外研社版学术英语综合Unit8译文
外研社版学术英语综合Unit8译文
第八单元全球化Text A从柏柏尔人到巴赫的全球化之路马友友作为职业大提琴手已有三十余年,其间有整整二十个年头都一直奔波在巡演的路上,与此同时,我也致力于了解各种音乐的传统与文化。
正是这些旅途让我认识到文化传统在全球化的世界中所扮演的角色——为个体身份、社会安定与友好交流建立至关重要的框架。
当今世界变化日新月异,这必然会导致文化上的不稳定,人们也不禁对自身的定位产生疑问。
在全球化背景下,我们不得不屈从于他人的规则,因此常常会威胁到个体的特性。
这种处境令我们不安,因为屈从他人规则就意味着不得不改变我们坚守数千年并引以为傲的风俗习惯。
因此,当前全球化背景下的领导者们所面临的一个关键问题就是:如何才能在不牺牲个体特性与文化自豪感的同时,让各种文化和习俗逐渐发展到能够适应一个更大的平台呢?这些年的音乐之旅告诉我,全球化进程中的交流互动并不只会破坏文化,相反,它不仅能创造新的文化,而且还会为那些存在了几世纪的古老传统注入新的活力,使其被世界上更多的人熟知。
这一点与生态学上的群落“边缘效应”类似,后者本身是用来描述两个不同的生态系统交汇时的景象。
例如,在森林与大草原这两种生态系统的交界之处,存在着密度最小但种类最多的生命形态,而每一种形态都汲取了两种生态系统的精髓。
由此可见,有时候最有趣的事情往往发生在边缘地带,而交叉地带往往能够揭示出意想不到的联系。
文化,就像是聚集了世界各地瑰宝的拼图。
探索世界的途径之一正是深入地挖掘文化传统的核心。
举一个音乐领域的例子,每一位大提琴手的核心曲目都是巴赫的《无伴奏大提琴组曲》。
而每一个组曲的核心都是一种叫做萨拉班德舞(sarabande)的舞曲。
这种缓慢而感性的舞曲最早来自于北非柏柏尔人的音乐,随后流传到西班牙,但因当时人们认为曲子猥亵而遭到禁止。
后来西班牙人将这种舞曲又带到美洲,继而流传到了法国,在那里演化为一种庄严的宫廷舞蹈。
一直到十八世纪二十年代,巴赫才将萨拉班德舞曲作为一个乐章融入到他的组曲当中。
学术英语(社科)Unit1-8 Text A译文
学术英语课文翻译Unit1人们如何做出决策理性的人认为在保证金1.经济学家通常假设人是理性的。
理性的人们系统地,有目的地做最好的,他们可以实现他们的目标,考虑到可用的机会。
当你学习经济学,你会遇到公司决定雇佣多少工人,有多少他们的产品生产和销售利润最大化。
你也会遇到那些决定花多少时间工作和买什么商品和服务产生的收入来实现最高水平的满意度。
2.理性的人知道生活中的决策很少是黑白的,但通常是灰色的。
在吃饭的时候,你面对的不是空腹或是像猪一样进食,而是吃额外的一匙土豆泥。
当考试开始时,你的决定不是介于两者之间,而是让他们减少或学习一天24小时,而不是花更多的时间复习笔记而不是看电视。
经济学家用“边际变化”这个术语来描述对现有的行动计划的调整。
请记住,边际意味着“边缘如此边缘的变化是在你正在做的边缘周围的调整”。
理性的人往往通过比较边际收益和边际成本来做出决定。
3.例如,考虑一家航空公司决定向待机乘客收取多少费用。
假设撒德躺在横跨美国的200座飞机上,航空公司损失100,000英镑。
在这种情况下,每个座位的平均成本是1,000美元/ 200美元,这是500美元。
有人可能会得出这样的结论:航空公司不应该售出票价低于500美元的机票。
事实上,一家理性的航空公司通常可以通过考虑利润率来提高利润。
想象一下,一架飞机即将起飞,有10个空座位,候机旅客在门口等候,将支付300美元的座位。
航空公司应该把票卖掉吗?当然应该。
如果飞机有空座位,增加一个乘客的成本很小。
乘飞机的平均成本是S500,边际成本仅仅是额外的乘客将消耗的花生袋和苏打水的成本。
只要备用乘客支付超过边际成本,售票是有利可图的。
4.边际决策有助于解释一些令人费解的经济现象。
这里有一个经典的问题:为什么水这么便宜,而钻石这么贵?人类需要水来生存,而钻石是不必要的;但出于某种原因,人们愿意付出更多的钻石比一杯水。
原因是一个人愿意支付任何好处是基于一个额外单位的好处会产生边际效益。
外研英语八上M8翻译
M8U1当路灯跳为红灯时,一辆小汽车突然出现了。
贝蒂:早上好,詹姆斯女士/你看起来脸色苍白。
你还好吧?詹姆斯女士:我还好,但是我看到了一起意外事故。
一个男孩在马路上一边骑自行车一边唱歌。
大明:那很危险/詹姆斯女士:我当时正在等待过马路。
当路灯跳为红灯的时候,一辆小汽车突然出现在转角处。
虽然它开得不是很快,但动没有停车。
玲玲:那个男孩停住了吗?詹姆斯女士:没有。
而且那个司机也在打电话。
贝蒂:所以小汽车伤到了那个男孩了?詹姆斯女士:我很庆幸地说,没有。
小汽车即时停下来了,但是那个小男孩从自行车上摔了下来,伤到了他的膝盖。
托尼:那太糟糕了。
詹姆斯女士:所以当你们骑自行车的时候,要想到发生意外事故的风险!注意,当红灯的时候要停车,还有其它的?贝蒂:不要骑得太快。
大明:不要和朋友并肩骑车。
詹姆斯女士:还有吗?全部人:不要听音乐!U2当它再次咬我的时候,我正试图将它捡起来。
请微笑!一天,当亨利在一个餐馆里工作的时候,一条蛇突然出现并伤了他的手。
几天前,一条蛇躲在准确无误装香蕉的箱子里从亚洲来到了这里。
它爬了出来,并藏了起来。
“当它两次咬我的时候我正试图将它捡起来。
我把它扔过厨房,然后它掉到了一张桌子上。
”当这条蛇躺在桌子上的时候,亨利迅速拿起他的手机,给蛇照了个相。
然后,这条蛇躲到了冰箱后面。
当亨利试图找到这条蛇的时候,他的拿剧烈地疼痛起来。
他赶紧来到医院,当医生给他检查时,疼痛加剧了。
但医生无法帮助它,因为他们不知道是哪种蛇咬伤了他。
当他痛苦的在那里躲着的时候,亨利突然想起了照的照片。
医生把照片发给了动物园。
当他们被告知是哪一种蛇咬了他,他们立即给亨利使用了正确的药物,亨利第二天就离开了医院。
“因此,你被蛇咬了,拿出你的手机或者相机。
给蛇照相,然后把照片给医生看。
”亨利建议道,“但是你知道,蛇不合微笑!”U3粗心的杰克我的朋友杰克过去老是遭遇意外事故。
他不看路,对自己做了什么也不小心。
几个月前,在他从学校回家的踏上,一辆小汽车撞到他。
综合英语教程 8-10 、13 、14单元课文及readmore 翻译
U8 the invisible japanese gentlemen八位日本绅士正在本特利餐馆享用鱼餐。
他们偶尔用一种让人难以理解的语言相互交谈,并总是报以礼貌的微笑,还不时地微微躬身致意。
除一个人外,其他七个人都戴着眼镜。
坐在远处窗户边的漂亮姑娘间或扫他们一眼,但她自己的事情似乎太重要了,除了她自己和同伴外,她谁也无暇顾及。
她有着一头并不浓密的金发,好看的鹅蛋脸有着摄政时期流行的那种娇小玲珑的美丽,就像一幅微型画。
只是她说话有点刺耳——这也许是她刚毕业离开的罗丁或者是切尔滕纳姆女子学院的口音吧。
她左手中指上戴着一枚男式文章戒指。
我在一张餐桌旁坐下,和他们之间隔着那8位日本绅士。
这时就听她说:“你看,咱们下周就可以结婚了。
”“是吗?”她的同伴显出些许不安。
他往杯子里添了点夏布利酒,说:“当然可以,可我妈……”我没听见他们下面的谈话,因为这时餐桌旁最年长的日本绅士微笑着鞠了一躬,欠着身说了老长一段话。
他的讲话就像大鸟笼子里传出的叽喳声。
其余的人都朝他探着身子,面带笑容听他讲述。
我自己也禁不住想听他在说些什么。
姑娘的未婚夫外表和她很像。
我可以想象出他俩像两幅微型画似的并排挂在白木护壁板上。
他或许可以成为纳尔逊海军部队里的一名年轻军官。
在纳尔逊那个时代,有些文弱、有些敏感并不会成为晋升的障碍。
她说:“他们要预付给我500英镑的版税,而且已经把平装本的版权卖掉了。
”这么直白的商人口吻令我震惊;我感到震惊还因为她居然是我的同行。
她最多不过20岁,应该享受更好的生活。
“我明白了。
”他心不在焉地用叉子搅动着夏布利酒——也许订婚前他都是买香槟的吧。
日本绅士们此时已用完鱼餐,正向那位中年女服务员点一道鲜果沙拉,他们的英语说得很不地道,态度却谦恭有加。
姑娘看了他们一眼,又朝我这边看看,但我想,她眼里只有未来。
我很想告诫她,不要把未来寄托在第一本叫《切尔西的名流》的小说上。
我同意他母亲的观点。
这是个令人羞愧的想法,但我可能跟她母亲的年龄差不多。
外研版英语必修八单词(英译汉).doc
373. sorrow 374. latter 375. grasp 376. relief 377. glory 378. division 379. airspace 380. motherland 381. abstract 382. foresee 383. destiny 384. aid 385. broad 386. sympathy 387. commitment 388. ought modal 389. consistent 390. faith 391. rational 392. deliberately 393. devotion 394. pray 395. holy 396. acute 397. stable 398. human being 399. supreme 400. scholar 401. consult 402. whilst 403. arguably 404. dramatic 405. invasion 406. alien 407. impact 408. observation 409. inescapable 410. assumption 411. vanguard 412. underway 413. hysteria 414. newsflash 415. mounting 416. Phoebe
233. cookie 234. maple 235. syrup 236. honey 237. crisp 238. samosa 239. fragrant 240. dairy 241. yoghurt 242. abundant 243. ripe 244. peach 245. melon 246. stove 247. fry 248. microwave 249. reheat 250. barbecue 251. grill 252. slice 253. breast 254. cutlet 255. buffet 256. pint 257. brewery 258. altogether 259. ample 260. willow 261. pattern 262. fence 263. foreground 264. songbird 265. overhead 266. hut 267. transform
学术综合英语课后翻译
Unit 11.年青一代需要继续传承和发扬我们优良的传统和悠久的文化。
(sustain)The young generation should continue to sustain and develop our fine traditions and long-standing culture.2.在准备讲演的过程中,讲演者应该清楚地知道如何有效地利用数据和实例来支持其观点。
(in the course of,be aware of,statistic,bolster)In the course of preparing one’s speech ,one should be clearly aware of how one could make effective use of statistics and examples to bolster one’s point of view.3.即席发言是大学生应该通过实践学习和掌握的一种必要的讲话技能。
(impromptu,speech) An impromptu speech is a necessary skill that collage students should get though practice.4.通过使用明喻和暗喻的方法你可以使你的语言更加生动形象,更能够吸引你的听众。
(simile,metaphor,vivid,attractive)By using simile and metaphor ,you can make your language more vivid and attractive to your audience.5.你所采用的适宜例子能够加深听众的印象,使你的观点更具有说服力。
(proper,reinforce,convincing)The proper examples you cite might help reinforce the impression on your listeners and make your view points more convincing.6.在演讲时应该尽量使用那些通俗易懂的词汇,同时要避免你的演讲杂乱无章。
外研社《英语初级听力》第8课课文翻译
Lesson EightSection One:Tapescript.Dialogue 1:-进来的是我的秘书。
- Here comes my secretary.她是一个非常漂亮的年轻女人She is an extremely good-looking young woman 你不这么认为吗?don’t you think?-是的但是她不是很擅长她的工作Yes,but she isn’t very good at her work.-也许你是对的-Perhaps you are right.但我还是一样的喜欢她But I like her all the same.Dialogue 2:-我将去买一个新的地毯-I’m going to buy a new carpet.-但是你不能这么做-But you can’t do that.-为什么我不能呢-Why can’t I?-我们没有足够的钱-We haven’t got enough money.Dialogue 3:-这个下午你将做什么呢?-What are you going to do this afternoon?-我将去花园除草。
-I’m going to weed the garden.-你明天下午也要除草吗-Are you going to weed the garden tomorrowafternoon,too?-不,我将去粉刷前门。
-No,I’m going to paint the front door.Dialogue 4:-我想坐在这个椅子上-I’m going to sit on this chair-但是你不能做- But you mustn’t-为什么不行呢?-Why not?-因为它坏了。
-Because it’s broken.Dialogue 5:-你喜欢烤鸡吗?-Do you like roast chicken?-是的,我喜欢谢谢你。
外研版高中英语第八册(顺序选修8)单词默写(汉译英)
外研版高中英语第八册(顺序选修8)单词默写(汉译英)外研版高中英语第八册单词默写Module 11. adj. 极地的2. n. 企鹅3. n. 探险者4. n. 南极洲5. adj. 每年的6. n. 降水量;降雨量7. n. 状态,状况8. n. 深度9. n. 重力,地心引力10. adj. 荒凉的,不适宜居住的11. adj. 极端的,极度的12. v. 开花13. n. 藓;苔藓14. n. 藻类(植物)15. n. 地衣16. (使)适应17. v. 储存,留存18. n. 陨石19. adj. 天外的,地球外的20. n. 块,堆,团21. v. 使平衡22. n. (对某地区的)勘查23. 进入,到达24. n. (不断的)竞争25. n. (国家或政府间的)条约,公约26. adj. 商业的27. adj. 核的,核能的28. n. 试验29. adj. (具有)放射性的30. v. 促进,增进31. prep. 经由,取道32. v. 使陷入困境33. n. 救生船34. n. (全体)船员35. n. (乘船的)旅行,航行36. v. 漂流,漂泊37. adj. 仪式性的;正式的38. n. 冰川;冰河39. adj. 磁的,磁性的,磁场的40. n. 刺眼的光41. adj. 强烈的42. n. 太阳镜,墨镜43. n. 防晒霜44. adj. 艰难的,艰巨的45. n. 视力;目力46. adj. 晒伤的47. prep. 零下48. adj. 麻木的;失去知觉的49. n. 霜;霜冻50. n. 衣服;(尤指)某种服装51. adj. 轻便的;便携的52. adj. 干净的;不含有害物质的53. n. 毫米;千分之一米54. adj. 不正常的,反常的55. n. 日出56. n. 日落57. n. 缺乏;没有58. n. 日光;白天59. adj. 烦人的,令人讨厌的60. adj. 令人沮丧的;令人抑郁的61. adj. 孤单的,孤立的62. n. 飞机;飞行器63. n. 平台64. n. 粉;粉末65. adj. 最少量;最小数66. adj. 不很昂贵的;适中的67. n. 奢侈品68. adj. 温暖舒适的69. n. 宿舍;寝室70. n. (工厂学校等的)食堂,餐厅71. v. 储存,储备72. n. 待洗的衣物73. v. 阻止;打消....的念头74. 如果;假使75. n. 紧急情况;突发事情76. adj. 常规的;普通的77. n. 钻,钻机78. v. 崩溃,支持不住79. adj. 困难的,棘手的80. adj. 脆弱的;易碎的81. n. 电池82. n. 生态;生态学83. adj. 娇气的,纤弱的84. n. 荣幸85. n. 商人;买卖人;经商者86. n. 香料87. n. 宝石88. v. 对待……如朋友89. n. 传说;故事90. adj. 传说中的91. n. 可靠性92. adj. 难理解的,晦涩的93. adj. 亲密的94. v. 居住95. n. 意大利面条96. n. 洞察力,眼光97. n. 鼓舞;启示;灵感Module 21. n. (文艺的)复兴2. adj. 引起烦恼的;令人不安的3. n. (绘画,摄影等的)主题4. adj. 枯燥的;沉闷的5. adv. 基本上,本质上,大致说来6. n. 作品7. n. 效果;作用8. n. (图画等中的)阴暗部分9. adj. 中世纪的10. adj. 哥特式的,哥特风格的(指12至16世纪流行于西欧的建筑风格)11. n. 新领域12. n. 透视(画)法;透视效果;透视感13. n. 复调音乐(作品)14. n. 大教堂15. v. 激发,激励16. adj. 有技巧的,熟练的17. n. 降落伞18. n. 潜艇19. n. 坦克20. adj. 持续整夜的21. n. 渡船22. n. 马掌;马蹄铁23. adj. 华丽的24. v. 对……征税,向……课税25. 依靠,依赖;取决于(条件、情况)26. v. 认为27. 历史上28. 出发去某地29. n. 趣闻,轶事30. adj. (书画、文件、书籍等)原作的31. n. 发言人;代言人32. n. 窃贼,小偷33. 把……抛在后面34. adj. 古时制造的,古董的35. n. 地下室;地下层36. n. 庭院,院子37. n. (过)路人38. n. 小胡子39. n. (小)包裹40. v. 猛冲41. n. 十字路口;交叉口42. n. 十字路口43. v. 逃跑,逃掉44. n. 旁路,旁侧路45. v. 恳求;呼吁46. n. (犯罪)嫌疑人;可疑分子47. n. 丢失;丧失48. v. 流传;传播49. v. 寻找;寻求50. n. (犯人的)一群,一帮51. adj. 不确定的;试探性的52. n. 方面;利益53. 代表……54. adj. 最重要的;首要的55. adj. 根本的;基本的56. n. 不利因素57. adj. 极好的;超级的58. n. 代替品;代替物59. adj. 秘密的,机密的60. n. 债务;人情债61. 厌倦做某事;厌烦做某事62. adv. 仅仅;只不过63. n. 结果;后果64. n. (对错事或坏事应付的)责任65. n. 自由;自由权66. 获得自由的67. adj. 有天赋的;有才华的68. adj. 活动的,可移动的69. n. 底稿;手稿70. n. 印刷机71. v. 榨出;挤出;压出(液体)72. n. 橄榄73. n. 工厂,制造厂74. n. 圣经75. 到(某个数量)76. 导致,通向,通往77. n. 激情,热爱78. n. 官员,高级官员79. adj. 农村的,乡村的80. v. 鼓舞,激励81. 从事,开始做(某项工作)82. n. 职业83. v. 计算Module 31. v.应给予2. n.毒药3. n.烹饪法,烹饪术4. n.味道5. v.使着迷6. n.宴会7. n.一道菜8. adv.贪婪地9. n.(常复)筷子10. n.甜食11. 难怪12. n.(常复)肠13. n.舌头14. n.(猪、牛等的)蹄15. 结束16. v.咀嚼17. n.佳肴,珍馐18. adj.臭名昭著的,声名狼藉的19. adj.开胃的,增进食欲的20. n.方式;方法21. 看出,理解22. n.要求23. n.金枪鱼24. adj.固定的25. n.蘑菇26. v.捣烂,捣成泥状27. n.馅28. adj.无法辨认的29. 与……有共同点30. n.客人31. n.叉子32. 总之;简言之33. v.招待,款待;请客34. n.菜单35. n.芦笋36. adj.嫩的37. adj.波利尼西亚的38. v.谈到,说起39. adv.随意地40. n.赞美41. n.标点符号42. n.燕麦(麦片)粥;粥43. (通常切成薄片的)咸猪肉;熏猪肉44. adj.烤好的;烤制的45. n.羔羊;羔羊肉46. v.(正式)吃;喝47. n.屠夫;屠户48. n.牛(指菜牛或奶牛)49. v.在数量上胜过……,比……多50. adv.有正当理由地51. n.羊肉52. n.后果53. adj.逐渐的;逐步的54. n.趋势,趋向55. n.合并;合成56. n.烹饪,烹饪术;菜肴,饭菜57. n.烹饪法;食谱58. n.豆腐59. n.海藻;海草60. adj.生的61. n.茄子62. n.柠檬63. n.面包店64. n.(条型)面包65. adj.人造的;人工的66. n.食品杂货店67. n.顾客68. n.平底锅69. n.可可粉70. n.小甜饼;甜饼干71. n.槭树;枫树72. n.糖浆73. n.蜂蜜74. adj.松脆的75. n.萨莫萨炸三角饺76. adj.香的,芳香的77. n.牛奶场78. n.酸乳酪;酸奶79. adj.丰富的;充裕的80. adj.(水果或庄稼)成熟的81. n.桃子82. n.瓜83. n.炉子84. v.煎;炸;炒85. n.微波86. v.重新加热87. n.烧烤野餐88. v.烧烤;烤制89. n.薄片;切片90. n.胸脯肉91. n.(供烤或煎的)肉片,肉排92. n.自助餐93. n.品脱(美国和英国的液量单位)94. n.啤酒厂95. v.总的说来;总而言之96. adj.充足的;充裕的97. n.柳树98. n.图案99. n.栅栏,围栏;篱笆100. n.(图片或照片的)前景101. n.鸣禽102. adv.在头顶上;在空中103. 放火烧……104. n.(简陋的)小屋;棚屋;茅舍105. v.转化,转变Module 41. adv.立即,马上2. adj.能辨认的,能认出的3. n.方言,地方话4. n.伦敦东区土话5. 区分开6. v.重要,要紧;有关系7. 只要8. v.很重要;很有价值9. n.痕迹,踪迹10. adj.独一无二的;独特的11. 在于12. n.语调13. n.作家,作者14. n.祖先,前辈15. n.表示所有格的撇号16. n.联系17. n.节奏;韵律18. adj.双语的,会讲两种语言的19. n.讨论;辩论20. v.抱怨;不满21. n.电报22. n.新闻媒体,传媒23. n.革命24. v.调查25. n.特点,特色;情调26. v.得到,获得27. adj.确信的,信服的28. n.(常复)电信29. 总之30. adv.此外,而且31. 大量的32. adj.极好的;优秀的33. adj.简单的,易懂的34. n.联系35. adj.歧义的;含糊的36. n.进退两难的境地;困难的抉择37. adj.清楚明白的;易于理解的38. adj.比喻的;借喻的39. adj.有关的;切题的40. adj.荒谬的,荒唐的41. v.传达,传递42. n.概念;观念43. adv.因此;因而44. 开始做某事45. v.弄明白;澄清46. n.趋向;倾向47. adj.杂乱无章的48. adj.不明确的;含糊的49. adj.笨拙的50. v.挑选,选择51. adj.隐喻的;暗喻的52. n.意义;含义53. v.收回;撤销(说过的话)54. v.拒绝接受55. adj.潜在的;可能的56. v.辱骂;恶语57. n.得罪;使伤感情58. n.政治家59. v.对……不忠60. 使某人失望61. v.征服;战胜62. n.祈祷文;悼词63. v.反对64. n.偏见;歧视65. n.反抗;抵抗66. n.抵触;冲突67. n.寓意;教育意义68. adj.更好的;更强的69. n.地位70. v.将……分类71. n.性别72. n.赞许;赞成73. n.好奇心74. n.着迷,迷恋;吸引力75. n.语气;音调76. adv.起初77. n.投考者,应考人78. n.附带的结果;副产品Module 51. n.飞跃,跳跃2. adj.共同的;联合的3. n.火星4. n.木星5. n.毕宿五,金牛座中的红色巨星6. n.宇宙探测器,航天探测器7. n.土星8. adj.习惯的9. n.航天飞机10. adj.历史性的,有重大历史意义的11. v.收看(电视);收听(广播)12. v.目击,亲眼看见;亲身经历13. v.假定,假设14. n.耐心15. 不管16. adj.高级的,先进的17. 在……一开始的时候18. v.爆炸19. v.依靠;取决于20. n.行星21. v.看,观察22. adj.紫外线的23. 土卫九24. 土卫六(土星卫星中最大的一颗)25. n.十年26. 一系列的;一连串的27. v.承认;认为28. adj.任意的;随机的29. adv.向后地;倒退地30. n.行为31. n.骑士,武士32. n.紧张关系33. adj.自治的;有自治权的34. n.失败35. n.权力;权威36. v.指责37. 指责某人某事38. v.起誓保证39. v.替……报仇,报复40. n.悲伤;悲痛41. (刚提及的两个人或物之中的)后一个,第二个42. n.控制43. n.安慰;宽慰44. n.光荣;荣誉45. n.部分46. n.(某个国家的)领空47. n.祖国48. adj.抽象的49. v.预知;预见50. n.命运;天命51. n.帮助52. adj.丰富的;广泛的53. n.同情;同情心54. n.忠诚;奉献55. v.应当;应该56. adj.一致的;吻合的57. n.宗教信仰58. adj.理智的;合理的59. n.尊贵;尊严60. n.忠诚61. v.祷告;祈祷62. 祈望;祈求63. adj.(有关)上帝的;神圣的64. adj.剧烈的;激烈的65. 与……相似的66. adj.稳定的;安定的67. 人68. adj.最高超的;最优的69. n.(文或英)学生70. v.咨询;请教71. conj. (=while)72. adv.有争议地73. adj.给人深刻印象的;戏剧性的74. n.入侵75. n.外星人76. n.影响,作用77. n.观察;监视78. adj.不可避免的79. n.假定,假设80. n.先头部队81. 使某事开始82. adj.在进行中的83. n.歇斯底里84. n.新闻快讯85. adj.越来越强烈的86. adv.蓄意地,故意地87. 开始做;着手进行Module 61. n.相识的人;泛泛之交2. n.告别3. v.摒除;阻挡4. v.围绕5. 蓟种子冠毛(蓟种子上的软翅,可帮助种子飘浮在空中)6. v.分手;分离7. n.骏马8. v.(马)嘶鸣9. n.种子10. n.朝;代11. n.扩张12. adj.宽容的;容忍的13. adj.兼容并包的14. n.波斯人15. n.阿拉伯人16. n.犹太人17. n.佛教18. n.天文学19. n.影子,阴影20. n.高度;海拔21. n.专家22. v.分享,共享23. n.进步;进展24. n.音节25. n.失败者26. n.(肉体或精神上的)痛苦;苦难27. n.腐败;堕落28. n.商人29. adj.不规则的;无规律的30. n.现实主义作家31. n.浪漫主义作家32. 抓住33. n.倒影34. adj.内心的;精神上的35. n.酒精;白酒36. n.水仙花37. v.飘扬,飘动;拍打(翅膀)38. n.微风,和风39. adj.长期的40. n.混乱,失调;紊乱41. n.途径;渠道42. v.证明是;被发现是43. v.揭示,揭露;显露44. n.(燕麦片、玉米片等)谷类早餐食品45. n.魅力,吸引力46. v.一瞥;迅速看一眼47. adv.向上;朝上48. n.剩余;过剩49. n.赞成;同意50. 赞成某事;满意某事51. n.赞助商52. n.费用53. v.开始,(积极有力地)着手进行54. adj.潮湿的55. v.下来,下降56. n.关卡57. adj.肮脏破旧的58. v.警告;劝……小心59. adj.文学的60. n.(尤指户外的)长凳61. n.预观;预看62. n.启程;上路63. n.客车车厢64. adj.欢快的65. n.合唱;合唱曲66. 异口同声的67. n.王国,国度;领域,范围68. n. 十四行诗(每行十个音节,韵律规范的诗体)69. adj.任意的;随机的70. v.满足需求71. 满足……的要求72. n.祖国;本国73. n.事业74. v.通信75. 与……通信76. n.周年纪念日77. v.提供;捐78. v.更新;刷新79. v.装点;美化80. pron.无论哪个81. n.地区;区域82. n.独立83. n.想象;空想84. adv.典型地,有代表性地;向来,一向85. v.反映,显示;表达86. n.外科医生。
外研社选修8课文英文版
Module 1Deep SouthAntarctica: the Last ContinentAntarctica is the coldest place on Earth. It’s also the driest. With annual rainfall close to zero, Antarctica is technically a desert. Covering about 14 million square kilometers around the South Pole, it is the fifth largest continent in the world. A high mountain range, the Trans-Antarctic range, runs from east to west, cutting the continent in two. There are volcanoes too, but they are not very active. Antarctica holds 90% of the world’s ice, and most of its fresh water (70%) is in a frozen state, of course. 98% of the surface is covered permanently in the ice cap. On average it is two kilometers thick, but in some places it reaches a depth of five kilometers. Strong winds driven by gravity blow from the pole to the coastline, while other winds blow round the coast. It is difficult to imagine a more inhospitable place.Yet Antarctica is full wildlife, which has adapt ed to its extreme conditions. There are different types of penguins, flying birds, seals, and whales. But the long Antarctic winter night, whichlasts for 182 days (the longest period of continuous darkness onearth), as well as the extreme cold and lack of rainfall, means that few types of plants can survive there. Only two types of flowering plants are found, while there are no trees on the large continent. The rest of the plants are made up of mosses, algae and lichen. Some forms of algae have adapted to grow on ice.Most of the ice has been there for thousands of years. As a result, it has become a window on the past, and can give researchers lots of useful information. Gases and minerals, in the form of volcanic dust trapped in the ice, can tell us a lot about what the world’s climate was like in past ages. Antarctic rocks are also very important for research. Most of them are meteorites from outer space. One rock, known as the “Alien” rock, may contain evidence of extra-terrestrial life.Since most Antarctic rocks are dark in colour, they stand out against the white background and are easy to identify and collect.Antarctica was the last continent to be discovered. But more than two thousand years ago Greek geographers believed that there was a large land mass in the south which balance d the land in the north. They called it Anti-Arktikos, or Antarcica: the opposite of Arcitc. When Europeans discovered the continent of America in 15th century, the great age of exploration began. However,progress to the South ole was slow. Not until the late 18th centurydid the British explorer James Cook cross the Antarctic Circle, but he never saw land. Then in 1895, a Norwegian called Carstens Borchgrevink became the first man to set foot on the Antarctic mainland. The race to the pole had begun. It was finally reached on 11th December, 1911 by the Norwegian Roald Amundsen.Today scientists from many countries travel to Antarctica to study its resources. A spirit of international friendship has replaced the rivalry that existed between many of the earlier explorers. In 1961, a treaty signed by 12 countries, including Britain, France, and the USA made Antarctica the world’s biggest nature reserve. The aim of the treaty is to prevent the commercial and military use of the continent. In particular, it aims to keep Antarctica free from nuclear tests and radioactive waste; to promote international scientific projects; and to end arguments about who owns the land. Today countries representing 80% of the world’s population have signed the treaty. Antarctica has become perhaps the most successful symbol of man’s efforts to work together for progress and peace.How Failure Became SuccessOn 8th August, 1914, 27 men who had replied to an advertisementin The Times boarded a ship leaving for the Antarctic. The name ofthe ship was the Endurance and the captain was an Irishman called Ernest Shackleton.The aim of the journey was to cross the frozen continent via the South Pole – journey of 1,800 miles. Shackleton thought the journey would last six months.But when land came into sight, the Endurance became trapped in the ice and began to break up. Shackleton and his men watched the Endurance sink into the icy sea. They then head ed north, pulling three lifeboats behind them.After six days, bad weather force d them to give up and the men set up camp on a sheet of ice which began slowly moving across the Antarctic Circle.They survived on the ice for five months. Then, on 16th April, 1915, Shackleton saw land. It was Elephant Island – large rock with nothing growing on it, but much better than a floating piece of ice. When they reached the island, Shackleton came up with an idea – it was a risk but he would have to take it. He and five men would take one of the lifeboats, and sail 800 miles to South Georgia, where there was a permanent camp. They could then return to rescue the rest of the men.It took Shackleton 17 days to rach South Georgia.Unfortunately he landed on the wrong side of the island, and had towalk 36 hours over mountains to reach the camp. The whale hunters all the camp couldn’t believe their eyes when they saw the six men walking down from the mountains.Shackleton kept his promise. More than three months later, he returned to Elephant Island to rescue the crew he had been forced to abandon. He had failed to reach the pole – but he had saved the lives of all his men.Welcome to the South Poles!South Poles? How many are there?In fact, there are three South Poles: a ceremonial Pole, which is on the moving glacier, a geographical or true Pole, and a magnetic Pole which changes its position according to the movement of the Earth.Is it safe?Because the South Pole is a high altitude site, the glare of the sunlight here is very intense. It’s also reflected by the snow, so if you go outside, remember to wear sunglasses and use suncream. If you don’t there’s severe risk that you’ll damage your eyesight or get badly sunburnt.Is it cold?Yes! Be very careful out in the open air! The temperature isbetween minus 21°C in the summer and minus 78°C in the winter, and you can become numb with cold without realizing. There’s heavy frost even on the warmest summer days, and if it’s quiet you can hear your breath freeze. So if you leave the station, dress warmly and carry dry clothing and a portable radio.Is there anything good about the weather?The air is very pure, and it doesn’t snow very much – only about four millimeters a year. There’s very little wind and the sky is usually clear. It’s possibly the calmest place on Earth.What’s it like to live here?Life is quite abnormal. Sunrise and sunset come once every six months, and in the winter the total absence of daylight can be tiresome, and for some, depressing. We’re totally isolated except for radio and electronic communications, as no aircraft can fly here for about eight months.Where do we live?The South Pole scientific station is situated on a platform of ice, 3,000-4,000 metres high, but under only a few millimetres of snow. We have a minimum of 28 people living here in the winter and a maximum of 125 in the summer. The living quarters are modest, with few luxuries, but cosy. There’s a comfortable dormitory forsleeping, the canteen serve great food, and there’s a well-stockedlibrary of DVDs and videos. But showers and laundry are limited, because water is very valuable. We discourage you from smoking except in specific areas. Medical assistance is available in case of an emergency.Any other advice?Remember that conventional equipment doesn’t always work as it should do. If you use an electric drill, the power cord will snap. Photography is tricky too, as film is fragile and the camera battery doesn’t work in the cold.Don’t leave any rubbish, and don’t forget that the ecology of Antarctica is very delicate, so don’t take any souvenirs home with you, and be careful to leave nothing but footprints.Finally, remember that we’re all visitors to the South Pole. It’s a privilege, not a right to come to this extraordinary place.The Travels of Marco PoloThe year is 1271 AD. Imagine a 17-year-old boy from Venice Italy, well-educated and trained for life as a rich trader. He sets off with his father and uncle on a 25-year journey to mysterious, distant lands that most people in Europe have never heard of. While on their journey buying and selling spices, silks and jewels,theybefriend one of the most powerful men on Earth, Kubla Khan.The boy’s name was Marco Polo and many years later a book about his travels was published which made him famous. Marco Polo told his fantastic stories to a writer named Rustichello who wrote them down for him. This man was well-known for his stories and romantic tales of the legendary English King Arthur, but so many people doubted the reliability of his book the Travels of Marco Polo. However, Chinese historians have found obscure names and facts in the book that could only have been known to someone intimate with the country.Many of Marco’s stories were about China and its people. He told stories about the towns, cities and populations in great detail. He described the amazing things he saw in China such as paper money and black stone that burned (coal). With very little contact between China and the West, it is not surprising that people in a rich powerful place like Venice could not believe his stories, nor in the idea of huge, rich city states inhabited by millions of people. There could surely be no comparison with Venice?A general myth has grown up around Marco Polo that he introduced such things as spaghetti and ice cream from China to the West. There is no truth to any of these claims and actually they are not mentioned in Marco Polo’s book.However, Marco Polo’s book is still a unique insight for its age.Most importantly it was a great influence for many future travelers. Christopher Columbus left behind a well-worn copy that he read as inspiration on his own voyages to America.Module 2 The RenaissanceThe RenaissanceFor many people, the Renaissance means 14th to 16th century Italy, and the developments in art and architecture, music and literature which took place there all that time. But there is one work which, perhaps more than any other, expresses the spirit of the Renaissance: the Mona Lisa. It is believed to be the best example of a new lifelike style of painting that amazed people when it was first used. Painted by Leonardo da Vinci in the years 1503-1506, the Mona Lisa is a mysterious masterpiece. People want to know who Mona Lisa is, and why she is smiling. Even if people do not know much about the Renaissance, they have heard of this painting.But the Renaissance is, of course, more than just Mona Lisa. Renaissance is a French word which means “rebirth” and it first appeared in English in the 19th century. The word was used todescribe a period in European history which began with the arrivalof the first Europeans in America, and age of exploration, and the beginning of the modern world. It was as if Europe was waking up after the long sleep of the Middle Ages. From Italy, the ideas of the Renaissance rapidly spread northwards to France, Germany, England, and the rest of Europe.Trade with other parts of the world meant that Europe was getting richer, too. This meant that people had money to spend on the arts; and it became easier for artists to find people who could afford to buy their works or employ them. Leonardo worked for important people such as the Duke of Milan, and, towards the end of his life, the King of France.Renaissance artists found new ideas for their work in classical Greece and Rome. But they looked forward, too, by opening new frontiers in the arts. Painters discovered how to use perspective and the effects of light; composers put different voices together and created polyphony “many voices”; architects preferred designing buildings with more light which contrasted with the heaviness of the Gothic cathedrals of the Middle Ages.The sense of exploration which motiveated the artists went had in hand with a new type of philosophy. After centuries of accepting a medieval world view in which human life wasconsidered of little value compared with the greatness of God,philosophers began asking questions like “What is a person?” or “Why am I here?” For the first time, they put people, not religion, at the centre of the universe.The Renaissance was a time of scientific invention, too. Leonardo, as well as being one of the greatest painters the world has ever known, was also a skilled inventor. Wherever he went, he carried a notebook around with him, in which he wrote down his ideas. They included detailed drawings of the human body, plans for engineers to build canals and bridges, and astonishing drawings of machines which were not to be built until hundreds of years later, such as aeroplanes, parachutes, submarines and tanks. Towards the end of his life he was employed by the King of France to do scientific research, and he did not have a lot of time for painting.In short, Leonardo was an extraordinary genius, an example of what has been described as “Renaissance man”: someone interested in everything and with many different talents. But even if his only contribution to history had been the Mona Lisa, it would have been genius enough for all time.ThursdayWe arrived on the overnight ferry to the Hook of Holland and took atrain to Amsterdam Central Station. It was only a short ride. It’s noteasy to find your way around the town. A lot of the roads follow the canals which aren’t straight but are shaped like horseshoes. So you can walk along a street for half an hour of so and end up five minutes from where you started. However, most people don’t walk – there are three million bikes in town and a good bus and tram system. There are boats, too. About half of them are for tourists, the others are houseboats with people living on them. We spent the whole day walking. Tomorrow we’re going to rent bikes.FridayWe spent today looking at houses. The architecture is astonishing, quite different from other European countries we’ve been to. The houses are tall and thin, and many of them have a fantastically ornate Renaissance appearance. In the Middle Ages the houses were made of wood. Then, at the end of the 15th century there was a huge fire and about three quarters of the town was destroyed. After that, houses were made of brick. Unlike other places in Europe, where house owners were taxed on the size of their windows, here the taxes depended on the width of the house – so they kept them narrow, but built them tall. Well, that’s what Claire says, and she read it in the guidebook.SaturdayWe visited the Van Gogh Museum, instead of the more famousRijksmuseum. It was astonishing. I hadn’t really looked at any of Van Gogh’s paintings before. He seems to have re-invented the art. It doesn’t matter whether he is doing a portrait of a landscape – he’s a genius. In the last 70 days of his life before he short himself he produced 70 paintings, and I reckon they’re almost all masterpieces. Yet in all his life Van Gogh only ever sold one painting! We must have spent three hours in that museum. When we came out I told Claire I thought Van Gogh was the greatest painter in history. She reminded me that we were leaving for Paris tomorrow, where we were going to see the most famous painting in the world …The puzzle of the Mona LisaThe Mona Lisa is the subject of many stories, but there is one anecdote which remains a puzzle. Is the painting in the Louvre the authentic work by Leonardo da Vinci … or just a copy?The story began one day in 1911 when someone noticed the Mona Lisa was missing. A spokesman said, “The burglar left the antique frame and the glass behind. He must have gone through the basement to the main courtyard. A passerby saw a man with a moustache, carrying a parcel under his arm, dash over the streetcrossing, along to the crossroads. He then fled down a sideroad.We’re appealing to anyone who saw the suspect to contact us.”So we stole the Mona Lisa? And why? News about the loss of the Mona Lisa was circulated in all the French newspapers, and there was a widespread search for the burglar all over the country. He police said, “we don’t think the burglar was working alone. We’re seeking a gang of criminals.”Two years later, a man with a moustache went to an art dealer in Florence in Italy and made a tentative attempt to sell the Mona Lisa. The art dealer checked it, agreed it was authentic … and then called the police.Why did the burglar, Vincenzo Perugia, wait so long? Perugia had stolen the Mona Lisa on behalf of the chief organizer of the crime, Eduardo de Valifierno. But Perugia made a fundamental mistake. He trusted da Valfierno to pay him for tha painting. The drawback for Perugia was that de Valfierno didn’t in fact need the painting, only the news of the theft. De Valfierno made six superb copies and sold them, claiming that each one was the authentic stolen painting. Of course, the fact that there were six substitutes was confidential. The six buyers didn’t know about the other paintings. What’s more, de Valfierno didn’t need to pay his debt to Perugia.After two years, Perugia got tired of waiting to be paid, andtried to sell the painting. When the real Mona Lisa turned up in Florence, de Valfierno simply told his buyers that it was merely a copy.The outcome of the story is that Perugia got the blame for the crime and went to prison. De Valfierno remained at liberty for the rest of his life.But there is still a puzzle. There were a number of precise copies of the Mona Lisa painted by gifted students of Leonardo da Vinci. Part of the painting’s fascination is whether the one in the Louvre was authentic … even before it was stolen. And if Perugia stole a copy … who has the authentic Mona Lisa?PrintingPrinting is the process of making many copies of a single document using movable characters or letters. In China, printing was known as early as in the 7th century, during the Tang Dynasty; in Europe, it was an important part of the Renaissance. Printing answered a need because people were thirsty for knowledge.Before printing was invented, copies of a manuscript had to be made by hand, usually on animal skins. This was a difficult taskthat could take many years, and which made books very expensive.Printing made it possible to produce more copies in a few weeks than could have been produced in a lifetime written out by hand.It is believed that a German, Johann Gutenberg, made the first printing press in Europe. He adapted it from the machines farmers used to squeeze oil from olives. It used paper, which was more suitable for printing (and cheaper) than animal skins. Paper, like printing, had been invented much earlier in China and it had found its way to Europe, via southeast Asia and then India. By the 10th century AD, paper was being produced in Baghdad. The first paper mill in Europe was built at the end of the 12th century.The first book that Gutenberg produced was a Bible. But as the ideas of the Renaissance developed, so did the demand for the Greek and Latin classics, which had been largely ignored for up to 2,000 years. People also wanted books in their own languages. The invention of printing meant that this desire could be satisfied.Soon there were printing presses all over northern Europe. In 1476 William Caxton set up his own press in London, and England became one of the most important centres of the printing industry. This spread of printed books led to a renewed passion for artistic expression. Without the development of the printing press, the Renaissance may never have happened. Without inexpensiveprinting to make books available to a large section of society, theson of John Shakespeare, a government official in rural England in the mid-1500s, may never have been inspired to take up writing as a profession. What western civilization gained from Gutenberg’s contribution is impossible to calculate.Module 3 Foreign FoodPassage 1Chinese people think a lot about food. In fact, I think that they are sometimes obsessed with it. My first experience of this aspect of Chinese culture came at a banquet during a trip to Beijing in 1998. I had eaten Chinese food often, but I could not have imagined how fabulous a real Chinese banquet could be. The first six or seven dishes seemed to fill the table, with plates dangerously balanced one on top of another. I thought this vast wave of food was the total number of dishes to be served, and I started eating greedily. Everyone else just tasted a bit of each dish and then put their chopsticks down, continuing to chat. “They can’t have very big appetites,” I thought.To my surprise, more dishes arrived, plus soups, sidedishes, and desserts. There was enough to feed a whole army.No wonder my fellow guests had had only a few bites of each dish; they knew what was still to come. But I was already so full that I could only watch as the banquet continued.Another aspect of “food culture” is that the Chinese seem to eat almost every part of every animal – much to the horror of many westerners. Stomach, intestines, ears, tongue, tail, hoof, and lungs are all likely to end up on the dinner table in front of you. The first time I saw a three-year-old kid cheerfully chewing a chicken’s head I had bad dream for weeks.These days I enjoy that sort of food myself. On a recent trip to the United States I suddenly felt like some Chinese delicacies, and asked the guy at the meat counter of a supermarket, “Do you have pigs’ ears?” “No,” he said, pulling at his own ear, “Just these ordinary ones.” He must have thought I was joking.However, there are other kinds of foods that have taken longer for me to accept. The infamous choudoufu is an example. (the name says it all: “stinky tofu”.) Just when I gotchoudoufu, a horrible black substance that looked and smelled about as appetizing as a burnt tennis shoe. Maybe I’ll get usedto that, too – someday.Passage 2The first time I ate British food I was in the canteen of a London publisher. Some people just sat down on the sofa to eat. I was amazed at their easy and graceful manner while I stood there feeling somewhat confused by the food. At the counter there were colourful mixtures in eight or nine big boxes. It was quite hard to make out hat they contained. The waiter put these foods inside bread or potatoes according to people’s requirements. I still remember what I ate: a tuna fish and cheese sandwich. It didn’t actually taste bad, but to me the cold fish, cold cheese, and even the bread from the fridge, was a meal that would make you feel cold inside. Later, I found out that British people like cold food. Their salad, for example, is made from vegetables which are only washed before serving, while Chinese food is prepared more carefully. The Chinese have a fixed phrase “cold leftovers”. Cold food means poverty – you don’t give it to a guest! No wonder westerners like Chinese food.I also learned that the English like to mix food before serving it at the table. I once ordered mushroom soup in arestaurant and was astonished when it was brought to thetable. It seemed to be just a bowl of grey liquid and it was only after I had tasted it that I knew it was actually cooked with mushrooms. The things inside sandwiches and baked potatoes are also various kinds of mashed food, like the fillings of jiaozi in Beijing. The food here goes against the Chinese sense of beauty and style at the dinner table. Chinese dishes can be photographed and have a nice appearance. We would never mash food into an unrecognizable shape.What’s more, the names of many kinds of English food are hard to remember. In fact, they often use French or Italian words. But one thing I do admire is the polite manner in which British people eat, even if it is just a potato.An Embarrassing MomentThe perfect host is the one who saves his guest from embarrassment whatever the cost. When Edward VII became King of England in 1901, he was already nearly 60 years old. He liked traveling, meeting people, and eating well. In short, he liked having a good time.One evening he was entertaining the ruler of a small island in the Pacific. The menu included asparagus, which hisguest had never eaten before. Asparagus is by nature tenderand tasty at one end. Usually people leave the part which is difficult to eat on their plates.As soon as the Polynesian guest tasted the asparagus he remarked how delicious it was. However, when he realised that he could not eat the tough part, he simply threw it over his shoulder onto the floor behind him. The other guests were astonished, but went on eating. The King said nothing. However, when he had finished his asparagus, he too threw the piece that was left over his shoulder.Before long everybody else at the dinner was following his example, casually throwing the asparagus onto the floor, while the conversation continued in a friendly and relaxed manner. At the end of the meal the carpet was rather dirty. The cleaners weren’t very happy, but in the end most people had to agree that the King had been a perfect host, saving his guest and everybody else from the embarrassment which came from a misunderstanding of table manners.Food in AustraliaNot so long ago, food in Australia meant porridge with milk and sugar, and eggs and bacon for breakfast, then roast lamb or beeffor lunch or dinner. During the 1980s each person consumed about39 kilograms of meat a year, and the butcher in the local High Street was one of the most important people in town. Australia is a country where the cattle and sheep outnumber the people, and it has always been justifiably famous for its lamb (no one would even think of eating mutton, which is the meat from the older animal). The consequence was that many people were overweight. Today there are still many Australians who eat huge amounts of meat. But recently, we have seen a gradual trend towards healthier food.Modern Australian cooking is often referred to as fusion cuisine, and the recipes include ingredients and cooking styles from the East and the West. Today, Australians enjoy Japanese food with bean curd, seaweed, and raw fish, as well as Greek, Italian and Lebanese food such as pasta, olives, tomatoes, eggplant and lemons. Cantonese and Beijing-style food is always popular, especially dim sum. French cooking can be seen in the Australians’ love of the French-style bakery, with its delicious cakes and long loaves of bread. There are few or no artificial ingredients in fusion cooking, only the purest and freshest of produce.Even in the suburbs there are Oriental grocery stores where customers can buy everything from a Chinese frying pan (a wok) and chilli powder, cocoa from Brazil for drinking or for cakes,American chocolate-chip cookies, Canadian maple syrup or Frenchhoney to pour over your breakfast pancakes, to crisp Indian samosas and Lemon grass for fragrant Thai dishes, dairy products such as yoghurt and cream, as well as abundant homegrown fruit, especially ripe peaches, grapes, melons and oranges.Most Australian homes will have a stove on which your fry or steam vegetables, and there’s usually a microwave oven as well, for reheating food quickly. But perhaps the most important piece of equipment is not in the kitchen but in the garden – the famous barbecue, where, on a charcoal fire, they grill meat, such as slices of beef steak, chicken breasts or lamb cutlets. There’s usually a buffet of salads and vegetables to accompany it, and pints of Australian beer to drink, because the breweries which make the beer are among the finest in the world. Altogether, with its ample amount of food and drink and its relaxed way of cooking and serving, the barbecue is not just a piece of cooking and serving, the barbecue is not just a piece of cooking equipment but the word the Australians use for a popular way of entertaining friends.The Willow Pattern PlateOne of the best-known designs on British plates is the “Willow Pattern”. In many homes, the willow pattern plates (named after thewillow tree in the centre of the design) are kept for special。
学术综合英语英语填空题翻译Unit-8
Section ATask2 A(P268)1、The automobile designer has incorporate all the latest safety features into this new type of cars.汽车设计师将目前所有最先进的安全装置融入到了这款新型汽车中。
2、Even though the accident occurred a year ago, the police department deferred the investigation into the cause of it for six months.虽然这个事故在一年前就发生了,但是警察局对这项事故原因的调查推迟了六个月。
3、Although not essential, some prior knowledge of statistics is desirable in doing marketing research.尽管不是必要的,但是在做市场调查的时候一些先前的数据知识还是可取的。
4、During the past six months, oil prices fluctuated between $40 and $80 a barrel due to general expectation of low US oil stock.由于人们认为美国石油库存低而导致过去六个月每桶石油的价格在40美元到80美元之间波动。
5、Some people believe that spending the holidays in Australia isn’t an exciting prospect, but I find it particularly appealing.一些人相信,在澳大利亚度假看不到令人兴奋的景色,但是我发现澳大利亚挺吸引人的。
6、Oil prices in the past twelve months have hit a record high of $80 a barrel, which some economists believe is a serious impediment to economic recovery.石油价格在过去的十二个月创下了每桶80美元的新高,一些经济学家相信这是对经济复苏的严重阻碍。
新标准大学英语综合教程课文翻译和课后习题答案 unit 8ppt课件
Real Communication An Integrated Course
3 综合教程
制作
外语教学与研究出版社 版权所有
Text
2
Text
15
Text
5 不管是好是坏,世界在过去二十多年间所经历的变化可 能比过去两百年间所经历的还要多。为了让彼此间联系得更 紧密,营造出一个真正的地球村,我们消耗了更多的资源, 烧掉了更多的能源,造成了更多的污染,灭杀了更多的动植 物。过去,我们一直把电视看作是连接全世界的终极手段, 直到我们了解了互联网,才发现事实并非如此。
w
e
,
like many South, Southeast Asian, Middle East and perhaps
some indigenous American people, follow the lunar calendar
for our festivals is a different matter altogether.
6
Text
7 Be it on the mainland or in the highly developed West or in the poorest of societies, a festival carries the same meaning. People across the world celebrate them with their family and friends. The basic concept is the same too, sharing a feast or a humble meal (with a few drinks in some societies like ours and the West).
学术英语(社科)Unit8八单元原文及翻译
UNIT8 Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power硬实力,软实力,巧实力People often associate power of a nation with military might or economic strenght. Is these something more to the concept of power?The answer ia in the affirmative ,at least to some who study political science. This unit explores the complex nature of power and how it impacts international relations.人们常常把国家权力与军事或经济实力。
这些东西更多权力的概念?在肯定的答案是,至少对那些政治学研究。
本单位探讨复杂的权力的性质和它如何影响国际关系。
The complex nature of power复杂的权力的性质1.“Until human nature change, power and force will remain at the heart of international relations,” according to a top U.S. official. Not everyone will agree with suvh a gloomy realpolitik assessment, but it underlines the crucial role that power plays in diplomacy. When the goals and interest of states conflict, which side will prevail is often decided by who has the most power.1。
学术英语写作Unit-8-reports
Typical Components
1. Title Page 2. Abstract
Note: Verb Tenses 3. Introduction 4. Methods and Materials (or
Equipment) 5. Experimental Procedure
Unit 15 reports
1. Lab Report 2. Progress Report
1. Lab Report
What is a lab report The goal of a lab report Suggestions on writing a lab report Format suggestion Preparation for a lab report Format of a lab report
Format of a Lab Report
The report needs to be written in sufficient detail so that a person on the same level as you can read the report and perform the same experiment. It should be written in good English and must not be in note form. Normally the report is divided into sections. Below is a guide that will aid you in your preparation of a report.
外研社版学术英语综合Unit8译文
外研社版学术英语综合U n i t8译文-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1第八单元全球化Text A从柏柏尔人到巴赫的全球化之路马友友作为职业大提琴手已有三十余年,其间有整整二十个年头都一直奔波在巡演的路上,与此同时,我也致力于了解各种音乐的传统与文化。
正是这些旅途让我认识到文化传统在全球化的世界中所扮演的角色——为个体身份、社会安定与友好交流建立至关重要的框架。
当今世界变化日新月异,这必然会导致文化上的不稳定,人们也不禁对自身的定位产生疑问。
在全球化背景下,我们不得不屈从于他人的规则,因此常常会威胁到个体的特性。
这种处境令我们不安,因为屈从他人规则就意味着不得不改变我们坚守数千年并引以为傲的风俗习惯。
因此,当前全球化背景下的领导者们所面临的一个关键问题就是:如何才能在不牺牲个体特性与文化自豪感的同时,让各种文化和习俗逐渐发展到能够适应一个更大的平台呢这些年的音乐之旅告诉我,全球化进程中的交流互动并不只会破坏文化,相反,它不仅能创造新的文化,而且还会为那些存在了几世纪的古老传统注入新的活力,使其被世界上更多的人熟知。
这一点与生态学上的群落“边缘效应”类似,后者本身是用来描述两个不同的生态系统交汇时的景象。
例如,在森林与大草原这两种生态系统的交界之处,存在着密度最小但种类最多的生命形态,而每一种形态都汲取了两种生态系统的精髓。
由此可见,有时候最有趣的事情往往发生在边缘地带,而交叉地带往往能够揭示出意想不到的联系。
文化,就像是聚集了世界各地瑰宝的拼图。
探索世界的途径之一正是深入地挖掘文化传统的核心。
举一个音乐领域的例子,每一位大提琴手的核心曲目都是巴赫的《无伴奏大提琴组曲》。
而每一个组曲的核心都是一种叫做萨拉班德舞(sarabande)的舞曲。
这种缓慢而感性的舞曲最早来自于北非柏柏尔人的音乐,随后流传到西班牙,但因当时人们认为曲子猥亵而遭到禁止。
后来西班牙人将这种舞曲又带到美洲,继而流传到了法国,在那里演化为一种庄严的宫廷舞蹈。
学术英语视听说unit8 原文Tidal waves教学内容
学术英语视听说u n i t8原文T i d a lw a v e s精品资料Today, our lecture is about tidal waves. I’ll define what a tidal wave is and what a tidal wave is not. I’ll also define some other terms related to tidal waves. So, what is a tidal wave?A tidal wave is a very large and very destructive wall of water. This wall of water rushes in from the ocean toward the land. Scientists use the Japanese word ”tsunami”to describe this waves. In Japanese, tsunami actually means harbor wave, you see the waves are tallest when they reach a harbor which is an area of the ocean just before the land where boats are kept. Now, normal waves are caused by tides or storms over the water. But did you know that tidal waves are not caused by storms and that tidal waves are not really tides at all? A true tide can be defined as the regular rise and fall of ocean waters at definite times each day. A tidal wave or tsunami comes rushing in suddenly and unexpectedly at any time. It could come rushing in during the morning, in the afternoon or during the night. A tidal wave is caused by an underwater earthquake, to quake means to move up and down or from side to side very quickly, to quake also means to shake or to tremble, when an earthquake takes place under the ocean, the ocean floor shakes and trembles, and sometimes the ocean floor shifts. That is the ocean floor moves. It is the shifting of the ocean floor that produces the tidal wave. The earth and water move, causing a tidal wave. The tidal wave begin to move across the sea at great speed. In 2011, a massive earthquake occurred of the coast of Japan, the quake caused a double wave tsunami. A double wave tsunami can also be called a merging tsunami. When a merging tsunami or double-wave tsunami occurs, two very large waves combined. This increases the destruction when the tidal wave reaches land. Tsunamis have taken many lives in the past, for instance, the tsunami caused by a 9.0 magnitude earthquake off the coast of Japan on March 11,2011, took the lives of more than 20 thousand people. The tsunami also destroyed large areas of northeastern Japan.Today, scientists can predict that a tidal wave will hit land, these scientists use a seismograph, a seismograph is a type of instrument that recalls the strength, direction and length of an earthquake. The seismograph tells the scientists if the earthquake under the ocean is likely to cause a tidal wave. So although it is not possible to stop a tidal wave, it's possible to warn people that a tidal wave is coming. This warning can save many lifes.仅供学习与交流,如有侵权请联系网站删除谢谢2。
研究生英语综合教程下第八单元课文中英文对照 熊海虹
Unit8像大山一样思考奥尔多•利奥波德A deep chesty bawl echoes from rimrock to rimrock,rolls down the mountain,and fades into the blackness of the night.It is an outburst of wild defiant sorrow,an of contempt for all the adversities of the world.1一个发自肺腑的低沉而又尖厉的号叫在悬崖之间回荡,最后划过大山,消逝在远方深沉的夜色中。
这声号叫爆发出一种充满野性和反抗的哀愁,爆发出对世界上一切逆境的蔑视。
Every living thing(and perhaps many a dead one as well)pays heed to that call.To the deer it is a reminder of the way of flesh,to the pine a forecast of midnight scuffles and of blood upon the snow,to the coyote a promise of gleaning to come,to the cowman a thread of red ink at the bank,to the hunter a challenge of fang against bullet.Yet behind these obvious and immediate hopes and fears there lies a deeper meaning,known only to the mountain itself.Only the mountain has lived long enough to listen objectively to the howl of a wolf.2大山中所有的生物(可能也包括许多死去的生物)都侧耳倾听着这声号叫。
研究生英语综合教程UNIT8课文及翻译(含汉译英英译汉)
UNIT81. In the last year, MOOCs have gotten a tremendous amount of publicity. Last November, the New York Times decided that 2012 was “the Year of the MOOC,” and columnists like David Brooks and Thomas Friedman have proclaimed ad nausea that the MOOC “revolution” is a “tsunami” that will soon transform higher education. As a Time cover article on MOOCs put it — in a rhetorical flourish that has become a truly dead cliché — “College is Dead. Long Live College!”2. Where is the hype coming from? On the one hand, higher education is ripe for “disruption” — to use Clayton Christensen’s theory of “disruptive innovation” — because there is a real, systemic crisis in higher education, one that offers no apparent or immanent solution. It’s hard to imagine how the status quo can survive if you extend current trends forward into the future: how does higher education as we know it continue if tuition fees and student debt continue to skyrocket while state funding continues to plunge? At what point does the system simply break down? Something has to give.3.At the same time, the speed at which an obscure form of non-credit-based online pedagogy has gone so massively mainstream demonstrates the level of investment that a variety of powerful people and institutions have made in it. The MOOC revolution, if it comes, will not be the result of a groundswell of dissatisfaction felicitously finding a technology that naturally solves problems, nor some version of the market’s invisible hand. It’s a tsunami powered by the interested speculation of interested parties in a particular industry. MOOCs are, and will be, big business, and the way that their makers see profitability at the end of the tunnel is what gives them their particular shape.4. After all, when the term itself was coined in 2008 — MOOC, for Massively Open Online Course — it described a rather different kind of project. Dave Cormier suggested the name for an experiment in open courseware that George Siemens and Stephen Downes were putting together at the University of Manitoba, a class of 25 students that was opened up to over 1,500 online participants. The tsunami that made land in 2012 bears almost no resemblance to that relatively small — and very differently organized — effort at a blended classroom.For Cormier, Siemens, and Downes, the first MOOC was part of a long-running engagement with connectivist principles of education, the idea that we learn best when we learn collaboratively, in networks, because the process of learning is less about acquiring new knowledge “content” than about building the social and neural connections that will 1. 去年,“大规模在线开放课程”得到了广泛的宣传。
外研社英语选修八8所有单词 附中文
Module 4
instantly 立即马上 recognisable 能辨认的 伦敦东区土话 tell apart 区分开 matter 紧要要紧有关系 as long as 只要count 很重要很有价值 trace踪迹痕迹 nuique独一无二的独特的lie in 在于 intonation 语调 author 作者作家 ancestor 祖先前辈 apostrophe 表示所有格的撇号 link 联系 rhythm 节奏韵律 bilingual双语的会讲两种语言的 debate讨论辩论 complain 抱怨不满 telegraph 电报 media 新闻媒体 传媒 revolution 革命 investigate 调查 flavour 特点特色情调 acquire 得到获得 convinced 确信的信服的 telecommunication 电信 in conclusion 总之 furthermore 此外而且 a huge number of大量的 splendid 极好的优秀的 straightforward 简单易懂的 association 联系 ambiguous歧义的模糊的 dilemma 进退两难的境地 困难的抉择 explicit 清楚明白的 易于理解的 figurative 比喻的借喻的 relevant 有关的 切题的 absurd 荒谬的荒唐的 convey 传达 传递 concept 概念观念 thus 因此因而 get down to sth. 开始做某事 clarify 弄明白澄清 tendency 趋向倾向 disorganised 杂乱无章的 vague 不明确的含糊的 clumsy 笨拙的 select 挑选选择 metaphorical 隐喻的 暗喻的 significance意义含义 withdraw 收回撤销 reject 拒绝接受 potential 潜在的可能的 abuse 辱骂恶语 offence 得罪使伤感情 statesman政治家 betray 对……不忠 let sb down 使某人失望 overcome 征服战胜 prayer 祈祷文悼词 oppose 发对 prejudice 偏见歧视 resist 反抗抵抗 conflict 抵触 冲突 moral寓意教育意义superior 更好的更强的 status 地位 classify 将……分类 sex 性别 approval 赞许赞成 curiosity好奇心 fascination 着迷迷恋吸引力 tone 语气语调 initially 起初 candidate 投靠者应考人 spin-off 附带的结果 副产品
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
第八单元全球化Text A从柏柏尔人到巴赫的全球化之路马友友作为职业大提琴手已有三十余年,其间有整整二十个年头都一直奔波在巡演的路上,与此同时,我也致力于了解各种音乐的传统与文化。
正是这些旅途让我认识到文化传统在全球化的世界中所扮演的角色——为个体身份、社会安定与友好交流建立至关重要的框架。
当今世界变化日新月异,这必然会导致文化上的不稳定,人们也不禁对自身的定位产生疑问。
在全球化背景下,我们不得不屈从于他人的规则,因此常常会威胁到个体的特性。
这种处境令我们不安,因为屈从他人规则就意味着不得不改变我们坚守数千年并引以为傲的风俗习惯。
因此,当前全球化背景下的领导者们所面临的一个关键问题就是:如何才能在不牺牲个体特性与文化自豪感的同时,让各种文化和习俗逐渐发展到能够适应一个更大的平台呢?这些年的音乐之旅告诉我,全球化进程中的交流互动并不只会破坏文化,相反,它不仅能创造新的文化,而且还会为那些存在了几世纪的古老传统注入新的活力,使其被世界上更多的人熟知。
这一点与生态学上的群落“边缘效应”类似,后者本身是用来描述两个不同的生态系统交汇时的景象。
例如,在森林与大草原这两种生态系统的交界之处,存在着密度最小但种类最多的生命形态,而每一种形态都汲取了两种生态系统的精髓。
由此可见,有时候最有趣的事情往往发生在边缘地带,而交叉地带往往能够揭示出意想不到的联系。
文化,就像是聚集了世界各地瑰宝的拼图。
探索世界的途径之一正是深入地挖掘文化传统的核心。
举一个音乐领域的例子,每一位大提琴手的核心曲目都是巴赫的《无伴奏大提琴组曲》。
而每一个组曲的核心都是一种叫做萨拉班德舞(sarabande)的舞曲。
这种缓慢而感性的舞曲最早来自于北非柏柏尔人的音乐,随后流传到西班牙,但因当时人们认为曲子猥亵而遭到禁止。
后来西班牙人将这种舞曲又带到美洲,继而流传到了法国,在那里演化为一种庄严的宫廷舞蹈。
一直到十八世纪二十年代,巴赫才将萨拉班德舞曲作为一个乐章融入到他的组曲当中。
而现如今,我作为一名出生在法国巴黎的美籍华人,也在演奏着巴赫的这一组曲。
这样看来,萨拉班德舞曲到底属于谁呢?诚然,每一种文化都吸收了最初的音乐,并将其自身特点融入其中,而此时音乐也被各种文化共享:它属于我们每个人。
我于1998年创办了“丝绸之路”项目,旨在研究地中海和太平洋地区各种文化之间几千年来的思想交流。
当“丝绸之路”合奏团进行演出的时候,每个人都在同一个舞台上倾尽全力地展现来自世界各地不同的文化。
合奏团的成员大都是大演奏家以及传统文化大师,无论是来自欧洲,阿拉伯,阿塞拜疆,亚美尼亚,波斯地区,俄罗斯,中亚,印度,蒙古,中国,韩国还是日本,大师们都会倾尽所有地分享他们的知识,同时也对其他文化表达形式充满着好奇心与学习热情。
纵观过去几年,我们发现每一种传统都是一种成功的创造。
因此,确保传统得以延续的最好的方法之一就是利用我们现有的所有手段,让传统本身得以自然发展。
例如通过录音,或者制作影片;通过来自博物馆,大学,设计院校,或者各个城市的人们的参与;通过在课堂和运动场举办表演,艺术团的音乐家们,包括我在内,也在不断学习有价值的技能。
回国以后,我们再将所学的技能与其他人分享,以确保我们的传统在文化上占有一席之地。
不仅如此,我们还发现,在国外表演传统艺术能够激发国内传统实践者的热情与活力。
最重要的是,每次舞台表演都清晰地展现出艺术家们对于他国音乐的热情,他们彼此之间已然搭建起一条充满尊重与信任的友情纽带。
当然,此种令人愉悦的互动都是奔着一个所有成员都想实现的共同的伟大目标,因此每一次出现意见相左的情况都能通过友好的对话得以解决。
我们对彼此敞开心扉的时候,就像是在陌生的传统之间建起一座桥,消除了由变化和误解带来的恐惧。
换句话说,当看待世界的视野变得越来越开阔,人们往往就能更好地认识自我,更好地理解生活以及文化。
事实上,我们生存在这个渺小星球,和另一端的人所共有的东西比我们意识到的还要多。
认识这些文化共性的重要性并不只局限在艺术领域。
目前不只是伦敦,纽约或者东京这样的大都市,就连一些中等城市也在经历着大规模的人口迁移。
那么如何做到既保护每一种独特的生活习惯,又能让他们拥有共同的文化认同呢?人口迁徙是不是必须像过去那样,都得不可避免地走向反抗与纷争呢?那么住在德国的土耳其人,意大利的阿尔巴尼亚人,或是西班牙和法国的北非人又将何去何从呢?答案就是,蓬勃发展的文化驱动力将会帮助我们认识到,如何才能让不同的人和平共处,同时又不会牺牲其特性与个人身份。
而这和政治正确无关,重要的是承认每个人所珍视的东西,以及每种文化为世界带来的瑰宝。
若要教会学生如何在这样的世界上生存,我们需要什么样的教育呢?人们需要做些什么才能成为自己生命的主宰呢?在这个竞争激烈的阶级世界里,发展依靠着测验与测量结果,因此我想要指出四个对教育尤其重要的方面,这四点是不可被测量的,也很容易被人们忽略,但是它们的重要性毋庸置疑,而且我们每个人都可以做到。
当然,我的看法来自于我作为音乐家的经历。
第一个重点的基础就是音乐家和老师们拥有一致的目标,那就是让他们演奏或传授的东西难以被忘记。
这里的“难忘”指的是听众或者学生根据自己对音乐或者课题的经验而产生共鸣。
这样一来,演奏或者课堂的内容就会更容易被理解,可以鲜活地留在他们的脑海中,并且还能慢慢地与未来的经验建立联系。
当然我们各自的经历各异,但是我能肯定的是,每个人的生命中都有一位老师,启发并改变了我们的人生。
难忘的教育内容正是我所认为的第二个重点方面——是以热情为驱动力的教育的关键。
充满热情的教育能够唤醒学生,带他们认识更广阔的世界,激发其好奇心。
如此一来,学习要求就会转化为对学习的渴望,学习也就成了自觉完成的事情。
给充满学习热情的学生上课时一件令人愉悦的事情,同时,满腔热情的老师也更慷慨地分享自己所有的知识,这样以来就实现了教学相长。
充满热情的教育让学生更加自由,拥有更多自信去探索作为个体的价值所在,以及如何在这个世界上生存。
第三个重点叫做不逾矩的想象力。
想象力需要利用我们所有的智慧,感官,经验以及直觉来构建可能的场景。
凭借想象力,我们可以超越现实的时间空间,继而展望遥远的未来。
除了可以让我们有能力思考当今所需要的工具之外,想象力还能让我们为子孙后代着想,思索他们需要为这个共同的世界做哪些贡献。
作为艺术与科学发展的强大引擎,想象力是我们每个人都可以运用的资源。
除了不逾矩的想象力,最后一个重点就是共情能力。
能够摒弃偏见,设身处地地为他人着想是一项必不可少的技能。
当你深切地理解一样东西的时候,你就会拥有共情的能力,因此也能够建立很多意想不到的联系。
这样的情况下,你距离那些本来遥不可及的事情就会更近一步。
当我们面对这个专门化,分类化,充满着责任的世界时,共情能力作为根本的能力,能让我们真正地认识到自身为人类的一份子的这个身份。
世界本就错综复杂,教育者们不仅要帮助学生如何认清自己,同时也需要尽可能地开阔其眼界,因为这点至关重要。
只有当教育具备了这四个重点(难忘的教学内容设计,激发热情的学习动机,建立不逾矩的想象力,培养学生的共情能力),才能栽培出有能力积极创建未来的世界公民,而这个未来也一定会令我们所有人引以为傲。
Text B全球化之争理查德•W•曼斯巴赫,克里斯腾•L•拉弗蒂当今的全球化浪潮已然引发了来自不同群体的激烈讨论。
这其中不乏暴力的极端主义者,他们在不同场合聚众游行以反对全球化理念,抗议全球化进程,例如1999年在西雅图召开的世贸组织部长级会议,2001年在意大利热那亚召开的八国集团峰会,以及在2001年和2003年在瑞典哥德堡和希腊雅典举行的欧盟峰会都有他们的身影。
游行的队伍运用手机,加密的互联网信息以及电子邮件来扩大动员,其中的代表成员包括来自美国劳工联合会—产业工会联合会(AFL-CIO)的会员;善待动物组织(PETA)的动物权益保护者;美国激进环保组织—雨林行动网络(RAN),地球优先!(Earth First!),和山峦俱乐部(Sierra Club)的环保激进分子,以及来自全球交流组织(Global Exchange)和美国反全球化组织—直接行动网络(DAN)的人权保护人士。
激进的游行分子使用醋浸泡过的破布来对抗催泪瓦斯,钢丝铁网,聚氯乙烯(PVC)管,以及抵挡街道游行浪潮的铁臂人墙,还会用滚珠轴承和大理石弹珠来猛击警察的马。
最终,这些激进分子也袭击了警察,并且承认在西雅图、日内瓦等其他世贸组织会议上公开制造破坏和骚乱。
诚然,人们对全球化现象确实褒贬不一。
但很多反对者都对自己的主权国家拥有至高无上的忠诚,他们相信国家的存在能够保障他们的利益,特别是反全球化主义者们争辩说,在某些国家,例如欧洲和北美国家,公民自身享有决定自身命运的发言权,但是恰恰相反的是,他们在大型跨国企业的平台上,如欧盟或者世界贸易组织这些特殊的国际机构,以及经济市场上甚至几乎没有或完全没有发言权。
因此,他们认为,正是全球化造成了这种民主赤字,在这种环境下所建立的机构组织剥夺了员工的发言权,将人们抛入各种经济与文化力量的博弈中,无法掌控自我。
在他们眼中,全球化正在逐渐消解人们决定自身未来的能力及权利,进而导致疏远与焦虑情绪不断滋生,因为人们的生活都被那股他们无法控制或无法理解的遥远力量给打压到喘不过气来。
全球化反对者们认为全球市场迫使国家以及工业向外输出工作岗位,削减社会福利和卫生计划,让人们面对如此冷酷无情的全球资本主义世界时能够咬牙坚持,艰苦生存。
对此,他们向这个时代抛出很多尖锐的问题:如果国家丧失主权,有谁能够担当起全民谋福利的重任?又有谁能够维护公民的权利?谁来心系公民的经济需求,谁来伸张正义,又是谁将会维护国家利益?而这些反对者们的回答是“没有人”;当然,人们需要的不可能是那些正在兴起的全球各大公司的高管精英们,也不可能是那些全球化的主要受益者—即公司股东们。
总的来说,按照以上反对者的说法,全球化削减了公民身份的权利与责任,不论是在国家贡献,全民福利,还是民主参与方面都是如此。
据反对者所说,大型跨国联合企业以及金融机构的运作暗中损害了国家经济和社会政策,因此,他们联合起来针对贫困群体实施有组织的暴行。
除此之外,投资资本逐渐向环境和劳工标准低的国家转移,这将会造成人们多年来所奋斗的生活水平,工作水平和环境标准的继续降低。
在全球化的世界中,主张寡头政治的企业和银行在全世界搜寻廉价劳动力,在不同的国家之间转移工作,为了保有竞争力和谋取更多利润不惜破坏环境。
简而言之,全球化的反对者有时将这种为了追求全球最大化的竞争力而寻求廉价劳动力,给予工人最低程度的保护,制定最低的环境标准的行为称为“竞次”。
针对国际组织,例如国际货币基金组织和世界贸易组织的争议声仍不绝于耳,这些组织为了追求企业自身利益,不惜强迫国家政府执行有损于公民利益的政策,在贷款上制定苛刻的条件,来对抗那些本来就无力抵抗的弱势群体。