阅读理解之科普类说明文答案解析

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【说明文阅读真题分类精讲】专题12：生活科普(三)(解析版)

2020年中考高分秘籍之真题分类精解（说明文阅读）专题12 生活科普（三）一、（2019·湖南娄底）阅读下面的文章，完成17—18题。

防晒，要注意环境友好①当我们在海边尽情玩要时，可能意识不到涂抹的防晒霜，会对海洋生态造成影响。

②春节假期，不少朋友去海边度假，防晒霜成了行囊中的必备品。

可是，你有没有想过，防晒霜可能会给海洋生态带来伤害?③目前市面上的防晒霜大致分为两种:物理性防晒霜和化学性防晒霜。

物理性防硒霜中主要含有二氧化钛或者氧化锌，通过反射阳光起到保护皮肤的作用；化学性防晒霜含有人工合成有机物，通过吸收和过滤紫外线来降低对皮肤的伤害。

两种防晒霜各有优缺点，分别受到不同肤质人群的喜爱。

④化学性防晒霜中比校常见的防晒剂有羟苯甲酮、甲氧基肉桂竣辛酯,有研究人员在实验室和数个热带野外地区发现，羟苯甲酮可能威胁到海洋生物,尤其是珊瑚的生存。

⑤研究表明，由于游客众多，在一些热门旅游地，每年有大量防晒霸最终被冲刷到珊瑚礁中。

当一段时间内，某片海域内化学成分产生生物富集作用，珊瑚就会驱逐共生在它们身上的藻类，也就是产生珊瑚的“白化”现象。

如果这一现象待续下去，珊瑚可能会死亡。

⑥为此，已经有旅游胜地颁布了官方禁令。

禁止游客使用和商店销售含有羟苯甲酮、甲氧基肉桂酸辛酯等成分的防晒霜。

⑦面对强烈的紫外线,防晒工作不能不做，但想要威少防晒霜对海洋生物的伤害，我们可以选用成分更加简单的物理性防晒霜，或者更多采取帽子、披肩、遮阳伞等“硬防晒"措施,用自己力所能及的实际行动保护海洋生态。

⑧在公众生态意识提升的大背景下,对护肤品厂商而言，研发更加“环境友好”的防晒产品也许是未来的商机所在。

⑨当然，防晒霜不是海洋生物的唯一敌人，过度捕捞、水污染等也会破坏海洋生态。

保护海洋，人类还有很长的路要走。

(2019年2月14.日《人民日报》) 17.选文深用了什么说明顺序?请简要分析。

(3分)【答案】逻辑顺序【解析】此题考查句子的说明顺序的能力。

2019高考英语试题分项版解析专题16 科普类说明文(含解析)

专题16 科普类说明文2019高考题D【2019·全国I】We may think we're a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices(装置) well after they go out of style. That’s bad news for the environment — and our wallets — as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life — from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation — Desktop computers, basic mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007.As we accumulated more devices, however, we didn't throw out our old ones. "The living-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids' room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV in every room of the house," said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. We're not just keeping these old devices — we continue to use them. According to the analysis of Babbitt's team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions（排放）more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.So what's the solution（解决方案）? The team's data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.32. What does the author think of new devices?A. They are environment-friendly.B. They are no better than the old.C. They cost more to use at home.D. They go out of style quickly.33. Why did Babbitt's team conduct the research?A. To reduce the cost of minerals.B. To test the life cycle of a product.C. To update consumers on new technology.D. To find out electricity consumption of the devices.34. Which of the following uses the least energy?A. The box-set TV.B. The tablet.C. The LCD TV.D. The desktop computer.35. What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices?A. Stop using them.B. Take them apart.C. Upgrade them.D. Recycle them.【答案】32. A 33. D 34. B 35. A【解析】本文是一篇科普说明文。

高考语文专题(19)科普文章阅读及答案

专题十九科普文章阅读[学法——理清顺序，品味语言] [视情选学，有备无患] [把握文体特征]明结构，快读文；知特点，准做题科普文章近乎以前提到的科技说明文，指研究自然科学及技术方面的文章，包括物理学、化学、植物学、矿物学、生理学和数学等以及它们大大小小、远远近近的分支。

近几十年来，众多的边缘学科的形成，更使这一领域日新月异，令人目不暇接。

科普文章的阅读成为高考中现代文阅读的重要组成部分。

因此，本专题从把握科普文章的定义与文体特点入手，让考生学会阅读科普文章，并运用基本的阅读方法掌握科普文章的内容概要。

一、科普文章的内涵科普就是科学技术普及的简称。

人类的科学和技术活动，包括两个方面：一是科学技术的研究与开发，二是科学技术的传播与人才培养。

因此，科普是科技工作的重要组成部分。

科普文章就是把人类研究开发的科学知识、科学方法，以及融化于其中的科学思想和科学精神，通过多种方法、多种途径传播到社会的方方面面，使之为公众所理解，用以开发智力、提高素质、培养人才、发展生产力，并使公众有能力参与科技政策的决策活动，促进社会的物质文明和精神文明建设。

二、科普文章的类别科普文章大致可分为两种：一种是科学说明文，一种是科学小品。

高考试卷中的选文大多采用科学小品，科学小品是带有文学色彩的科技说明文，形式简短，内容通俗，语言既准确简明又形象生动，融知识性与趣味性于一体。

这里主要介绍科学小品的相关知识：1．科学小品的概念科学小品是一种以科学为题材的小品文。

它用文学笔法来写，寓科学性、知识性、趣味性、娱乐性为一体，使读者在文学欣赏中获得科学知识。

科学小品一般短小精悍、通俗易懂、语言丰富多彩、形式生动活泼，读这类文章能活跃思维、丰富知识、开阔视野，很受广大读者的喜爱。

2．科学小品的主要特点(1)内容的科学性科学小品的科学性非常重要，内容必须合乎科学，引用的资料必须可靠，数据必须准确。

写科学小品的目的就是向人们普及科学知识，如果介绍的知识不合乎科学，不仅达不到写作目的，还会造成很坏的影响。

高中语文科普文章类文本阅读专项训练(讲义及答案)及解析

高中语文科普文章类文本阅读专项训练(讲义及答案)及解析一、科普文章类文本阅读1．阅读下面的文字，完成下列小题。

材料一：因为宇宙辽阔无垠，所以那些我们所熟悉的适用于地球的量度单位——米、英里等等已经没有意义。

我们用光速来量度距离。

一束光每秒钟传播18．6万英里，约30万公里，也就是7倍于地球的周长。

一束光从太阳传播到地球用8分钟的时间，因此我们可以说，太阳离我们8光分。

一束光在一年之内约穿过10万亿公里的空间，这个单位称为1光年。

地球是宇宙中的一个地方，但决不是唯一的地方，也不是一个典型的地方。

任何行星、恒星或星系都不可能是典型的，因为宇宙中的大部分是空的。

唯一典型的地方在广袤、寒冷的宇宙真空之中，在星际空间永恒的黑夜里。

相比之下，行星，恒星和星系就显得特别稀罕而珍贵。

假如我们被随意搁置在宇宙之中，我们附着或旁落在一个行星上的机会只有1/l033。

在日常生活当中，这样的机会是“令人羡慕的”。

可见天体是多么宝贵。

（摘编自卡尔·萨根《宇宙的边疆》）材料二：现代大爆炸理论目前是解释宇宙起源的主流理论，它预测我们身处的这个宇宙来自于暴胀，即在宇宙大爆炸发生后的极短时间内，宇宙以指数形式膨胀。

宇宙学家普遍认为，一旦开始，在宇宙中的某些区域内，它就永远不会停止。

在这些区域内，量子效应会使暴胀永远进行下去。

所以从整个宇宙来看，暴胀的过程是没有终点的。

在这个被称作“永恒暴胀”的理论中，我们的可观测宇宙只是一个宜居的“口袋宇宙”，是一个暴胀已经停止而恒星和星系得以形成、生命得以出现的局部区域而已。

2017年接受采访时，霍金表示：“永恒暴胀理论通常预测我们的宇宙像是一个无限的分形，其中布满被暴胀海洋分隔开的不同的口袋宇宙。

一个口袋宇宙中的物理和化学定律可能和另一个口袋宇宙中的定律完全不同，这样就共同组成了一个多重宇宙。

”在采访中，霍金表示他不是多重宇宙理论的支持者，“因为如果多重宇宙中不同的宇宙太大甚至是无限大的话，这个理论不可能被检验。

统编版五年级语文下册素材科普类文章阅读(附答案)

五年级阅读理解——科普类文章阅读【知识梳理】（一）科普文的阅读方法科普文一般是以通俗的形式介绍某种事物或现象，说明它的形态、特征、性质、意义、成因及其功能和作用等。

1.要弄清文章的基本内容科普文以说明为主要表达方式，它说明的内容具有科学性，不夸大，不缩小；表述具有条理性，先说什么后说什么，顺序清楚，层次分明。

我们在阅读时首先要弄清楚文章叙述的事物的概念、特点、构造、作用等，这样才能了解和掌握相关的知识。

2.要理解文章中介绍的事物或现象的实际功能及其对人类的作用3.学习文章中介绍、说明的表达方式科普文常借助一些说明方法，如下定义、作诠释、分类别、举例子、打比方、作比较、列图表等来表达要说明事物特点或介绍的科学知识，有些科普文还采用童话、拟人等形象生动的手法。

科普文实际上属于说明文，主要运用举例子、作比较、列数字等说明方法介绍有关自然科学知识。

科普文的特点：科学性：1.实用性，与生活密切相关，容易引起读者的注意2.知识性，向读者介绍有关知识，增强认识，引发思考启发人们注意有关问题3.客观性，介绍对象客观存在，有时不带主观感情。

文学性：为增加趣味性，有时运用描写，多种表现手法，并运用修辞等。

通俗性：通俗易懂，趣味性强。

结构特点：结构一般为“倒金字塔”：第一部分先引出话题，介绍新工艺、新技术、新见解、新成果或新问题、新挑战，后面从不同角度具体介绍这个“新”，介绍它的形态、构造、成因、功用、原理、演变、发展、现状、评讲等。

说明顺序：一般有空间顺序、时间顺序和逻辑顺序（原因到结果、主要到次要、整体到部分、概括到具体、现象到本质、特点到用途、总分总等）科普文的整体布局还有漫画式、访问式、穿插式、拟人式、问答式等多种形式；局部安排一般有引用材料、讲述故事、设置悬念、留下问题等。

表达方式（1）记叙（科普文一般不采用）议论描写抒情说明（2）说明方法下定义：准确揭示概念内涵特征举例子：使说明对象更具体，更有说服力引用（事例、数据、名言格言谚语、神话、新闻报道、轶事趣闻）突出说明对象特征，增强趣味性。

阅读理解(科普类说明文)

2020高考英语全国II卷BSome parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知) after controlling for differences in parents’ income,education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate(旋转)and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement.The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of children in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than parents of girls.The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.24. In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play?A. Building confidence.B. Developing spatial skills.C. Learning self-control.D. Gaining high-tech knowledge.25.What did Levine take into consideration when designing her experiment？A. Parents’ age.B. Children’s imagination.C. Parents’ education.D. Child-parent relationship.26. How do boy differ from girls in puzzle play?A. They play with puzzles more often.B. They tend to talk less during the game.C. They prefer to use more spatial language.D. They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.27. What is the text mainly about?A. A mathematical method.B. A scientific study.C. A woman psychologistD. A teaching program.2020山东卷阅读理解DAccording to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions （份）, it’s the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly（表面上）participate in a study about movie viewership. Before the film began, each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first. In her natural state, the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds.Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The participants followed suit, taking more food than they normally would have. However, they took significantly more when the actor was thin.For the second test, in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls. In the other case, she took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test: the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces.The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we’re making decisions. If this fellow participant is going to eat more, so will I. Call it the “I’ll have what she’s having” effect. However, we’ll adjust the influence. If an overweight person is having a large portion, I’ll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I’ll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can’t I?12. What is the recent study mainly about?A. Food safety.B. Movie viewership.C. Consumer demand.D. Eating behavior.13. What does the underlined word "beanpoles" in paragraph 1 refer to?A. Big eaters.B. Overweight persons.C. Picky eaters.D. Tall thin persons.14. Why did the researchers hire the actor?A. To see how she would affect the participants.B. To test if the participants could recognize her.C. To find out what she would do in the two tests.D. To study why she could keep her weight down.15. On what basis do we "adjust the influence" according to the last paragraph?A. How hungry we are.B. How slim we want to be.C. How we perceive others.D. How we feel about the food.2020深圳第二次线上测试Pinocchio may be just a children’s fairy tale, but Spanish scientists at the University of Granada recently investigated this so-called “Pinocchio effect” and found that our noses don’t grow when we tell a lie, but actually shrink a bit.Dr. Gómez Milán and his team developed a lie detector test that used thermography（体温计）to tell if people were lying, and found that whenever participants in their research were being untruthful, the temperature of the tip of their nose dropped up to 1.2℃, while the temperature of their forehead increased up to 1.5℃. Scientist also found that drop in temperature at nose level actually caused it to slightly shrink, although the difference is undetected by the human eye.“One has to think in order to lie, which rises the temperature of the forehead,” Dr. Gómez Milán explained the findings. “At the same time we feel anxious, which lowers the temperature of the nose.”For this study, researchers asked a number of 60 students to perform various tasks while their temperature is scanned by technology. One of these tasks required making a 3 to 4 minutes call to their parents or a friend and telling a significant lie. Participants had to make up the lie themselves during the call. Interestingly, this lie detector picked up the “Pinocchio effect” temperature difference in 80 percent of the test subjects, which is a better rate of success than that of any modern lie detector.“With this method we have achieved to increase accuracy”, said Dr. Gómez Milán, who added that law enforcement interviewers could one day combine other lie detection technology with thermal imaging to achieve better results.1.Why does the writer talk about Pinocchio in the first paragraph?A.To tell a fairy tale.B.To give an example.C.To talk about a scientist.D.To introduce the topic.2.What is “Pinocchio effect”?A.Our noses will grow when we tell a lie.B.Our noses will shrink when we tell a lie.C.The temperature of the forehead falls if we lie.D.The temperature of the student rises for anxiety.3.How did Dr. Gómez Milán feel about the lie detector?A.Doubtful.B.Surprised.C.Confident.D.Puzzled.4.What lesson can we learn from the text?A.A lie will travel very hard.B.Many ways to bring a liar to light.C.A lie never lives to be old.D.Once a liar always a liar.2018北京高考阅读CPlastic-Eating WormsHumans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost half of that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋场), and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans. So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms’ chewing alon e was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste(糊状物) and applied it to plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass — apparently broken down by enzymes (酶) from the worms’ stomachs. The ir findings were published in Current Biology in 2017.Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms’ ability to break down their everyday food — beeswax — also allows them to break down plastic. “Wax is a complex mixture, but the basic bond in polyethylene, the carbon-carbon bond, is there as well, ”she explains, “The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond. ”Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved in the study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. But compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)?Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team’s findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process — not simply “millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.”43. What can we learn about the worms in the study?A. They take plastics as their everyday food.B. They are newly evolved creatures.C. They can consume plastics.D. They wind up in landfills.44. According to Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step of the study is to .A. identify other means of the breakdownB. find out the source of the enzymeC. confirm the research findingsD. increase the breakdown speed45. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might .A. help to raise wormsB. help make plastic bagsC. be used to clean the oceansD. be produced in factories in future46. What is the main purpose of the passage?A. To explain a study method on worms.B. To introduce the diet of a special worm.C. To present a way to break down plastics.D. To propose new means to keep eco-balance.2020高考英语全国II卷B keys:BCDB24.B 细节理解题。

科普文阅读理解(用)

常见的十一种设误方法 10、范围不清
自然界有许多植物的叶子会运动，比如含羞草、合欢等豆科植物白天张开叶子，晚上会合上叶子“睡眠”；捕绳草的叶子能闭合起来，捕食苍蝇等昆虫。像含羞草、合欢等植物的这种“睡眠运动”自古以来就受到人们的关注，可是植物为什么会睡眠，却一直是个不解之迷。
从原文看，以下对“植物睡眠”的理解，正确的一项是 A.指植物的叶子为适应外界环境而自动闭合起来的现象。 B.指含羞草、合欢等植物晚上把叶子自动闭合起来的现象。 C.指所有豆科植物都具有的晚上把叶子闭合起来的现象。 D.指豆科植物和捕蝇草等所具有的叶子闭合起来的现象。
6. 理清说明的顺序：紧扣说明对象，根据其特定的说明顺序，或按时间、空间、或按事物自身的构成，或按事物发展，或按事理逻辑来划分。主要有：空间顺序,时间顺序，逻辑顺序逻辑顺序：原因——结果主要——次要整体——部分概括——具体现象——本质特点——用途总说——分说——总说
【试题】关于中医学与西医学的比较，下列说法中符合原文意思的一项是（）（湖南卷第8题） B.中医学能治疗包括中风在内的所有疑难杂症，西医学对这些病则感到束手无策。
常见的十一种设误方法
2、张冠李戴
主要指命题人在解释概念，或转述文意时，故意弄错对象，迷惑考生，使考生误入歧途。
【对应文段】宋朝统治者为什么如此重视“茶马互市”呢？ ……迫使朝廷同西南地区少数民族保持友好关系，以便集中力量与西北少数民族政权杭衡。“茶马互市”除了为朝廷提供一笔巨额茶利收入补充军费之需外，更重要的是，既满足了国家对战马的需要，又维护了宋朝西南边境的安全。（第二段）那么，藏族为什么也很重视“茶马互市”呢？因为藏族非常喜欢饮茶……对于长期以自给自足的自然经济为主的藏族来说，他们并不需要外界供给很多东西，但茶叶却是绝对不可缺少的。（第三段）彼此不分

高考语文科普说明文阅读理解专项训练及答案

高考语文科普说明文阅读理解专项训练及答案解题方法一、科普文章的含义科普文章是一种以科学技术知识为题材，用文艺性笔调写成的文章。

它兼有说明文和散文两种文体类型的特征和性质。

它方便、灵活、适应面广，可在各学科之间纵横驰骋，甚至将自然科学、现实生活、社会科学合为一体，融说理、抒情于一体，兼有杂文的犀利、论文的深刻、散文的情致、随笔的轻松甚至诗的清醇。

二、科普文章的文体特点1、短小性。

它篇幅小，然而就其知识容量、主题意义、现实作用又可以很大。

它旁征博引，尺幅千里，能及时反映科学上新的事物、思想、方法和动态。

2、知识性。

它普及科学知识，把科学的最新信息常州给读者。

它常常把握住现实生活中的某一事物或现象，用正确的理论，去进行科学的解释，纠正常识错误，从而使读者了解世界万物变化、运动的规律。

3、文学性。

它要以优美文字、形象手法，来表达科学内容。

它常采用比喻、拟人等文学手法和故事、对话、散文等形式及通俗、形象、幽默等语言，生动活泼、情趣盎然地介绍科学知识。

4、思想性。

它往往以具体细小的事物，阐发一点耐人寻味的哲学道理，给人起启示，发人深省。

三、阅读科普文章，要注意把握好两个层面的目标和要求：一是科学与人文的层面。

也可以说是科学的人文性。

从科学中吸取智慧与力量，体会求实的科学态度和勇于探索创新的科学精神。

另一个是知识和能力的层面。

要根据科学小品这一体裁的特点，学会筛选并整合文中有用信息，把握作者的写作思路，重点研习将抽象内容说明得具体生动的技巧。

四、科普文章阅读的基本要求①首先把它作为科技说明文来看待1、理清说明顺序。

了解并记住说明文常使用的说明顺序。

主要有空间、时间、逻辑顺序。

逻辑顺序又包含从原因到结果、从主要到次要、从整体到局部、从概括到具体、从总说到分说、从现象到本质、从特点到用途等。

在段落中尽量找到表示说明顺序的显著的语言标志。

2、掌握结构特点。

说明文的总体结构通常分为三部分，即引出说明对象、详细解说对象（主体部分）、总结说明对象。

部编版语文四年级下册课外阅读-科普说明文专题(含答案)

课外阅读-科普说明文专题会说话的植物植物有语言吗?它能说长道短吗?年轻的英国植物研究专家希拉米·鲁拉德研究成功一种植物语言翻译器--植物探测仪，可以清晰地听到植物说话的声音，背上仪器，戴上耳机，把仪器的一根线头和植物叶子相接，这根导线就可以振动，生物电子翻译器立即对这种振动进行翻译，在耳机内便可清晰地听到植物对话的声音，植物会向人们诉说是饥是饱、是冷是热，是涝是旱。

意大利发明家发明了一种能和植物讲话的对讲仪。

他将植物连接在对讲仪的电极上，便听到了植物的“讲话”声，然后根据植物发出的信息翻译密码，辨别出“热”“冷”“渴”和其他简单的词汇。

一般来说，在正常情况下，植物的“说话”声是有节奏的，伴有欢快的音乐曲调，而当遇到刮风等灾难性天气时，植物的“讲话”则变得低沉、紊乱。

它们在养料充足时，声音高;在养料缺乏时，“讲话”声音就很微弱。

1.找出画线句子中的几组反义词。

（3分）（）—（）（）—（）（）—（）2.希拉米•鲁拉德研究成功植物语言翻译器叫做，通过它能。

（2分）海南的椰树（10分）在美丽富饶的海南岛，无论到什么地方，都可以看到一排排高耸入云、挺拔秀丽的四季常绿树木，这就是人们喜爱的椰树。

海南岛以椰树闻名，省会海口市也被称为椰城。

海南岛种植椰树始于汉代，至今已有两千多年的历史。

椰树的用途很广，具有很高的经济价值。

椰子汁是天然的饮料，清甜可口，营养丰富。

椰肉可加工成椰蓉，还可榨取椰油，制取椰奶。

椰油可以食用，还可用来制蜡烛、肥皂、香料和化妆品。

椰壳可制成独特的工艺品"椰雕"，还可以制成工业原料活性炭。

老椰树树干质地坚硬，纹理美观，可制作精美的家具。

椰根还能入药，能治痢疾。

用椰子制作的佳肴吸引了不少中外游人，椰子鸡、椰子糕已成为海南特有的美味。

两千多年来，海南人民对椰树有着深厚的感情。

椰树伴随着海南人民经历了风风雨雨，椰树已成为海南人民心目中的神圣之树。

1.第三自然段是围绕下列哪一句来写的？（）（2分）A.椰子汁是天然的饮料B.椰壳可制成独特的工艺品。

五年级下册语文试题-说明科普类10篇阅读(带答案)人教部编版

五年级下册语文试题-说明科普类10篇阅读(带答案)人教部编版部编版小学五年级下册科普类说明文阅读训练10篇【附答案】姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________一、现代文阅读阅读汉字——中国古代的第五大发明汉字是最古老而最具有生命力的文字，中国仰韶文化时期就有了图形文字，到殷商时代转化成甲骨文，以后一直伴随着中华文化的发展，强有力地推动着文明的进程。

汉字对于继承中华文化，维护国家统一以及引进外来文明，促进国际交流都作出了不朽的历史贡献。

汉字在世界文字丛林中独树一帜，具有特殊的地位和优越性：它是最节省的词构文字。

汉字像魔块，有神奇般的组词能力，往往一个字能构建出许多个意义单位（词）。

如一个“白”字就组成了“白天”、“白痴”、“白兰地”、“白木耳”、“白马过隙”、“白璧无瑕”共100多个词条。

这样，汉语常用的四万个词汇只需要三千个汉字构建即可，就能拼写出绚丽多姿，气象万千，海洋般深邃，XXX般广阔的文章来，而人们识字的任务却很有限。

它是最富有XXX的智慧笔墨。

汉字表义能力出格强，它像一幅图画，（象形笔墨，形意笔墨，意音笔墨，和大量的偏旁表义），看惯了这些字，目击的瞬间就可以萌生联想，甚至产生情感，使人的认识迅速产生变革。

例如看“风”、“疯”、“峰”、“丰”、“封”等字，一看就可以理解其意义并产生想象它所施展阐发的情境，而拼音笔墨的“fenɡ”，目击它时人毫无觉得，只要读了前后文以后才懂得它的意义，思惟就慢了一拍。

它是世上独有的双脑文字。

人们都知道语言逻辑思维开发左脑，而形象情感生活开发右脑功能，汉字组成的视觉语言，具备了双重功能，既促进概念逻辑思维的发展，而文字图形又促进右脑的想象和情绪活动。

所以因左脑外伤得了“失语症”的病人，不能听和说，却仍能看懂汉字写成的文章，可见汉字对左右脑的开发具有同样重要的作用。

汉字是最优秀的艺术文字。

因为汉字是一幅幅的图画，当然书写时容易美化，所以世界上的文字唯有汉字的书写能发展为一门“书法艺术”。

【说明文阅读真题分类精讲】专题10：生活科普(一)(解析版)

2021年中考高分秘籍之真题分类精解（说明文阅读）专题10 生活科普（一）一、（2021·重庆B）阅读下面的实用类文本，完18—21题。

（18分）微塑料：“微”不足道却影响世界在2021年欧洲消化医学会肠胃病学学术会议上，奥地利科学家报告，在人类的粪便样品中首次发现微塑料，引发了人们新的担忧。

国际上普遍将环境中小于5毫米的塑料颗粒定义为微塑料。

这种物质在自然界本来是不存在的，完全是人造的结果。

自然界中的微塑料有两种来源。

一种是原生来源，即塑料在制造出来时，就是体积很小的塑料微粒，如牙膏、磨砂洗面奶等日用品中的柔珠。

柔珠有助于增加液体密度、去除角质，同时也让产品变得新鲜好看。

另外还有在生产和运输的过程中因泄露而进入环境的塑料微粒。

另一种是次生来源，主要是塑料废弃物在进入海洋环境后，受到风浪和紫外线的影响和海洋生物的吞食，逐渐破碎而形成的微小颗粒。

海洋微塑料极易被生物误食。

研究表明，小至浮游生物，大到鲸鱼，它们和塑料遭遇的结果往往是致命的。

微塑料能进入动物血液，淋巴系统，甚至肝脏，造成肠道甚至生殖系统的损害。

那微塑料会危害人体健康吗有研究认为，人类摄入的微塑料，尽管大部分随粪便排出，但仍会有少量的存留在体内，长期的蓄积，就可能造成危害。

直径小于20微米的微塑料是可以进入血液循环系统的，这些细小的颗粒如果进入血液，危害就难以预料。

更为严重的是，由于微塑料具有较强的吸附性，它可以积聚持久性有毒污染物，同时也可作为传播有毒或致病微生物的载体，对人体健康构成威胁。

目前，每个成人每年通过呼吸、饮用水、食用贝类所摄取的微塑料颗粒可高达32000个。

尽管微塑料对于人类的影响还没有定论，但潜在的危险是存在的。

面对日益严重的塑料污染，全球范围的禁塑行动陆续展开。

近段时间，英国呼吁在全球范围内禁止柔珠。

柔珠很小，很难被过滤系统拦截，被排放到河流、湖泊和海洋中，造成环境污染。

在美国纽约，每年大约有19吨的柔珠被冲进下水道。

阅读理解之科普类说明文答案解析

1. 【解析】试题分析：这是一篇说明文。

本文通过举例说明了太空生活的奇妙：在太空睡觉时，对宇航员来说主要的挑战在于恰当的睡眠姿势；宇航员在一个地方运动久了会出现碳毒性头痛；宇航员的大脑接收到矛盾的信息时会感到恶心。

最后告诉我们美国国家宇航局对宇航员主要的担心是宇航员回家后的修养期和如何在太空长久地保持健康。

63.A细节理解题。

根据第二段第一、二句“First consider something as simple as sleep. Its position presents its own chal lenges.”可知在太空睡觉时，对宇航员来说主要的挑战在于恰当的睡眠姿势。

故选A项。

64. C细节理解题。

根据第三段中“But station residents have to be careful about staying in one place too long. …You can end up with what astronauts call a carbon-dioxide headache”可知宇航员在一个地方运动久了会出现碳毒性头痛。

故选C项。

65. D细节理解题。

根据第四段中“Your inner ear thinks you’re failing. Meanwhile your eyes are telling you you’re standing straight. That can be annoying-that’s why some people feel sick.”可知宇航员在大脑接收到矛盾的信息时会感到恶心。

故选D项。

66.B细节理解题。

根据最后一段倒数第一、二句“The focus on fitness is as much about science and the future as is about keeping any individual astronaut healthy…NASA is worried about two things :… and, more importantly, how maintain strength and fitness…”可知美国国家宇航局对宇航员主要的担心之一是如何在太空长久地保持健康。

最新届高考英语阅读理解：科普类说明文----有解析资料

科教科普类1、Australia leads the world in its number of resident poisonous spiders as well as the strength of their toxicity(毒性). However,of almost 9,800 species most are perfectly harmless and interesting.Spider diversity is broad and many fascinating species occur here that range from the large to the tiny and hardly noticed, and from the dullest black to the strangely shaped.Spiders can be roughly classified according to the strategies(策略) they use for feeding. Spiders which appeared earlier in the evolutionary scale feed by waiting in a cave for food to come along before grabbing it. Following them were spiders which actively wandered looking for food and which caught it by chasing it down. The evolution of flying insects makes spiders evolve ne w ways of catching food which couldn’t be chased and so the earliest air web weavers arose.Most spiders feed on insects and other arthropods but the Whistling Spider feeds on frogs and small birds. The Golden Orb Spider also feeds on small birds.A spider periodically sheds(蜕皮;脱落) its skin so that it can grow. Immature stages are called moults. Each species has a particular number of moults that it will go through before reaching its final adult stage.Usually, once male spiders have mated, they die shortly after. But, even in death, Redback males often serve a purpose. The already pregnant Redback females always kill their lover and, in most cases, also eat them. This provides them with a small reproductive advantage.Allowing spiders to take up places around houses can be beneficial in that they catch other annoying insects such as mosquitoes and flies.Rest assured that while you might see some large spiders, and perhaps even some poisonous ones, a good rule is to look and admire but don't touch any spider you find. Even those without poison could still have a nasty bite.1.Different families of spiders are identified themselves by ______.A.their physical characterB.their ways of getting foodC.the strength of their toxicityD.their effect on the environment2.What are the latest spiders in their evolution process?A.Spiders that chase down insects for food.B.Spiders that wait for the insects to come along.C.Spiders that can weave webs to catch flying insects.D.Spiders that actively go out to look for insects as food.3.If a spider stays on the wall of your house, you’d better ______.A.kill itB.feed itC.let it beD.chase it out4.What is the passage mainly talking about?A.A brief introduction of spiders.B.The evolution process of spiders.C.Living harmoniously with spiders.D.The living and feeing habits of spiders.2、Many people believe that you lose the ability to learn new languages as you get older. Language experts,however,will tell you that you’re never too old to lear n a new language. As you get older, it can be more difficult to learn a new language,though.Children and adults learn new languages in different ways. For children, language is their life. They study for thousands of hours every year. Because they need to learn language to became part of their communities.Adults,on the other hand,are already part of a language community. Learning a new language means becoming part of another language community,and adults rarely get the chance to practice as much as young children do.Moreover.children leaning a new language are expected to make mistakes. This gives them freedom when learning to be daring and confident Adults,however,often feel pressured to be perfect when learning a new language.This can discourage many people and make it even harder to learn a new language.When young children learn a new language,they come to see various languages as a “normal” part of society.This mindset(思维模式) helps them embrace learning a new language without feeling like th ey're doing something unusual or“too hard”.So if you want to learn a new language,go for it! It’s never too late to learn a new language. If you're older,it may take more work,but it can be done.If you're a young child,though,now is the time to step out and learn a new language!1.By “Language is their life”,the author means that children .A.can't live without languageB.lead a happy life every dayC.practice a new language a lotD.are taken good care of adults2.What may make it hard for the old people to learn a new language!A.They are afraid of being laughed at.B.They usually have too many interests.C.They think making mistakes is natural.D.They always make all kinds of mistakes.3.Which of the following shows the difference between children and adults in learning new language?A.The behaviors they have.B.The learning attitudes.C.The future plans they have made.D.The materials they are using.4.According to the author,a new language .A.can never be learned by the old peopleB.can be grasped by the people easilyC.can be understood only by the old peopleD.can learned by both the old and the young3、Kids and teens are often dismissive of praise from their parents. I am sure that parents out there can relate to this, as we all have been told at one time or another by one or several of our kids,“Stop it, Mom. ’’ or even,“You’re just saying that because you are my parents and you have to say that. " I can assure you, though, that they are listening. They will probably not thank you for this praise until they are in their twenties, but don't let that stop you from praising them duringtheir childhood and teen years. Just be careful how you praise them. A little praise may go a long way —especially if it is the right kind of praise.It appears that the way to go is to praise their efforts according to a study by Brummelman, of Utrecht University in the Netherlands and colleagues. These researchers concluded that kids should be praised primarily for their efforts, rather than for their personal characteristics, because if they are praised for effort, then a poor performance is more likely to be seen as a glitch(小故障), rather than a valid reflection of who they are as individuals.Let’s think about this together. If you a re a teenager or a child of any age and are constantly told how brilliant you are, then when you do poorly on a test or a few tests, you may feel like you have suddenly lost your status as brilliant and may now feel ashamed that you are merely average or even dumb. If you are a girl who is constantly being told how beautiful you are, then on a day when you don’t look or feel so good, you may decide that you are unattractive. This is the problem that develops when we are praising our kids for global personality characteristics that they can't always live up to.1.According to the passage, which of the following statements is the right kind of praise?A.You are a great artist.B.You are very intelligent.C.Wow, you have a special gift for music.D.Your painting has indeed improved due to your efforts.2.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A.All the children should be praised.B.There’s no need to praise kids and teens.C.Praise should be beyond children’s expectations.D.Teens of ten pay no attention to their parents’ praise.3.The underlined word “dumb” in the last paragraph can be replaced by _________.A.stupidB.uniqueC.curiousD.honest4.The main topic of this passage is _____.A.why to praise kids and teensB.how to praise kids and teensC.different ways to praise kids and teensD.the importance of praising kids4、Scientists, psychologists and English academics at Liverpool University have found that reading the works of the classical writers like Shakespeare and Wordsworth has a great effect on the mind, catches the reader’s attention and triggers moments of self-examination.Using a special machine, they monitored the brain activity of 30 volunteers as they read works by William Shakespeare, William Wordsworth, T.S. Eliot and others.In the first part of the research, the brain activity of 30 volunteers was monitored as they read passages from Shakespeare’s plays, including King Lear, Othello, Coriolanus and Macbeth, and again as they read the text rewritten in a simpler form or modern language.While reading the common texts, normal levels of electrical activity were shown in their brains. When they read the works of Shakespeare, however, the levels of activity jumped because of his use of words which were unfamiliar to them. The result of the test showed that the more challenging passages cause a greater degree of electrical activity in the brain than the common ones.Scientists went on to study the brain activity as it responded to each word and recorded how it lit up as the readers came across unusual words, surprising phrases or difficult sentences in the classical works. As a result, this lightening up process of the mind lasted longer than that when volunteers read common texts, encouraging further reading.The research also found that reading poetry especially increases activity in the right hemisphere(半球) of the brain, an area connected with “autobiographical memory”, driving the readers to think carefully about their own experiences based on what they have read. The academics said this meant the classical works of literature are more useful than self-help books.Philip Davis, an English professor who has worked on the study in the university’s magnetic resonance center, announced this week: “C lassical literature acts like a rocket-booster to the brain, which provides extra power for the brain. You may never imagine how powerful it is. Theresearch shows such kind of literature can create new thoughts and connections in the young and the old.”1.The underlined word “trigger” in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to “______”.A.depends onB.picks upC.sets offD.changes into2.Which of the following is NOT true about reading classical literature?A.It makes readers’ brain more active than reading c ommon texts.B.It makes readers’ electrical activity of brain return to normal.C.It’s helpful for readers to come up with new ideas.D.It’s an activity that is suitable for people of all ages.3.From the research, we can learn that ______.A.the readers p refer Shakespeare’s works to the other writers’ worksB.the words of classical works make it hard for volunteers to read furtherC.reading classical works produces a good and long-lasting effect on the mindD.poetry increases left-brain activity more than other literary forms4.What does the author mainly tell us in this passage?A.Shakespeare’s plays deserve to be read.mon books are unpopular anymore.C.Poetry is best for developing people’s brain.D.Classical works help the brain develop better.5、Do parents have a constitutional right to homeschool their children? No, according to a California District Court judge, who recently ruled that a child must be schooled "by a person holding a valid state teaching credential (文凭)for the grade being tau ght”.What started as a Los Angeles County child welfare case involving one specific family has gone into proceedings (诉讼) that have actually put on trial the very nature of what constitutes a sound education. “For decades we’ve been happily homeschool ing, and then this comes up suddenly,” says Mary Griffith, a homeschooling parent. Griffith says California had traditionallygiven homeschooling parents the freedom to choose the kind of education they want for their child.This particular family in Los Angeles had enrolled their children in a private school independent study program not in their home. In response to abuse charges against the family, the children were enrolled in public schools. The parents stated they had a constitutional right to homeschool on religious grounds; that's when the court ruling was issued. However, Griffith says if the ruling ends up affecting anyone, it will mainly be those who also enroll their children inoff-site homeschooling. “This won't be far-reaching for homeschooling parents."That's how organizations like the Homeschool Association of California (HSC) would like to keep it, anyway, and they've hired a team of lawyers to limit the impact of the case. Griffith says the legal team for HSC is trying to establish that while this ruling may indeed be necessary for this particular family, it should not set a precedent(先例) for all.What does this case really mean for homeschooling families nationwide? According to Darren A. Jones, this decision is certain to affect homeschooling on a national scale. Jones claims that it is common for state courts to look to other states’ rulings for assistance in deciding issues where no precedent exists. “A poor legal decision in California could become part of a trend across the nation.’’1.In Griffith’s opinion, ________.A.parents don’t have a right to homeschool their childrenB.a child must be schooled by an expert with a credentialC.homeschooling should be forbidden in the whole countryD.it is understandable for parents to homeschool their children2.The underlined word “this” in Para. 2 refers to the fact that ________.A.parents happily homeschool their childrenB.parents don’t have a right to homeschool their childrenC.a child must be schooled by a person with a teaching credentialD.a Los Angeles County child welfare case involves a special family3.Why were the particular family’s children enrolled in public schools?A.To avoid the abuse charges against them.B.To receive the better education in it.C.To break away from their parents.D.To cooperate with the expert’s jobs.4.What’s the author’s attitude towards whether parents have a right to homeschool their children?A.Supportive.B.Sympatric.C.Negative.D.Objective.6、Summer shouldn't mean taking a break from learning, especially reading. Studies show that most students experience a loss of reading skills over the summer months, but children who continue to read actually gain skills. So efforts should be made during the summer to help children keep reading skills, practice reading and read for enjoyment.Parents should remember that children need free time in the summer to relax and enjoy the pleasures of childhood. So summer reading should be fun. Following are a few tips to make reading enjoyable for your children this summer:Read aloud together with your child every day.Make it fun by reading outdoors on the front steps, patio, at the beach or park. Also, let your children read to you.Set a good example!Keep lots of reading material around the house. Turn off the TV and have each person read his or her book, including Mom and Dad.Read the same book your child is reading and discuss it.This is the way to develop habits of the mind and build capacity(能力) for thought and insight.Let kids choose what they want to read, and don’t turn your nose up at popular fiction. It will only discourage the reading habit.Subscribe, in your child’s name, to magazines.Encourage older children to read the newspaper and current events magazines, to keep up the reading habit over the summer and develop vocabulary. Ask them what they think about what they’ve read, and listen to what they say.1.Parents must help children read during the summer because ________.A.the summer holiday is too long a time for themB.reading is a kind of relaxation for childrenC.some of the reading skills may be lost if they stop readingD.children can enjoy the pleasure of childhood2.What does the underlined phrase "turn your nose up at” probably mean?A.Get interested in.B.Show one’s dislike for.C.Think highly of.D.Lose interest in.3.In oder to build children's capacity for thought and insight, parents should ______.A.subscribe to magazines in the child’s nameB.read the same book the child is reading and discuss itC.let children choose what they want to readD.turn off the TV4.What does the passage mainly tell about?A.Some summer reading tips for parents.B.Some useful advice on reading for children.C.What kinds of books to read in summer.D.How to teach children to read.7、Have you got the information taught by your teacher in class? Have you understood what you saw on the screen? Maybe everyone has their own learning style.Generally speaking, we gather information with our minds and bodies in different ways, such as seeing, hearing and doing. Then our brains deals with that information, organizing it and connecting it to things we are already aware of. In other words, our brains will deal with the information in different ways. Sometimes we think in pictures or words. Sometimes we remember details or the big pictures.For different people, their learning styles are different too. One person may find it hard to make out the information in written forms but easy to know it immediately in an oral description. However, another person might find difficulties with the picture but the written message.Now scientists say there exist seven basic learning styles.·Linguistic: These people learn through listening, reading, speaking and writing.·Logical: These people learn with formula (公式) and principles (原理).·Visual: These people learn by seeing what they are studying.·Musical: These people learn well when information is presented through music.·Kinesthetic: These people learn from movement and physical activities.·Intrapersonal: These people learn best by linking new information directly with their own experiences.·Interpersonal: These people learn well by working with others.Therefore, if you know what learning style is your strength, you can balance your weakness, and get a more successful learning experience.1.From the passage, we know that our brains ______.A.deal with the information in different waysB.send out the information in the same wayanize information with our bodiesD.gather information in the same way2.A visual learner usually learns _____.A.through listening and speakingB.by seeing what he is learningC.from movement and physical activitiesD.by linking new information with his experience3.A musical learner will find it easy to learn ______.A.with formulas and principlesB.by working with othersC.through reading and writingD.through music he hears4.The purpose of the passage is to tell us to ______.A.learn more successfullyB.gather more informationC.understand more quicklyD.exchange information better8、In 2015 a paper published in a science magazine reported on the personality types of people living in various London districts. Extroverts (外向的人), the researchers who wrote it had discovered, favored Richmond. Those who were most open to experience gathered in Hackney. People in Barnet scored lower than average on emotional stability.What this study did not address was whether someone’s home range reflects their perso nality traits or imposes them. In other words, is what is going on “nature” or “nurture” (培育) ? However, in a piece of research just published, Dr. Holtmann of Otago University, in New Zealand, and his colleagues have filled that gap—at least, they have filled it for dunnocks.The dunnock is a European bird. It has, though, been introduced to New Zealand and its population has boomed there. It is a well-studied species, and, in particular, some being measurably bolder (更大胆的) and more tolerant of potential threats, such as nearby human beings, than others. The team’s research area was the Botanic Garden in Dunedin. This is open to the public, but some areas are more frequented by visitors than others. Dunnocks have small territories, so it was possible to measure the amount of human disturbance in a given territory with reasonable precision. And, by wrapping each of the dunnocks in the garden with colour-coded bands it was possible to identify individuals by sight. Altogether, the researchers looked at 99 of them.They worked out a bird’s level of threat tolerance by the simple method of walking towards it, and then measuring how close one could get before the bird flew away. They did this several times for each bird every breeding season, and repeated the process over the course of three seasons.A particular bird’s flight distance (ie, how closely it could be approached before it departed) was, they found, consistent within a breeding season. From season to season most birds got a little bolder—probably as they learnt more about the world and what they could safely get away with. But this increase in boldness with age was small compared with the different starting points of bold and shy birds when they first arrived in a territory. It did not, therefore, much affect the factthat, on average, birds’ flight distances were inversely correlated (负相关) with the level of human disturbance in their territories. This was a consequence of disturbed territories being settled by bold birds, and undisturbed territories by shy ones.In the case of dunnocks, then, nature wins over nurture. Dr. Holtmann was able to show that personalities match circumstances, rather than being created by them. Dunnocks can recognize which places suit them best, and choose to settle in them shortly after they are fully fledged (羽翼丰满). Most likely, that is happening in London districts, too.1.What does the underlined words “that gap” in the second paragraph refer to?A.What the paper published in 2015 failed to handle.B.Why extroverts favour certain areas in London district.C.How Dr. Holtmann involved dunnocks in his study.D.What the former and latter study have in common.2.From Paragraph 3, we can know that dunnocks ________.A.are native to New ZealandB.have distinct personalitiesC.are bolder than human beingsD.can be easily identified by its color3.What conclusion did Dr. Holtmann draw from his study?A.It’s nurture rather than nature that matters in the case of dunnocks’ behaviour.B.Birds’ flight distances were in pr oportion to human disturbance in their territories.C.Dunnocks choose their habitats wisely in the first place rather than adapt to them.D.Bold birds and shy birds alike settle in undisturbed territories in the botanic garden.4.What is the author’s purpo se in writing the passage?A.To argue that circumstances cultivate certain personalities.B.To entertain readers with some funny facts about dunnocks.C.To present the finding of a scientific research about dunnocks.D.To confirm the assumption that personalities match circumstances.答案以及解析1答案及解析：答案：1.B; 2.C; 3.C; 4.A解析：1.细节理解题。

五年级下册语文试题 - 说明科普类10篇阅读(带答案) 人教部编版

2020年3月15日小学语文作业学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________一、现代文阅读阅读汉字——中国古代的第五大发明汉字是最古老而最具有生命力的文字，中国仰韶文化时期就有了图形文字，到殷商时代转化成甲骨文，以后一直伴随着中华文化的发展，强有力地推动着文明的进程。

汉字对于继承中华文化，维护国家统一以及引进外来文明，促进国际交流都作出了不朽的历史贡献。

汉字在世界文字丛林中独树一帜，具有特殊的地位和优越性：它是最节省的词构文字。

汉字像魔块，有神奇般的组词能力，往往一个字能构建出许多个意义单位（词）。

如一个“白”字就组成了“白天”、“白痴”、“白兰地”、“白木耳”、“白马过隙”、“白璧无瑕”共100多个词条。

这样，汉语常用的四万个词汇只需要三千个汉字构建即可，就能拼写出绚丽多姿，气象万千，海洋般深邃，天宇般广阔的文章来，而人们识字的任务却很有限。

它是最富有联想的智慧文字。

汉字表义能力特别强，它像一幅图画，（象形文字，形意文字，意音文字，和大量的偏旁表义），看惯了这些字，目击的瞬间就能萌发联想，甚至产生情感，使人的认识迅速发生变化。

例如看“风”、“疯”、“峰”、“丰”、“封”等字，一看就能理解其意义并产生想象它所表现的情境，而拼音文字的“fenɡ”，目击它时人毫无感觉，只有读了前后文以后才懂得它的意义，思维就慢了一拍。

它是世上独有的双脑文字。

所以因左脑外伤得了“失语症”的病人，不能听和说，却仍能看懂汉字写成的文章，可见汉字对左右脑的开发具有同样重要的作用。

汉字是最优秀的艺术文字。

因为汉字是一幅幅的图画，当然书写时容易美化，所以世界上的文字唯有汉字的书写能发展为一门“书法艺术”。

(完整版)高考英语阅读理解科普类说明文4篇--较难(有答案)

高考英语说明文 4 篇1Here is an astonishing and significant fact: Mental work alone can ' m t akeus tire. It sounds absurd /?b's ??d/荒谬的. But a years ago, scientists tried to find out howlong the human brain could labor without reaching a stage 阶段of fatigue /f?'ti?g/（疲劳）. To the amazement of these scientists, they discovered that blood passing through the brain, when it is active, shows no fatigue at all! If we tooka drop of blood from a day laborer 劳动者, we would find it full of fatigue toxins /'t?ks?n/ （毒素） and fatigue products. But if wetook blood from the brain of an Albert Einstein, it would show no fatigue toxins at the end of the day.So far as the brain is concerned, it can work as well and swiftly 很快地at the end of eight or even twelve hours of effort as at the beginning. The brain is totally tireless. So what makes us tired?Some scientists declare that most of our fatigue comes from our mental and emotional（情绪的） attitudes. One of England 'm s ost outstanding scientists, J.A. Hadfield, says, “ Th egreater part of the fatigue from which we suffer is of mental origin /'?r?d??n/起源. In fact, fatigue of purely physical origin is rare. D”r. Brill, a famous American scientist, goes even further. He declares, “ One hundred percent of the fatigue of sitting worker in good health is due to emotional problems. ”What kinds of emotions make sitting workers tired? Joy? Satisfaction? No! A feeling of being bored, anger, anxiety /??'za?? t?/焦虑, tenseness 紧张, worry, a feeling of not being appreciated---those are the emotions that tire sitting workers. Hard work by itself seldom causes fatigue. We get tired because our emotions produce nervousness in the body.1. What surprised the scientists a few years ago?A. Fatigue toxins could hardly be found in a laborer s 'blood.B. Albert Einstein didn ' fe t el worn after a day ' w s ork.C. The brain could work for many hours without fatigue.D. A mental worker ' b s lood was filled with fatigue toxins.2. According to the author, which of the following can make sitting workers tired?A. Challenging mental work.B. Unpleasant emotions.C. Endless tasks.D. Physical labo3. What' s the author ' at s titude towards the scientists idea'?A. He agrees with them.B. He doubts them.C. He argues against them.D. He hesitates to accept them.4. We can infer from the passage that in order to stay energetic, sitting workers need to.A. have some good food.B. enjoy their workC. exercise regularlyD. discover fatigue toxins2They baby is just one day old and has not yet left hospital. She is quiet but alert /?'l??t/ （警觉）. Twenty centimeters 厘from her face researchers have placed a white card with two black spots on it. She stares at it carefully. A researcher removes the card and replaces it by another, this time with the spots differently spaced. As the cards change from one to the other, her gaze（凝视）starts to lose its focus —until a third, with three black spots, is presented. Her gaze returns: she looks at it for twice as long as she did at the previous card. Can she tell that the number two is different from three, just 24 hours after coming into the world?Or do newborns simply prefer more to fewer? The same experiment, but with three spots shown before two, shows the same return of interest when the number of spots changes. Perhaps it is just the newness 名，新奇? When slightly older babies were shown cards with pictures of objects （a comb, a key, an orange and so on）, changing the number of objects had an effect separate from changing the objects themselves. Could it be the pattern that two things make, as opposed to three? No again. Babies paid more attention to squares moving randomly on a screen when their number changed from two to three, or three to two. The effect even crosses between senses. Babies who were repeatedly shown two spots became more excited when they then heard three drumbeats than when they heard just two; likewise （同样地）when the researchers started with drumbeats and moved to spots.5. The experiment described in Paragraph 1 is related to the baby ' s__.A. sense of hearingB. sense of sightC. sense of touch D sense of smell6. Babies are sensitive to the change in _____ .A. the size of cardsB. the colour of picturesC. the shape of patternsD. the number of objects7. Why did the researchers test the babies with drumbeats?A. To reduce the difficulty of the experiment.B. To see howbabies recognize sounds.C. To carry their experiment further.D. To keep the babies in'terest.8. Where does this text probably come from?A. Science fiction.B. Children l'ite s rature.C. An advertisement.D.A science report3Last night 'm s eteor（流星）英/'mi?t??/ shower left many people in the community dissatisfied and demanding 苛求的；要求高的；吃力的answers. According to Gabe Rothsclild, Emerald Valley 'm s ayor 市长, people gathered in the suburbs /'s?b??b/of the city, carrying heavy telescopes, expecting to watch the brightly burning meteors passing through the sky. What they found instead was a sky so brightene by the city'lig s hts that it darkened the light of the meteors passing overhead.“ M yfamily was so frustrated, adm”itted town resident Duane Cosby, “ We wanted to make this an unforgettable family outing, but it turned out to be a huge disappointments. ”Astronomers- /?'str?n?m?/n. 天文学家--scientists who study stars and planets ------have beencomplaining about this problem for decades. They say that light pollution prevents them from seeing objects in the sky that they could see quite easily in the past. They call on people and the government to take measures to fight against it.There is yet a population besides professional and amateur /??m? t?（r）/美/'?m ?.t??r/n. 爱好者star observers that suffers even more from light pollution. This population consists of birds, bats frogs, snakes, etc. For example, outdoor lighting severely affects migrating（迁徙的）birds. According to the International Dark-Sky Association. “ 100million birds a year throughout North America die in crashes 撞碎with lighted buildings and towers. ”Countless more animals casualties（伤亡）result from the use of artificial lighting. Clearly, people enjoy the benefits of lighting their evenings, but some scientists think it can be harmful for humans, too. They worry that exposure to light while sleeping can increase person 's chances of getting cancer. Emerald Valley is only one community that is becoming aware of the negative effects of light pollution. For years, Flagstaff, Arizona/,? ri'z ?un ?/ 美/,?ri'z ?un?/n. 美国亚利桑那州, has enforced lighting regulations in its city in order to assist astronomers at the Lowell Observatory. 英/?b'z??v?t（?）r?/美/?b'z?v?t?ri/ n. 天文台；气象台；瞭望台Similar efforts have been made worldwide, and a movement is underway 进行中的to remind us to turn off lights when we are not using them, so that other creatures can share the night.9.It happened last night thatA. the city 'lig s hts affected the meteor watchingB. the meteors flew past before being noticedC. the city light show attracted many peopleD. the meteor watching ended up a social outing10. What do the astronomers complain about?A. Meteor showers occur less often than beforeB. Their observation equipment is in poor repairC. Light pollution has remained unsolved for yearsD. Their eyesight is failing due to artificial lighting11. What the author concerned about according to Paragraph 4?A. Birds may take other migration pathsB. Animals living habits may change suddenlyC. Varieties of animals will become sharply reducedD. Animals s'urvival is threatened by outdoor lighting12. Lighting regulations in Flagstaff, Arizona areput into effect toA. Lessen the chance of getting cancerB. create an ideal observation conditionC. ensure citizens a good sleep at nightD. enable all creatures to live in harmony13. What message does the author most want to give us?A. Saving wildlife is saving ourselvesB. Great efforts should be made to save energyC. Human activities should be environmentally friendlyD. New equipment should be introduced for space study4Almost every machine with moving parts has wheels, yet no one knows exactly when the first wheel was invented or what it was used for. We do know ，however ，that they existed over 5,500years ago in ancient Asia.The oldest known transport wheel was discovered in 2002 in Slovenia. It is over 5 ，100 years old. Evidence suggests thatwheels for transport didn't become popular for .while, though . This could be because animals did a perfectly good job of carrying farming tools and humans around.But it could also be because of a difficult situation. While wheels need to roll on smooth surfaces, roads with smooth surfaces weren't going to be constructed until there was plenty of demand for them. Eventually, road surfaces did become smoother, but this difficult situation appeared again a few centuries later. There had been no important changes in wheel and vehicle design before the arrival of modern road design.In the mid-1700s,a Frenchman came up with a new design of road--a base layer （层）of large stones covered with a thin layer of smaller stones. A Scotsman 苏格兰人improved on this design in the 1820s and a strong, lasting road surface became a reality. At around the same time, metal hubs 英/h?b/美/h?b/n. 中心；毂；木片（the central part of a wheel）、came into being, followed by the Wheels were invented in 1967, sixty years after the appearance of tarmacked roads（泊油路）. As wheel design took off, vehicles got faster and faster.14. What might explain why transport wheels didn 'b t ecome popular for some time?A. Few knew how to use transport wheels.B. Humans carried farming tools just as well.C. Animals were a goodmeans of transport.D. The existence of transport wheels was not known.15. What do we know about road design from the passage?A. It was easier than wheel design.B. It improved after big changes in vehicle design.C. It was promoted by fast-moving vehicles.D. It provided conditions for wheel design to develop.16. How is the last paragraph mainly developed?A. By giving examples.B. By making comparisons.C. By following time order.D. By making classifications.17. What is the passage mainly about ? A.The beginning of road deaign.B.The development of transport wheel.C. The history of public transport.D. The invention of fast-moving vehicles.。

高考语文科普说明文阅读理解专项训练及答案

高考语文科普说明文阅读理解专项训练及答案解题方法一、科普文章的含义科普文章是一种以科学技术知识为题材，用文艺性笔调写成的文章。

它兼有说明文和散文两种文体类型的特征和性质。

二、科普文章的文体特点1、短小性。

它篇幅小，然而就其知识容量、主题意义、现实作用又可以很大。

它旁征博引，尺幅千里，能及时反映科学上新的事物、思想、方法和动态。

2、知识性。

它普及科学知识，把科学的最新信息常州给读者。

它常常把握住现实生活中的某一事物或现象，用正确的理论，去进行科学的解释，纠正常识错误，从而使读者了解世界万物变化、运动的规律。

3、文学性。

它要以优美文字、形象手法，来表达科学内容。

它常采用比喻、拟人等文学手法和故事、对话、散文等形式及通俗、形象、幽默等语言，生动活泼、情趣盎然地介绍科学知识。

4、思想性。

它往往以具体细小的事物，阐发一点耐人寻味的哲学道理，给人起启示，发人深省。

三、阅读科普文章，要注意把握好两个层面的目标和要求：一是科学与人文的层面。

也可以说是科学的人文性。

从科学中吸取智慧与力量，体会求实的科学态度和勇于探索创新的科学精神。

另一个是知识和能力的层面。

要根据科学小品这一体裁的特点，学会筛选并整合文中有用信息，把握作者的写作思路，重点研习将抽象内容说明得具体生动的技巧。

四、科普文章阅读的基本要求①首先把它作为科技说明文来看待1、理清说明顺序。

了解并记住说明文常使用的说明顺序。

主要有空间、时间、逻辑顺序。

逻辑顺序又包含从原因到结果、从主要到次要、从整体到局部、从概括到具体、从总说到分说、从现象到本质、从特点到用途等。

在段落中尽量找到表示说明顺序的显著的语言标志。

2、掌握结构特点。

说明文的总体结构通常分为三部分，即引出说明对象、详细解说对象（主体部分）、总结说明对象。

2019届高考英语阅读理解：科普类说明文--有解析[1]

2019届高考英语阅读理解：科普类说明文--有解析(word版可编辑修改) 编辑整理：尊敬的读者朋友们：这里是精品文档编辑中心，本文档内容是由我和我的同事精心编辑整理后发布的，发布之前我们对文中内容进行仔细校对，但是难免会有疏漏的地方，但是任然希望（2019届高考英语阅读理解：科普类说明文--有解析(word版可编辑修改)）的内容能够给您的工作和学习带来便利。

同时也真诚的希望收到您的建议和反馈，这将是我们进步的源泉，前进的动力。

本文可编辑可修改，如果觉得对您有帮助请收藏以便随时查阅，最后祝您生活愉快业绩进步，以下为2019届高考英语阅读理解：科普类说明文--有解析(word版可编辑修改)的全部内容。

科教科普类1、 Australia leads the world in its number of resident poisonous spiders as well as the strength of their toxicity(毒性）。

However,of almost 9,800 species most are perfectly harmless and interesting。

Spider diversity is broad and many fascinating species occur here that range from the large to the tiny and hardly noticed， and from the dullest black to the strangely shaped。

Spiders can be roughly classified according to the strategies（策略） they use for feeding。

Spiders which appeared earlier in the evolutionary scale feed by waiting in a cave for food to come along before grabbing it. Following them were spiders which actively wandered looking for food and which caught it by chasing it down。

2019年高考英语真题分类汇编：专题16-科普类说明文(含答案解析)

专题十六阅读理解之科普类说明文1.【2015·湖北卷】DThe oddness of life in space never quite goes away. Here are some examples.First consider something as simple as sleep. Its position presents its own challenges. The main question is whether you want your arms inside or outside the sleeping bag. If you leave your arms out, they float free in zero gravity, often giving a sleeping astronaut the look of a funny balled （芭蕾）dancer. “I’m an inside guy,” Mike Hopkins says, who returned from a six-month tour on the International Space Station. “I like to be wrapped up.”On the station, the ordinary becomes strange. The exercise bike for the American astronauts has no handlebars. It also has no seat. With no gravity, it’s just as easy to pedal violently. You can watch a movie while you pedal by floating a microcomputer anywhere you want. But station residents have to be careful about staying in one place too long. Without gravity to help circulate air, the carbon dioxide you exhale (呼气) has a tendency to form an invisible （隐形的）cloud around you head. You can end up with what astronauts call a carbon-dioxide headache.Leroy Chiao, 54, an American retired astronaut after four flights, describes what happens even before you float out of your seat,”Your inner ear thinks your’re falling . Mea nwhile your eyes are telling you you’re standing straight. That can be annoying—that’s why some people feel sick.” Within a couple days —truly terrible days for some —astronauts’ brains learn to ignore the panicky signals from the inner ear, and space sickness disappears.Space travel can be so delightful but at the same time invisibly dangerous. For instance, astronauts lose bone mass. That’s why exercise is considered so vital that National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) puts it right on the workday schedule. The focus on fitness is as much about science and the future as it is about keeping any individual astronauts return home, and, more importantly, how to maintain strength and fitness for the two and a half years or more that it would take to makea round-trip to Mars.63.What is the major challenge to astronauts when they sleep in space?A. Deciding on a proper sleep positionB. Choosing a comfortable sleeping bagC. Seeking a way to fall asleep quicklyD. Finding a right time to go to sleep.64.The astronauts will suffer from a carbon-dioxide headache when _____.A. the y circle around on their bikesB. they use microcomputers without a stopC. they exercise in one place for a long timeD. they watch a movie while pedaling65.Some astronauts feel sick on the station during the first few days because _____.A. their senses stop workingB. they have to stand up straightC. they float out of their seats unexpectedlyD. whether they are able to go back to the station66.One of the NASA’s major concerns about astronauts is _____.A. how much exercise they do on the stationB. how they can remain healthy for long in spaceC. whether they can recover after returning homeD. whether they are able to go back to the station【解析】试题分析：这是一篇说明文。

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