它也可以根据自己的资源和经验更好地对管理层实施有效的监督机制。
8.大型金融机构成为股票的主要持有者可能减少美国公司的代理问题，形成更有效率的公司控制权市场。
但也不一定，如果共同基金或者退休基金的管理层并不关心的投资者的利益，代理问题可能仍然存在,甚至有可能增加基金和投资者之间的代理问题。
9.市场需求首席执行官，首席执行官的薪酬是由市场决定的。
公司理财-chapter-14(英文版)课件
公司理财-chapter-14课件
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Capital structure: the mix of long-term debt and equity financing
The value of those cash flows determines the value of the firm and therefore determines the aggregate value of all the firm’s outstanding debt and equity securities. If the firm changes its capital structure, say, by using more debt and less equity financing, overall value should not
公司理财-chapter-14课件
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Leverage increases the
expected return to
that cannot pay their creditors
公司理财-chapter-14课件
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Content
How borrowing affects value in a tax-free economy Capital structure and corporate taxes Costs of financial distress Explaining financing choices Bankruptcy procedures
3. Cite the various costs of financial distress 4. Explain why the debt-equity mix varies across
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Table 14.2
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Employee Stock Options
• Options that are given to employees as part of their benefits package • Often used as a bonus or incentive
– Designed to align employee interests with stockholder interests and reduce agency problems – Empirical evidence suggests that they don’t work as well as anticipated due to the lack of diversification introduced into the employees’ portfolios – The stock isn’t worth as much to the employee as it is to an outside investor because of the lack of diversification – this suggests that options may work in limited amounts, but not as a large part of the compensation package 14
– If an option finishes out-of-the-money, the most you can lose is your premium, no matter how far out it is – The more an option is in-the-money, the greater the gain – The owner of the option gains from volatility on the upside, but don’t lose anymore from volatility on the downside
– As the stock price increases, the call price increases and the put price decreases
• Exercise price
– As the exercise price increases, the call price decreases and the put price increases
14
Options and Corporate Finance
0
Key Concepts and Skills
• Understand the options terminology • Be able to determine option payoffs and pricing bounds • Understand the five major determinants of option value • Understand employee stock options • Understand the various managerial options • Understand the differences between warrants and traditional call options • Understand convertible securities and how to determine their value
Equity: A Call Option
• Equity can be viewed as a call option on the company’s assets when the firm is leveraged • The exercise price is the face value of the debt • If the assets are worth more than the debt when it comes due, the option will be exercised and the stockholders retain ownership • If the assets are worth less than the debt, the stockholders will let the option expire and the assets will belong to the bondholders
4
Option Payoffs – Calls
• The value of the call at expiration is the intrinsic value
– Max(0, S-E) – If S<E, then the payoff is 0 – If S>E, then the payoff is S – E
• Assume that the exercise price is $30
Work the Web Example
• Where can we find option prices? • On the Internet, of course. One site that provides option prices is Yahoo Finance • Click on the web surfer to go to Yahoo Finance
• Time to expiration
– Generally, as the time to expiration increases both the call and the putisk-free rate
– As the risk-free rate increases, the call price increases and the put price decreases
– C0 = S0 – PV(E)
• If the call is worth something other than this, then there is an arbitrage opportunity
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What Determines Option Values?
• Stock price
2
Option Terminology
• • • • • • • • Call Put Strike or Exercise price Expiration date Option premium Option writer American Option European Option
3
Stock Option Quotations
11
What about Variance?
• When an option may finish out-of-the-money (expire without being exercised), there is another factor that helps determine price • The variance in underlying asset returns is a less obvious, but important, determinant of option values • The greater the variance, the more the call and the put are worth
– Prices are higher for options with the same strike price but longer expirations – Call options with strikes less than the current price are worth more than the corresponding puts – Call options with strikes greater than the current price are worth less than the corresponding puts
Option Value
Payoff Diagram for Put Options
35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Stock Price
6
– Max(0, E-S) – If S<E, then the payoff is E-S – If S>E, then the payoff is 0
25 Call Value 20 15 10 5 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Stock Price
5
Call Option Payoff Diagram
• Assume that the exercise price is $30
Option Payoffs - Puts
• The value of a put at expiration is the intrinsic value
• If either of these bounds are violated, there is an arbitrage opportunity
8
Figure 14.2
9
A Simple Model
• An option is “in-the-money” if the payoff is greater than zero • If a call option is sure to finish in-themoney, the option value would be
• Look at Table 14.1 in the book
– Price and volume information for calls and puts with the same strike and expiration is provided on the same line