非谓语动词及虚拟语气
语法实用指南虚拟语气的情态动词与非谓语动词
语法实用指南虚拟语气的情态动词与非谓语动词虚拟语气是英语语法中重要的一部分，它用于表达假设、愿望、建议、命令等含义。
具体而言，虚拟语气通常由情态动词和非谓语动词来表示。
本文将为你提供一个语法实用指南，详细介绍虚拟语气的情态动词和非谓语动词的用法。
一、虚拟语气的情态动词1. 用于表示假设的情态动词情态动词"should"和"wish"可用于表达假设。
例如：- If I were you, I should make a decision as soon as possible.（虚拟条件句假设）- I wish I could speak fluent French.（对现在状态的希望）2. 用于表示愿望的情态动词情态动词"would"和"wish"还可用于表达愿望。
例如：- I would like to travel around the world.（对未来的愿望）- I wish you would stop making noise.（对现在的愿望）3. 用于表示建议的情态动词情态动词"should"和"wish"也可用于表示建议。
例如：- You should take a rest if you feel tired.（对现在状态的建议）- I wish you would listen to me.（对现在的建议）4. 用于表示命令的情态动词情态动词"would"可用于表示命令，语气委婉。
例如：- Would you please close the door?（对现在状态的命令）二、虚拟语气的非谓语动词1. 用于表示目的的非谓语动词不定式"to" + 动词原形可用于表示目的。
例如：- He bought a book to learn English.（目的）- She returned early to catch the train.（目的）2. 用于表示条件的非谓语动词不定式的"if"从句可用于表示条件。
非谓语动词和虚拟语气专项练习
动名词专项练习1. He thought that ____A. the effort doing the job was not worthB. the effort was not worth in doing the jobC. it was not worth the effort doing the jobD. it was not worth the effort by doing the job2. It’s no use ____ me not to worry.A. you tellB. your tellingC. for you to have toldD. having told3. That young man still denies ____ the fire behind the store.A. startB. to startC. having startedD. to have started4. I don’t mind ____ the decision as long as it is not too late.A. you to delay makingB. your delaying makingC. your delaying to makeD. you delay to make5. Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested____ at the next town.A. stopB. to stopC. stoppingD. having stopped6. Mark often attempted to escape ___ whenever he breaks traffic regulations.A. having been finedB. to have been finedC. to be finedD. being fined7. My wife said in her letter that she would appreciate _____ from you sometime.A. to have heardB. to hearC. for hearingD. hearing8. They are considering ___ before the prices go up.A. of buying the houseB. with buying he houseC. buying the houseD. to buy the house9. No one had told Smith about ___ a lecture the following day.A. there beingB. there beC. there would beD. there was10. Ann never dreams of ____ for her to be sent abroad very soon.A. there being a chanceB. there to be a chanceC. there be a chanceD. being a chance11. I have no objection ___ your story again.A. to hearingB. to have heardC. to hearD. to having heard12. I have no objection ___ the evening with them.A. to spendB. to spendingC. of spendingD. spending13. The match was cancelled because most of the members____ a match without a standard court.A. objected to havingB. were objected to haveC. objected to haveD. were objected to having14. The traditional approach ____ with complex problem is to break them down into smaller, more easily managed problems.A. to dealingB. in dealingC. dealingD. to deal15. He gives people the impression ___ all his life abroad.A. of having spentB. to have spentC. of being spentD. to spend16. The man in the corner confessed to ___ a lie to the manager of the company.A. have toldB. be toldC. being toldD. having told17. After___ for the job, you will be required to take a language test.A. being interviewedB. interviewedC. interviewingD. having interviewed18. Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy ___ for her examination.A. to prepareB. to be preparedC. preparingD. being prepared19. Your hair wants-__. You’d better have it done tomorrow.A. cutB. to cutC. cuttingD. being cut20. People appreciate____ with him because he has a good sense of humor.A. to workB. to have workedC. workingD. having workedKeys：1-5 CBCBC6-10 D DCAA11-15 ABAAA16-29 DACCC动词不定式1. I would rather have a room of my own, however small it is, than ___ room with someone else.A. shareB. to shareC. sharingD. to have shared2. The bank is reported in the local newspaper ____ in broad daylight yesterday.A. being robbedB. having been robbedC. to have been robbedD. robbed3. A Dream of the Red Chamber is said ____ into dozens of languages in the last decade.A. to have been translatedB. to translateC. to be translatedD. to have translated4. The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds ____ his arguments in favor of the new theory.A. on which to baseB. which to base onC. to base onD. to be based on5. There is more land in Australia than the government knows____.A. what to do withB. how to doC. to do with itD. to do it6. ____ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a master’s degree.A. To becomeB. BecomeC. One becomesD. On becoming7. Mr. Smith advised us to withdraw___.A. so that get not involvedB. so as to get not involvedC. so as not to get involvedD. so that not to get involved8. I have heard both teachers and students ____ well of him.A. to speakB. spokenC. to have spokenD. speak9. My sister’s professor had her ___ paper many times before allowing her to present it to the committee.A. rewrittenB. to rewriteC. rewriteD. rewriting10. In the course of a day students do far more than just ____ classes.A. attendB. attendedC. to attendD. attending11. I’d rather read than watch television; the problems seem _____ all the time.A. to get worseB. to be getting worseC. to have got worseD. getting worse12. Mrs. Brown is supposed ___ for Italy last week.A. to have leftB. to be leavingC. to leaveD. to have been left13. He moved away from his parents, and missed them ___ enjoy the exciting life in New York.A. too much toB. enough toC. very much toD. much so as to14. This box is too heavy, ____ give me a hand?A. would you mindB. would you pleaseC. will you like toD. will you please to15. They are going to have the serviceman ___ an electric fan in the office tomorrow.A. installB. to installC. to be installedD. installed16. As a public relation’s officer, he is said ___ some very influential people.A. to knowB. to have been knowingC. to be knowingD. to have known17. With the development in science and technology man can make various flowers_____ before their time.A. be bloomedB. bloomedC. bloomD. blooming18. If I had remembered ___ the window, the thief would not have got in.A. to closeB. closingC. to have closedD. having closed19. There’s a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means ___ trouble.A. makingB. to makeC. to have madeD. having made20. The project, ___ by the end of 2000, will expand the city’s telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users.A. accomplishedB. being accomplishedC. to be accomplishedD. having been accomplishedKeys:1-5 ACAAA6-10 ACDCA11-15 BAABA16-20 ACABC分词1. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience ____ on benches, chairs or boxes.A. having seatedB. seatingC. seatedD. having been seated2. ____ the temperature falling so rapidly we couldn’t go on with the experiment.A. SinceB. forC. AsD. With3. After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys _____ to go to school.A. to be encouragedB. been encouragedC. being encouragedD. be encouraged4. So many directors ___, the board meeting had to be put off.A. were absentB. been absentC. had been absentD. being absent5. Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper ___ it closely.A. followedB. to followC. followingD. being followed6. All flights ____ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.A. had been canceledB. have been canceledC. were canceledD. having been canceled7. All things _____, the planned trip will have to be called off.A. consideredB. be consideredC. consideringD. having considered8. _____, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.A. Other things being equalB. Were other things equalC. To be equal to other thingsD. Other things to be equal9. A new technique ____, the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent.A. working outB. having worked outC. having been worked outD. to have been worked out10. ____ in a recent science competition, the three students were awarded scholarships totaling $ 21,000.A. Judged the bestB. Judging the bestC. To be judged the bestD. Having judged the best11. _____in this way, the situation doesn’t seem so disappointing.A. To look atB. Looking atC. Looked atD. To be looked at12. Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it ____in China.A. being cultivatedB. been cultivatedC. having cultivatedD. cultivating13. You will see this product ____ wherever you go.A. advertisedB. advertisingC. advertiseD. to be advertised14. This crop has similar qualities to the previous one, _____ both wind-resistant and adapted to the same type of soil.A. beingB. beenC. to beD. having been15. The computer works very fast___ data at the speed of light.A. having handledB. handledC. handlingD. handles16. ____ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off theedge of the earth.A. Having believedB. BelievingC. BelievedD. Being believed17. Having no maoney but____ to know, he simply said he would go without dinner.A. not to want anyoneB. not wanting anyoneC. wanted no oneD. to want no one18. The speaker, ____ for her splendid speeches, was warmly received by the audience.A. having knownB. being knownC. knowingD. known19. Michael used to look hurt and surprised when _____.A. scoldingB. to scoldC. having scoldD. scolded20. While ____ the sun, the satellite has sent more than four billion bits of information back to earth.A. having orbitedB. being orbitedC. having been orbitedD. orbiting21. ____ with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all.A. When comparedB. CompareC. While comparingD. Comparing22. ____ in a seemingly endless war, the general was forced to evaluate the situation again.A. Since the loss of 50,000 soldiersB. Because of 50,000 soldiers having lostC. Having lost 50,000 soldiersD. 50,000 soldiers were lost23. ____ such a good chance, he planned to learn more.A. To be givenB. Having been givenC. Having givenD. Giving24. If I correct someone, I will do it with as much good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one___.A. to correctB. correctingC. having correctedD. being corrected25. Homework ___ on time will lead to better grades.A. doneB. be doneC. having doneD. to have been done26. His remarks left me ___ about his real purpose.A. wonderedB. wonderC. to wonderD. wondering27. After a few rounds of talks, both sides regarded the territory dispute ___.A. being settledB. to be settledC. had settledD. as settled28. When I caught him ___ I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop.A. cheatingB. cheatC. to cheatD. to be cheating29. Don’t get your schedule ____; stay with us in this class.A. to changeB. changingC. changedD. change30. In Australia the Asians make their influence____ in businesses large and small.A. feelingB. feelC. feltD. to be felt31. The children went there to watch the iron tower ___.A. to erectB. be erectedC. erectingD. being erected32. The manager promised to keep me ____ of how our business was going on.A. to be informedB. on informingC. informedD. informing33. If you want ____ you have to get the fund somewhere.A. that the job is doneB. the job doneC. to have done the jobD. the job that is done34. As early as 1647 Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported school must be established in every town ____ 50 households or more.A. havingB. to haveC. to have hadD. having had35. The house was very quiet, ____ as it was on the side of a mountain.A. isolatedB. isolatingC. being isolatedD. having been isolated36. The president promised to keep all the board members_____ of how the negotiations were going on.A. informB. be informedC. informingD. informed37. All the tasks ____ ahead of time, they decided to go on holiday for a week.A. been fulfilledB. were fulfilledC. having been fulfilledD. had been fulfilled38. I worked so late in the office that I hardly had time ___ the last bus.A. to have caughtB. to catchC. catchingD. having caught39.____ with the corresponding period of last year, the output of chemical fibers in the first quarter rose by 15%.A. comparingB. to compareC. ComparedD. compare40.They got the work ___ before the rainy season set in.A. to doB. doneC. doingD. didKeys：1-5 CDCDC6-10 DAACA11-15 CAAAC16-20 BBDDD21-25 CCBDA26-30 DDACC31-35 DCBAA36-40 DCCCB虚拟语气1. If I you, I wouldn’t answer the call.a. beb. amc. wasd. were2. If we yesterday, we the work.a. weren’t interrupted / would finishb. didn’t interrupted / would have finishedc. hadn’t interrupted / had finishedd. hadn’t been interrupted / would have finished3. --Did you submit your application for a Master’s degree?--Not yet. If I to see my father, I would have.a. didn’t gob. haven’t goc. wouldn’t have goned. hadn’t gone4. Your examination results were quite satisfactory, but if you had spent lesstime in playing football.a. wouldn’t they have been betterb. wouldn’t they be betterc. won’t they be betterd. won’t they have been better5. --Do you think the thief entered through the garage door?--No, if he had, I don’t believe broken the living room window.a. would he haveb. he hadc. he would haved. he has6. , I’d have told you.a. If I would have known itb. If I had have known itc. Had I known itd. Should I know it7. today, he would get there by Friday.a. Would he leaveb. Was he leavesc. Were he to leaved. If he leaves8. If the sun tomorrow, what would we do?a. will not riseb. had not risec. would not rised. were not to rise9. Helen doesn’t know how much I spent in repairing the houses; if she ever found out, Iam sure .a. she’d never forgive meb. she never forgives mec. she’ll never forgive med. she does never forgive me10. If you had not helped them, they in London.a. would still beb. will still bec. would have still goned. will have still gone11. The Bakers arrived last night. If they’d only let us know earlier, at thestationa. we’d meet themb. we’ll meet himc. we’d have met themd. we’ve met them12. If I had time, see that new movie at the University Theater.a. I’llb. I shallc. I mayd. I’d13. Without your help, we so much.a. will not achieveb. didn’t achievec. don’t achieved. wouldn’t have achieved14. I have come yesterday, but I couldn’t.a. was to haveb. mustc. ought tod. have to15. His doctor suggested that he his right hand.a. avoid to useb. has avoided usingc. avoid usingd. avoided to use16. The professor gave orders that the test before 5:30.a. be finishedb. will finishc. will be finishedd. shall finish17. The housemaster was strict. He requested that we television on weeknight.a. not watchb. must not to watchc. not be watchingd. have not watch18. I didn’t go to the party, but I do wish I there.a. wasb. werec. had beend. went19. I should have gone to the opera yesterday. It was very good. I wish Iyesterday off.a. have hadb. hadc. haved. had had20. Kumar can take his car apart and put it back together again. I certainly wish heme now.a. teachesb. will teachc. has taughtd. would teach21. It is imperative that you there in prison.a. beb. will bec. willd. are22. She speaks as if she on the spot.a. wasb. werec. had beend. is23. It looks it is going to rain.a. thatb. asc. as ifd. like that24. It is about time the police illegal horse betting.a. do away withb. did away withc. did awayd. should do away with25. I’d rather you anything about it for the time being.a. dob. didn’t doc. don’td. didn’t26. I’d just as soon those important papers with you.a. that you won’t takeb. your not takingc. please don’t y ou taked. you didn’t take27. But for the sun’s heat, nothing .a. could liveb. will livec. can lived. may live28. We strongly urge that you interfere in this matter.a. don’tb. won’tc. notd. are not going to29. If only we a phone! I am tired of lining up outside the public phone box.a. haveb. hadc. will haved. are to have30. I could go myself but I would sooner you .a. gob. have gonec. will god. wentKeys：1-5 dddac6-10 cccac11-15 cddcc16-20 aacdd21-25 abcbb26-30 dacbd。
独立主格,非谓语动词,虚拟语气
用法及动词形式1、表示与现在事实相反的情况：从句：If主语+过去时(Be动词用were)主句：主语+should/would/could/might+do eg：1．If I were you,I would take an umbrella. 如果我是你，我会带把伞。
（事实：我不可能是你）2．If I knew his telephone number,I would tell you. 如果我知道他的电话号码，我就会告诉你。
（事实：不知道）3．If there were no air or water,there would be no living things on the earth. 如果没有水和空气，地球上就不会有生物。
(事实：地球上既有空气也有水) 4．If I had any money with me,I could lend you some. 如果我带钱了，我就会借给你些。
（事实：没有带钱）5．If he studied harder,he might pass the exam. 如果他再努力些，就能通过考试了。
（事实：没有努力）6．she looked at me as if I had been a stranger. 她看我的样子好像我是一个陌生人。
（事实：我并非陌生人）2、表示与过去事实相反的情况从句：If主语+had+done主句：主语+should/would/could/might+have done eg：1．If I had got there earlier,I should/could have met her. 如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。
（事实：去晚了）2．If he had taken my advice,he would not have made such a mistake. 如果他听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。
（事实：没有听我的话）3、表示对将来情况的主观推测从句：①if+主语+were to do主句：①主语+should/would/could/might+do②if+主语+did/were ②主语+should/would/could/might+do③if+主语+should+do③主语+should/would/could/might+do eg：1．If he should come here tomorrow,I would talk to him. 如果他明天来这儿的话，我就跟他谈谈。
CET-4语法总结
一．非谓语动词一．不定式：一）不定式的常考形式：1.一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.语法功能：表示与谓语动词同步发生2.完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me.被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages.语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前二）不定式常考的考点：1）不定式做定语----将要发生2）不定式做状语----目的3）不定式充当名词功能---T o see i s to b el i ev e.三)不定式的省略1)感官动词see, w a tch, ob serv e, no tic e, l oo k a t, h ear, l i sten to, smell, ta ste, feel+ d o表示动作的完整性，真实性；+ d o ing表示动作的连续性，进行性I saw him wor k in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。
(强调"我看见了"这个事实)I saw him wor ki ng in the garden yesterday.昨天我见他正在花园里干活。
（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作）感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes go od; It feels co mforta ble.2) 使役动词h av e b id ma ke l et 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原toI ‘d l i ke to h av e J oh n d o it.I h av e my p ac kag e w eigh ed.Paul d o esn’t ha v e to b e mad e to l ear n.3) h elp h elp sb d o h elp sb to d o h elp d o h elp to d o四)有些动词后只跟不定式如：want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan，offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to doforce sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to dobe ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do五) 有的时候to后面要接-i n g形式accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to.三、n eed/w an t 后的-i ng形式具有被动的意思。
非谓语动词的七种形态的用法和含义
非谓语动词的七种形态的用法和含义
非谓语动词的七种形态包括不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词、分词短语、不定式短语和动名词短语。
1.不定式：to do，常用于表示目的、原因、结果、条件等。
例如：She went to the market to buy some vegetables.
2.动名词：doing，可作主语、宾语、表语等，常用于表示动作的
进行与持续。
例如：Reading is her favorite hobby.
3.现在分词：doing，表示与主语同时或者正在进行的动作。
例如：The boy standing over there is my friend.
4.过去分词：done，可用作形容词或者与助动词连用表示完成的
动作。
例如：The work was done by the team.
5.分词短语：having done，表示在完成某个动作之后发生的事情。
例如：Having finished her homework, she went to bed.
6.不定式短语：to be done，表示被动或者完成的动作。
例如：The report is to be submitted by tomorrow.
7.动名词短语：enjoying swimming，表示主语进行的动作是令人愉快的。
例如：She enjoys swimming in the sea.
除了以上七种形态外，非谓语动词还可以组成短语或者从句，常用于虚拟语气、句子的修饰、分句或者非限制性定语从句等。
完全掌握非谓语动词的用法对于提高英语写作和阅读水平非常重要。
英语语法(虚拟语气,名词性从句,情态动词,非谓语动词)
非谓语动词非谓语动词的种类：不定式（to do）、动名词（doing）、现在分词（doing）、过去分词（V-ed）不定式：表将来、表目的1. 表示将要发生的动作或即将要做的事。
即表示发生在谓语动作之后的动作。
如：I expect him to arrive tomorrow. 我预计他明天到达。
I hope to catch an early train. 我希望赶上早班火车。
2.表示同时发生的动作，即表示与谓语动作同时发生或略先于谓语动作的动作。
如：Who heard him say that? 是谁听到他这样说的？(say 与heard 几乎同时发生)3.表示一般情况，即看不出动作的先后关系，而是表示一种情况或现象。
如：Washing the car seems to be your main hobby. 擦洗汽车似乎是你的主要爱好。
None of her many lovers seemed to want to marry her. 在她的许多情人中似乎没有一个愿意娶她的。
不定式省略to的基本规律一、使役动词后省略to的情况在let, make, have 等使役动词后用作宾语补足语的不定式必须省略to。
如：My mother wouldn’t let me go to the film. 我妈妈不会让我去看电影的。
I don't like milk, but mother made me drink it. 我不喜欢牛奶，可是母亲强迫我喝。
注意：当使役动词用于被动语态时，要补上在主动语态中省略的to二、感觉动词后省略to的情况see, hear, observe, notice, feel, watch在感觉动词后用作宾语补足语的不定式必须省略to。
如：I watched her get into the car. 我看着她上了车I saw the woman enter a bank. 我看见这个女人进了一家银行。
英语语法的难点
英语语法的难点
英语语法的难点包括词序、时态、语态、虚拟语气、倒装、非谓语动词等等。
这些难点都需要我们花费大量的时间和精力去学习和应用，因为它们在英语的表达和理解中起着至关重要的作用。
词序的正确运用可以让我们的表达更加清晰和准确；时态和语态的使用则可以让我们更好地表达过去、现在和未来的事件和情况；虚拟语气则常常用于表达假设、愿望和虚拟情况；倒装则可以使我们的语言更富有变化和表现力；非谓语动词则能够帮助我们更加简洁和明了地表达复杂的句子结构。
虽然英语语法的难点很多，但只要我们保持耐心和努力，通过不断地练习和实践，我们一定能够征服这些难点，用更加流利和准确的英语来表达我们的思想和情感。
- 1 -。
非谓语动词
感叹句： 感叹句： 1. What +a/an+形容词 单数名词 主语 谓语 其 形容词+单数名词 主语+谓语 形容词 单数名词+主语 谓语+其 他 2. What +形容词 复数名词 主语 谓语 其他 形容词+复数名词 主语+谓语 形容词 复数名词+主语 谓语+其他 3. What +a/an+形容词 不可数名词 主语 谓语 形容词+不可数名词 主语+谓语 形容词 不可数名词+主语 谓语+ 其他 4. How +形容词 主语 谓语 其他 形容词+主语 谓语+其他 形容词 主语+谓语 5. How +副词 主语 谓语 其他 副词+主语 谓语+其他 副词 主语+谓语 6. How +主语 谓语 其他 主语+谓语 主语 谓语+其他
省略句： ）双方都知道。 省略句：1）双方都知道。Terrible weather.2）相 ） 同的成分。 同的成分。 They learn English and we French.3） ） 在used to, ought to, have to, would like to, wish to, be going to等，省to后的动词原形。 后的动词原形。 等 后的动词原形 祈使句：表请求、命令、劝告、 祈使句：表请求、命令、劝告、祝愿或建议的句 子。1）动词原形开头。Do it right now. 2）否定： ）动词原形开头。 ）否定： Don’t do that. 3)加please 或用 或用let: Please turn on 加 the radio./ Let’s go home. 强调句： 被强调部分(主语 强调句：It is/ was+被强调部分 主语，宾语，状语） 被强调部分 主语，宾语，状语） +that/who+其他 其他. 其他 It is Tom who comes here very early.
高考英语读后续写--遣词造句之虚拟语气、非谓语动词课件(共27张PPT)
高考英语读后续写
遣词造句—虚拟语气
在读后续写的心理描写中，恰当运用虚拟语气，可以委婉地表达主人公的某种情感，使人物形象更生动，增强文章的可读性和表现力。1.使用场景：表示感激之情、强烈的愿望、后悔或遗憾时，都可以使用虚拟语气。
2. 句型：（1）表示后悔或遗憾：句型①：情态动词+have done(“当初就(不)..”)例：看着爸爸煮好的完美早餐，她们懊悔地想，应该先跟爸爸请教怎么做早餐的!Looking at the perfect breakfast cooked by their father, they thought remorsefully that they should have asked him how to make breakfast previously!
句型②：how sb. wished that...had (not) done sth. 或 sb.+ 谓语， wishing that...“多么希望……”【语法知识链接】 wish后面跟从句时只能用虚拟语气，表示“愿望”，与事实相反或实现可能性不大。 本来是一般现在时的，要用成一般过去时；本来是一般过去时的，要用成过去完成时。例：How he wished that his wife had lived to see their daughter had grown up.他多么希望妻子活下来看到女儿已经长大了
遣词造句—非谓语动词
读后续写作为记叙文，一定会使用大量的动词。为了避免文章从头到尾都是只有一个谓语动词的简单句，我们就必须学会使用非谓语动词。非谓语动词非常强大，同时也非常灵活。续写中非谓语动词应用频率最高的是作状语的情况，以下列举一些典型的非谓语结构的句型。
非谓语动词,虚拟语气,名词性从句1
非谓语动词do/doesdiddo doingdoneto do一．非谓语动词在句子中不能单独充当谓语。
二．一个逗号不能连接两个并列的分句，必须要有连词。
通过逗号的问题可以判断出来是否使用非谓语动词。
三．非谓语动词的联系和区别1．doing既是现在分词，又是动名词，但是它们在句子中充当的成分及与之相连的结构都不同。
1）现在分词在句子中起修饰限定补充说明的作用，所以充当定语，状语，补语；动名词是具有动词含义，保留了动词某些用法的名词，所以在句子中充当主语，宾语，定语。
现在分词做定语时表示被修饰的中心词所处的状态或所做的动作;而动名词做定语表示被修饰的中心词的目的或用途。
a sleeping boysleeping room2) 现在分词和动名词在独立结构中的逻辑主语不同。
独立结构的概念在主从复合句中，当主句和从句的主语一致时，可以将从句中的主语及be动词省略，这时从句就变为独立结构。
While (he is) eating, he is watching TV.在主从复合句中，当主句和从句的主语不一致时，不能按照上面的规则省略，在新的独立结构中应添加逻辑主语。
分词的逻辑主语是代词的主格和名词的通格；动名词的逻辑主语是形容词性物主代词，名词所有格，代词的宾格和名词的通格。
While she is eating, he is watching TV.While she eating, he is watching TV.His saying that kind of things made us very angry.2．现在分词和过去分词的区别doing 主动物动作正在进行done 被动人动作已经结束the boy sleeping in the roomthe man killed in the warthe exciting newsthe excited peoplethe developing countrythe developed countryfallen/falling snowboiled/boiling water*当用及物动词的分词做定状补语时，如果是现在分词，后面必须加宾语，如果是过去分词，后面不能加宾语。
中译英语法要点 Microsoft Word 文档
中译英语法要点归纳纵观历年四级考题语法部分．必考语法点为：虚拟语气、非谓语动词的用法、谓语动词的时态和语态、主谓一致、情态动词、关联词、倒装结构、比较结构、强调结构、从句等。
下面以真题为例．结合四级中采纳的翻译新题型，逐一详细解析各重点语法部分的常考点。
一、虚拟语气(一)虚拟语气用于非真实条件句英语中的条件句可分为真实条件句与非真实条件句。
由if引导的非真实条件旬表示对现在、过去、例l ：Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she ____________(要是找到工作) she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often. (1996.I)答案：were to get a job译文：吉恩不想马上参加工作．因为她觉得要是找到工作，可能就无法常常去看望朋友。
解析：考查对将来的虚拟。
例2：If I hadn't stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell you ____________________. (现在就不能这样笑了) (1999.1) 答案：couldn’t be smiling like this now译文：你掉下来的时候如果我没有站在梯子下接住你．你现在就不能这样笑了。
解析：从句是对过去的虚拟，但主句是对现在的虚拟，主句的谓语动词用could +动词原形。
此句考查虚拟语气在错综时间条件句中的用法，即条件从句中的动作发生的时间与主句不一致，这时就需要根据句意选择适当的虚拟形式。
(二)虚拟语气用于wish后的宾语从句中wish后的宾语从句可用三种谓语动词形式表示虚拟：(1)- -般过去时（即were型虚拟)表示对现在情况的假设，如：①1 wish l knew more about it．②1 wish our teacher were here with us．(2) 过去完成时表示对过去情况的假设，如：Mary wishes she had got a permanent position．(3)“would+动词原型“表示对将来的愿望，如：He wishes that he would receive that letter soon．例3：Sometimes I wish I ________ (生活在)in a different time and a different place [2000．1 l 答案：were living译文：有时候我希望自己生活在—个不同的时间和空间。
英语课件(主谓一致,虚拟语气,强调句,构词法,非谓语动词,倒装语句)
（3）当一个句子有两个主语，这两主语又是由“not only…but also”，“either…or…”, “neither…nor”连接起来时，谓语动词和离它最近的主语保持一致。
例如：Either they or she is to come. 不是他们就是她会去的。
例如：A lot of machinery was imported from abroad.
很多机器是从外国进口的。
The suite of furniture he bought was quite expensive.
他买的那套家具太贵了。
(3) 有一些集体名词既可以作单数，也可以作复数， 如audience, committee, class（班级），crew（全体船员或机组人员），family, government, public（公众）等。如果将该名词所表示的集体视为一个整体，则其谓语动词用单数。
例如：Plastics and rubber never rot．塑料和橡胶永远不会腐烂。
（2）并列主语如果指的是同一个人，同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数形式。这时and后面的名词没有冠词。
例如：The educator and writer is very popular among the youth.
例如：There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.
桌上有一支笔，一把刀和几本书。
1.2. 基本规律
主谓一致所遵循的三个原则在实际使用中往往受到习惯用法和不同具体情况的制约，其中也有一些基本规律可以依循，分别以以下几个规律为主。
英语语法虚拟语气和非谓语动词
虚拟语气
虚拟语气中的几个特例
3.在would (had) rather(宁愿) 引导的宾语从 句中
当从句表示现在或将来的时间时,谓语动词要 用一般过去时;表示过去时间时,谓语动词 要用过去完成时。
I would rather he came tomorrow than today. I would rather he had not told me about that.
虚拟语气
虚拟语气在 在 as if 从句中
在as if 从句中，常用虚拟形式，即表示与现在事实 相反，用过去式；与过去事实相反用过去完成式 (had done). 一、as if (as though) 连接表语从句 she looked as if she were made of ice. 她看起来似乎是冰做的 he looked as if he hadn’t slept for two days. 二、as if 连接让步状语从 句 She looked after the boy as if he were her own son. 她照顾这男孩就像自己的儿子一样。
虚拟语气
虚拟语气在 在表语从句中
主句的主语常是表示说话人愿望(wish / desire)、建议(suggestion / advice) 要求(requirement / demand)、命令 (order, command)等的名词，表语从 句的谓语动词用 (should) + do. Our suggestion is that you (should) be there on time.=：We suggest that you (should) be there on time.
He speaks to us as if he had been there. 他给我们讲的好象他去过那儿。
高三高考英语语法复习知识点总结五篇
高三高考英语语法复习知识点总结五篇文章：高三高考英语语法复习知识点总结为了帮助广大考生复习高考英语语法，本文将根据常见的知识点总结五篇文章，分别对语态、时态、从句、虚拟语气和非谓语动词进行梳理和解析。
一、语态语态是英语中的一大难点，主要是因为中文中没有严格的语态区分，所以需要我们借助一些例子来记忆。
1. 被动语态被动语态用法较为简单，主要就是要记住要将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语，同时使用不同的助动词和时态形式。
例如：Active: They build a new hospital here every year.Passive: A new hospital is built here every year.Active: She eats a banana every morning.Passive: A banana is eaten by her every morning.2. 主动语态主动语态用法就是正常的语态，也是比较简单的。
一般来说，我们常常使用主动语态，尤其是在描述我们自己或别人正在进行的动作。
Active: He writes a letter to his friend.Passive: A letter is written to his friend by him.Active: She plays the piano every afternoon.Passive: The piano is played every afternoon by her.3. 非定语动词非定语动词指的是在句子中作为谓语动词的动词，也就是我们最常见的动词形式。
在语态中，非定语动词主要是用来表示一些情感、感叹或存在状态等。
Active: She loves him deeply.Passive: He is loved deeply by her.Active: They usually send the report to the boss.Passive: The report is usually sent to the boss by them.二、时态时态也是英语语法中的一大难点，考生需要掌握现在时、过去时、将来时和完成时等几个常见时态。
虚拟语气
一、虚拟语气㈠be型虚拟语气⑪用于表示命令、决定、建议等词语之后的that分句中。
①suggest, propose, recommend, insist, decide, decree, demand, move, order, prefer, request, require, vote等表坚持、建议、命令、要求的动词之后的that从句中，谓动用（should）+动原。
The doctor insisted that he (should) not eat meat.He ordered that all the books (should) be sent at once.*注意：在insist后的从句中，如果是坚持自己的意愿，则用陈述语气；坚持别人做什么事情,用虚拟语气。
She insists that she is right.She insisted that I should finish the work at once.*在expect,believe,think,suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中，我们经常用“should＋动词原形(或完成形式)”，表示惊奇，怀疑，不满等。
I never thought that he should be such a brave young soldier.②appropriate, advisable, better, compulsory, crucial, demanded, desirable, desired, essential, fitting, imperative, important, impossible, incredible, natural, necessary, obligatory, ordered, possible, preferable, probable, proper, recommended, requested, required, strange, suggested, urgent, vital等形容词后的that从句中，谓动用(should)+动原。
高考英语必考语法大全(简约版)
高考英语必考语法大全（史上最简约版）高考之前，各位考生需要从以下几个方面做好准备：词法、句法、时态与语态、非谓语动词、虚拟语气、倒装句接下来我们分别对这些知识进行讲解阐释：第一：词法作用：英语是由词、句、篇构成，单词的词性是打开英语大门的钥匙，词法是英语学习的基础。
地位：词法能帮助考生理解许多英语概念，只有掌握了词性知识，才能理解英语句子结构，从而理解句子及整篇文章。
学习方法：牢固掌握每个词性的句法功能，及每个句子成分都由哪些词性的单词构成。
主抓实词，兼顾虚词，总结固定词组。
①名词A.句法功能主语：The book is on the desk.表语：The tall man is a singer.宾语：I found a cat on the grass.宾语补足语：We call him a hero.定语：I found a stone wall in the village.同位语：Mr. Liu, our English teacher, is very handsome.状语：The desk weighs 20 kilograms.B. 所有格a.含义：表所属关系：my mom‟s dress表类别：a woman‟s school表动作的执行者或承受者：my father‟s praiseb.分类…s所有格表有生命的my father‟s carof所有格表无生命的the cover of the book双重所有格表部分概念或某种感情a friend of my sister‟s②冠词不定冠词：a, an 表泛指，每一，类别，抽象名词具体化定冠词: the 表特指的人或物零冠词：表许多特殊含义和特殊用法③代词A人称代词主格：I you he she it we you they宾格：me you him her it us you themB 物主代词形容词性：my you‟re his her its our you‟re their名词性：mine yours his hers its ours yours theirsC 反身代词单数myself yourself himself herself itself复数ourselves yourselves themselvesD 相互代词each other one another each other‟s one another‟sE 指示代词this that these those such sameF 疑问代词who whom whose which whatG 连接代词who whom which what that whose whoever whomever whateverwhichever等H 关系代词who whom whose which that asI 不定代词注意：1. –body和-one同义2. –thing有两个意思：东西和事情3. some 有两个意思：一些和某一some book some books4. 不定代词的定语要后置J it的用法A用作代词a. 代上文提到的同一物b. 代上文的指示代词c. 代天气、时间、距离、环境等d. 代不清楚的一个人e. 代整个句子B. 形式主语It‟s important for you to learn English well.C. 形式宾语Our boss made it clear that he would go abroad next month.D. 强调句型It is/was +主/宾/状+that/who +其余成分④数词A. 年月日时刻及年代表达法a.基本顺序是月、日、年b. 具体时刻用atc. 具体某一天用on举例：at 3:40 on Sep 1st, 2009 in Aug, 2004 in the 1980‟sB. 分数构成：基数词/序数词分子大于1时，分母用复数a half a quarter five and four sixths注意：本身没有单复数，根据它所代替的名词而决定C.百分数构成：基数词+percent注意：本身没有单复数，根据它所代替的名词而决定。
语法大全,非谓语,动词不定式,虚拟语气,构词法,北大老师精讲
第6讲-词法精讲北京大学刘贺庆u非谓语动词复习u时态与被动语态u虚拟语气u构词法Part1非谓语动词复习词法之非谓语动词u动词不定式u分词（现在分词过去分词）u动名词u非谓语动词，又叫非限定动词，非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词，主要包括不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词），即动词的非谓语形式。
非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外，可以承担句子的其他成分。
u动词不定式的语法功能u动词不定式的省略u动词不定式的否定式u动词不定式主动表示被动u动词不定式高考链接动词不定式的简介动词不定式是由to+动词原形组成，是动词的非谓语形式。
它可以带宾语，构成动词不定式短语，在句中起名词、形容词和副词的作用，因此在句中可以充当谓语以外的任何成分，即主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾补、主补和同位语。
一、动词不定式的语法功能（1）动词不定式（短语）作主语To love is to be loved. 爱别人就是被人爱To teach is to give. 教育就是奉献※注意：1）在口语中，动词不定式作主语时常用it做形式主语，而真正的主语则被置于句子的后面。
It will takes me three hours to do this job.It is of great importance to solve the housing problem.动词不定式做主语2)假如动词不定式要带逻辑主语。
则需介词of或for来引导。
It is good for me to have a talk with you.It is cruel of man to kill animals in such a casual manner.总结：能用于介词of的结构的形容词有：good，kind，bad ，wicked，clever，wise，foolish，stupid，selfless ——主观感情或态度能用于介词for的结构的形容词有：important，necessary，impossible，better——客观情况3)在疑问句或感叹句中要用it来做主语例如：Is it worth our while to hold such a long meeting? What good news it is for me to hear that my brother has got his visa to America!（2）动词不定式作宾语She decided to quit her job at last.I hope to see you soon....※注意：1）在以下动词后只能跟动词不定式作宾语：afford,agree,aim,ask,claim,choose,decide,demand,desire,determine,expectfail,hope,manage,plan,refuse等2）在should(would)like,love,prefer等之后必须用动词不定式（短语）。
英语考试大学英语B级语法部分网考辅导
D. to leave
54. Cambridge has announced plans to establish a
business school __b__the master’s degree in the
business administration. (Test 3)
A. representing
(Test 6)
A. objected to having B. objected to have C. were objected to have D. were objected to having
4、1)以下动词或词组后既可以跟动 名词作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语， 但意义上又区别，要特别注意。
47. Five minutes earlier, __c__ we could have caught the last train. A. and B. or C. so D. but
5. needn’t + have done: 表示不必做的事 却做了， 可译为“其实不必〞
company. (test 1)
A.
tried
B. succeeded
C. managed
D. endeavored
考点分析：succeed (in) doing sth, endeavor to do sth表示“尝试、试图 〞，而magage to do sth表示“设法做
2、不定式中的to是否省略
4、现在分词与过去分词的区别。
1、接不定式作宾语的动词有
afford, agree, decide, determine, expect, hope, manage, refuse, offer, pretend等。
高中英语语法1.5万
高中英语语法时态：如一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时等。
语态：主动语态和被动语态。
虚拟语气：表达与事实相反或假设的情况。
非谓语动词：包括动词不定式、动名词、分词（现在分词和过去分词）。
定语从句：用于修饰名词或代词。
名词性从句：如主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。
状语从句：时间状语从句、条件状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句等。
主谓一致：确保主语和谓语在人称和数上保持一致。
形容词和副词：比较级和最高级的用法等。
介词和介词短语：不同介词的含义和搭配。
情态动词：表达各种语气和态度。
虚拟语气和非谓语动词有以下一些区别：虚拟语气：- 主要表达与事实相反、假设、愿望、建议等非真实的情况。
- 通常通过特定的动词形式（如would/should/could/might + 动词原形，或had + 过去分词等）来体现。
- 强调的是一种虚拟的情境或条件。
非谓语动词：- 是动词的一种特殊形式，包括动词不定式、动名词和分词。
- 它们在句子中不充当谓语动词，而是具有其他语法功能，如作主语、宾语、定语、状语等。
- 重点在于其在句子中的语法作用和所表达的含义，而非强调虚拟情境。
例如：“If I were you, I would go.”（虚拟语气，表示假设）；“Seeing the beautiful scenery, I felt relaxed.”（非谓语动词，现在分词作状语）。
总的来说，虚拟语气侧重于表达虚拟的概念，而非谓语动词侧重于动词的不同形式和在句子中的多种语法功能。
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stop try
to do sth 停下来接着做另一件事
doing sth 停止做某事 to do sth 努力/试图做某事 doing sth 尝试着做某事 to do sth 意欲/想/企图做某事 doing sth 意味着做某事 to do sth （做完某事）接着做另一件事 doing sth 继续做同一件事 (=go on with sth)
That was so serious a matter that I had no choice but ____the police D A. called in B. calling in C. call in D. to call in
注意：在but构成的习惯用语中不带to:
can not help but do…(不得不）
B. getting D. having got
2, I asked him (not say) not to say anything about our contract until the end of the mouth.
translation
• 当我走进来时，他假装没有看到我。 (pretend)
2)不定式用作介词but和except的宾语时， 如果其前有do的某种形式，不定式不带 to,否则不定式要带to.如：
I felt so embarrassed that I couldn't do anything but A there when I first met my present boss. A. Sit B. to sit B. sitting D. sat
• Do you remember (introduce) introducing Prof. Li to Miss wang during his first visit to China. • He remembers D to Paris when he was a very small child. • A. to take B. taking • C. to be taken D. being taken
He pretended not to see me when I entered. • 杰克希望长大后成为一名运动员。(want) He wants to be a sportsman when he grows up.
2、不定式中的to是否省略
1)感官动词feel, hear, listen to, see, look at, notice, watch 以及使役动词have, let, make 等动词后，不定式不带to,但是，当这些 动词变成被动语态时，动词不定式要加 上to.如： Mum makes me eat eggs every day. I’m made to eat eggs every day (by mum).
非谓语动词及虚拟气
非谓语动词
不定式 非谓语动词 动名词 分 词 现在分词 过去分词
非谓语动词可充当的成分
He works hard to catch up with his brothers. Doing morning exercises is good for us. A falling leaf a fallen leaf The film gets more and more exciting. We were excited about the news. Hearing a knock on the door, he went to open it. Moved by his performance, the audience applauded for half an hour.
afford, agree, decide, determine, expect, hope, manage, refuse, offer, pretend等。
1.The manager promised c me a position in his company.
A. got C. to get
Do you have any difficulty d a visa to Britain.
A. to get
C. to have gotten
B. get
D. getting
The boys next door used (like) to like making model planes, but they seem to have stopped doing that now. There’s no use (bargain)bargaining any more. It’s a fixed price. Have you gotten used (live) to living in Britain now.?
4、1)下列动词或词组后既可以跟动 名词作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语， 但意义上又区别，要特别注意。
forget / remember to do sth 忘记/记住去做某事 doing sth 忘记/记住已做某事
53. If I had remembered ____ A the window, the thief would not have got in. A. to close C. to have closed B. closing D. having closed
2) 动词need, require, want和be worth
need/require/want
doing/to be done
sb. to do sth. cleaning. to be cleaned.
The window needs/requires/wants
be worth
+n. doing
非谓语动词的三种形式
语态 时态
主动 to do to have done doing having done doing having done
被动 to be done to have been done being done having been done being done having been done
A. to listen B. to be listening C. listening D. being listening I wondered why the boy often avoided (talk) talking with his classmates.
Correct the mistakes
5、分词 现在分词和过去分词
1）区别：掌握八个字。 分词
现在分词：主动、进行 过去分词：被动、完成
2）过去分词和现在分词的被动式都可以 表示被动的意义，但各自的时间的概念 不同：过去分词表示动作完成或已经发 生，而现在分词的被动式表示动作正在 进行，还未完成。
分词作定语和表语
• I noticed that there was a man (draw) pictures on the ground. drawing • Going abroad to have a holiday will be an (excite) exciting experience.
2) can’t help, can’t stand, give up, feel like, put off, be busy, have difficulty /trouble (in), have a good/wonderful/hard time, be used to, see to, be opposed to, be sentenced to, admit to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to… Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy ___ c for her exam. A. to prepare B. to be prepared C. preparing D. being prepared
• The little girl practices to play the piano every day. The little girl practices playing the piano every day. • Do you mind me to smoke here? Do you mind my smoking here? • Jean doesn’t feel like to clean the house. Jean doesn’t feel like cleaning the house.
can do nothing but do…
can not do anything but do…(只能做) 3)在情态动词如：had better, would rather… than之后不用to, 动词help后，toБайду номын сангаас可带可不带。
• You’d better B the water until it has been boiled. • A. not to drink B. not drink • C. not drunk D. not drinking • I prefer to go to the beach rather than C at home. • A. to stay B. staying • C. stay D. have stayed
The place is worth visiting.(主动表被动含 义。
• The wine in the fridge just wants (cool) coolingfor a couple of minutes. • The mistakes require C before handing them in. • A. to correct B. being correct • C. to be corrected D. correct