机械设计方案自动化英语翻译
机械设计制造和自动化专业英语翻译超级大全
Unit 1 Metals金属Unit 2 Selection of Construction Materials工程材料的选择淬透性：指在规定条件下，决定钢材淬硬深度和硬度分布的特性。
即钢淬火时得到淬硬层深度大小的能力，它表示钢接受淬火的能力。
钢材淬透性好与差，常用淬硬层深度来表示。
淬硬层深度越大，则钢的淬透性越好。
钢的淬透性是钢材本身所固有的属性，它只取决于其本身的内部因素，而与外部因素无关。
钢的淬透性主要取决于它的化学成分，特别是含增大淬透性的合金元素及晶粒度，加热温度和保温时间等因素有关。
淬透性好的钢材，可使钢件整个截面获得均匀一致的力学性能以及可选用钢件淬火应力小的淬火剂，以减少变形和开裂。
淬透性主要取决于其临界冷却速度的大小，而临界冷却速度则主要取决于过冷奥氏体的稳定性，影响奥氏体的稳定性主要是：1.化学成分的影响碳的影响是主要的，当C％小于1.2％时，随着奥氏体中碳浓度的提高，显著降低临界冷却速度，C曲线右移，钢的淬透性增大；当C％大于时，钢的冷却速度反而升高，C曲线左移，淬透性下降。
其次是合金元素的影响，除钴外，绝大多数合金元素溶入奥氏体后，均使C曲线右移，降低临界冷却速度，从而提高钢的淬透性。
2.奥氏体晶粒大小的影响奥氏体的实际晶粒度对钢的淬透性有较大的影响，粗大的奥氏体晶粒能使C曲线右移，降低了钢的临界冷却速度。
但晶粒粗大将增大钢的变形、开裂倾向和降低韧性。
3.奥氏体均匀程度的影响在相同冷度条件下，奥氏体成分越均匀，珠光体的形核率就越低，转变的孕育期增长，C曲线右移，临界冷却速度减慢，钢的淬透性越高。
4.钢的原始组织的影响钢的原始组织的粗细和分布对奥氏体的成分将有重大影响。
5.部分元素，例如Mn，Si等元素对提高淬透性能起到一定作用，但同时也会对钢材带来其他不利的影响。
可锻性(forgeability)金属具有热塑性，在加热状态(各种金属要求温度不同)，可以进行压力加工，称为具有可锻性。
机械设计制造及其自动化 英语
机械设计制造及其自动化英语Mechanical design, manufacturing, and its automation are essential aspects of various industries, including automotive, aerospace, electronics, and more. These processes involve the creation of mechanical systems and components, as well as the use of advanced technologies to automate production and improve efficiency.The field of mechanical design encompasses the creation of detailed plans and specifications for machines, tools, and mechanical systems. This involves the use of computer-aided design (CAD) software to create 2D and 3D models, as well as the selection of materials and the consideration of factors such as stress, heat, and other environmental conditions.Manufacturing involves the production of mechanical components and systems using a variety of techniques, including machining, casting, molding, and 3D printing. This process requires a deep understanding of materials, production processes, and quality control to ensure that the final products meet the required specifications and standards.Automation plays a crucial role in modern mechanical design and manufacturing, as it enables the use of robots, computer numerical control (CNC) machines, and other advanced technologies to streamline production processes and increase efficiency. This not only reduces the need for manual labor but also allows for the production of complex components with high precision and consistency.Overall, the integration of mechanical design, manufacturing, and automation is essential for the development of innovative products and the advancement of various industries. By utilizing advanced technologies and expertise in these areas, companies can improve their competitiveness and meet the ever-changing demands of the global market.在机械设计、制造和自动化方面的进展，对各行各业都产生了深远的影响。
介绍机械设计制造及其自动化英语
介绍机械设计制造及其自动化英语Mechanical design and manufacturing has always been a vital part of the industrial sector. It involves the creation, development, and production of various mechanical equipment and devices. With the advancement of technology, the field of mechanical design and manufacturing has also evolved, leading to the introduction of automation in the production process.Mechanical design is the process of creating detailed drawings and specifications for mechanical devices and equipment. This involves the use of computer-aided design (CAD) software to create 2D and 3D models of the products, allowing for precise and accurate design. The design phase also includes the selection of materials, components, and manufacturing processes to ensure the efficiency and performance of the end product.Manufacturing, on the other hand, involves the actual production of the designed mechanical products. This includes various processes such as machining, casting, forging, and welding, among others. The goal of manufacturing is to produce high-quality products in a cost-effective and efficient manner.In recent years, automation has become an integral part of mechanical design and manufacturing. Automated systems and robotics have revolutionized the production process, allowing for increased productivity, reduced labor costs, and improved quality control. Automation has also enabled manufacturers to carry out complex and repetitive tasks with precision and speed, leading to higher output and reduced lead times.Overall, mechanical design and manufacturing, along with automation, play a crucial role in the development of various products and technologies across different industries. With the continuous advancements in technology, the field is expected to further evolve and improve, leading to more efficient and sustainable production processes.The integration of automation in mechanical design and manufacturing has significantly impacted the industry by improving efficiency, reducing human error, and streamlining production processes. Robotics, computer numerical control (CNC) machines, and other automated systems have transformed the way mechanical products are designed, developed, and manufactured.One of the key advantages of automation in manufacturing is the ability to carry out tasks with a high level of accuracy and consistency. Automated systems can perform intricate operations such as precision machining and assembly with minimal deviations, resulting in products with tight tolerances and high quality. This level of precision is often difficult to achieve through manual processes alone.Moreover, automation has also led to improved workplace safety and reduced labor costs. By automating repetitive and potentially hazardous tasks, workers are less exposed to physical risks and can focus on more skilled and strategic aspects of production. Additionally, automated systems can often operate continuously, leading to greater output while minimizing the need for extensive human intervention.In terms of manufacturing flexibility, automation has allowed forrapid reconfiguration of production processes. Modern manufacturing facilities are equipped with flexible robotic systems that can quickly adapt to changes in product designs or specifications, thereby reducing the time and resources required to retool production lines.Furthermore, automation has played a significant role in enhancing the overall speed of production. Automated machines and robotics are capable of operating at high speeds without compromising accuracy, leading to increased throughput and shorter production cycles. This accelerated pace allows manufacturers to respond more effectively to market demands and customer requirements.Looking ahead, the future of mechanical design and manufacturing is likely to be further shaped by advanced automation technologies such as machine learning, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things (IoT). These technologies will enable even greater levels of efficiency, predictive maintenance, and real-time monitoring, transforming the industry and paving the way for the next generation of smart factories and production systems.In conclusion, the integration of automation into mechanical design and manufacturing has revolutionized the industry by enhancing precision, safety, flexibility, and speed. As automation technologies continue to advance, the potential for further improvements in productivity, quality, and sustainability within the mechanical design and manufacturing sector is considerable.。
机械设计制造及其自动化缩写英文
机械设计制造及其自动化缩写英文Mechanical design and manufacturing, as well as automation (MDM&A) refers to the process of creating and producing mechanical components, systems, and products through the use of specialized design software, advanced manufacturing techniques, and automated equipment. This field encompasses a wide range of industries, including automotive, aerospace, machinery, and consumer goods.The MDM&A process begins with the design phase, where engineers use computer-aided design (CAD) software to create detailed 3D models of the desired components or products. These models are then used to generate the necessary manufacturing instructions, such as machining paths and tooling configurations.Once the design is finalized, the manufacturing phase begins. This typically involves the use of advanced machining equipment, such as CNC milling machines and 3D printers, to produce the physical components. These machines are often integrated with robotics and automated systems to streamline the production process and improve efficiency.Finally, the automation phase involves the implementation of automated assembly and quality control processes to ensure that the finished products meet the necessary specifications and standards. This may include the use of robotic arms for part handling, computer vision systems for inspection, and traceability systems for product tracking.Overall, MDM&A plays a crucial role in modern manufacturing,enabling companies to reduce production costs, improve product quality, and increase production speed. With the continued advancement of technology, the future of MDM&A looks tofurther integrate artificial intelligence and machine learning intothe design and manufacturing process, leading to even more efficient and innovative products.在机械设计与制造自动化领域，工程师们不断努力提高产品设计的精度和可靠性，以满足市场对高质量产品的需求。
机械设计制造及其自动化专业英语翻译(最新整理1)
Unit 1 Metals金属Unit 2 Selection of Construction Materials工程材料的选择Unit 3 Mechanical Properties of MaterialsUnit5 Design of machine and machine elements机器和机器零件的设计Machine design机器设计1 Machine design is the art of planning or devising new or improved machines to accomplish specific purposes. In general, a machine will consist of a combination of several different mechanical elements properly designed and arranged to work together, as a whole. During theinitial planning of a machine, fundamental decisions must be made concerning loading, type of kinematic elements to be used, and correct utilization of the properties of engineering materials. Economic considerations are usually of prime importance when the design of new machinery is undertaken. In general, the lowest over-all costs are designed. Consideration should be given not only to the cost of design, manufacture the necessary safety features and be of pleasing external appearance. The objective is to produce a machine which is not only sufficiently rugged to function properly for a reasonable life, but is at the same time cheap enough to be economically feasible.机器设计为了特定的目的而发明或改进机器的一种艺术。
机械设计制造及其自动化专业英语
9
Computer-Aided manufacturing
• Henry Ford’s contributions took a different turn from Taylor’s. Ford refined [ri’faind] and developed the use of assembly lines for the major component manufacturer of his automobile.
• 如今，机床控制语言比如说自动编程工具 ， 已经成为数控机床创建工具控制的标准了。
18
Computer-Aided manufacturing
• It is interesting to note that much of the evolution in manufacturing has come as a response to particular changes during different period.
• 从那时起，数字计算机就被用来当做输入 设备，要么以直接方式输入到NC设备中， 直接数字控制（DNC），要么用更专用的 控制传感，即计算机数字控制（CNC）。
17
Computer-Aided manufacturing
• Today, machine control languages such as APT (Automatic Programming Tool) have become the standard for creating tool control for NC machines.
从科学上进行研究金属切削和自动化技术 研究起始于第二十世纪。这些技术的先驱 者是弗雷德里克．泰勒和亨利.福特。
机械设计方案制造及其自动化专业英语翻译超级大全
Unit 1 MetalsUnit 2 Selection of Construction Materials淬透性：指在规定条件下，决定钢材淬硬深度和硬度分布的特性。
即钢淬火时得到淬硬层深度大小的能力，它表示钢接受淬火的能力。
钢材淬透性好与差，常用淬硬层深度来表示。
淬硬层深度越大，则钢的淬透性越好。
钢的淬透性是钢材本身所固有的属性，它只取决于其本身的内部因素，而与外部因素无关。
钢的淬透性主要取决于它的化学成分，特别是含增大淬透性的合金元素及晶粒度，加热温度和保温时间等因素有关。
淬透性好的钢材，可使钢件整个截面获得均匀一致的力学性能以及可选用钢件淬火应力小的淬火剂，以减少变形和开裂。
淬透性主要取决于其临界冷却速度的大小，而临界冷却速度则主要取决于过冷奥氏体的稳定性，影响奥氏体的稳定性主要是：1.化学成分的影响碳的影响是主要的，当C％小于1.2％时，随着奥氏体中碳浓度的提高，显著降低临界冷却速度，C曲线右移，钢的淬透性增大；当C％大于时，钢的冷却速度反而升高，C曲线左移，淬透性下降。
其次是合金元素的影响，除钴外，绝大多数合金元素溶入奥氏体后，均使C曲线右移，降低临界冷却速度，从而提高钢的淬透性。
2.奥氏体晶粒大小的影响奥氏体的实际晶粒度对钢的淬透性有较大的影响，粗大的奥氏体晶粒能使C曲线右移，降低了钢的临界冷却速度。
但晶粒粗大将增大钢的变形、开裂倾向和降低韧性。
3.奥氏体均匀程度的影响在相同冷度条件下，奥氏体成分越均匀，珠光体的形核率就越低，转变的孕育期增长，C曲线右移，临界冷却速度减慢，钢的淬透性越高。
4.钢的原始组织的影响钢的原始组织的粗细和分布对奥氏体的成分将有重大影响。
5.部分元素，例如Mn，Si等元素对提高淬透性能起到一定作用，但同时也会对钢材带来其他不利的影响。
可锻性(forgeability)金属具有热塑性，在加热状态(各种金属要求温度不同)，可以进行压力加工，称为具有可锻性。
可锻性：指金属材料在压力加工时，能改变形状而不产生裂纹的性能。
机械设计方案制造及其自动化专业英语翻译
Unit 1 Metals金属Unit 2 Selection of Construction Materials工程材料的选择淬透性：指在规定条件下，决定钢材淬硬深度和硬度分布的特性。
即钢淬火时得到淬硬层深度大小的能力，它表示钢接受淬火的能力。
钢材淬透性好与差，常用淬硬层深度来表示。
淬硬层深度越大，则钢的淬透性越好。
钢的淬透性是钢材本身所固有的属性，它只取决于其本身的内部因素，而与外部因素无关。
钢的淬透性主要取决于它的化学成分，特别是含增大淬透性的合金元素及晶粒度，加热温度和保温时间等因素有关。
淬透性好的钢材，可使钢件整个截面获得均匀一致的力学性能以及可选用钢件淬火应力小的淬火剂，以减少变形和开裂。
淬透性主要取决于其临界冷却速度的大小，而临界冷却速度则主要取决于过冷奥氏体的稳定性，影响奥氏体的稳定性主要是：1.化学成分的影响碳的影响是主要的，当C％小于1.2％时，随着奥氏体中碳浓度的提高，显著降低临界冷却速度，C曲线右移，钢的淬透性增大；当C％大于时，钢的冷却速度反而升高，C曲线左移，淬透性下降。
其次是合金元素的影响，除钴外，绝大多数合金元素溶入奥氏体后，均使C曲线右移，降低临界冷却速度，从而提高钢的淬透性。
2.奥氏体晶粒大小的影响奥氏体的实际晶粒度对钢的淬透性有较大的影响，粗大的奥氏体晶粒能使C曲线右移，降低了钢的临界冷却速度。
但晶粒粗大将增大钢的变形、开裂倾向和降低韧性。
3.奥氏体均匀程度的影响在相同冷度条件下，奥氏体成分越均匀，珠光体的形核率就越低，转变的孕育期增长，C曲线右移，临界冷却速度减慢，钢的淬透性越高。
4.钢的原始组织的影响钢的原始组织的粗细和分布对奥氏体的成分将有重大影响。
5.部分元素，例如Mn，Si等元素对提高淬透性能起到一定作用，但同时也会对钢材带来其他不利的影响。
可锻性(forgeability)金属具有热塑性，在加热状态(各种金属要求温度不同)，可以进行压力加工，称为具有可锻性。
机械设计制造及其自动化专业英语翻译
机械设计制造及其自动化专业英语翻译Unit 1 Metals金属certain of the electrons associated with these atoms. In a more practical way, however, a metal can be defined as an element which has a particular package of properties. Metals are crystalline when in the solid state and, with few exceptions (e.g. mercury), are solid at ambient temperatures. They are good conductors of heat and 它们是热和电的良导体，不透光。
它们往往具有较高的密度。
许多金属具有延展性，也就是说，在不被破坏的情况下它们的形状在外力的作用下可以发生变化。
引起永久变形所需的力和最终使金属断裂所需的力相当大，尽管发生断裂所需的力远没有像所预期的撕开金属原子所需的力那么大。
shape can be changed permanently by the application of a force without breaking. The forces required to cause this deformation and those required to break or fracture a metal are comparatively high, although, the fracture forces is not nearly as high as would be expected from simple consideration of the forces required to tear 是最重要的。
机械设计制造与自动化专业英语翻译超级大全
Unit 1 MetalsUnit 2 Selection of Construction Materials淬透性：指在规定条件下，决定钢材淬硬深度和硬度分布的特性。
即钢淬火时得到淬硬层深度大小的能力，它表示钢承受淬火的能力。
钢材淬透性好与差，常用淬硬层深度来表示。
淬硬层深度越大，则钢的淬透性越好。
钢的淬透性是钢材本身所固有的属性，它只取决于其本身的部因素，而与外部因素无关。
钢的淬透性主要取决于它的化学成分，特别是含增大淬透性的合金元素与晶粒度，加热温度和保温时间等因素有关。
淬透性好的钢材，可使钢件整个截面获得均匀一致的力学性能以与可选用钢件淬火应力小的淬火剂，以减少变形和开裂。
淬透性主要取决于其临界冷却速度的大小，而临界冷却速度则主要取决于过冷奥氏体的稳定性，影响奥氏体的稳定性主要是：1.化学成分的影响碳的影响是主要的，当C％小于1.2％时，随着奥氏体中碳浓度的提高，显著降低临界冷却速度，C曲线右移，钢的淬透性增大；当C％大于时，钢的冷却速度反而升高，C曲线左移，淬透性下降。
其次是合金元素的影响，除钴外，绝大多数合金元素溶入奥氏体后，均使C曲线右移，降低临界冷却速度，从而提高钢的淬透性。
2.奥氏体晶粒大小的影响奥氏体的实际晶粒度对钢的淬透性有较大的影响，粗大的奥氏体晶粒能使C曲线右移，降低了钢的临界冷却速度。
但晶粒粗大将增大钢的变形、开裂倾向和降低韧性。
3.奥氏体均匀程度的影响在相同冷度条件下，奥氏体成分越均匀，珠光体的形核率就越低，转变的孕育期增长，C曲线右移，临界冷却速度减慢，钢的淬透性越高。
4.钢的原始组织的影响钢的原始组织的粗细和分布对奥氏体的成分将有重大影响。
5.部分元素，例如Mn，Si等元素对提高淬透性能起到一定作用，但同时也会对钢材带来其他不利的影响。
可锻性(forgeability)金属具有热塑性，在加热状态(各种金属要求温度不同)，可以进行压力加工，称为具有可锻性。
可锻性：指金属材料在压力加工时，能改变形状而不产生裂纹的性能。
机械设计制造及其自动化英文缩写
机械设计制造及其自动化（Mechanical Design and Manufacturing with Automation）是指利用工程技术和先进设备来设计和制造各种机械产品，并在生产过程中引入自动化技术。
这一领域涵盖了从产品概念设计到生产制造的整个过程，包括材料选择、结构设计、制造工艺、质量控制等多个方面。
在当今工业制造中，机械设计制造及其自动化发挥着至关重要的作用，它不仅可以提高生产效率，降低成本，还可以推动技术创新，提升产品质量和市场竞争力。
在机械设计制造及其自动化中，工程师们经常会使用一些缩写来简化表达和交流。
其中，最常见的缩写是MDMA，代表了Mechanical Design and Manufacturing with Automation。
这一缩写在工程领域被广泛应用，不仅是对该领域的一种简洁概括，也代表了当代工业制造的发展方向和趋势。
在机械设计制造及其自动化中，机械设计是整个生产过程的关键环节。
它涉及产品的结构设计、零部件的选择和布局、动力传输系统的设计等。
而自动化技术的引入，则可以使整个生产过程更加高效、精准和可控。
自动化设备可以完成产品的装配、检测、包装等工作，大大缩短生产周期，降低人力成本，并且减少了人为因素对产品质量的影响。
机械设计制造及其自动化的发展离不开先进的技术支持。
CAD （Computer-Aided Design，计算机辅助设计）软件可以帮助工程师们快速、准确地完成产品的设计和分析。
CAM（Computer-AidedManufacturing，计算机辅助制造）软件则可以帮助制造商优化加工工艺，提高生产效率。
另外，机器人技术、智能制造系统、物联网技术等也在机械设计制造及其自动化中发挥着越来越重要的作用。
机械设计制造及其自动化在当今工业制造中扮演着重要角色。
它不仅是工程技术和现代制造的结合体，也是对生产方式和生产效率的重要革新。
工程师们需要不断学习和掌握最新的技术，不断创新和优化产品设计和制造流程，以适应日益变化的市场需求和竞争环境。
机械设计制造及自动化专业英语翻译
机械设计制造及自动化专业英语翻译Translation of Mechanical Design, Manufacturing, and Automation MajorIntroductionKey Concepts2. Manufacturing: This refers to the transformation of raw materials into finished products through various production processes. It includes techniques such as casting, machining, welding, and assembly. The goal is to optimize efficiency, quality, and cost-effectiveness.Courses1. Engineering Mechanics: This course covers the fundamental principles of mechanics, including statics, dynamics, and strength of materials. Students learn how to analyze and predict the behavior of mechanical systems and structures underdifferent conditions.3. Manufacturing Processes: This course introduces students to various manufacturing techniques, such as machining, casting, and welding. They learn how to select the appropriate processfor different types of products and understand the factors that affect production efficiency and quality.4. Industrial Robotics: This course provides an in-depth understanding of robotic systems and their applications in industrial settings. Students learn about robot programming, control, and integration to automate manufacturing processes and improve productivity.5. Control Systems: This course covers the principles of control theory and their application in automation. Students learn about sensor technology, feedback control loops, and programming techniques to design and implement control systems for mechanical processes.Conclusion。
机械设计制造及其自动化专业英语
机械设计制造及其自动化专业英语Mechanical Design, Manufacturing, and Automation in Mechanical EngineeringMechanical Design, Manufacturing, and Automation is a specialized field within mechanical engineering that focuses on the design, development, and production of machinery and automation systems. This field combines principles of engineering, physics, and materials science to create innovative solutions for various industries.In this field, engineers utilize computer-aided design (CAD) software to design components and systems that meet specific requirements. They use knowledge of mechanical principles to determine the most efficient way to manufacture these components, considering factors such as material selection, manufacturing processes, and cost. Engineers also collaborate with other professionals, such as materials scientists and electrical engineers, to ensure that the final product meets all design specifications.One key aspect of mechanical design is the use of computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software to program machines and automated systems. This allows engineers to control the manufacturing process and optimize efficiency. CAM software enables engineers to generate tool paths for machining operations, simulate the manufacturing process, and detect potential issues before production begins.The field of mechanical design, manufacturing, and automation encompasses various sub-disciplines, including machine design, robotics, mechatronics, and control systems.Machine design involves the design of individual machines or mechanical systems that perform specific tasks. Robotics focuses on the design and development of robots that can perform tasks autonomously or with human guidance. Mechatronics combines mechanical engineering, electronics, and computer science to design and control systems that integrate mechanical and electrical components. Control systems engineering involves designing systems that regulate and control the behavior of mechanical and electrical systems.Due to the broad scope of mechanical design, manufacturing, and automation, professionals in this field have a wide range of career opportunities. They can work in industries such as automotive, aerospace, manufacturing, and energy. Some common job titles in this field include mechanical engineer, design engineer, manufacturing engineer, robotics engineer, and automation engineer. These professionals may work on various projects, ranging from designing and developing new products to improving existing manufacturing processes.In conclusion, mechanical design, manufacturing, and automation is a specialized field within mechanical engineering that focuses on the design, development, and production of machinery and automation systems. It combines principles of engineering, physics, and materials science to create innovative solutions for various industries. Professionals in this field utilize CAD and CAM software to design components and systems, program machines, and optimize manufacturing processes. With a wide range of career opportunities, this field offers exciting possibilities for those interested in creating and improving mechanical systems.。
机械设计制造及其自动化专业英语翻译超级大全
机械设计制造及其自动化专业英语翻译超级大全Mechanical Design, Manufacturing, and Automation机械 design：机械设计Manufacturing：制造Automation：自动化机械设计、制造和自动化是一个涵盖工程和技术各个方面的多学科领域。
它涉及到机械、工具和系统的设计、开发和生产，以促进工业过程。
机械设计是指创造和优化机械系统、零部件或产品的形态、结构和功能的过程。
这涉及到构思想法、进行分析和计算，并利用计算机辅助设计软件（CAD）创建详细设计。
机械设计还涉及选材、考虑制造方法，并确保最终产品符合行业标准和法规。
The manufacturing process involves transforming raw materials into finished products through various techniques and processes. This can include traditional methods such as casting, machining, and assembly, as well as more advanced techniqueslike additive manufacturing (3D printing). Manufacturing also involves quality control measures to ensure that products meet specifications and standards.制造过程涉及通过各种技术和工艺将原材料转化为成品。
这可能包括传统方法，如铸造、机械加工和组装，也包括更先进的技术，如增材制造（3D打印）。
制造还涉及质量控制措施，以确保产品符合规格和标准。
自动化在现代机械设计和制造中发挥着重要的作用。
它利用技术和控制系统在无人干预的情况下操作和控制机械和工序。
机械设计制造及其自动化专业英语翻译超级大全.docx
U n i t1M e t a l s金属The use of metals has always been a key factor in the development of the social systems of man. Of the roughly 100 basic elements of which all matter is composed, about half are classified as metals. The distinction between a metal and a nonmetal is not always clear-cut. The most basic definition centers around the type of bonding existing between the atoms of the element, and around the characteristics of certain of the electrons associated with these atoms. In a more practical way, however, a metal can be defined as an在人类社会的发展中，金属的应用起着关键性的作用。
构成物质的大约100种基本元素中，大约有一半为金属。
金属和非金属之间的区别不是特别明显。
最基本的定义集中在元素原子间存在的连接形式和与这些原子相关联的电子的某些特性。
然而，在实际应用中，可以将具有某些特性集合金属定义为某种元素。
除了少数例外金属在常温下是固态的。
它们是热和电的良导体，不透光。
它们往往具有较高的密度。
许多金属具有延展性，也就是说，在不被破坏的情况下它们的形状在外力的作用下可以发生变化。
引起永久变形所需的力和最终使金属断裂所需的力相当大，尽管发生断裂所需的力远element which has a particular package of properties.Metals are crystalline when in the solid state and, with few exceptions (e.g. mercury), are solid at ambient temperatures. They are good conductors of heat and electricity and are opaque to light. They usually have a comparatively high density. Many metals are ductile-that is, their shape can be changed permanently by the application of a force without breaking. The forces required to cause this deformation and those required to break or fracture a metal are comparatively high, although, the fracture forces is not nearly as high as would be expected from simple 没有像所预期的撕开金属原子所需的力那么大。
机械设计制造及其自动化专业英语
机械设计制造及其自动化专业英语Mechanical Design, Manufacturing, and Automation in EnglishIntroduction:Mechanical Design, Manufacturing, and Automation is a specialized field within engineering that focuses on the design, development, and production of mechanical systems and automated processes. This field requires a strong knowledge of engineering principles, manufacturing techniques, and automation technologies. In this text, we will explore the key concepts, methodologies, and technologies associated with Mechanical Design, Manufacturing, and Automation.1. Mechanical Design:Mechanical design is the process of creating and developing mechanical systems, components, and products. It involves various stages, including conceptualization, analysis, and detailed design. The main objective of mechanical design is to ensure that the resulting product meets the desired functionality, performance, and safety requirements.1.1 Conceptualization:During the conceptualization stage, engineers brainstorm and generate ideas for new products or improvements to existing ones. They consider factors such as market needs, customer requirements, and technological advancements. This stage often involves sketching, prototyping, and conducting feasibility studies.1.2 Analysis:In the analysis stage, engineers evaluate the proposed designs using computer-aided design (CAD) software and simulation tools. They assess factors such as structural integrity, thermal performance, fluid dynamics, and ergonomics. This analysis helps identify potential issues and refine the design before moving to the detailed design phase.1.3 Detailed Design:During the detailed design phase, engineers develop the final design specifications and create detailed drawings and models. They consider factors such as material selection, manufacturing processes, and assembly requirements. This stage involves collaboration with manufacturing engineers to ensure that the design can be efficiently manufactured.2. Manufacturing:Manufacturing is the process of transforming raw materials into finished products through various production techniques. It involves a series of steps, including material preparation, machining, assembly, and quality control. Efficient manufacturing plays a crucial role in ensuring product quality, cost-effectiveness, and timely delivery.2.1 Material Preparation:Material preparation involves selecting and preparing the appropriate raw materials for the manufacturing process. This may include cutting, shaping, and treating the materials to meet the desired specifications. Material properties, such as strength, durability, and corrosion resistance, are carefully considered during this stage.2.2 Machining:Machining is the process of shaping and forming materials using various cutting tools and machines. Common machining techniques include milling, turning, drilling, and grinding. Computer numerical control (CNC) machines are often used to automate and enhance the precision of these processes.2.3 Assembly:Assembly is the process of combining individual components to create a final product. This may involve manual labor or the use of automated assembly systems. Assembly techniques vary depending on the complexity of the product and can include methods such as welding, soldering, and fastening.2.4 Quality Control:Quality control is an essential aspect of manufacturing. It involves inspecting and testing the products at various stages to ensure they meet the specified standards. This may include dimensional checks, material testing, and functional testing. Quality control helps identify and rectify any defects or deviations from the desired specifications.3. Automation:Automation refers to the use of technology and machines to perform tasks with minimal human intervention. In the context of mechanical design and manufacturing, automation plays a significant role in improving productivity, efficiency, and consistency.3.1 Robotics:Robotic automation involves the use of robots to perform repetitive or complex tasks. Robots can be programmed to handle tasks such as material handling, assembly, and quality inspection. They can significantly increase production speed and accuracy while reducing the risk of human error.3.2 Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM):Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) involves the use of computer software to control and optimize manufacturing processes. CAM systems generate instructions for machines, such as CNC machines, based on the design specifications. This automation reduces manual intervention and improves the precision and efficiency of manufacturing.3.3 Internet of Things (IoT):The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the network of interconnected devices that can communicate and exchange data. In the context of manufacturing, IoT enables the integration and monitoring of various machines and systems. This connectivity allows for real-time data collection, analysis, and control, leading to improved efficiency, predictive maintenance, and quality control.Conclusion:Mechanical Design, Manufacturing, and Automation is a multidisciplinary field that combines engineering principles, manufacturing techniques, and automation technologies. It involves the design, development, and production of mechanical systems and automated processes. By understanding the key concepts and methodologies discussed in this text, professionals in this field can contribute to the advancement of technology and innovation in various industries.。
机械设计制造和自动化专业英语翻译
Unit 1 Metals金属Unit 2 Selection of Construction Materials工程材料的选择淬透性：指在规定条件下，决定钢材淬硬深度和硬度分布的特性。
即钢淬火时得到淬硬层深度大小的能力，它表示钢接受淬火的能力。
钢材淬透性好与差，常用淬硬层深度来表示。
淬硬层深度越大，则钢的淬透性越好。
钢的淬透性是钢材本身所固有的属性，它只取决于其本身的内部因素，而与外部因素无关。
钢的淬透性主要取决于它的化学成分，特别是含增大淬透性的合金元素及晶粒度，加热温度和保温时间等因素有关。
淬透性好的钢材，可使钢件整个截面获得均匀一致的力学性能以及可选用钢件淬火应力小的淬火剂，以减少变形和开裂。
淬透性主要取决于其临界冷却速度的大小，而临界冷却速度则主要取决于过冷奥氏体的稳定性，影响奥氏体的稳定性主要是：1.化学成分的影响碳的影响是主要的，当C％小于1.2％时，随着奥氏体中碳浓度的提高，显著降低临界冷却速度，C曲线右移，钢的淬透性增大；当C％大于时，钢的冷却速度反而升高，C曲线左移，淬透性下降。
其次是合金元素的影响，除钴外，绝大多数合金元素溶入奥氏体后，均使C曲线右移，降低临界冷却速度，从而提高钢的淬透性。
2.奥氏体晶粒大小的影响奥氏体的实际晶粒度对钢的淬透性有较大的影响，粗大的奥氏体晶粒能使C曲线右移，降低了钢的临界冷却速度。
但晶粒粗大将增大钢的变形、开裂倾向和降低韧性。
3.奥氏体均匀程度的影响在相同冷度条件下，奥氏体成分越均匀，珠光体的形核率就越低，转变的孕育期增长，C曲线右移，临界冷却速度减慢，钢的淬透性越高。
4.钢的原始组织的影响钢的原始组织的粗细和分布对奥氏体的成分将有重大影响。
5.部分元素，例如Mn，Si等元素对提高淬透性能起到一定作用，但同时也会对钢材带来其他不利的影响。
可锻性(forgeability)金属具有热塑性，在加热状态(各种金属要求温度不同)，可以进行压力加工，称为具有可锻性。
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原文：CHASSIS1.clutchThe engine produces the power to drive the vehicle . The drive line or drive train transfer the power of the engine to the wheels . The drive train consists of the parts from the back of the flywheel to the wheels . These parts inclu de the clutch , the transmission ,the drive shaft ,and the final drive assembly . The clutch which includes the flywheel ,clutch disc , pressure plate , springs , pressure plate cover and the linkage necessary to operate the clutch is a rotating mechanism between the engine and the transmission . It operates through friction which comes from contact between the parts . That is the reason why the clutch is called a friction mechanism . After engagement, the clutch must continue to transmit all engine torque to transmission depending on the friction without slippage . The clutch is also used to disengage the engine from the drive train whenever the gears in the transmission are being shifted from gear ratio to another .To start the engine or shift the gears , the driver has to depress the clutch pedal with the purpose of disengagement the transmission from the engine . At that time , the driven members connected to the transmission input shaft are either stationary or rotating at a speed that is slower of faster than the driving members connected to engine crankshaft . There is no spring pressure on the clutch assembly parts . So there is no friction between the driving members and driven members . As the driver lets loose the clutch pedal , spring pressure increase on the clutch parts . Friction between the parts also increases . The pressure exerted by the springs on the driven members is controlled by the driver through the clutch pedal and linkage. The positive engagement of the driving and driven members is made possible the friction between the surfaces of the members . When full spring pressure is applied , the speed of the driving and driven members should be the same . At the moment , the clutch must act as a coupling device and transmit all engine power to the transmission , without slipping .However , the transmission should be engaged to the engine gradually in order to operate the car smoothly and minimize torsional shock on the drive train because an engine at idle just develop little power . Otherwise , the driving members are connected with the driven members too quickly and the engine would be stalled .The flywheel is a major part of the clutch . The flywheel mounts to the engine crankshaft and transmits engine torque to the clutch assembly . The flywheel , when coupled with the clutch disc and pressure plate makes and breaks the flow of power the engine to the transmission .The flywheel provides a mounting location for the clutch assembly as well . When the clutch is applied , the flywheel transfers engine torque to the clutch disc . Because of its weight , the flywheel helps to smooth engine operation . The flywheel also has a large ring gear at its outer edge , which engages with a pinion gear on the starter motor during engine cranking .The clutch disc fits between the flywheel and the pressure plate . The clutch disc has a splined hub that fits over splines on the transmission input shaft . A splined hub has grooves that match splines on the shaft . These splines fit in the grooves . Thus , the two parts held together . However , back ¨C and ¨C forth movement of the disc on the shaft is possible . Attached to the input shaft , the disc turns at the speed of the shaft .The clutch pressure plate is generally made of cast iron . It is round and about the same diameter as the clutch disc . One side of the pressure plate is machined smooth . This side will press the clutch disc facing are against the flywheel . The outer side has shapes to facilitate attachment of spring and release mechanism . The two primary types of pressure plate assemblies are coil spring assembly and diaphragm spring .In a coil spring clutch the pressure plate is backed by a number of coil springs and housed with them in a pressed ¨C steed cover bolted t o the flywheel . The spring push against the cover . Neither the driven plate nor the pressure plate is connected rigidly to the flywheel and both can move either towards it o away . When the clutch pedal is depressed a thrust padriding on a carbon or ball thrust bearing is forced towards the flywheel . Levers pivoted so that they engage with the thrust pad at one end and the pressure plate tat the other end pull the pressure plate back against its springs . This releases pressure on the driven plate disconnecting the gearbox from the engine .Diaphragm spring pressure plate assemblies are widely used in most modern cars . The diaphragm spring is a single thin sheet of metal which yields when pressure is applied to it . When pressure is removed the metal s pring back to its original shape . The center portion of the diaphragm spring is slit into numerous fingers that act as release levers . When the clutch assembly rotates with the engine these weights are flung outwards by centrifugal plate and cause the levers to press against the pressure plate . During disengagement of the clutch the fingers are moved forward by the release bearing . The spring pivots over the fulcrum ring and its outer rim moves away from the flywheel . The retracting spring pulls the pressure plate away from the clutch plate thus disengaging the clutch .When engaged the release bearing and the fingers of the diaphragm spring move towards the transmission . As the diaphragm pivots over the pivot ring its outer rim forces the pressure plate against the clutch disc so that the clutch plate is engaged to flywheel .The advantages of a diaphragm type pressure plate assembly are its compactness , lower weight , fewer moving parts , less effort to engage , reduces rotational imbalance by providing a balanced force around the pressure plate and less chances of clutch slippage .The clutch pedal is connected to the disengagement mechanism either by a cable or , more commonly , by a hydraulic system . Either way , pushing the pedal down operates the disengagement mechanism which puts pressure on the fingers of the clutch diaphragm via a release bearing and causes the diaphragm to release the clutch plate . With a hydraulic mechanism , the clutch pedal arm operates a piston in the clutch master cylinder . This forces hydraulic fluid through a pipe to the cutch release cylinder where anotheroperates the clutch disengagement mechanism by a cable .The other parts including the clutch fork , release bearing , bell ¨C housing , bell housing cover , and pilot bushing are needed to couple and uncouple the transmission . The clutch fork , which connects to the linkage , actually operates the clutch . The release bearing fits between the clutch fork and the pressure plate assembly . The bell housing covers the clutch assembly . The bell housing cover fastens to the bottom of the bell housing . This removable cover allows a mechanic to inspect the clutch without removing the transmission and bell housing . A pilot bushing fits into the back of the crankshaft and holds the transmission input shaft .2 automatic transmissionThe modern automatic transmission is by far , the most complicated mechanical component in today¡¯s automobile . It is a type of transmission that sifts itself . A fluid coupling or torque converter is used instead of a manually operated clutch to connect the transmission to the engine .There are two basic types of automatic transmission based on whether the vehicle is rear wheel drive or front wheel drive . On a rear wheel drive car , the transmission is usually mounted to the back of the engine and is located under the hump in the center of the floorboard alongside the gas pedal position . A drive shaft connects the transmission to the final drive which is located in the rear axle and is used to send power to the rear wheels . Power flow on this system is simple and straight forward going from the engine , through the torque converter , then trough the transmission and drive shaft until it reaches the final drive where it is split and sent to the two rear transmission .On a front wheel drive car , the transmission is usually combined with the final drive to form what is called a transaxle . The engine on a front wheel drive car is usually mounted sideways in the car with the transaxle tuc ked under it on the side of the engine facing the rear of the car . Front axles are connected directly to the transaxle and provide power to front wheels . In this example , power floes from the engine , through the torque converter toa larger chain that sends the power through a 180 degree turn to the transmission that is along side the engine . From there , the power is routed through the transmission to the final drive where it is split and sent to the two front wheels through the drive axles .There are a number of other arrangements including front drive vehicles where the engine is mounted front to back instead of sideways and there are other systems that drive all four wheels but the two systems described here are by far the most popular . A much less popular rear and is connected by a drive shaft to the torque converter which is still mounted on the engine . This system is found on the new Corvette and is used in order to balance the weight evenly between the front and rear wheels for improved performance and handling . Another rear drive system mounts everything , the engine , transmission and final drive in the rear . This rear engine arrangement is popular on the Porsche.The modern automatic transmission consists of many components and systems that designed to work together in a symphony of planetary gear sets , the hydraulic system, seals and gaskets , the torque converter , the governor and the modulator or throttle cable and computer controls that has evolved over the years into what many mechanical inclined individuals consider to be an art from . Here try to used simple , generic explanation where possible to describe these systems .3 The Differential SystemWhen a vehicle is cornered the inner wheel moves through a shorter distance than the outer wheel . This means that the inner wheel must slow down and the outer wheel must speed up . During this period it is desirable that each driving maintains its driving action . The differential performs these two tasks . The principle of the bevel type differential can be seen if the unit is considered as two discs and a lever .When the vehicle is traveling straight , the lever will divide the diving force equally and both discs will move the same amount .When the vehicle corners , the driving will still be divided equally but theinner disc will now move through a smaller distance 。