英语演讲选修课期末复习最后大总结

chapter 1ABCWhy Study Public SpeakingIncrease personal and social abilitiesEnhance your academic and career skillsRefine your general communication abilitiesIncrease your public speaking abilities….Increase Personal and Social Abilitiesself-awarenessself-confidencedealing with the fear of communicatingPublic Speaking VS ConversationPurpose: both communicate with a certain purposeAudience: a public speech is usually directed at more listeners.Feedback: public speaking is relatively uninterrupted discourse.Delivery: public speaking requires intensified volume of voice and bodily action.Materials and organization: public speeches are mostly prepared ones. Impromptu speeches are rare.The essentials of a speechObjective: why am I making this speech?Audience:whom am I making this speech to?Place:whereTime and lengthMethod of delivery:howContent:whatNotesRehearsal: identify weakness, practice difficult pronunciationsDealing with nervousnessAcquire speaking experiencePrepare, prepare, prepareThink positivelyUse the power of visualizationKnow that most nervousness is Not visibleDon’t expect perfectionAcquire Speaking ExperienceEnrolled in a public speaking courseStage fright: fear of the unknownLearning to give a speech is not much different from learning any other skill---it proceedsby trial and error. The purpose of your speech class is to shorten the process, to minimize the errors, to give you a nonthreatening arena---a sort of laboratory--- in which to undertake th e “trial”Think positivelyConfidence is mostly the well-known power of positive thinking.Negative Thought & Positive ThoughtI wish I didn’t have to give this speech.This speech is a chance for me to share my ideas and gain experience as a speaker.I am not a great public speaker.No one is perfect, but I am getting better with each speech I give.TermsPositive nervousness---controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for her or his presentation.Visualization---mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures herself or himself giving a successful presentation.Creat a vivid mental blurprint in which you see yourself succeeding in your speechOther tips for dealing with nervousnessBe at your best physically and mentally. A good night’s sleep will serve you better.As you are waiting to speak, quietly tighten and relax your leg muscles, or squeeze your hands together and then release them. Such actions help reduce tension by providing an outlet for your extra adrenaline.Take a couple slow, deep breaths before you start to speak. Most people take short and shallow breaths, which only reinforces their anxiety. Deep breathing breaks this cycle of tension and help calm your nerves.Work especially hard on your introduction. Research has shown that a speaker’s anxiety level begins to drop significantly after the first 30 seconds of a presentation Make eye contact with members of your audience. Remember that they are individual people, not a blur of faces. And they are your friends.Concentrate on communicating with your audience rather than on worrying about your stage fright. If you get caught up in your speech, your audience will too.Use visual aids. They create interest, draw attention away from you, and make you feel less self-conscious.chapter 2 topicSelecting a topic⏹Speeches outside the classroomthe occasion, the audience, the speaker’s qualifications⏹Speeches in the public speaking classno designated topic⏹What is a suitable speech topic?⏹Worthwhile⏹Appropriate⏹Limited in scopeSuitable topic⏹Worthwhilesignificant implications for the audience⏹Appropriateknow a lot, like to learn more⏹Limited in scopedividing the topic into several significant parts.⏹General purpose: the broad goal 总体目标⏹To inform: convey informationenhance the knowledge and understanding⏹To persuade: advocate or partisanChange or structure the attitudes or actionsDifference: explain or exhort⏹Specific purpose 具体目标to inform my audience about…to persuade my audience to …Explain ←→exhortSpecific Purpose⏹Specific purpose: ( single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes toaccomplish in his or her speech.). 简单的肯定句⏹Topic: Emergencies⏹General purpose: To inform⏹Specific purpose: To inform my audience of the major steps in responding to anemergencyTips for formulating the specific purpose statementTip 1: Write the purpose statement as a full infinitive phrase(完整的短语）, not as a fragment（片段）Tip 2Express your purpose as a statement, not as a question陈述句Tip 3 Avoid figurative language比喻语言Tip 4 Limit your purpose statement to one distinct idea, or one main pointTip 5Make sure your specific purpose is not too vague or generalPhrasing the central idea(Also called thesis statement, subject sentence, major thought )⏹What is the central idea?⏹Guidelines for the central ideaWhat is the central idea?⏹ A one-sentence statement that sums up the major ideas of a speech. It is what you wantthe audience to absorb from your speech.⏹In persuasive speechesarguable, debatable, take your stance⏹In informative speechesrelatively neutral and objective⏹The specific purpose of a speech is what you hope to accomplish.⏹The central idea is a concise statement of what you expect to say.⏹Guidelines for the central idea⏹The central idea1. Should be expressed in a full sentence2.should not be in the form of a question.3. should avoid figurative language4. should not be vague or overly generalSummary⏹Selecting a topic⏹Determining your general purpose⏹Determining your specific purpose⏹Phrasing your central ideaFour brainstorming procedures⏹Make a quick inventory of your hobbies, interests, skills, experiences, beliefs, and soforth.⏹Use the technique of clustering and write down on a sheet of paper the first topics thatcome to mind in several categories.⏹Look through a reference work for ideas⏹Use a World Wide Web subject directory such as Yahoo to help you scan possible topic.chapter 3 AnalysisAnalyzing the audience1. Audience-centeredness 以听众为中心2. The psychology of audience 听众的心理3. Demographic audience analysis 听众分析统计4. Situational audience analysis 听众分析的具体情形5. Adapting to the audience 适应听众1. Audience-centeredness▪Audience-centeredness: keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation.Questions to be asked when preparing▪To whom am I speaking?▪What do I want them to know, believe, or do as a result of my speech?▪What is the most effective way of composing and presenting my speech to accomplish that aim?(how)2. The psychology of audiences▪Question: what do you do when you listen to a speech?▪two messages:speaker, filter, listener▪people hear what they want to hear and disregard the rest.▪Question: what do people want to hear?▪Meaningful▪Egocentrism: The tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being.▪Listeners typically approach speeches with one question uppermost in mind: “Why is this important to me?”What do these psychological principles mean to you as a speaker?▪Listeners: what they already know▪Speakers: relate the message toTwo steps of demographic audience analysis⑴identifying the general demographic features of your audience⑵assessing the importance of those features to a particular speaking situationDemographic Audience Analysis▪Age▪Gender▪Sexual orientation▪Racial, ethnic and cultural background▪Religion4. Situational audience analysis:▪Situational factorsSizePhysical settingDisposition toward the topicDisposition toward the speakerDisposition toward the topic▪Interest▪Knowledge▪AttitudeDisposition toward the speaker▪keep in mind that your listeners will always have some set of attitudes toward you as a speaker.▪Estimating what those attitudes are and how they will affect your speech is a crucial part of situational audience analysis.Summary▪audience-centered.They know that the aim of speechmaking is to gain a desired response from listeners. When working on your speeches, keep three questions in mind:(1)To whom am I speaking?(2)What do I want them to know, believe, or do as a result of my speech?(3)What is the most effective way of composing and presenting my speech to accomplish that aim?▪Psychology of audience.People hear what they want to hear.EgocentricWhy is this important to me?chapter4 ntroduction1. Getting attention and interest(1)Relate the topic to the audience(2)State the importance of your topic(3)Startle the audience(4)Arouse the curiosity of the audience(5)Question the audience(6)Begin with a quotation(7)Tell a story2. Reveal the topic3. Establish credibility▪Credibility: the audience’s perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic.Your credibility need not be based on firsthand knowledge and experience. It can come from reading, from classes, from interviews, from friends.4 Preview the body of the speech▪Preview statement 预先叙说▪ A statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body of the speech.Tips for preparing the introduction1.Keep the introduction relatively brief. Under normal circumstances it should notconstitute more than 10 to 20 percent of your speech.2. Be on the lookout for possible introductory materials as you do your research. File them with your notes, so they will be handy when you are ready for them.3. Be creative in devising your introduction. Experiment with two or three different openings and choose the one that seems most likely to get the audience interested in your speech.4. Don’t worry about the exact wording of your introduction until you have finished preparing the body of the speech. After you have determined your main points, it will be much easier to make final decisions about how to begin the speech.5. Work out your introduction in detail. Some teachers recommend that you write it out word for word; others prefer that you outline it. Whichever method you use, practice the introduction over and over until you can deliver it smoothly from a minimum of notes and with strong eye contact. This will get your speech off to a good start and give you a big boost of confidence.Some common faults of introductions▪Don’t apologize.▪Don’t pretend▪Don’t make hollow promises ▪Don’t rely on gimmicks ▪Don’t preface your introductionchapter 5 conclusionTo let the audience know you are ending the speech•“In conclusion”•“One last thought”•“In closing”•“My purpose has been”•“Let me end by saying”Reinforce the central idea1. Summarize your speech2. End with a quotation3. Make a dramatic statement4. Refer to the introduction5. MotivateTips for preparing the conclusion1. As with the introduction, keep an aye out for possible concluding materials as you research and develop the speech.2. Conclude with a bang, not a whimper. Be creative in devising a conclusion that hits the hearts and minds of your audience. Work on several possible endings, and select the one that seems likely to have the greatest impact.3.Do not be long-winded. The conclusion will normally make up no more than about 5 to10 percent of your speech. Nothing aggravates audiences more than a speaker who says,“In conclusion”and keeps on talking.⏹chapter 6 -7 language_delivery⏹Language is important⏹Meaning of words⏹Using language accurately⏹Using language clearly⏹Using language vividly⏹Using language appropriately⏹ A note on inclusive languageUsing language clearly1. Use familiar words2. Choose concrete words3. Eliminate clutter2. Choose concrete words⏹Concrete words: words that refer to tangible objects⏹Abstract words: words that refer to ideas or concepts⏹Keep this in mind: few words are completely abstract or concrete. Abstractness andconcreteness are relative.Two main ways to use moving and vivid language: imagery and rhythm1. Imagery: (意象）The use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions or ideas.It is a word picture that gets you totally involved.Three ways to generate imagery:A. Concrete wordsB. Simile（明喻）An explicit comparison introduced with the word “like” or“as” between things that are essentially different yet have something in common. Example:C. Metaphor （暗喻）Unlike simile, metaphor does not contain the words “like” or “as”.2. Rhythm（节奏）The pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words.Four basic stylistic devices to improve the rhythmA. Parallelism（排比）: the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences. Examples:①Rich and poor, intelligent and ignorant, wise and foolish, virtuous and vicious, man andwoman---it is ever the same, each soul must depend wholly on itself.(Elizabeth Cady Stanton)②There is no Negro problem. There is no Southern problem. There is no Northern problem. There is only an American problem. (Lyndon Johnson)③I speak as a Republican. I speak as a woman. I speak as a United Sates Senator. I speak as an American.(Margaret Chase Smith)B. RepetitionRepeating the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences①When you see your street, see my street. When you see your house, see my house. When you see your children, see my children. (Whitney Young, Jr.)②We will not tire, we will not falter, we will not fail. (George W .Bush)C. Alliteration（头韵法）Repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words. Examples:①Peace is essential for progress, but progress is no less essential for Peace. (Liaquat Ali Khan)②In a nation founded on the promise of human dignity, our colleges, our communities, our country should challenge hatred wherever we find it. (Hillary Rodham Clinton)D. Antithesis 对比法The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure. Examples:①Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. (John. F. Kennedy)②Your success as a family, our success as a society, depends not on what happens at the White House, but on what happens inside your house. (Barbara Bush)Using language appropriately恰当地使用语言1. Appropriate to the occasion2. Appropriate to the audience3. Appropriate to the topic4. Appropriate to the speakerA NOTE ON INCLUSIVE LANGUAGE⏹Inclusive language: language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on thebasis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors.Four basic methods of delivering a speech⏹Reading from a manuscript: A speech that is written out word for word and read to theaudience.⏹Reciting from memory⏹Speaking impromptu: a speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation.⏹Speaking extemporaneously: A carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that ispresented from a brief set of notes.The speaker’s voiceThe aspects of voice you should work to control are:⏹V olume 音量⏹Pitch 音高⏹Rate 频率⏹Pauses 停顿⏹V ocal variety 嗓音变化⏹PronunciationThe speaker’s voice⏹volume : the loudness or softness of the speaker’s voice.⏹Pitch: t he highness or lowness of the speaker’s voice.⏹Rate: the speed at which a person speaks.T he speaker’s body1. Personal appearance2. Movement3. Gestures4. Eye contactThere are four basic methods of delivering a speech, They are⏹Reading from a manuscript.⏹Reciting from memory⏹Speaking impromptu⏹Speaking extemporaneouslychapter 8 SpecialSpeeches on special occasions1. Speech of introduction介绍性演讲2. Speech of presentation赠与演讲3. Speeches of acceptance受奖演讲4. Speeches of tribute赞扬5. Speeches of welcome 欢迎6. Speech of farewell欢送1. Speech of introduction▪ a speech that introduces the main speaker to the audience.Three purposes be achieved in the introduction▪Build enthusiasm for the upcoming speaker▪Build enthusiasm for the speaker’s topic▪Establish a welcoming climate that will boost the speaker’s credibilityGuidelines for speeches of introduction▪Be brief▪Make sure your remarks are completely accurate▪Don’t take the speaker’s job▪Adapt your remarks to the main speaker▪Try to create a sense of anticipation and drama▪Adapt your remarks to the audience比尔盖茨在清华大学的演讲.flv2. Speech of presentation▪ A speech that presents someone a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognitionGuidelines▪State the purpose of the award▪Focus on the accomplishments of the recipient▪Avoid over-praising3. Speeches of acceptance▪ A speech that gives thanks for a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition ▪ A speech of acceptance usually includes the following three steps.The first step▪Thank those who grant you the awardThe second step▪Thank those who helped you attain the award.The third step▪Accept the award graciously4.Speeches of tribute5. A speech that honors a person, a group or an event.6. A special form of the speech of tribute is the eulogy, a speech of praise usually given for thosewho have recently died. A minister performing a funeral usually gives a speech of eulogy by praising and honoring the deceased.Speeches of tribute 我有一个梦想.flv▪Establish noble themes▪Be sincere▪Connect with the audience▪Appeal to the audiencechapter 9 supportingThree kinds of supporting materials⏹examples 实例⏹testimony 证词⏹statistics 统计数据Hypothetical example⏹An example that describes an imagery or fictitious situation 描述的是想象或虚构的情形Tips for using examples1. Use examples to clarify your ideas说明2. Use examples to reinforce your ideas强化3. Use examples to personalize your ideas使思想个人化II．Testimony⏹Testimony ---quotations or paraphrases used to support a point.引用或释义的用于支持观点的话---Expert testimony 专家证词---Peer testimony 普通人证词Tips for Using testimony1. quote or paraphrase accurately: make sure you do not misquote someone; make sure you do not violate the meaning of statements you paraphrase; make sure you do not quote out of context2. Use testimony from qualified sources. That is, use testimony from recognized experts or ordinary citizens with special experience on the speech topic.3. Use testimony from unbiased sources. Be sure to use testimony from credible, competent, objective authorities.4. Identify the people you quote or paraphrase. The usual way to identify your source is to name the person and sketch her or his qualifications before presenting the testimonyask yourself the following two questions:⏹Are the statistics representative?⏹Are the statistics from a reliable source?⏹Tips for using statistics1. Use statistics to quantity your ideas2. Use statistics sparingly3. Identify the source of your statistics4. Explain your statistics5. Round off complicated statistics6. Use visual aids to clarify statistical trends⏹C hapter 10 informative⏹Informative speech: a speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding⏹To enhance the knowledge and understanding of your listeners--- to give theminformation they did not have before⏹Convey clearly accurately interestinglyOrganizational methods⏹Chronological order 编年顺序⏹Spatial order 空间顺序⏹Topical order 主题顺序⏹Causal order⏹Problem-solution orderOther methods of speech organization⏹Causal order:A show a cause-effect relationship. method of speech organization inwhich the main points⏹Problem-solution order: A method of speech organization in which the first main pointdeals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.⏹(Problem-cause-solution order)Speeches about process⏹Process: A systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product.⏹Speeches of process explain how something is made, how something is done, or howsomething works.3. Speeches about events⏹Event: Anything that happens or is regarded as happening.⏹chronological order----to recount the history of an event,⏹causal order ----to explain the causes and effects4. Speech about concepts⏹Concept: A belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like.⏹Speeches about concepts are usually organized in topical order. One common approach isto list the main features or aspects of your concept.Guidelines for informative speaking●Don’t overestimate what the audience knows.* Lead your audience step by step and explain everything thoroughly.2. Relate the subject directly to the audience* What is fascinating to the speaker may not be fascinating to everybody.* Get your listeners involved3. Don’t be too technical* Simple, clear language is needed.4. Avoid abstractionsOne way to avoid abstractions is through description (a statement that depicts a person, event, idea, or the like with clarity and vividness)Another way to escape abstraction is with comparisons (A statement of the similarities among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.)5. Personalize your ideaschapter11 persuasiveI. Persuasive speeches on questions of fact⏹Questions of fact ---A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion.⏹We do not know enough information to know what it isWill the economy be better or worse next year?Will another earthquake strike California before the year 2010?⏹The facts are murky or inclusiveWhat will happen next in the Middle East?Is sexual orientation genetically determined?Speeches On questions of fact are usually organized topicallyII. Persuasive speeches on questions of value⏹Questions of value? ---A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of anidea or action.⏹What is the best movie of all time? Is the cloning of human beings morally justifiable?What are the ethical responsibilities of journalists?⏹Matter of fact, value judgments⏹Speeches on questions of value are mostly organized topically⏹Your first main point is to establish the standards for your value judgment. 树立价值判断的标准⏹Your second main point is to apply those standards to the subject.III. Persuasive speeches on questions of policyQuestions of policy ---A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.是否采取行动What to do during spring vocation?Which strategy to use in selling a product?How to maintain economic growth and protect the enviroment ?⏹They are to decide whether something should or should not be done.2. Organizing speeches on Questions of policy●Problem-solution order●Problem-cause-solution order●Comparative Advantage order●D. Monroe’s motivated sequenceD. Monroe’s motivated sequence门罗促动顺序⏹ A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action.⏹The five steps of the motivated sequence are:1. attention2. need3. satisfaction4. visualization（形象化）5. actionPart 2: Methods of persuasionListeners will be persuaded by a speaker from one or more of four reasons:I. credibility.II. evidence.III. reasoning.IV. emotionsI. Building credibility⏹Factors of credibility:A. Competence---how an audience regards a speaker’s intelligen ce, expertise, and knowledge of the subject.B. Character---how an audience regards a speaker’s sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well-being of the audience.2. Establishing common ground with your audience⏹Creating common ground---a technique in which a speaker connects himself or herselfwith the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience.3. Deliver your speeches fluently, expressively, and with convictionII. Using evidenceTips for using evidence1. Use specific evidence.2. Use novel evidence.3. Use evidence from credible sources4. Make clear the point of your evidence.III. Reasoning⏹Reasoning---the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence.⏹Four types of reasoning:1. Reasoning from specific instances2. Reasoning from principle3. Causal reasoning4. Analogical reasoningGuidelines for reasoning from specific instancesA. Avoid generalizing too hastily, make sure your sample of specific instances is large enough to justify your conclusion.B. Be careful with your wording. If your evidence does not justify a conclusion, qualify your argument.C. Reinforce your argument with statistics and testimony2. Reasoning from principle⏹---Reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion. For instance:⏹All people are mortal.⏹Socrates is a person.⏹Therefore, Socrates is mortal.3. Causal reasoning---Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects.⏹There is a patch of ice on the sidewalk. You slip, fall, and break your arm. You reason asfollows: “Because that patch of ice was there, I fell and broke my arm.” or⏹“If the patch of ice hadn’t been there, I wouldn’t have fallen and broken my arm.”⏹4. Analogical reasoning（类比推理）---Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second.⏹If you are good at racquetball, you’ll be great at Ping-Pang.⏹In Great Britain the general election campaign fro Prime Minister lasts less than threeweeks. Surely we can do the same with the U.S presidential election.IV. Appealing to emotions⏹Emotional appeals are intended to make listeners feel sad, angry, guilty, afraid, happy,proud, sympathetic, reverent, or the like. These are often appropriate reactions when the question is one of value or policy.⏹Guidelines for generating emotional appeal⏹ 1. Use emotional language2. Develop vivid example3. Speak with sincerity and conviction。