中国人民大学博士入学考试考博试题真题
中国人民大学考博英语真题
中国人民大学博士研究生入学考试试题Ⅰ LISTENING TEST (20 points)(略）客观题部分请用铅笔将此部分的答案填涂在答题卡上，否则无效！Ⅱ Vocabulary (10 points)Part A (5 points)Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ.Example:She prefers foreign wine to that produced ________.A. previouslyB. virtuallyC. primarilyD. domesticallyT he sentence should read, “She prefers foreign wine to that produced domestically.”Therefore, you should choose D.Sample Answer［A］［B］［C］［D］1. International sport should create goodwill between the nations, but in the present organization of the Olympics somehow encourages ________patriotism.A. obsoleteB. aggressiveC. harmoniousD. amiable2. One can understand others much better by noting the immediate and fleeting reactions of their eyes and ________ to expressed thoughts.A. dilemmasB. countenancesC. concessionsD. junctions3. People innately ________ for superiority over their peers although it sometimes takes the form of an exaggerated lust for power.A. striveB. ascertainC. justifyD. adhere4. Some scientists have suggested that Earth is a kind of zoo or wildlife ________ for intelligent space beings, like the wilderness areas we have set up on earth to allow animals to develop naturally while we observe them.A. conservationB. maintenanceC. storageD. reserve5. According to the latest report, consumer confidence ________ a breathtaking 15 points last month, to its lowest level in 9 years.A. soaredB. mutatedC. plummetedD. fluctuated6. Melissa is a computer ________ that destroyed files in computers and frustrated thousands of users around the world.A. geniusB. virusC. diseaseD. bacteria7. The ________ emphasis on examinations is by far the worst form of competition in schools.A. negligentB. edibleC. fabulousD. disproportionate8. The boy seemed more ________ to their poverty after seeing how his grandparents lived.A. reconciledB. consolidatedC. deterioratedD. attributed9. During his two-month stay in China, Tom never ________ a chance to practice his Chinese.A. passed onB. passed upC. passed byD. passed out10. When a person dies, his debts must be paid before his ________ can be distributed.A. paradoxesB. legaciesC. platitudesD. analogiesPart B (5 points )Directions: In each of the following sentences there is one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underlined part. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ.Example:The secretary is very competent; she can finish all these letters within one hour.A. carefulB. industriousC. cleverD. capableIn this sentence, “competent” is closest in meaning to “capable”. Therefore you should choose D.Sample Answer［A］［B］［C］［D］11. He claims that advertising today tends to portray women in traditional roles such as cooking or taking care of the baby.A. depictB. advocateC. criticizeD. analyze12. They achieved more than they had ever dreamed, lending a magic to their family story that no tale or ordinary life could possibly rival.A. confirmB. achieveC. matchD. exaggerate13. The most urgent thing is to find a dump for those toxic industrial wastes. A. imminentB. recyclableC. smellyD. poisonous14. British Prime Minister Tony Blair promised the electorate that guns would not be fired without an attempt to win a further U.N. sanction.A. alliesB. delegatesC. votersD. juries15. The analysis suggests that the tradeoff between our children's college and our own retirement security is chilling.A. frighteningB. promisingC. freezingD. revealing16. Their signing of the treaty was regarded as a conspiracy against the British Crown.A. secret planB. bold attackC. clever designD. joint effort17. Evidence, reference, and footnotes by the thousand testify to a scrupulous researcher who does considerable justice to a full range of different theoretical and political positions.A. trustworthyB. intelligentC. diligentD. meticulous18. Despite their spartan, isolated lifestyle, there are no stories of women being raped orwanton violence against civilians in the region.A. intriguingB. exasperatingC. demonstrativeD. unprovoked19. The gang derived their nickname from their dark clothing and blacked up faces for nocturnal raids in the forest.A. illegalB. night-timeC. brutalD. abusive20. Though sometimes too lazy to work as hard as her sisters, Linda has a more avidfondness for the limelight.A. mercurialB. gallantC. ardentD. frugalⅢCloze (10 points )Directions: Read the following passage. Choose the best word for each numbered blank and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on Answer Sheet I.Like many other aspects of the computer age, Yahoo began as an idea, __21__ into a hobby and lately has __22__ into a full-time passion. The two developers of Yahoo, David Filo and Jerry Yang, Ph. D candidates __23__ Electrical Engineering at Stanford University, started their guide in April 1994 as a way to keep __24__ of their personal interest on the Internet. Before long they __25__ that their homebrewed lists were becoming too long and __26__. Gradually they began to spend more and more time on Yahoo.During 1994, they __27__ yahoo into a customized database designed to __28__ the needs of the thousands of users __29__ began to use the service through the closely __30__ Internet community. They developed customized software to help them __31__ locate, identify and edit material __32__ on the Internet. The name Yahoo is __33__ to stand for “Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Ora le”, but Filo and Yang insist they selected the __34__ because they considered themselves yahoos. Yahoo itself first __35__ on Yang's workstation, “akebono”, while the search engine was __36__ on Filo's computer, “Konishiki”.In early 1995 Marc Andersen, co-founder of Netscape Communication in Mountain View, California, invited Filo and Yang to move their files __37__ to larger computers __38__ at Netscape. As a result Stanford's computer network returned to __39__, and both parties benefited. Today, Yahoo __40__ organized information on tens of thousands of computers linked to the web.21. A. became B. grew C. turn D. intend22. A. made B. saw C. looked D. turned23. A. in B. on C. about D. for24. A. touch B. contact C. track D. record25. A. founded B. found C. argued D. reported26. A. unwieldy B. tough C. tamable D. invaluable27. A. exchanged B. shank C. sold D. converted28. A. explain B. serve C. discover D. evaluate29. A. which B. that C. actually D. eagerly30. A. relative B. interactive C. bound D. contacted31. A. fluently B. efficiently C. exactly D. actually32. A. transmitted B. purchased C. sold D. stored33. A. about B. bound C. going D. supposed34. A. fable B. model C. name D. brand35. A. supported B. resided C. lived D. launched36. A. connected B. lodged C. introduced D. linked37. A. over B. away C. inside D. beneath38. A. housed B. caught C. hosed D. hidden39. A. average B. normal C. ordinary D. equal40. A. attains B. detains C. maintains D. containsⅣReading Comprehension (20 points)Directions: Read the following passages, decide on the best one of the choices marked A, B, C, and D for each question or unfinished statement and then mark the corresponding letter with a single baracross the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET I.Passage 1Guthrie's contiguity principle offers practical suggestions for how to break habits.One application of the threshold method involves the time young children spend on academic activities. Young children have short attention spans, so the length of time they can sustain work on one activity is limited. Most activities are scheduled to last no longer than 30 to 40 minutes. However, at the start of the school year, attention spans quickly wane and behavior problems often result. To apply Guthrie's theory, a teacher might, at the start of the year, limit activities to 15 to 20 minutes. Over the next few weeks the teacher could gradually increase the time students spend working on a single activity.The threshold method also can be applied to teaching printing and handwriting. When children first learn to form letters, their movements are awkward and they lack fine motor coordination. The distances between lines on a page are purposely wide so children can fit the letters into the space. If paper with narrow lines is initially introduced, students' etters would spill over the borders and students might become frustrated. Once students can form letters within the larger bordens, they can use paper with smaller borders to help them refine their skills.The fatigue method can be applied when disciplining disruptive students who build paper airplanes and sail them across the room. The teacher can remove the students from the classroom, give them a large stack of paper, and tell him to start making paper airplanes. After the students have made several airplanes, the activity should lose its attraction and paper will become a cue for not building airplanes.Some students continually race around the gym when they first enter their physical education class. To employ the fatigue method, the teacher might decide to have these students continue to run a few more laps after the class has begun.The incompatible response method can be used with students who talk and misbehave in the media center. Reading is incompatible with talking. The media center teacher might ask thestudents to find interesting books and read them while in the center. Assuming that the students find the books enjoyable, the media center will, over time, become a cue for selecting and reading books rather than for talking with other students.In a social studies class some students regularly fall asleep. The teacher realized that using the board and overhead projector while lecturing was very boring. Soon the teacher began to incorporate other elements into each lesson, such as experiments, and debates, in an attempt to involve students and raise their interest in the course.41. The purpose of this passage is to ________.A. informB. persuadeC. debateD. narrate42. Guthrie identified three methods for ________.A. educating studentsB. altering bad habitsC. avoiding undesired actionD. forming good hobbies43. Which of the following is not the example of applying the threshold method?A. Parents introduce spinach in small bites or mixed with a food that the child enjoys over time so that the child will not refuse to eat it.B. Teachers introduce academic content in short blocks of time for young children and gradually increase session length but not to where students become frustrated or bored.C. Paper with wider lines is first used and then paper with narrow lines is introduced step by step to help children learn printing and handwriting.D. A child might be made to throw toys until it is no longer fun by his parents in order to change his behavior of repeatedly throwing toys.44. To stop snacking while watching television, people should keep their hands busy by sewing, painting, working crossword puzzles, and so forth. Over time, watching TV becomes a cue for engaging in an activity other than snacking. What method is used in this example?A. The threshold method.B. The fatigue method.C. The incompatible response method.D. The punishment method.45. We can draw the conclusion from the passage that ________.A. The incompatible response method is to force child to make unwanted response repeatedly in presence of stimulus until he or she becomes exhaustedB. The threshold method refers to introducing undesired behavior with a response incompatible with the undesired response so they cannot be performed simultaneouslyC. The fatigue method means that engaging in the behavior is transformed into avoiding it by introducing the stimulus at full strength so it becomes a cue for not performing itD. The fatigue method is that in presence of stimulus teachers have child make response incompatible with unwanted responsePassage 2The increase in global trade means that international companies cannot afford to make costly advertising mistakes if they want to be competitive.Understanding the language and culture of target markets in foreign countries is one of the keys to successful international marketing. Too many companies, however, have jumped intoforeign markets with embarrassing results.Translation mistakes are at the heart of many blunders in international advertising.General Motors, the US auto manufacturer, got a costly lesson when it introduced its Chevrolet Nova to the Puerto Rican market. “Nova” is Latin for “new(star)” and means “star” in many languages, but in spoken Spanish it can sound like “nova”, meaning “it doesn't go”. Few people wanted to buy a car with that cursed meaning. When GM changed the name to Caribe, sales “picked up” dramatically.Marketing blunders have also been made by food and beverage companies. One American food company's friendly “Jolly Green Giant” (for advertising vegetables) became something quite different when it was translated into Arabic as “Intimidating Green Ogre”.When translated into German, Pepsi's popular slogan, “Come Alive with Pepsi” came out implying “Come Alive from the Grave”. No wond er customers in Germany didn't rush out to buy Pepsi.Successful international marketing doesn't stop with good translations—other aspects of culture must be researched and understood if marketers are to avoid blunders.When marketers do not understand and appreciate the values, tastes, geography, climate, superstitions, religion, or economy of a culture, they fail to capture their target market.For example, an American designer tried to introduce a new perfume into the Latin American market but the product aroused little interest. The main reason was that the camellia used in it was traditionally used for funerals in many South American countries.Having awakened to the special nature of foreign advertising, companies are becoming much more conscientious in their translations and more sensitive to cultural distinctions.The best way to prevent errors is to hire professional translators who understand the target language and its idiomatic usage, or to use a technique called “back translation” to re duce the possibility of blunders.The process used one person to translate a message into the target language and another to translate it back. Effective translators aim to capture the overall message of an advertisement because a word-for-word duplication of the original rarely conveys the intended meaning and often causes misunderstandings.In designing advertisements for other countries, messages need to be short and simple.They should also avoid jokes, since what is considered funny in one part of the world may not be so humorous in another.46. The best title of this passage might be ______.A. Culture Is Very Important in AdvertisingB. Avoid Cultural Misunderstanding between NationsC. Overcome Cultural Sock in Different CountriesD. Advertisements Reflect Various Life Styles47. What does the word “blunder” mean in this passage?A. hesitationB. mistakeC. stutterD. default48. Which of the following statements can be used to summarize the gist from Paragraph 3 to Paragraph 6?A. Cultural shocksB. Faulty translationsC. Avoid cultural oversightsD. Prevent blunders49. We can learn from the context in Paragraph 9 that the word “camellia” most probably mean ______.A. an animal used in perfume for its smellB. a piece of fabric used both in perfume and at funeralsC. a flower used in perfume for its fragrance and used for funeralsD. an ornament used in perfume and at funerals50. One way to prevent errors in advertising in different countries is to ______. A. fire the translators who don't know the target languageB. use the technique called “literal translation” to reduce the possibility of blundersC. avoid cultural oversights and avoid certain jokesD. explain in details when designing advertisement for other countriesPassage 3It is not unusual for chief executives to collect millions of dollars a year in pay, stock options, and bonuses. In the last fifteen years, while executive remuneration rose, taxed in the highest income bracket went down. Millionaires are now commonplace.Amiability is not a prerequisite for rising to the top, and there are a number of chief executive officers with legendary bad tempers. It is not the boss's job to worry about the well-being of his subordinates although the man with many enemies will be swept out more quickly in hard times; it is the company he worries about. His business savvy is supposed to be based on intimate knowledge of his company and the industry so he goes home nightly with a full briefcase. At the very top-and on the way up—executives are exceedingly dedicated.The American executive must be capable of enough small talk to get him through the social part of his schedule, but he is probably not a highly cultured individual or an intellectual. Although his wife may be on the board of the symphony or opera, he himself has little time for such pursuits. His reading may largely concern business and management, despite interests in other fields. Golf provides him with a sportive outlet that combines with some useful socializing.These day, he probably attempts some form of aerobic exercise to “keep the old heart in shape” and for the same reason goes easy on butter and alcohol, and substances thought to contribute to taking highly stressed executives out of the running. But his doctor's admonition to “take it easy” falls on deaf ears. He likes to work. He knows there are younger men nipping at his heels.Corporate head-hunting, carried on by “executive search firms,” is a growing industr y. America has great faith in individual talent, and dynamic and aggressive executives are so in demand that companies regularly raid each other's managerial ranks.51. We can infer from the second paragraph that ______.A. promotion depends on amiabilityB. chief executives do not work hard enough at the to levelC. it is the duty of the chief executive to look after the well-being of his subordinatesD. a chief executive is expected to know more about his company and the industry52. The term “aerobic exercise” (first line in second last paragraph) is a kind of ______.A. hallucination exerciseB. physical exerciseC. meditation exerciseD. entertainment53. From the last paragraph we can gather that ______.A. there are too many aggressive executivesB. individual talent is not essential for a companyC. the job of an “executive search firm” is corporate head-huntingD. it is not common for companies to undermine each other's managerial ranks54. For executives, according to the article, a golf course is a place where ______.A. they can conduct their businessB. they can indulge themselvesC. they can cultivate their mindD. they can exercise as well as socialize55. What is NOT true according to the article?A. Executives tend to ignore doctors' advice and warnings.B. Executives are sensitive to pressure from the younger generation.C. All chief executives can earn millions of dollars a year.D. Executives are careful of what they eat.Passage 4In November 1970 Yukio Mishima, together with some of his fanatical followers from the ultranationalistic Shield Society which he had founded in 1966, broke into the headquarters of Japan's Eastern Defense Forces armed with swords and daggers, overpowered some aides, tied up the commanding general, and demanded that the troops be assembled to hear a speech. Mishima addressed the troops for ten minutes, inciting them to rebel against the constitutional government imposed by the United States that had, in his word s, “turned Japan spineless.” Receiving only ridicule in response, he returned to the general's office and there, before the general's unbelieving eyes, proceeded to kill himself in strict accordance with the traditional samurai ritual of seppuku. After Mishima had driven a dagger deep into left abdomen, one of his aides severed his head with a sword. The aide likewise killed himself and was beheaded; the others surrendered.In 1936 there had been a similar revolt and, though equally unsuccessful, it had foreshadowed the repressive regime of General Tojo that was to stage the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. That earlier revolt is the one referred to in “Patriotism,” one of Mishima's most powerful stories. Here life and fiction become joined. The act of sepp uku was for Mishima a fulfillment, “the ultimate dream of my life.” Born of an ancient samurai family, he longed to die a hero's death in accordance with the ancient samurai code; but his weak body kept him from service in the war, and he had to compensate through body building (he became expert at karate and kendo) and, most important, through the discipline of writing. In his short lifetime he turned out twenty novels, thirty plays,many essays, and more than eighty stories: he also produced, directed, and acted in movies, and even sang on stage. His first book of stories, A Forest in Flower, appeared in 1943, but it was Confession of a Mask (1948), dealing with the meditations of a young man of homosexual leanings in a repressive society, that brought him fame.Mishima has been called “Japan's Hemingway,” while others have compared him to “aesthetic” writers like Walter Peter and Oscar Wilde.56. The article implies that ______.A. Mishima refused to join the army when he was youngB. Mishima has been regarded as a lunatic writerC. Mishima is a person who is hard to defineD. Critics all agree that Mishima is an aesthetic writer57. The aim of the rebel led by Mishima was ______.A. to capture the commanding generalB. to urge the government to declare a war against AmericaC. to incite the soldiers to rebel against the constitutional governmentD. to force the Emperor to give up the throne58. In the 1970 rebel, the speech made by Mishima ______.A. was well received by the soldiersB. was laughed at by the soldiersC. impressed the commanding generalD. left a deep impression to the soldiers59. What is true according to articleA. The general knew that Mishima had longed to die a hero's death.B. The general was greatly taken aback by Mishima's suicide attempt.C. Some soldiers surrendered after Mishima's speech.D. One of Mishima's aides was killed by the soldiers.60. Mishima became a well-known writer after he had ______.A. written “Patriotism,” one of hi s most powerful storiesB. written eighty short storiesC. published “A Forest in Flower”D. published “Confession of a Mask”主观题部分请用钢笔或圆珠将此部分的答案做在答题纸二上，否则无效！ⅤTranslation (20 points)Part A. (10 points)Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese on your ANSWER SHEET.One might ask why speculation is permitted when there is so real a danger of loss. The basic reason is that speculation can perform useful functions in the market equilibrium and encourages faster entry of more suppliers. If the price change lagged until after an actual commodity shortage had occurred, the fluctuation would probably be sharper and more sudden. Remedial supply actioncould not be further delayed. Similarly, if speculators foresee a surplus in some commodity, their selling of futures will help drive the price down to some extent before the surplus actually occurs. When speculators foresee a shortage and bid up the price, they are also helping to conserve the present supply. As the price goes up, less of the commodity is purchased; a rise in price encourages users to economize. Similarly, a lowering of price encourages users to buy more, thus helping to sell the surplus which is developing.Part B. (10 points)Directions: Translate the following into English on your ANSWER SHEET.中国已经发展成为一个全球极富吸引力的、现实的大市场。
中国人民大学1993-2006年博士研究生入学考试试题(民法)
中国人民大学1993-2006年博士研究生入学考试试题（民法）93．1．论合同自由2．新闻监督与侵害名誉权3．证券市场的现状与对策94．1．试论我国物权制度的建立与完善（40）2．我国公司法中有限责任公司与股份有限公司的异同（30）3．侵权行为责任与不当得利返还责任之间的联系和区别（30）95．1．论物权分类2．企业法人与社团法人的关系3．侵权行为与违约行为的异同96．1．评析民法通则2．物上请求权与侵权行为请求权之间的联系与区别3．缔约过失责任与合同责任的联系与区别4．评析人身保险合同（3、4选一）97．1．论我国社会主义市场经济与我国民商立法2．行使同时履行抗辩权和行使合同解除权的区别3．论典权的性质、典权与抵押、质押、买卖和租赁的法律关系4．论保险合同中当事人的基本权利义务98．1．国有企业改革中的民法适用问题2．效力待定行为与可撤销行为之间的区别3．试析最高人民法院关于《民法通则》的解释200条4．侵权民事责任与不当得利民事责任之间的比较99．1．我国《民法通则》和其他有关于我国民事权利主体的分类及法律地位2．用益物权的种类及逐一评述3．知识产权及其他财产权的异同，著作权与工业产权的异同4．有限责任公司与股份有限公司的异同2000．1、 WTO 规则对我国民商事立法的影响2、论经营权3、论合同自愿原则4、网络环境下的知识产权保护2001．1．法人有限责任2．善意取得3．表见代理4．代位权行使的要件2002．1．论民事法律行为的发展和完善2．论物权请求权3．合同成立和效力的关系4．知识产权在民法中的地位2003．1.论民法典制定中的法人制度的完善2.评析物权行为理论3.论信托法律关系中的受托人的权利性质4.辨析效力待定合同与无效合同5.论知识产权的私权本质2004年1、论请求权2、人格与人格权的区别以及人格权的民事权利的性质3、相邻权与地役权的区别4、论商业秘密权2005年民法卷一、论法律行为与意思表示的关系二、论侵权行为法与人格权法的关系三、论担保物权的性质四、论根本违约商法卷一、论民商合一制度二、结合公司法的修改论公司资本制三、试论破产管理人制度四、论保险合同的生效2006年中国民法：1、论形成权2、论物权请求权与侵权责任的关系3、论无名合同及其法律适用规则4、试论知识产权在民事权利体系中的地位中国商法：1、试论商行为的特殊性及其法律规则2、试评2005年《公司法》修改对公司社会责任的条款3、试论虚假陈述及其法律责任。
人大考博英语历年真题
中国人民大学2001Ⅱ Vocabulary (10 points)Part A (5 points)Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET.1.And the topic “fat” is forbidden. Even the slightest paunch betrays thatone is losing the trim and of youth.A. vagueB. vigorC. vogueD. vulgar2.All specialists agree that the most important consideration with diet drugsis carefully the risks and benefits.A. valuingB. evaluatingC. estimatingD. weighing3.Chinese often shake my hand and don’t let go. They talk away contentedly, of my discomfort and struggle to disengage my hand.A. obliviousB. patentC. obviousD. pernicious4.The word “foolish” is too mild to describe your behavior, I would preferthe word .A. ideologicalB. idyllicC. idioticD. idiomatic5.Because of its excellence in quality, for the last two years, Audi car hasGermany’s Touring Car Championship.A. conqueredB. contestedC. dominatedD. determined6.What we consider a luxury at one time frequently becomes a , many familiesfind that ownership of two cars is indispensable.A. fashionB. necessityC. proclivityD. nuisance7.The chief editor thought he took some liberties with the original in translation. So it was necessary that he make the suggested.A. alterationsB. alternativesC. alternationsD. altercations8.Many well-educated people don’t believe that will endanger freedomof speech.A. censershipB. censureshipC. sensorshipD. censorship9.The of “snake” is simply this: a legless reptile with a long, thin body.A. connotationB. denominationC. donationD. denotation10.When the opposing player fouled John, John let his anger his good senseand hit the boy back.A. got the feel ofB. got the hang ofC. got the better ofD. got the worst ofPart B (5 points)Directions: In each of the following sentences there is one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEETⅠ.11.Although this book claims to be a biography of George Washington, many ofthe incidents are imaginary.A. fascinatingB. factitiousC. fastidiousD. fictitious12.The trade fair is designed to facilitate further cooperation between Chinese auto industries and overseas auto industries.A. promoteB. protectC. preserveD. prolong13.He was concerned only with mundane matters, especially the daily stock market quotations.A. rationalB. obscureC. worldlyD. eminent14.The earthquake that occurred in India this year was a major calamity in whicha great many lives were lost.A. casualtyB. catastropheC. catalogueD. crusade15.The doctors were worried because the patient did not recuperate as rapidly as they had expected.A. withdrawB. emergeC. recoverD. uncover16.The purchaser of this lorry is protected by the manufacturer’s warranty that he will re place any defective part for five years or 50,000 miles.A. prohibitionB. insuranceC. prophecyD. guarantee17.The boy could not reconcile himself to the failure, he did not believe that was his lot.A. submitB. commitC. transmitD. permit18.In some cities of North China, the noise pollution is as pronounced as that in Tokyo.A. contemptuousB. contagiousC. conspicuousD. contemplated19.Trivial breaches of regulations we can pass over, but more serious ones will have to be investigated.A. exceedB. witherC. overpassD. neglect20.We were discussing the housing problem when a middle-aged man cut in and said,“There’s no point in talking about impossibilities.”A. intersectB. interjectC. penetrateD. adulterateⅢ Cloze (10 points)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage, and for each blank there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D at the end of the passage. You should choose the ONE answer that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET.Motorways are, no doubt the safest roads in Britain. Mile 21 mile, vehicle for vehicle, you are much 22 likely to be killed or seriously injured than on an ordinary road. On 23 hand, if you do have a serious accident on a motorway, fatalities are much more likely to 24 than in a comparable accident 25 on the roads.Motorways have no 26 bends, no roundabouts or traffic lights and 27 speeds are much greater than on other roads. Though the 70 mph limit is 28 in force, it is often treated with the contempt that most drivers have for the 30 mpb limit applying in built up areas in Britain. Added to this is the fact that motorway drivers seem to like traveling in groups with perhaps 29 ten metres between each vehicle. The resulting horrific pile-ups 30 vehicle stops for some reason, such asmechanical failure, driver error and so on, have become all 31 familiar through pictures in newspapers or on television. How 32 of these drivers realize that it takes a car about one hundred metres to brake to a stop 33 70 mph? Drivers also seem to think that motorway driving gives them complete protection from the changing weather. 34 wet the road, whatever the visibility in mist or fog, on they 35 at ridiculous speeds oblivious of police warnings or speed restrictions 36 their journey comes to a conclusion. Perhaps one remedy 37 this motorway madness would be better driver education. At present, learner drivers are bared 38 motorways and are thus as far as this kind of driving is 39 thrown in at the deep end. However, much more efficient policing is required, 40 it is the duty of the police not only to enforce the law but also to protect the general public from its own foolishness.B. afterC. toD. byB. farC. lessD. lesserB. otherC. oneD. the otherup B. occur C. be found D. ariseB. elsewhereC. anywhereD. somewhereB. steepC. verticalD. sharpB. thenC. soD. thereuponB. evenC. stillD. subsequentlyB. simplyC. barelyD. purelyB. sinceC. whenD. forB. alsoC. undulyD. unreasonablyB. muchC. deeplyD. profoundlyB. fromC. atD. forB. HoweverC. WhoeverD. HowB. rakeC. tillD. ploughB. beforeC. thusD. untilB. forC. ofD. onB. againstC. awayD. offB. consideredC. concernedD. touchedB. thenC. themD. forⅣ Reading Comprehension(20 points)Directions: Read the following passages, decide on the best one of the choices marked A, B,C and D for each question or unfinished statement and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ.Passage 1The next time the men were taken up onto the deck, Kunta made a point of looking at the man behind him in line, the one who lay beside him to the left when they were below. He was a Serere tribesman much older than Kunta, and his body, front and back, was creased with whip cuts, some of them so deep and festering that Kunta felt badly for having wished sometimes that he might strike the man in the darkness for moaning so steadily in his pain. Staring back at Kunta, the Serere’s dark eyes were full of fury and defiance. A whip lashed out even as they stood looking at each other—this time at Kunta, spurring him to move ahead. Trying to roll away, Kunta was kicked heavily in his ribs. But somehow he and the gasping Wolof managed to stagger back up among the other men from their shelf who were shambling toward their dousing with buckets of seawater.A moment later, the stinging saltiness of it was burning in Kunta’s wounds, and his screams joined those of others over the sound of the drum and the wheezing thing that had again begun marking time for the chained men to jump and dance for the toubob. Kunta and the Wolof were so weak from their new beating that twice they stumbled, but whip blows and kicks sent them hopping clumsily up and down in their chains. So great was his fury that Kunta was barely aware of the women singing “Toubob fa!” And when he had finally been chained back down in his place in the dark hold, his heart throbbed with a lust to murder toubob.Every few days the eight naked toubob would again come into the stinking darkness and scrape their tubs full of the excrement that had accumulated on the shelves where the chained men lay. Kunta would lie still with his eyes staring bale fully in hatred, following the bobbing orange lights, listening to the toubod cursing and sometimes slipping and tailing into the slickness underfoot—so plentiful now, because of the increasing looseness of the men’s bowels, that the filth had begun to drop off the edges of the shelves down into the aisleway.The last time they were on deck, Kunta had noticed a man limping on a badly infected leg. This time the man was kept up on deck when the rest were taken back below. A few days later, the women told the other prisoners in their singing that the man’s leg had been cut off and that one of the women had been brought to tend him, but that the man had died that night and been thrown over the side. Starting then, when the toubob came to clean the shelves, they also dropped red-hot pieces of metal into pails of strong vinegar. The clouds of acrid steam left the hold smelling better, but soon it would again be overwhelmed by the choking stink. It was a smell that Kunta felt would never leave his lungs and skin.The steady murmuring that went on in the hold whenever the toubob were gone kept growing in volume and intensity as the men began to communicate better and better with one another. Words not understood were whispered from mouth to ear along the shelves until someone who knew more than one tongue would send back their meanings. In the process, all of the men along each shelf learned new words in tongues they had not spoken before. Sometimes men jerked upward, bumping their heads, in the double excitement of communicating with each other and the fact that it was being done without the toubob’s knowledge. Muttering among themselves for hours, the men developed a deepening sense of intrigue and of brotherhood. Though they were of different villages and tribes, the feeling grew that they were not from different peoples or places.41.The living conditions for the Blacks in the hold of the slave ship were .A. adequate but primitiveB. inhumane and inadequateC. humane but crowdedD. similar to the crew’s quarters42.The prisoners had difficulty communicating with each other because .A. they were too sick to talkB. they distrusted one anotherC. no one felt like talkingD. they spoke different languages43.Which of the following words is closest in meaning to balefully as used in “Kunta would lie still with his eyes staring balefully in hatred”?A. IndulgentlyB. VacantlyC. ForlornlyD. Menacingly44.By constantly referring to such things as filth and choking stink, the author seeks to create a tone that arouses a feeling of .A. disgust with the dirtB. horror at the injusticeC. revolting at the foul odorD. relief that this happened long ago45.Despite their intense pain and suffering, the Black men found a small measure of comfort in .A. their exercise periods on deckB. the breathtaking ocean sceneryC. their conversations with the Black womenD. their conversations with one anotherPassage 2Large, multinational corporations may be the companies whose ups and downs seize headlines. But to a far greater extent than most Americans realize, the economy’s vitality depends on the fortunes of tiny shops and restaurants, neighborhood services and factories. Small businesses, defined as those with fewer than 100 workers, now employ nearly 60 percent of the work force and are expected to generate half of all new jobs between now and the year 2000. Some 1.2 million small firms have opened their doors over the past six years of economic growth, and 1989 will see an additional 200,000 entrepreneurs striking off on their own.Too many of these pioneers, however, will blaze ahead unprepared. Idealists will o verestimate the clamor for their products or fail to factor in the competition. Nearly everyone will underestimate, often fatally, the capital that success requires. Midcareer executives, forced by a takeover or a restructuring to quit the corporation and find another way to support themselves, may savor the idea of being their own boss but may forget that entrepreneurs must also, at least for a while, be bookkeeper and receptionist, too. According to Small Business Administration data, 24 of every 100 businesses starting out today are likely to have disappeared in two years, and 27 more will have shut their doors four years from now. By 1995, more than 60 of those 100 start-ups will have folded. A new study of 3,000 small businesses, sponsored by American Express and the National Federation of Independent Business, suggests slightly better odds: Three years after start-up, 77 percent of the companies surveyed were still alive. Most credited their success in large part to having picked a business they already were comfortable in. Eighty percent had workedwith the same product or service in their last jobs.Thinking through an enterprise before the launch is obviously critical. But many entrepreneurs forget that a firm’s health in its infancy may be little indication of how well it will age. You must tenderly monitor its pulse. In their zeal to expand, small-business owners often ignore early warning signs of a stagnant market or of decaying profitability. They hopefully pour more and more money into the enterprise, preferring not to acknowledge eroding profit margins that mean the market for their ingenious service or product has evaporated, or that they must cut the payroll or vacate their lavish offices. Only when the financial well runs dry do they see the seriousness of the illness, and by then the patient is usually too far gone to save.Frequent checks of your firm’s vital signs will also guide you to a sensible rate of growth. To snatch opportunity, you must spot the signals that it is time to conquer new markets, add products or perhaps franchise your hot ideA.46.According to the passage, a country’s economy is probably decided by .A. the prosperity and decline of the transnational corporationsB. the rise and fall of the markets and products as well as capitalC. the fate of the small businesses such as small plants and restaurantsD. the economic increase and decrease of the large companies47.In order to succeed in a business, the entrepreneur should .A. get very well prepared for his new businessB. choose a business he’s already familiar withC. examine the company’s crucial signs now and thenD. invest as much as possible into his enterprise48.Which of the following statements about small business is not true? .A. It helps effectively to fight unemployment.B. The earlier it starts, the sooner it collapses.C. There’s a good omen for small business according to a survey.D. Some small business owners are blind to early premonition of failure.49.What does the last sentence in the 3rd paragraph mean according to the passage?A. The patient is seriously ill because of lack of water in the well.B. The patient can be saved if he has enough money to solve the financial problem.C. It’s too late for small business owners to realize the gravity of the problem because they have used up their money.D. It’s urgent for small business owners to pour all their money into the enterprise to revitalize their business.50.What’s the main idea of this passage?A. How to become a winner in small business?B. How to be a successful boss in multinational corporation?C. How to deal with the ups and downs in small business?D. How to conquer new markets and gain the largest profit?Passage 3The blue, mystic Lake Elsinore lies in an inland California valley which is teeming and steaming with hot springs. Rimmed by shaggy mountains whose forestedcrests are reflected in its clear waters, Lake Elsinore is the very personification of peace—but on it rests the curse of Tondo.The lake has had a colorful history. Much of it lies buried in legend, and it is difficult to separate fact from fiction. There have been stories of underground volcanoes on the lake bottom, erupting, killing fish and discoloring the water. There have been stories of a playful sea serpent that lived in its depths.Long noted for its scenic beauty and health-giving waters, the lake was a famous resort in the Nineties. But long before the first white man had set foot along the shore of the lake, this part of California had been the home of the Soboba Indians. Their chief was Tondo, a stern and unforgiving man.He had a daughter, Morning Star, who was in love with Palo, son of the chief of the Palas, a neighboring tribe. The Sobobas and Palas were sworn enemies. For a time the lovers met secretly. Then one day they were discovered by Tondo. His rage was terrible to behold. He forbade the lovers ever to meet again.Morning Star tried in every way to appease her father’s anger, to soften his heart toward Palo. But in time she saw that it was useless; that he would never give his consent to their marriage. Vowing that they would never be separated, the Indian maid and her lover walked hand in hand into the lake, as the dreary November sun cast long shadows on the land. They were followed by a group of orphan children whom Morning Star had befriended. All walked into the lake, singing the mournful death song of their people, while Tondo stood on the shore and cursed the lovers, cursed the blue water into which they all walked to their death.Ever since that day it would seem that a jinx has been laid over Lake Elsinore. Oldtimers tell of a great upheaval in the lake which caused water to spout into the air like a geyser and turn blood-red. Later, it became known that three hundred springs of boiling mud and water were born in the valley during that upheaval. The springs reeked with sulphur.For many years after this phenomenon the lake remained peaceful. Then boats were overturned for no apparent reason, and few of their occupants ever returned to tell the story. This continued for several years. At the same time, strong swimmers dived into the lake never to reappear.In 1833 and again in 1846, fish in the lake suddenly died.In the spring of 1850 came the Battle of the Gnats. They bred in the water of the lake and swarmed over the land. They invaded the countryside until the harassed inhabitants called for help.And in July 1951, the sky-blue waters of the lake vanished like mist before a noonday sun. When the bottom was laid bare there was no trace of a volcano, the bottomless pits, or the other disturbances of legend or fact.The copious winter rains of 1951—52 have replenished the lake. But what menace does its haunting beauty hold today? For tomorrow?The once mighty Sobobas are few now. But the old men swear that their ancestors still haunt the lake. They nod grizzled head and murmur that the Great Tondo’s curse will forever remain upon the lake. Only time, the wise and silent one, can tell.51.Which of the following statements is true of Lake Elsinore?A. It is considered by legend to be rich in golb.B. It was once famous as a beautiful resort.C. It is located in a volcanic crater in California.D. It used to be the center of a mining village.52.Probably Tondo’s rage was due the fact that .A. Morning Star was too young to marryB. Tondo’s tribe and Palas’s tribe were enemiesC. Palo mistreated his Soboba girl friendD. Palas vowed meet Morning Star in secret53.According to the old-timers, on two occasions .A. the water of the lake turned redB. lake water sprouted into the airC. the Gnats invaded the countrysideD. fish in the lake suddenly died54.The word “jinx” (Line 1, Paragraph 6) probably means .A. spell of bad luckB. hot air currentC. strange tranquilityD. storm of unusual duration55.Which can be considered the best title for the passage?A. The Curse of Tondo.B. The Beautify Lake Elsinore.C. The Mysterious Indian Tribes.D. The Tragic Love of Morning Star.Passage 4The crucial years of the Depression, as they are brought into historical focus, in creasingly emerge as the decisive decade for American art, if not for American culture in general. For it was during this decade that many of the conflicts which had blocked the progress of American art in the past came to a head and sometimes boiled over. Janusfaced, the thirties look backward, sometimes as far as the Renaissance; and at the same time forward, as far as the present and beyond. It was the moment when artists, like Thomas Hart Benton, who wished to turn back the clock to regain the virtues of simpler times came into direct conflict with others, like Stuart Davis and Frank Lloyd Wright, who were ready to come to terms with the Machine Age and to deal with its consequences.America in the thirties was changing rapidly. In many areas the past was giving way to the present, although not without a struggle. A predominantly rural and small town society was being replaced by the giant complexes of the big cities; power was becoming increasingly centralized in the federal government and in large corporations. As a result, traditional American types such as the independent farmer and the small businessman were being replaced by the executive and the bureaucrat. Many Americans, deeply attached to the old way of life, felt disinhereited. At the same time, as immigration decreased and the population became more homogeneous, the need arose in art and literature to commemorate the ethnic and regional differences that were fast disappearing. Thus, paradoxically, the conviction that art, at least, should serve some purpose or carry some message of moral uplift grew stronger asthe Puritan ethos lost its contemporary reality. Often this elevating message was a sermon in favor of just those traditional American virtues which were now threatened with obsolescence in a changed social and political context.In this new context, the appeal of the paintings by the Regionalists and the American Scene painters often lay in their ability to recreate an atmosphere that glorified the traditional American values—self-reliance tempered with good-neighborliness, independence modified by a sense of community, hard work rewarded by a sense of order and purpose. Given the actual temper of the times, these themes were strangely anachronistic, just as the rhetoric supporting political isolationism was equally inappropriate in an international situation soon to involve America in a second world war. Such themes gained popularity because they filled a genuine need for a comfortable collective fantasy of a God-fearing, white-picket-fence America, which in retrospect took on the nostalgic appeal of a lost Golden Age.In this light, an autonomous art-for-art’s sake was viewed as a foreign invader liable to subvert the native American desire for a purposeful art. Abstract art was assigned the role of the villainous alien; realism was to personify the genuine American means of expression. The argument drew favor in many camps: among the artists, because most were realists; among the politically oriented intellectuals, because abstract art was apolitical; and among museum officials, because they were surfeited with mediocre imitations of European modernism and were convinced that American art must develop its own distinct identity. To help along this road to self-definition, the museums were prepared to set up an artificial double standard, one for American art, and another for European art. In 1934, Ralph Flint wrote in Art News, “We have today in our midst a greater array of what may be called second, third, and fourth-string artists than any other country. Our big annuals are marvelous outpourings of intelligence and skill; they have all the diversity and animation of a fine-ring circus.”56.According to the passage, in the 1930s, abstract art was seen as .A. uniquely AmericaB. uniquely EuropeanC. imitative of European modernismD. counter to American regionalism57.The second paragraph deals mainly with in America.A. the rapid growth of urban populationB. the impact of industrialization on rural lifeC. the disappearance of traditional valuesD. the changing scenes in religion and politics58.According to the passage, the best word to describe America in the 1930s would be .A. reactionaryB. consistentC. dynamicD. melancholic59. “The artificial standard” (Paragraph 4) refers to the difference between standards of judgement for .A. realism and abstract artB. politically oriented intellectuals and museum officialsC. European art and American artD. landscape painting and abstract painting60.The best choice for title of the passage would be .A. The Thirties in Art. Reaction and RebellionB. America in the Thirties: A Changing TimeC. Thomas Hart Benton and RegionalismⅤ Translation (20 points)Part A (10 points)Directions: Translate the following English into Chinese onto your ANSWER SHEET.This organization is also a manufacturing firm. Here, however, management encourages and rewards risk taking and change. Decisions based on intuition are valued as much as those that are well rationalized. Management prides itself on its history of experimenting with new technologies and its success in regularly introducing innovative products. Managers or employees who have a good idea are encouraged to “run with it”, and failures are treated as “learning experiences”. The company prides itself on being market driven and rapidly responsive to the changing needs of its customers.There are few rules and regulations for employees to follow, and supervision is loose because management believes that its employees are hardworking and trustworthy. Management is concerned with high productivity but believes that this comes through treating its people right. The company is proud of its reputation as being a good place to work.Part B (10 points)Directions: Translate the following Chinese into English onto your ANSWER SHEET.我在这风光奇异的地方所呆的时间不长，但我的心灵得到了升华。
中国人民大学经济学考博真题
考博详解与指导中国人民大学商学院博士入学考试经济学试题专业：企业管理、技术经济和管理、财务管理、产业经济学、流通经济学时间：2002一、论市场经济理论与实践（50）二、入世与我国产业结构调整（50）时间：2003一、分析通货紧缩的原因及治理对策（40）二、试析中国大陆对外开放政策的经济含义（30）三、试论国有经济管理体制改革与经济发展的关系（30）时间:2004一、论述经济活动中边际效益递增的条件和选择策略（25）二、试述技术变革对市场结构的影响（25）三、试分析我国经济高速增长下劳动工资趋向（25）四、试分析我国生产要素总供给和总需求及当前经济情况（25）时间：2005一、试分析周期理论主要流派（25）二、试用结构-行为-绩效框架分析我国市场经济结构及其效应（25）三、试用社会成本、企业成本（私人成本）和政府矫正外部性政策原理，论述循环经济与可持续发展的关系（25）四、使用规模经济理论，分析企业兼并或收购的经济效应（25）时间：2006一、论述垄断竞争市场的特点及其资源配置二、论述熊彼特的周期理论，并分析我国多数产业产能过剩的原因及影响三、论述技术变革对生产函数、成本函数的影响，利用微笑利润曲线论述技术变革的作用.四、论述在市场经济条件下，一国的国际收支能够做到自动调节时间：2007一、试述现代经济学对企业性质的观点（20）二、试用效用理论评价产品价格及品质对产业竞争力的影响（20）三、试论全球化与信息化背景下中国民族企业发展战略（30）四、试用IS-LM-BP模型解释当前中国宏观经济状况形成机理及对企业经营环的影响（30）时间：2008一、什么是沉没成本？沉没成本对企业决策行为有什么影响？二、论述财政政策和货币政策的相互关系。
三、论述支持价格和限制下个的特征及效应四、请用怕累托改进评价中国三十年来的成就。
第一部分、传统面试问题（Sample Traditional Interview Questions）1、What can you tell me about yourself?（关于你自己，你能告诉我些什么？）这一问题如果面试没有安排自我介绍的时间的话。
人大+清华+党校伦理学考博专业课真题
中国人民大学哲学院伦理学博士招生考试试题（2001-2009）2001年中国伦理思想史部分:1．韩非子的伦理思想2．关于程颐伦理思想的一段古文辨析西方伦理思想史部分1．伊壁鸠鲁与斯多葛的比较2．17世纪欧洲大陆理性主义发展与演变伦理学原理1．对享乐主义的认识或评价2．关于以德治国3．论述建设与社会主义市场经济体制相适应的道德规范体系4．道德的知行关系2002年中国伦理思想史部分1．论证历史上的德治传统2．《尚书》中的一段话，翻译并评价，主要是官德方面。
西方伦理思想史部分1．论述亚里士多德的正义观2．论述英国情感主义流派的伦理思想伦理学原理1．对《纲要》20字规范的解释与论述2．效率与公平的关系3．论述道德修养4．德治与法治的关系2003年中国伦理思想史部分1．《孟子》中的一段话，翻译并评价2．论述董仲舒的伦理思想西方伦理思想史部分1．边沁与密尔的功利主义比较2．论述理性主义伦理思想伦理学原理1．论道德修养在道德评价中的作用2．论市场经济中的“诚信”问题3．论述动机与效果的关系4．论述中国传统道德在建构社会主义道德中的作用2004年中西伦理思想史1．先秦时期儒墨道法四家的伦理思想概述2．朱熹、陆九渊伦理思想的比较3．古希腊时期德性主义思想伦理学原理1.试论道德境界；2. 试论道德教育与道德管理的关系3.价值导向一元论与个人价值观多元论的关系4.建立与社会主义法律体系相适应的社会主义道德体系2005年伦理学原理1.道德评价中的善恶关系2.道德选择中自由和必然的关系3.道德调节在和谐社会中的作用4.论道德教育中的先进性和广泛性中西伦理思想史1.翻译并评价一段古文（《庄子》）2.明末清初的伦理思想3.霍布斯的伦理思想4.近代欧洲理性主义2006年伦理学原理1. 简析奉献精神2.简析道德行为的机制和过程3. 试论道德发展的规律性4. 简析社会主义义利观中西伦理思想史部分1.翻译并评价《荀子》中的一段话（关于荀子人性论）2.王阳明的伦理思想3.卢梭的伦理思想4.欧洲历史上理性主义思潮2007年伦理学原理1.试论道德的本质2.试论道德行为中的道德冲突3.试论经济准则与道德准则的关系4.试论社会核心价值对和谐社会构建的作用伦理思想史1.翻译并分析评价张载的一段古文2.中国古代人性的演变、特点和意义3.试论亚里士多德的德性论思想4.比较近代法国、英国、德国的伦理思想的演变、特点。
人大考博英语(2010-2017)
历年真题2017年中国人民大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题PartⅡReading Comprehension(40%)Directions:There are4reading passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A,B, C and D．You should decide on the best choice and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET．Questions16to20are based on the following passage．Sometimes,over a span of many Years,a business will continue to grow,generating ever-increasing amounts of cash,repurchasing stock,paying increased dividends,reducing debt, opening new stores,expanding production facilities,moving into new markets,etc.,while at the same tune its stock price remains stagnant(or even falls)．When this happens,the average and professional investors alike tend to overlook the company because they become familiar with the trading range．Take,for example,Wal-Mart.Over the past five years,the retailing behemoth has grown sales by over80％,profits by over100％,and yet the stock price has fallen as much as 30％during that timeframe.Clearly,the valuation picture has changed.An investor that read the annual report back in2000or2001might have passed on the security,deeming it too expensive based on a metric such as the price to earnings ratio.Today,however,the equation is completely different--despite the stock price,WalMart is,in essence,trading at half its former price because each share is backed by a larger dividend,twice the earnings power, more stores,and a bigger infrastructure.Home Depot is in much the same boat,largely because some Wall Street analysts question how fast two of the world's largest companies can continue to grow before their sheer size slows them down to the rate of the general economy．Coca-Cola is another excellent example of this phenomenon.Ten years ago,in1996, the stock traded between a range of$36．10and$54．30per share.At the time,it had reported earnings per share of$1．40and paid a cash dividend of$0．50per share.Corporate per share book value was$2．48．Last year,the stock traded within a range of$40．30 and$45．30per share;squarely in the middle of the same area it had been nearly a decade prior!Yet,despite the stagnant stock price,the2006estimates Value Line Investment Survey estimates for earnings per share standaround$2．16(a rise of54％),the cash dividend has more than doubled to$1．20, book value is expected to have grown to$7．40per share(a gain of nearly300％),and the total number of shares outstanding(未偿付的，未完成的)has actually decreased from2．481 billion to an estimated2．355billion due to the company's share repurchase program．16．This passage is probably a part of______．A．Find Hidden Value in the Market B．Become RicherC．Get Good Bargains D．Identify Good Companies17．The italicized word“stagnant”(line4,Para.1)can be best paraphrased as______．A．prominent B．terrible C．unchanged D．progressing18．Wal-Mart is now trading at a much lower price becauseA．it has stored a large quantity of goodsB．it has become financially more powerfulC．it has been eager to collect money to prevent bankruptcyD．it is a good way to compete with other retailing companies19．All the following are shared by Wal-Mart and Coco-Cola EXCEPT______．A．the cash dividend has increasedB．the earning power has become strongerC．both businesses have continued to growD．the stock price has greatly decreased20．According to the author,one had better______．A．buy more shares when the stock price falls downB．sell out the shares when the stock price falls downC．do some research on the value.of a business when its stock price falls downD．invest in the business when its stock price fails downQuestions21to25are based on the following passage．Today's college students are more narcissistic(自恋的)and self-centered than their predecessors,according to a comprehensive new study by five psychologists who worry that the trend could be harmful to personal relationships and American society．“We need to stop endlessly repeating'You're special'and having children repeat that back,”said the study's lead author,Professor Jean Twenge of San Diego State University.“Kids are self-centered enough already.”“Unfortunately,narcissism can also have very negative consequences for society,including the breakdown of close relationships with others,”he said.The study asserts that narcissists“are more likely to have romantic relationships that are short-lived,at risk for infidelity,lack emotional warmth,and to exhibit game-playing, dishonesty,and over-controlling and violent behaviors”.Twenge,the author of“Generation Me：Why Today's Young Americans Are More Confident,Assertive,Entitled--and More Miserable Than Ever Before”,said narcissists tend to lack empathy,react aggressively to criticism and favor self-promotion over helping others．Some analysts have commended today's young people for increased commitment to volunteer work.But Twenge viewed even this phenomenon skeptically,noting that many high schools require community service and many youths feel pressure to list such endeavors on college applications．Campbell said the narcissism upsurge seemed so pronounced(非常明显的)that he was unsure if there were obvious remedies.“Permissiveness seems to be a component,”he said.“A potential antidote would be more authoritative parenting.Less indulgence might be called for.”Yet students,while acknowledging some legitimacy to such findings,don't necessarily accept negative generalizations about their generation．Hanady Kader,a University of Washington senior,said she worked unpaid last summer helping resettle refugees and considers many of her peers to be civic-minded.But she is dismayed(气馁；心,)by the competitiveness of some students who seem prematurely focused on career status.“We're encouraged a lot to be individuals and go out there and do what you want,and nobody should stand in your way,”Kader said.“I can see goals and ambitions getting in the way of other things like relationships.”Kari Dalane,a University of Vermont sophomore,says most of her contemporaries are politically active and not overly self-centered.“People are worried about themselves--but in the sense of where are they're going to find a place in the world,”she said.“People want to look their best,have a good time,but it doesn't mean they're not concerned about the rest of the world.”Besides,some of the responses on the narcissism test might not be worrisome,Dalane said.“It would be more depressing if people answered,'No,I'm not special.'”21．According to the passage,a narcissistic person may21．According to the passage,a narcissistic person may______．A．hate criticism B．be dishonest to his/her partnerC．be unwilling to help others D．All the above．22．The italicized word“commended”(line1,Para.3)means______．A．praised B．criticized C．recommended D．disfavored23．Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A．Narcissism may result in bad consequences．B．College students are active to participate in volunteer work．C．Some people doubt whether there are remedies to counter the narcissism upsurge．D．Some college students are overly engaged in self-promotion．24．It is implied that______．A．both the researchers and college students are worried about the trend of narcissism B．the researchers and college students disagree on the findings of the studyC．the researchers and college students disagree on some of the findings of the study D．college students are pessimistic about their future25．It is proper to be when you hear someone say“I'm special”．A．objective B．pessimistic C．optimistic D．worriedQuestions26to30are based on the following passage．The House is expected to pass a piece of legislation Thursday that seeks to significantly rebalance the playing field for unions and employers and could possibly reverse decades of declining membership among private industries．The Employee Free Choice Act would allow a union to be recognized after collecting a majority of vote cards,instead of waiting for the National Labor Relations Board to oversee a secret ballot election,which can occur more than50days after the card vote is completed．Representatives of business on Capitol Hill oppose the bill.The National Association of Manufacturers,The National Federation of Independent Business,the U.S.Chamber of Commerce and other business groups oppose the shift away from secret ballots saying the change could threaten the privacy of the workers.“This isn't about preventing increased unionization, it's about protecting rights”,said the National Association of Manufacturer's Jason Straczewski, of his organization's opposition to bill.Straczewski says eliminating the secret-ballot step would open up employees to coercion(旨迫,胁迫)from unions．Samuel of the AFL-CIO contends the real coercion comes from employers.“Workers talking to workers are equals while managers talking to workers aren't,”Samuel said.He cites the31,358cases of illegal employer discrimination acted on by the National Labor Relations Board in2005．Samuel also points out that counter to claims from the business lobby,the secret ballot would not be eliminated.The change would only take the control of the timing of the election out of the hands of the employers.“On the ground,the difference between having this legislation and not would be the difference between night and day,”said Richard Shaw of the Harris County Central Labor Council,who says it would have a tremendous impact on the local level．The bill has other provisions(规定，条款)as well.The Employee Free Choice Act would also impose binding arbitration(促裁)when a company and a newly formed union cannot agree on a con-tract after3months.An agreement worked out under binding compulsory arbitration would be in effect for2years,a fact that Straczewski calls,“borderline unconstitutional”.“I don't see how it will benefit employees if they're locked into a contract,”said Straczewski．The bill's proponents point to the trend of recognized unions unable to get contracts from unwilling employers.The Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service,the organization that oversees arbitration,reported that in2004,45percent of newly formed unions were deniedfirst contracts by employers.The bill would also strengthen the penalties for companies that illegally coerce or intimidate employees.As it stands,the law on the books hasn't changed substantially since the National Labor Relations Act was made into law in1935．The NLBR can enforce no other penalty than reinstating wrongfully fired employees or recovering lost wages．26．Which of the following statements best summarizes the main idea of the passage?A．House bill aims to spur labor union growth．B．House bill aims to counter labor union growth．C．Employee Free Choice Act aims to spur employment．D．Employee Free Choice Act aims to raise employees'income．27．According to its opponents,the bill______．A．will protect employees'rightsB．will benefit workers by binding contractsC．will empower unions too muchD．makes it possible for employees to yield to coercion from unions28．The word“it”(line5,Para.5)refers to______．A．the change B．the legislationC．the AFL-CIO D．the difference29．People support the bill because of the following reasons EXCEPTA．the bill will probably enable unions to have fewer members of private industries B．the bill will allow a union to be recognized earlier and have a great effect on the local levelC．binding arbitration will be imposed to protect employees if a contract can't be agreed on betweena recently established union and a companyD．the bill will strengthen the punishment for companies which illegally coerce or threaten employ ees30．It is implied that______．A．fewer private industries joined unions in the pastB．workers'coercion often comes from unionsC．the bill will be a win-and-win one for employees and employersD．punishment authorized by the bill will be lighterQuestions31to35are based on the following passage．Some African Americans have had a profound impact on American society,changing many people's views on race,history and politics.The following is a sampling of African Americans who have shaped society and the world with their spirit and their ideals．Muhammad AllCassius Marcellus Clay grew up a devout Baptist in Louisville,Kentucky,learning to fight at age12after a police officer suggested he learn to defend himself.Six years later, he was an Olympic boxing champion,going on to win three world heavyweight titles.He became known as much for his swagger(趾高气扬)outside the ring as his movement in it, converting to Islam in1965,changing his name to Muhammad Ali and refusing to join the U.S.Army on religious grounds.Ali remained popular after his athletic career ended and he developed Parkinson's disease,even lighting the Olympic torch at the1996Atlanta Olympics and conveying the peaceful virtues of Islam following the September11terrorist attacks．W.E．B．Du Bois(William Edward Burghardt Du Bois)Born in1868,this Massachusetts native was one of the most prominent,prolific intellectuals of his time.An academic,activist and historian,Du Bois co-founded the National Associationfor the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP),edited“The Crisis”magazine and wrote 17books,four journals and many other scholarly articles.In perhaps his most famous work,“The Souls of Black Folk”,published in1903,he predicted“the problem of20th century [would be］the problem of the colorline”．Martin Luther King Jr．The Rev.Martin Luther King Jr.is considered one of the most powerful and popular leaders of the American civil rights movement.He spearheaded(带头；作先锋)a massive, nonviolent initiative of marches,sit-ins,boycotts and demonstrations that profoundly affect-ed Americans'attitudes toward race relations.He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in1964．Malcolm XBlack leader Malcolm X spoke out about the concepts of race pride and black nationalism in the early1960s.He denounced the exploitation of black people by whites and developed a large and dedicated following,which continued even after his death in1965．Interest in the leader surged again after Spike Lee's1992movie“Malcolm X”was released．Jackie RobinsonIn1947,Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier by joining the Brooklyn Dodgers, becoming the first black baseball player in the U.S.major leagues.After retirement from baseball in1957,he remained active in civil rights and youth activities.In1962,he became the first African-American to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame．31．Which of the following is NOT true about Muhammad Ali?A．He never served in the army．B．He learned to fight at an early age．C．His popularity decreased after his retirement from boxing．D．He loves peace．32．The italicized word“prolific”(line2,Para.3)is synonymous to______．A．smart B．skilled C．productive D．pioneering33．According to the passage,which of the following statements is NOT true?A．W.E．B．Du Bois was engaged in the cause of promoting the status of colored people．B．Jackie Robinson was denied by U.S.major baseball leagues throughout his life．C．Martin Luther King Jr.was highly awarded for his contributions to the civil rights movements．D．Malcolm X directly or indirectly inspired interest in leadership even after his death．34．What is common among the celebrities mentioned in the passage?A．Each achieved enormous success in his/her field and was highly recognized．B．Each was devoted to his/her cause but didn't win recognition until death．C．All were active and famous in several fields in their lifetime．D．All loved peace and remained active in civil rights activities．35．Which of the following can be a title of the passage?A．Life of Famous African AmericansB．Influence of Famous African AmericansC．Political Pioneers:Icons and intellectualsD．Cultural Pioneers:Icons and intellectualsPartⅢVocabulary(10％)Directions:There are20incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C and D．Choose the best one that completes the sentence or is nearest in meaning with the underlined word.And then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center．36．The building collapsed because its foundation was not strong enough to______the weightof the building．A．subside B．idealize C．initiate D．sustain37．The actress was very______at the insulting question raised by her opponent at the conference．A．extraterrestrial B．explicit C．indignant D．innovative38．It is known to all that children in this region have strong______to swimming in summer because of the hot weather．A．inclination B．exposure C．flux D．correlation39．The torch was______by a famous athlete at the opening of the sport meeting．A．implement B．deceive C．exemplify D．ignited40．These samples have to be______in certain kind of chemical water in order to protect them．A．immersed B．crisped C．armored D．arrayed41．Her talk at the seminar clearly______from the topic the supervisor expected in the field of sociology．A．alternated B．amplified C．designated D．diverged42．Three years______before he returned home from the United States．A．denoted B．destined C．elapsed D．enveloped43．A______plan needs to be considered and accepted so as to lower the prices in these cities．A．deliberate B．disincentive C．functional D．fantastic44．Sometimes in drawing and designing,the sign X______the unknown number．A．facilitates B．fascinates C．denotes D．jots45．The speaker was very much______by rude words and behavior of the audience in the hall．A．jerked B．incensed C．laced D．limped46．The two countries have developed a______relation and increased a great deal in foreign trade．A．managerial B．lethal C．metric D．cordial47．The doctor's______was that she should go and see the specialist in this field．A．constraint B．counsel C．coherence D．consciousness48．The United Nation Law of the Sea Conference would soon produce an ocean-mining treaty following its______declaration in1970that oceans were the heritage of mankind．A．unanimous B．abstract C．autonomous D．almighty49．They need to move to new and large apartments.Do you know of any______ones in this area?A．evacuated B．empty C．vacant D．vacate50．The bad and damp weather in the hot area would enable the plants to get______quickly．A．decomposed B．denounced C．detached D．deduced51．The government decided to take a(n)______action to strengthen the market management．A．diverse B．durable C．epidemic D．drastic52．The local residents were unhappy about the curfew in this region and decided to______it．A．disgrace B．disguise C．defy D．distress53．They admitted that they shared the same______on the matter．A．potentiality B．sentiment C．Postscript D．subscription54．We cannot be______with him due to his misbehavior at the meeting yesterday．A．pecked B．reconciled C．perturbed D．presumed55．Bad traveling conditions had seriously their progress to their destination in that region．A．tugged B．demolished C．hampered D．destroyedPartⅣCloze(10%)Directions:There are20blanks in the following passage.For each blank there are four choices marked A,B,C and D．You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET．Sea rise as a consequence of global warming would immediately threaten that large fraction of the globe living at sea level.Nearly one-third of all human beings live within36miles of a coastline.Most of the world's great seaport cities would be56:New Orleans, Amsterdam,Shanghai,and Cairo.Some countries--Maldives Islands in the Indian Ocean, islands in the Pacific--would be inundated.Heavily populated coastal areas such as in Bangladesh and Egypt,57large populations occupy lowlying areas,would suffer extreme 58．Warmer oceans would spawn stronger hurricanes and typhoons,59in coastal flooding, possibly swamping valuable agricultural lands around the world.60water quality may result as61flooding which forces salt water into coastal irrigation and drinking water supplies, and irreplaceable,natural62could be flooded with ocean water,destroying forever many of the63plant and animal species living there．Food supplies and forests would be64affected.Changes in rainfall patterns would disrupt agriculture.Warmer temperatures would65grain-growing regions pole-wards.The warming would also increase and change the pest plants,such as weeds and the insects66 the crops．Human health would also be affected.Warming could67tropical climate bringing with it yellow fever,malaria,and other diseases.Heat stress and heat mortality could rise.The harmful68of localized urban air pollution would very likely be more serious in warmer 69There will be some70from warming.New sea-lanes will open in the Arctic,longer growing seasons further north will71new agricultural lands,and warmer temperature will make some of today'scolder regions more72But these benefits will be in individual areas.The natural systems --both plant and animal--will be less able than man to cope and73Any change of temperature,rainfall,and sea level of the magnitude now74will be destructive to natural systems and living things and hence to man as well．The list of possible consequences of global warming suggests very clearly that we must do everything we can now to understand its causes and effects and to take all measures possible to prevent and adapt to potential and inevitable disruptions75by global warming．56．A．ascended B．assaulted C．erased D．endangered 57．A．which B．where C．when D．what' 58．A．dislocation B．discontent C．distribution D．distinction 59．A．rebuking B．rambling C．resulting D．rallying 60．A．Increased B．Reduced C．Expanded D．Saddened 61．A．inland B．coastal C．urban D．suburban 62．A．dry-land B．mountain C．wetlands D．forest 63．A．unique B．precious C．interesting D．exciting 64．A．geologically B．adversely C．secretively D．serially 65．A．shift B．generate C．grease D．fuse66．A．hiking B．hugging C．attacking D．activating 67．A．endanger B．accommodate C．adhere D．enlarge68．A．profits B．values C．effects D．interests 69．A．conditions B．accommodation C．surroundings D．evolution 70．A．adjustments B．benefits C．adoptions D．profits 71．A．alternate B．abuse C．advocate D．create72．A．accidental B．habitable C．anniversary D．ambient 73．A．adapt B．alleviate C．agitate D．assert74．A．ascertained B．conformed C．consoled D．anticipated 75．A．tutored B．relayed C．triggered D．reflected PartⅤTranslation from English into Chinese(10%) Directions:Translate the following passage into Chinese,and then write it on the ANSWER SHEET．Understanding this transition requires a look at the two-sided connection between energy and human well-being.Energy contributes positively to well-being by providing such consumer services as heating and lighting as well as serving as a necessary input to economic production. But the costs of energy—including not only the money and other resources devoted to obtaining and exploiting it,but also environmental and sociopolitical impacts—detract from well-being．For most of human history,the dominant concerns about energy have centered on the benefitside of the energy-well-being equation.Inadequacy of energy resources or more often of the technologies and organizations for harvesting,converting,and distributing those resources has meant insufficient energy benefits and hence inconvenience,deprivation and constraints on growth.The1970's,then,represented a turning point.After decades of constancy or decline in monetary costs—and of relegation of environmental and sociopolitical costs to secondary status—energy was seen to be getting costlier in all respects.It began to be probable that excessive energy costs could pose threats on insufficient supply.It also became possible to think that expanding some forms of energy supply could create costs exceeding the benefits．PartⅥWritingDirections:You are asked to write in no less than200words about the title of“Harmful Plagiarism in Academic Field in China”.You should base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below.Remember to write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET．目前在学术界出现了剽窃和抄袭等不良现象。
中国人民大学知识产权专业博士入学考试试题
中国人民大学知识产权专业博士入学考试试题2012年
1、评析著作权法第一条的立法宗旨及修法建议；
2、评析间接侵犯知识产权；
3、试论使用在商标法上的意义。
2011年
1、评析“知识产权”概念的主要学说。
2、论合理使用制度的理论基础。
3、论侵害知识产权的归责原则。
2010年
1、评述知识产权“私权公权化”理论和知识产权人权属性；
2、评述知识产权正当化理论；
3、保护著作权与言论自由。
2009年
1、论著作权的独创性；
2、论知识产权的权利冲突；
3、论民间文学艺术作品的著作权保护。
2008年
1、商品化权与知识产权的关系；
2、知识产权的特征；
3、商业秘密的法律属性及其法理依据；、
4、判例法国家与成文法国家的著作权制度的差异。
2007年
1、试论知识产权结构中的创造者、经营者和使用者之间的辩证关
系；
2、知识产权权利限制制度与民事财产禁止权利滥用原则的关系；
3、试论信息网络传播权的社会功能。
中国人民大学考博试题
中国人民大学金融学考博专业课试题2006年经济学1．运用内外均衡理论分析我国巨额外贸顺差对国民经济的影响。
（35’）2．从市场结构或市场组织类型的角度分析如何提高我国国有企业的经济效率。
（35’）3．试论述新凯恩斯主义对“挤出效应”的看法，并结合我国的实际谈谈它的实用性。
（30’）金融学1．根据汇率机制形成理论，阐述当前人民币汇率形成机制改革及其对中国金融业的影响。
（40’）2．试从金融开放和稳定关系的角度，评述国际商业银行大规模入股中资银行后的积极意义及其风险。
（30’）3．试论述中国股权分置改革的理论依据及其对中国资本市场发展的预期。
（30’）2007年经济学1．为什么发展社会主义市场经济仍需要政府的适当干预？（35’）2．试论述国民收入的核算方法并说明绿色GDP的意义。
（35’）3．你如何认识中美之间的贸易不平衡及贸易摩擦？（30’）金融学1．试阐明外汇收支与国内货币供应的内在联系机制，并评述我国当前外汇收支对人民币货币供给的影响，应如何协调好外汇政策与货币政策？（30’）2．论述在我国建立和谐社会过程中商业银行在农村金融体系中的地位，你认为应如何发挥商业银行在支持农村经济发展中的积极作用？（30’）3．有观点认为，中国资本市场必须进行战略转型，作为战略转型的重要步骤，在海外上市的大型国有（控股）企业正在回归A股，请对以下两点进行分析：（1）海外上市的大型国有（控股）企业回归A股对中国资本市场发展的战略意义；（2）从资金供给角度看，如何实现市场供求的动态平衡？（40’）2008年经济学1．根据经济学理论，分析解决环境污染问题的途径及我国应有的对策。
（30’）2．改革开放以来，我国经济长期保持高速增长的势头。
试从宏观经济学的角度分析要保持这种高增长势头需要具备哪些条件。
（35’）3．阐述现代经济学流派对通货膨胀问题的看法及其对我国治理通货膨胀的启示。
（35’）金融学1．结合中国实践，比较评述货币政策传导机制的“凯恩斯主义观点”和“信贷观点”。
人民大学考研考博人类学考试历年真题
★人民大学人类学考试历年真题大全★●1999年人大试题人类学理论与方法一.解释下列概论(8*5)1.族群2.历史语言学3.种族(race)4.游群(band)5.参与性观察6.过渡礼仪7.互惠与再分配(波拉尼)8.单系继嗣群二.简述题(3*10)1.简述人类政治组织形式由简至繁的演进及原因。
2.简述大传统与小传统的理论。
3.简述亲属称谓制的类别。
三.论述题(2*15)1.试述语言研究在文化人类学中的意义和作用。
2.扼要归纳列维-斯特劳斯的结构主义思想。
●2000年人大试题人类学理论与方法一.解释下列概论(5*6)1.游群组织2.萨皮尔-沃尔夫假设3.涵化4.仪式与礼仪(特纳)5.禁忌6.虚拟亲属二.简答题(3*10)1.简述亲属称谓与社会行为的关系。
2.简述怀特与摩尔根在进化理论上的异同。
3.何谓“经济文化类型”？它与“文化圈”有何区别？三.论述题（2*20）1.试述马林诺斯基和布朗的功能理论的异同2.试举例说明人类学家研究文化变迁运用了哪些方法？●2001年人大试题人类学理论与方法一.解释下列概论1.图腾2.“深描”3.环状婚4.泛文化研究5.“民俗社会”（雷德菲尔德） 6.两合组织 7.边界论（巴斯） 8.文化生态学二.简答题1.简述文化族群主义与政治民族主义的区别与联系。
2.简述礼物交换理论。
三.论述题1.试论人类学中功能主义的思想渊源、主要理论及其影响。
2.阐述研究者与被研究者关系对人类学研究的作用。
●2002年人大人类学考三门社会学概论和社会学史一.名词解释(每题4分)1.贫困文化论2.文化丛3.社会资本4.参照群体.5."维模"(帕森斯)6.潜功能(默顿)7."前台与后台"(戈夫曼) 8“利己型自杀”(杜尔克姆)二.简答题(每题10分,共20分)1.简述(正式组织中)产生(非正式结构)的主要原因。
2.简述韦伯"理想类型"的涵义及其认识功能。
人大考博英语大纲样题及答案
中国人民大学博士生（非英语专业）入学考试英语考试示例Part I Vocabulary (20 points)Directions: For each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the best completing the sentence. Mark the corresponding letter with a singlebar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1．When I heard that Mrs. Thacher resigned, I called her. I wanted her to know that my heart was _____ her.A. forB. ofC. inD. with2. Gentleness has been considered a _____ trait.A. boyishB. delicateC. feminineD. male3. We know that this is ture, but _____ we recognize this truth only in our backward glance.A. all too oftenB. too oftenC. all too lateD. too late4. The retiring professor was _____ by his colleague.A. criticizedB. exaltedC. driven outD. examined5. He is honest. His actions are always _____ his words.A. contradictory toB. contradicted byC. agreed withD. consistent with6. Life is never just _____.A. livingB. beingC. existingD. going7. The lady _____ her skirt by sit on the seat while flying.A. disorderedB. disarrangedC. creasedD. crashed8. You must always be ready to sacrifice _____ to duty.A. inclinationB. tendencyC. interestD. career9. In many countries now, smoking is not _____ in public places.A. permissiveB. permissibleC. permutableD. pernicious10.His pleasant ways _____ me into thinking that he was my good friend.A. deprivedB. despisedC. divertedD. beguiled11._____ animals must be kept in cages in case they might hurt the tourists.A. LandB. DomesticC. ViciousD. Farm12. Almost overnight, Ames became a hero of environmentalists when his finding led to new ____and bans on certain chemicals.A. regulationsB. authoritiesC. ordersD. suggestions13.The ____ noise whistles kept me awake all night.A. incarnateB. incessantC. repetitiousD. rampant14. The baby seems content, he must have ____ his new nursemaid.A. taken toB. taken afterC. taken fromD. taken in15. He had either to leave the country immediately or to surrender himself to the Nazi authorities,and had no other _____.A. alternativeB. hopeC. resourceD. approach16. A good sense of rhythm is one of his natural ____ as a poet.A. endowmentsB. interestC. weaknessesD. accomplishments17. All his attempts to argue about the rightness were _____.A. futileB. not importantC. effective in caseD. without reason18.I ____ lowbrow, admire the highbrow all the more for his patronizing type.A. conceitingB. humbleC. overweeningD. poor19. Lowbrows are quite _____ for highbrows to have their symphonics and their Russion novels.A. contentB. containedC. capacityD. yearn20. As the speed of change brings design ____ fashion, then decisions about taste will have to bemade more and more regularly.A. near toB. nearer toC. next toD. close to21.The dark clouds suggest a(n) _____ storm.A. impendingB. surprisingC. fastD. enexpected22. To our grief, he became ______ to the drug.A. addictedB. interestedC. amusedD. disturbed23.Being a foreigner, Carl did not _____ to the joke.A. appreciateB. catch on toC. laughD. like24. Talks on climate change resulted in the German city of Bonn on July 16 to _____ globalwarming.A. focus onB. combatC. settle downD. sum up25. His parents _____ him to enlist when he was seventeen.A. permittedB. committedC. madeD. enabled26. _____ may think they are better than the facts would justify.A. OptimistsB. PessimistsC. CynicistsD. Humorists27. He quickly _____ behind the building to avoid being hurt by the stones thrown in his direction.A. duckedB. evadedC. escapedD. dodged28. By isolating negative words and phrases, you can _____ the damage you‟re doing to yourself.A. point outB. pointC. pinpointD. get29. It did the _____ service of freeing us from the dilemma.A. immenseB. muchC. lot ofD. innumerous30. Sports, and not learning, seem to _____ in that school.A. appearB. occupyC. dominateD. lead31. The local people could hardly think of any good way to _____ poverty they had endured.A. shake offB. ward offC. put offD. take off32. As skies fill with millions of migrating birds, European scientists say the seasonal miracleappears to depend on a seeming _____. The fatter the bird, the more efficiently it flies.A. interruptionB. descriptionC. qualificationD. contradiction33. His meeting with Picasso was an important _____ in the artist‟s life.A. lessonB. episodeC. sceneD. chapter34. Borders these days have little meaning for Singapore- based regional _____ of electronics firmslike Sanyo and Philips.A. executivesB. officialsC. governorsD. servants35. Unfortunately, the woman‟s hat _____ my view of the stage.A. blocked upB. obstructedC. preventedD. interfered36. Meantime, road construction is _____ on the site of a proposed Tuman River Triangle.A. under wayB. in the wayC. of the wayD. by way37. Everyone knows that the firefly is a _____ insect.A. firingB. lightingC. luminiferousD. glowing38. Preferential policies and ready cooperation do play a role in _____ poverty.A. alleviatingB. activatingC. assaultingD. accustoming39. The fact that these regions are _____ in natural resources doesn‟t mean local people are well off.A. adorableB. accessibleC. abundantD. ambient40. In spite of a problem with the ____ equipment, some very useful work was accomplished.A. imperfectB. temporaryC. emergencyD. reinstalledPart II Reading Comprehension (30 points)Directions: Read the following passages, decide on the best one of the choices marked A, B, C and D for each question or unfinished statement and mark the corresponding letter with a singel bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage 1There is extraordinary exposure in the United States ot the risks of injury and death from motor vehicle acidents. More than 80 percent of all households own passenger cars or light trucks and each of these is driven an average of more than 11,000 miles each year. Almost one-half of fatally injured drivers have a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.1 percent or higher. For the average adult, over five ounces of 80 proof spirits would have to be consumed over a short period of time to attain these levels. A third of drivers who have been drinking, but fewer that 4 percent of all dirvers, demonstrate these levels. Although less than 1 percent of drivers with BACs of 0.1 percent or more are involved in fatal crashes, the probability of their involvement is 27 times higher than for those without alcohol in their blood.There are a number of different approaches to reducing injuries in which intoxication plays a role. Based on the observation that excessive consumption correlates with the total alcohol consumption of a country‟s population, it has been suggested that higher taxes on alcohol would reduce both. While the heaviest drinkers would be taxed the most, anyone who drinks at all would be penalized by this approach.To make drinking and driving a criminal offense is an approach directed only at intoxicated drivers. In some states, the law empowers police to request breath tests of drivers cited for any traffic offense and elevated BAC can be the basis for arrest. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration estimates, however, that even with increased arrests, there are about 700 violations for every arrest. At this lever there is little evidence that laws serve as deterrents to drinking while intoxicatd. In Britain, motor vehicle fatalities fell 25 percent immediately following implementation of the Road Safety Act in 1967. As the British increasingly recognized that they could drink and not be stopped, the effectiveness declined, although in the ensuing three years the fatality rate seldom reached that observed in the seven years prior to the Act.Whether penalties for driving with a high BAC or excessive taxation on consumption of alcoholic beverage will deter the excessive drinker responsible for most fatalities is unclear. In part, the answer depends on the extent to which those with high BAC involved in crashes are capable of controlling their intake in response to economic or penal threat. Therapeutic programs which range from individual and group counseling and psychotherapy to chemotherapy constitute another approach, but they have not diminished the proportion of accidents in which alcohol was a factor. In the few controlled trials that have been reported, there is little evidence that rehabilitation programs of those repeatedly arrested for durnken behavior have reduced either the recidivism or crash involvement for clients exposed to them, although knowledge and attitudes have improved. One thing is clear, however, unless we deal with automobile and highway safety and reduce accidents in which alcoholic intoxication plays a role, many will continue to die.41. The author is mainly concerned with _____.A.interpreting the results of surveys on traffic fatalitiesB.reviewing the effectiveness of attempts to curb drunk drivingC.suggesting reasons for the prevalence of drunk driving in the United StatesD.analyzing the causes of the large number of annual traffic fatalities42. It can be inferred that the 1967 Road Safety Act in Britain______.A.required drivers convicted under the law to undergo rehabilitation therapyB.make it illegal to drive while intoxicatedC.increased the number of drunk driving arrestsD.placed a tax on the sale of alcoholic drinks43. The author imples that a BAC of 0.1 percent _____.A.is unreasonalby high as a definition of intoxication for purposes of drivingB.penalizes the moderate drinker while allowing the heavy drinker to consume without limitC.is well below the BAC of most drivers who are involved in fatal collisionsD.proves that a driver has consumed five ounces of 80 proof spirits over a short time44. The author cites the British example in order to _____.A.demonstrate the need to lower BAC levels in states that have laws against drunk drivingB.prove that stricter enforcement of laws against intoxicated drivers would reduce trafficdeathsC.prove that a slight increase in the number of arrests of intoxicated drivers will not deterdrunk drivingD.suggest that taxation of alcohol consumption may be more effective than criminal laws45. The author‟s tone of then end of the article can best be described as _____.A. ironicB. indifferentC. admonitoryD. indecisivePassage 2No one can be greater thinker who does not realize that as a thinker it is his first duty to follow his intellect to whatever conclusions it may lead. Truth gains more even by the errors of one who, with due study and preparation, thinks of himself, than by the true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think. Not that it is solely, or chiefly, to form great thinkers that freedom of thinking is required. On the contrary, it is much or even more indispensable to enable average human beings to attain the mental stature which whey are capable of. There have been, and may again be, great individual thinkers in a general atmosphere of mental slavery. But there never has been, nor ever will be, in that atmosphere an intellectually active people. Where any people has made a temporary approach to such a character, it has been because the dread of heterodox speculation was for a time suspended. Where there is a tacit convention that principles are not to be disputed; where the discussion of the greatest questions which can occupy humanity is considered to be closed, we cannot hope to find that generally high scale of mental activity which has made some periods of history so remarkable. Never when controversy avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to kindle enthusiansm was the mind of people stirred up from its foundations and the impulse given which raised even persons of the most ordinary intellect ot something of the dignity of thinking beings.He who knows only his own side of the case knows little of that. His reasons may be good, and on one may have been able to refute them. But if he is equally unble to refute the reasons on the opposite side; if he does not so much as know what they are, he has no ground for preferring either opinion. The rational position for him would be suspension of judgement, and unless he contents himself with that, he is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the world, the side to which he feels the most inclination. Nor is it enough that he should hear the arguments of adversaries from his own teachers, presented as they state them, and accompanied by what they offer as refutations. That is not the way to do justice to the arguments, or bring them into real contact with his own mind. He must be able to hear them from persons who actually believe them; who defend them in earnest, and do their very utmost for them. He must know them in their most plausible and persuasive form: he must feel the whole force of the difficulty which the true view of the s ubject has to encounter and dispose of else he will never really possess himself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty. Ninety-nine in hundred of what are called educated men are inthis condition: even of those who can argue fluently for their opinions. Their conclusion may be ture, but it might be false for anything they know: they have never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who think differently from and considered what such persons may have to say, and consequently they do not, in any proper sense of the word, know the doctrines which they themselves profess. They do not know those parts of it which explain and justify the remainder; the considerations which show that a fact with seeminlgy conflicts with another is reconcilable with it, or that, of two apparently strong reasons, one and not the other ought to be preferred.46. According to the author, in a great period such as the Renaissance we may expect to find ____.A.acceptance of truthB.enthusiasmC.controversy over principlesD. a suspension of judgement47. Which of the following statements is true, according to the author?A.Most education people study both sides of a questionB.Heterodox speculation will lead to many errors in thinking.C.The vast majority of people who argue fluently are acquainted with only one side of anissue.D.It is wise to get both sides of a debatable issue from one‟s teachers48. As it is used in line 4 of the passage, the word …suffer‟ most nearly means _____.A. endureB. undergoC. permitD. support49. It can be inferred from the passage that a person who knows only his own side of an issue isregarded by the author as ______.A. uniformedB. opinionatedC. ignorantD. rational50. Which of the following statements do you think the author would be most likely to agree with?A. A truly great thinker makes no mistakes.B.Periods of intellectual achievement are of heterodox speculation.C.In a period of mental slavery, no true intellectual thought is possilbeD.Excessive controversy prevents clear thinking.Passage 3Large, multinational corporations may be the companies whose ups and downs seize headlines. But to a far greater extent than most Americans realize, the economy‟s vitality depends on the fortunes of tiny shops and restaurants, neighborhood services and factories. Small businesses, defined as those with fewer than 100 workers, now employ nearly 60 percent of the work force and are expected to generated half of all new jobs between now and the year 2000. Some 1.2 million small firms have opened their doors over the past six years of economic growth, and 1989 will see an additional 200,000 entrepreneurs striking off on their own.Too many of these pioneers, however, will balze ahead unprepared. Idealists will overestimate the clamor for their products or fail to factor in the competition. Nearly everyone will underestimate, often fatally, the capital that success requires. Mid-career executives, forced by a takeover or a restructuring to quit the corporation and find another way to support themselves, may savor the idea of being their own boss but may forget that entrepreneurs must also , at least for a while, be bookeeper and receptionist, too. According to Small Business Administration data, 24 of every 100 businesses starting out today are likely to have disappeared in two years, and 27 more will have shut their doors four years from now. By 1995, more than 60 of those 100 start-ups will have folded. A new study of 3,000 small businesses, sponsored by American Express and the National Federation of Independent Business, suggests slightly better odds: Three years after start-up, 77 percent of the companies surveyed were still alive. Most credited their success in large part to having picked a business they already were comfortable in. Eighty percent had workded with the same product or service in their last jobs.Thinking through an enterprise before the launch is obviously critical. But many entrepreneurs forget that a firm‟s health in its pulse. In their zeal to expand, small –business owners often ignore early warning signs of a stagnant market or of decaying profitabiliby. They hopefully pour more and more money into the enterprise, preferring not to acknowledge eroding profit margins that mean the market for their ingenious service or product have evaporated, or that they must cut the payroll or vacate their lavish offices. Only when the financial well runs dry do they see the seriousness of the illness, and by then the patient is usually too far gone to save.Frequent checks of your firm‟s vital signs will also guide you to a sensible rate of growth. To snatch opportunity, you must spot the signals that it is time to conquer new markets, add products or perhaps franchise your hot idea.51.According to the passage, a country‟s economy is probably decided by ______.A.the prosperity and decline of the transnational corporationsB.the rise and fall of the markets and products as well as capitalC.the fate of the small businesses such as small plants and restaurantsD.the economic increase and decrease of the large companies52. In order to succeed in a business, the entrepreneur should _______.A.get very well prepared for his new busnissB.choose a business he‟s already familiar withC.examine the company‟s crucial signs now and thenD.invest as much as possible into his enterprise53. Which of the following statement about small business is not ture?A.It helps effectively to fight unemployment.B.The earlier it starts, the sooner it collapsesC.There‟s a good omen for small business according to a survey.54. What does the last sentence in the 3rd paragraph mean according to the passage?A.The patient is seriously ill because of lack of water in the well.B.The patient can be saved if he has enough money to solve the financial problem.C.It‟s too late for small business owners to realize the gravity of the problem because theyhave used up their money.D.I t‟s urgentfor small business owners to pour all their money into the enterprise to revitalizetheir business.55. What‟s the main idea of this passage?A.How to become a winner in small business.B.How to be a successful boss in multinational corporations.C.How to deal with ups and downs in small business.D.How to conquer new markets and gain the largest profit.Passage 4The World Health Organization (WTO) is in trouble. Its leader is accused of failing to lead, and as the roganization drifts, other bodies, particularly the World Bank, are setting the global health agenda . Western governments want the WHO to set realistic targets and focus its energy on tackling major killer such as childhood diseases and tobacco.The WHO clearly needs to set priorities. Its total budget of $0.9 billion – around 10 p for each man, woman and child in the world – cannot solve all the wolrd‟s health problems. Yet its senior management does not seem willing to narrow the organization‟s focus. Instead it is trying to be all things to all people and losing dependability.Unfortuanately, the arguments for priority- setting is being seriouisly undermined by the US, one of the chief advocators of change. The US is trying to reduce its contribution to the WHO‟s regular budget from a quarter of the total to a fifth. That would leave the organization $20 million short this year, on top of the substantial debts the US already owes.The WHO may need priorities, but it certainly doesn‟t need budget cuts. Thanks to ther US‟s failure to pay its bills, many of the poorer nations see priority-setting as merely a cover forcost-cutting that would hit their health programs hard.The WHO would not serve poorer countries any worse if it shaprened its focus. It would probably serve them better. In any case, a shaprer foucs should not mean that less money is needed. When the US demands cuts, it simply fuels disputes between the richer and poorer countires and gives the WHO‟s senior management more time to postpone.The American action is not confiend to the WHO. It wants eventually to cut its contributions to the Food and Agriculture Organization and the International Labor Organization too. But it knows that dissatisfaction with the WHO and its leadersip made the organization vulneralbe. It if wins against the WHO, the rest will lose out in their turn.America‟s share of the budget is already a concession. Each nation‟s contribution to the UN agencies is calculated according to its wealth, and by that measuere the US should be paying about28 percent of the WHO budget. But over the past three decades the US has gradually reduced what it pays the organization. The US should not ask for future cuts. Until it pays its full share of money, it will hold back the organization‟s much needed reforms.The world needs the WHO. The World Bank may have a bigger budget, but it sees improved health as jost one part of economic and social development. The WHO remains the only organization committed to health for all, regradless of wealth.56. How much of the WHO‟s budget should the United States pay in terms of its wealth?A. A quarterB. 28%C. More than $ 20 milllionD. A fifth57. Which of the following can best characterize ther US?A.It has stopped demanding reforms.B.Its managemtnt is inefficient.C.It is trying to pay less to WHO.D.Its government is not responsive.58. What does the author mean when he interprets the urge for a sharper focus?A.The US will be justified in cutting its financial contribution.B.More heated argumenteds will be unavoidable between richer and poorer countries.C.There should be better service for poor countries but no cost-cutting.D.The poorer countries will not receive more benefits.59. What is the United State‟s strategy to fight all those organizations according to the author?A.To defeat them all one by one.B.To defeat the WHO first and the others will give up.C.To exclusive cut contributions to the WHO.D.To cut contributions to all the organizations.60. Which of the following world organizations has the weakest leadership according to the passage?A.The International Labor OrganizationB.The Food and Agriculture Organization.C.The Wolrd Health OrganizationD.The World BankPassage 5The practice of capital punishement is as old as government itself. For most of history, it has not been considered controversial. Since ancient times most governments have punished a wide variety of crimes by death and have conducted exectutions as a routine part of the administration of criminal law. However, in the mid-18th century, social critics in Europe began to emphasize the worth of the individual and to criticize government practices they considered unjust, including capital punishment. The controversy and dabate over whether governments should utilize the death penalty continue today.The first significant movement to abolish the death penalty began during the era known as the Age of Enlightenment. In 1764 Italian jurist and philosopher Cesare Beccaria published An Essay on Crimes and Punishments. Many consider this influential work the leading document in the early campaign against capital punishment. Other individuals who campaigned against executions during this period include French authors Voltaire and Denis Diderot, British philosophers David Hume and Adam Smith, and political theorist Thomas Paine in the United States.Critics of capital punishment argue that it is cruel and inhumane, while supporters consider it a necessary form of revenge for terribe crimes. Those who advocate the death penalty declare that it is a uniquely effictive punishment that prevents crime. However, advocates and opponents of the death penalty dispute the proper interpretation of statistical analyses of its preventing effect. Opponents of capital punishment see the death penalty as human rights sissue involving the proper limits of governmental power. In contrast, those who want governments to continue to execute tend to regard capital punishment as an issue of criminal justice policy. Because of these alternative viewpoints, there is a profound difference of opinion not only about what is the right answer on capital punishment, but also about what type of question is being asked when the death penalty becomes a public issue.61. We can learn from the first paragraph that in ancient times _____.A.death penalty had been carried out before government came into beingB.people thought it was right for the government to conduct exectionsC.death penalty was practiced scarcely in European countriesD.many people considered capital punishment unjust and cruel62. Why was capital punishment questioned in the mid-18th century in Europe?A.People began to criticize their government.B.The government was unjust in this period.C.People began to realize the value of life.D.Social critics were very active at that time.63. Critics of capital punishment insist that it _____.A.violate human rights regulationsB.is an ineffective punishment of the criminalsC.is just the revenge for terrible crimesD.involves killing without mercy64. The advocates and opponents of the death penalty_____.A.agree that it is a human rights issueB.agree that it can prevent crimesC.explain its statistical analyses differentlyD.think that they are asked different types of questions65. The author‟s attitude towards capital punishment can be summarized as ______.A. supportiveB. criticalC. neutralD. contradictoryPassage 6The sound of gunshots has become an all too familiar and unwelcome occurrence in many communities across the nation. When shots ring out, 911 calls from worried citizens may come from a large area. Unfortuately, even with numerous reports, police are ofter frustrated in their efforts to silence this gunfire because they cannot pinpoint the location of gunshots rapidly. A U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientist recognized that sound waves traveling through the air away from a gunshot are basically similar to the sound waves traveling through the ground away from an earthquake. Scientist then have adapted their methods for quickly finding the exacty source of an earthquake to the problem of locating gunshots.Field testing of a gunshot-locating system inspired by earthquake technology began in 1995. After only a few weeks of testing and improving the software, the system was locating many signals that were clearly associated with gunfire. Automatic weapons fire was the easiest to identify because of the regular time interval between individual shots. The system was more sensive during the night, when there was less background noise from traffic and other urban activity. By the last spring , the system was undergoing final acceptance trials. Captian Jim Granucci of the Redwood City Police Department stated that “ even before the system was in use, the number of illegal gunshots declined as word of its existence speread. “In this test the gunshot-locating system worked remarkable well, and according to Commander Dominick Peloso of Menlo Park Police Department, “This system, when fully developed, holds great promise for assisting police in controlling and reducing violent crime.”When the results of the test were made public, there was an enthusiastic response from San Francisco Bay area residents, who asked local government officials to impletment such systems in their cmmunities. Interest was also expressed by private firms and law enforcement agencies both in California and elsewhere in the nation. Robert Showen, founder of a company that is now marketing a gunshot-locating system, said, “The USGS test demonstrated beyond a doubt that the concept was feasible and could be implemented quickly. Without this test, I would have been hisitant to invest in the development of my product.”66. The problem of gunfire is difficult to solve because _______.A.few people would like to report gunshots to the policeB.few policemen are available to capture the criminalsC.people are indifferent to the familiar sound of gunshotsD.the police cannot immediately rush to the scene of gunshots67. It can be learned that the gunshot-locating system _______.A.is more effective within a short distanceB.is proved to be more reliable at nightC.is not affected by background noiseD.is not sensitive to automatic weapons。
中国人民大学土地资源管理博士试卷
中国人民大学公共管理学院-土地资源管理考博试题
2002考博试题
一．房地产管理
1.试论我国房地产市场的基本走势和进一步规范市场的设想？（40分）
2.试论WTO(入市)对我国房地产管理的影响？（30分）
3.农村集体建设用地流转入市问题之我见？（30分）
4.我国现行土地征用法律，法规存在的问题和进一步完善的思考？（30分）
二：不动产估价学
1：我国不动产估价的基本方法及其原理，并同台湾地区的估价制度进行比较？（30分）2：我国城市土地资产量的评估的思路和可行的方法？（30分）
3：试论不动产估价的最高最佳使用原则？(30分)
4：阐述不动产市场分析与不动产估价的关系？（40分）
三：土地管理概论
1：简述土地的基本特性和功能？（30分）
2：地籍管理的任务和基本内容？（30分）
3：土地管理的基本经济理论？（40分）
4：试述我国部分省市实行土地收购储备制度的思路，依据和可行性分析？
四：房地产法规
1：《土地管理法》中对土地用途管制规定的内容？（20分）
2：《房地产管理法》中有关房地产交易方面的主要规定？（30分）
3：《闲置土地处置办法》中对闲置土地处置方案的规定？（30分）
4：2001年6月颁布的《城市房屋拆迁管理条例》中对拆迁补偿方式的规定？（20分）
五：土地管理概论，房地产法规（台湾考生）
1：简述土地的基本特性和功能？（20分）
2：《房地产管理法》中有关房地产交易方面的主要规定？（30分）
3：土地管理的基本经济理论？（30分）
4：《土地管理法》中对土地用途管制制度的内容？（20分）。
中国人民大学经济学院考博题库
博士生综合考试题库（来源：经济学班）2005年1、中国近代经济史的主要线索。
2、罗斯福新政的主要经济措施3、承诺对宏观经济政策有效性的作用4、逆向选择与劳动市场秩序1、中国工业化发展阶段判断及其政策选择。
2、“民工荒”对中国经济结构优化的意义。
1、试述国际贸易理论的创新与发展。
2、试述世界服务贸易自由化发展的障碍与背景。
1、试述科学发展观的实质和意义。
2、试论社会主义初级阶段的基本经济制度。
3、试述中美贸易矛盾的原因并作出理论与政策分析。
4、试分析温特主义及产业价值链原理对中国产业结构调整的影响。
5、试论影响近期世界经济的不确定性因素。
6、说说对区域经济一体化的影响。
7、试述20世纪90年代以来贸易壁垒的内容及特征8、购买力平价理论评价。
9、如何完善我国上市公司的治理结构。
10、试述虚拟经济与实体经济的关系。
11、试论近期贸易保护主义的表现。
12、试分析经济全球化与区域经济一体化的关系。
13、说明不完全竞争市场与完全竞争市场的主要区别。
14、说明新古典宏观学与心凯恩斯主义的区别。
15、试论新制度经济学学派的产生。
16、说明新自由主义的产生和发展。
17、比较新古典主义宏观经济学与新凯恩斯主义政策主张的异同点。
18、论经济增长速度与经济增长质量的统一。
19、论旨在建立社会主义市场经济体制的政府改革。
20、如何认识市场失灵和政府失灵。
21、马克思主义经济学是如何研究资源配置的22、《资本论》是如何研究技术创新的？23、如何理解劳动生产率与商品价值变化的关系。
24、试述马克思管理二重性的理论及其意义。
25、如何理解马克思“虚假的社会价值”概念？1、推动社会生产力发展的最具决定性的力量是什么？2、我国提出的生产要素按贡献参与分配的改革的理论依据是什么?简要评述罗伯特希勒的行为金融学参考文献：《行为金融：走向现实的理论》载于《经济导刊》2003年4期1、试述“华盛顿共识”的主要内容并作出评价国名经济管理专业：试论政府对经济进行宏观调控的重要性试论市场在资本配置中的优点1、试述东西建立货币联盟的成本与收益2、试述WTO多边贸易体系存在的弊端1试论公有制经济和非公有制经济在我国经济阶段的地位和作用2、怎样理解邓小平理论的社会主义本质理论。
中国人民大学博士研究生入学考试历年试题(经济学综合)
中国人民大学博士研究生入学考试历年试题（经济学综合）2005中国人民大学博士生入学考试试题科目：经济学综合专业：财政学金融学一、利用总需求曲线和总供给曲线，说明凯恩斯主义对经济波动的解释。
（35）二、运用相关的企业理论分析中国国有企业的治理结构问题。
（35）三、谈谈经济全球化对中国经济的影响。
（30）科目：金融学综合专业：金融学一、据近年来美元贬值的情况，分析和论述今后美元汇率的走势及对中国金融学的影响，你认为我们应采取何种政策？（40）二、结合中国银行和建设银行的股份制改造，论述商业银行产权制度与法人治理结构之间的关系，谈谈你对如何完善我国国有商业银行法人治理结构的认识。
（30）三、结合国际保险业的实践和经验，从理论上论述保险资金入市的积极意义及风险，阐明你对保险资金入市后管理风险的看法。
（30）2006中国人民大学博士生入学考试试题科目：经济学综合专业：财政学金融学一、运用内外均衡理论分析我国巨额外贸顺差对国民经济的影响。
（35）二、从市场结构或市场组织类型的角度分析如何提高我国国有企业的经济效率。
（35）三、试述新凯恩斯主义对“挤出效应”的看法，并结合我国的实际谈谈它的实用性。
（30）科目：金融学综合专业：金融学一、根据汇率机制形成理论，阐述当前人民币汇率形成机制改革及其对中国金融业的影响。
（35）二、试从金融开放和稳定的角度，评述国际商业银行入股中资银行后的积极意义及其风险。
（35）三、试述中国股权分置改革的理论依据及其对中国资本市场发展的预期。
（30）2007中国人民大学博士生入学考试试题科目：经济学综合专业：财政学金融学金融工程保险学风险投资一、为什么发展社会主义市场经济仍需要政府的适当干预？（35）二、试述国民收入的核算方法并说明绿色GDP的意义。
（35）三、你如何认识中美之间的贸易不平衡及贸易摩擦？（30）科目：金融学综合专业：金融学保险学风险投资注意：报考金融学专业的考生答一、二、三题，报考保险学专业的考生答一、二、四题一、试阐明外汇收支与国内货币供应的内在联系机制，并评述我国当前外汇收支对人民币供应的影响，应如何协调好外汇政策与货币政策？（30）二、论述在我国建立和谐社会过程中商业银行在农村金融体系中的地位，你认为应如何发挥商业银行在支持农村经济发展中的积极作用？（30）三、有观点认为，中国资本市场必须进行战略性转型，作为战略转型的重要步骤，在海外上市的大型国有（控股）企业正在回归A股，请对以下两点进行分析：1．海外上市的大型国有（控股）企业回归A股对中国资本市场发展的战略意义2．从资本供给角度看，如何实现市场供求的内外平衡？（40）四、随着国务院2006年23号文（国十条）的颁布及海外上市公司中国人寿和中国平安的回归A股，试分析中国的保险市场和货币市场及资本市场将可能发生哪些变化？适应这种变化，在分业经营的前提下如何构架三个市场的联动机制？（40）中国人民大学2008年博士考试西方经济学专业试题考试科目：西方经济学1、试述等价变化、补偿变化和消费者剩余之间的关系？并说明它们的经济含义。
中国人民大学博士研究生入学考试
2012年中国人民大学博士研究生入学考试统计理论及应用 试题一．112,,N X X X 为独立样本，同来自多元正态总体11(,)N μ∑，112,,N Y Y Y 为独立样本，同来自多元正态总体22(,)N μ∑，12,∑∑未知且不等，检验：01212:vs H μμμμ=≠1）设12,i i i N N N Z X Y ===-,构造统计量T 2检验上述问题，T 2服从何种分布，若已知12=∑∑时，T 2又服从什么分布。
2）设12N N <，121112212100221()(),0,1,,N N i i i j k j k N Z X Y N N Y Y i N N N -===-+-=∑∑，试证：112122,()i i N EZ Cov Z N μμ=-=+∑∑。
用112,,,N Z Z Z 构造T 2检验上述假设，T 2服从何种分布。
二．电视栏目收视率与满意度调查，如何界定总体，样本单元，抽样方法，样本量及其分配，估计量的计算式及方差估计，误差来源…三．趋势平稳序列及差分平稳序列各是怎样的它们各有何特点？如何判定趋势平稳和序列平稳。
四．已知年内分月的中国海关进出口总额，进出口数量，各物品的计量单位不统一，如，纺织品为每吨的价格。
1）衡量中国与美国的贸易竞争力应如何做，理由及依据；2）中国与欧盟关于汽车贸易的竞争力；3）就商务部目标，如何对中国的汽车行业的竞争力做监测系统。
五．已知某行业2004年与2008年的所有企业统计资料：1）利用上述资料，你能做什么，有何创新，意义；2）用到什么模型，如何做；3）如果是其他企业，上述模型作何改动，理论依据。
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中国人民大学博士入学试题
新闻史方向新闻史:怎样看待和评价中国近代新闻史上以“文人论政”为标榜的报纸和报人? 试结合当时的政治和新闻工作申论之。
(100 分)新闻理论:试述你对新闻理论的创新的认识的建议。
(100 分)新闻实务(加试) :11 新闻记者与新闻编辑同是新闻传播活动的主体,但又担负着不同的任务。
请你谈谈对采编工作和采编关系的认识。
(50 分) 21 成就报道是我国新闻传播的重要内容之一,你认为我国新闻媒介的成就报道有什么经验和不足? 如何才能做好成就报道? (50 分)新闻学论文:谈谈新闻工作者的职业操守。
(100 分)新闻理论方向、实务方向新闻理论:试述你对新闻理论的创新的认识的建议。
(100 分)新闻实务:11 你认为记者工作有哪些优势和劣势? 根据这些特点,新闻记者应该加强那些自身修养? (50 分)21 在现代新闻传播活动中,新闻报道的独家特色可以从那些方面表现出来? 你认为新闻编辑在创造新闻报道的独家特色方面应该做些什么? (50 分)新闻学论文(加试) :谈谈新闻工作者的职业操守。
(100 分)新闻史(加试) :11 五四和建党时期有哪些有代表性的报刊? 它们在马克思主义的传播方面起过那些积极作用和影响? (50 分)21 简论邹韬奋和范长江对中国新闻事业的贡献。
(50 分)传播理论及实务方向传播理论:1. 分析妨害我国传播业发展的瓶颈性因素。
(50 分)2. 大众传播的全球化(globalization) 与地方化(localization) 的趋势及其背景。
(50 分)传播实务:11 请联系实际对下述观点进行评述:“有效的传播节目往往是大众传播与人际传通的结合”(《传播学的起源、研究与应用》) (50 分) 21 对新闻传播的娱乐化的思考。
(50 分)传播史(加试) :11 论述无产阶级新闻事业产生发展的社会历史条件、主要特征及其颤进过程。
(50 分)21 论述20 世界最后10 年西方国家新闻传播业呈现的特征及其发展趋势。
中国人民大学考博英语题型及真题
2007年人民大学博士生入学考试英语试题Part I. V ocabulary (20%)Directions: Choose the best answer (from A, B, C and D) to complete eachof the following sentences. Mark your choice with a single bar across thesquare brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. Tom doesn't think that the situation here is as good as his hometown's.A. economicsB. economicC. economyD. economical2. the increase in the number of computers in our offices, the amount of paperLhat we need has risen as well.A. Along withB. AltogetherC. AlthoughD. All along3. The food was divided __ according to the age and size of the child.A. equallyB. individuallyC. sufficienfiyD. proportionallycommurllC att. rt4. Our new firm for a credible, aggressive individual with.great s~!Is to fill this position. :A..have lookedB. are lookingC. is lookingD. look5. Plastic bags are useful for holding many kinds of food, their c!ea-mess,toughness and low cost.A. by virtue ofB. in addition toC. for the sake ofD. as opposed to6: He ___ hinzseLf bitterly for his miserable behavior that evening.A.. repealedB. resentedC. replayedD. reproached7. Many of ~e fads of the 1970s as today's latest fashions.A. are being revivedB. is revisedC. are revoked.D. is being reviled8. All of the international delegates attending the conference to bring a souvenirfrom their own countriesA. has asked B,! askingC. were askedD. was asking9. Britain hopes of a gold medal in the Olympic Games suffered ..... yesterday, whenHunter failed to qualify during preliminary session.A. a severe set-backB. sharp set-backC. s severe blown-upD. sharp blown-up10. If you want to do well on the exam, you on the directions that the professorgives and take exact notes.A. will have concentratedB. have to concentrateC. will beconcentratedD. will be concentrating11. What ____ about that article in the newspaper was that its writer showed an attitudecool enough, professional enough and, therefore, creel enough when facing that tragedy.A. worked me outB. knocked me outC. brought me upD. putme forward12. Since his injury was serious, the doctor suggested that he in the game.A, did not play B, must not playC. not playD. not to play13. According to the latest report, consumer c0nfidence a breathtaking 15 points last month, to its lowest level in ten yearsA. soared :B.mutatedC~ plummeted : D. fluctuated '14. Our car trunk with suitcases and we could hardly make room for anythingA. went crammingB. was crammedC. is crammingD. was been crammed15. The secretary didn't know who he was, or she him more politely.A, will be treating B. would have treatedC. was treatingD. would have been treated ~16. The instructions on how to use the new:machine that nobody seemed to be able to understand. ;simpli A. were v sfic B, was very confusedC. were so confusingD. was so simplistic17. John played basketball in college:and .... active ever since.A. have extremely beenB.has been extremelyC. will be extremely' D: should extremely be18. The of the spring water attracts a lot:of visitors from all over the country,A. clashB. c larifyC. clarityD. clatter19. __ the gift in beautiful green paper, Sarah departed for the party.A. Having wrappedB. To wrapC. WrapD. Wrapping20. The advertisement for Super Suds detergent that the sale' has increased by 25% in the first quarter of the year. ,A. have been so successfulB. had been so successfulC. has been so successfulD. will be so successful21. Tom and Alice having a new car to replace their old one for year's.A. has been dreaming ofB. have been dreaming ofC. has &'eamedD. will have dreamed22. Whenthe air in a certain space is squeezed to occupy a smaller space, the air is said to beA. commencedB. compressedC. compromisedD. compensated23. the heavy pollution, the cityofficialshave decided to cancel school for the day. .A.:PriorB.By means of24. Our boss is taking everyone to the ballet tonight, and I need to make sure my new dress for the occasion.A. has been cleanedB. should have been CleanedC. is being cleanedD. has been cleaning25. erry s mother kept telling him that in the street is dangerous, but he would not listen.A. played 'B. will playC. playingD. been playing26. A knowledge of history us to deal with the vast range of problems confronting the contemporary world.A. equipsB. providesC. offers 'D. satisfies27. He wouldn't even think of wearing 'clothes; they nake him look so old!A. sameB. despiteC. suchD. that.28. Mary finalty decided all the junk she had kept in the garage.A. get ridB. gotten rid ofC. getting rid ofD. to get rid of29. The team leader of mountain climbers marked outA. that seemed to be the best routeB. what seemed to be the best routeC. which seemed to be tile best routeD. something that to be the best route30. Tom Jones, who around the world, will come to Asia next month.A. will be touringB. have touredC. had been touringD. has been touring31. The paint on the clown's face that it scared the children he was trying toentertain.A. was so exaggerationB. were an exaggerationC. was such an exaggerationD. was exaggerating32. Men often wait longer to get help for medical problems than women, andwomen live about six years longer than men on an average.A. instead ofB. constantlyC. consequentlyD. because33. The . emphasis on exams is by far the worst form of competition in schools.A. negligentB. edibleC. fabulousD. disproportionate34. There is conflicting information on how much iron women need in their diet.A. so much.B. so manyC, too few D: a few35. It must guarantee freedom of expression, to the end that all to the flow of ideas shall be removed.A. propheciesB. transactionsC. argumentsD. hindrances36. Not until the 1980s in Beijing start to find ways to preserve historic buildings from destruction.A. some concerned citizensB. some concerning citizensC. did some concenfmg citizensD. did some concerned citizens37. After failing his mid-term exams, Jeremy was face his parents.A. too ashamed toB. too embarrassing toC.very ashamed of ..... : :D. very embarrassing to38. My grandmother has been going to a better dentist, so this problems she is having with her dentures.A. won't eliminateB. will be eliminationC. should have been eliminatedD. should help eliminate39. He told a story about his sister who was in a sad when she was ill and had no money.A. plightB. polarizationC. plagueD. pigment40. During her two-week stay in Beijing, Elizabeth never a chrome to practice herChinese.A. passed byB. passed on~ C. passed out D. passed upPart II. Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: Read the following pa~sages and then choose the best answer(from A, B, C and D) to complete each of the following sentences. Mark yourchoice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoringAnswer Sheet.Passage 1British food has a good reputation, but English cooking has a bad one. Iris difficultto explain the re'on for this.Unformnately, however; superb raw ingredients are oftenmined h the kitchen s0 that:they come to the table without any of theh' natural flavorand goodness.This bad reputation discourages a lot of people from eating in an English restaurant.If they do go to one: they ate usury full of prejudice against the food. Ks is a pity,because :there are:: excellent cookS'in England,exCellent restaurants, and excellenthome-cooking. How, then;has the bad reputauon been built up.Perhaps one reason iS that Bfitain's InduStrial Revolution occurred very early, in therrdddle of the nineteenth century. Asa result, the quality of food changed too. This(wasbecause Britain stopped being a largely agricultural country. The population of the townsincreased enormously between 1840 and 1.870, and_people could no longer grow. theirown food, or buy it fresh from a farm. Huge quantities of food had to be taken to thetowns, and a lot of it lost its freshness on the way.This lack of freshness was disguised by "dressing up" the food. The rich middleclasses ate long; elaborate meals which were cooked for them by French chefs. Frenchbecame, and has remained, the official language of the dining room. Out-of-seasondelicacies were served in spite of their expense,' for there, were a large number 'ofextremely wealthy people who wanted to establish themselves socially. The "look" ofthe food was more important than its taste.In the 1930s, the supply of servafftS began to decrease. People still tried to producecomplicated dishes, however, but they economized on the preparation time. The Second orld War made things even worse by making raw ingredients extremely scarce. As a result, there were many women who never had the opportunity to choose a piece of meat from a well-stocked butcher's shop, but were content and grateful to accept anything that was offered to them.Food rationing continued in Britain until the early 1950s. It was only after this had stopped, and butter, eggs and cream became more plentiful, and it was possible to travelabroad again and taste other ways of preparing food, that the English md~fferenc to eating became replaced by a new enthusiasm for it.41 According to the author, it is difficult to explain .~ A. why excellent ingredients are spoiled in the process of cooking-B. why people do not like English cookingC. why British food often has a natural flavorD. why people prefer home-cooking to ready made food42. The negative effect of Britain's Industrial Revolution on English cooking is thatA. the population in the countryside decreased dramaticallyB. people no longer grew their own food on their own farmsC. the freshness of food was lost on the way to the citiesD. Britain was no longer an agnSculmral country43 As a result of the Industrial Revolution,A. more attention was given to the look of the food ....B. French became the official language .in English restaurantsC. a large number of extremely wealthy people ate in French restaurantsD. out-of-season delicacies became very expensive44. The Second World 'Wm' worsened the problem becauseA. there was an increasing demand f6r serv-antsB. there was a lack of raw ingredient supplyC. many women refused to choose meat from butcher's shopsD. French chefs dominated English restaurants45. A new enthusiasm for eating emerged in BritainA. when many women fmaUy had the opportunity to purchase fresh meat from a well-stocked butcher's shop.B. when butter, eggs and cream became availableC. when people started traveling to other cities ....D. after the early 1950s -Passage 2In his typically American open style of communication, Mr. Hayes confrontedIsabeta about not looking at him. Reluctantly, she explained why. As a newcomer fromMexico, she had been taught to avoid eye contact as a mark of respect to authorityfigures teachers, employers, parents. Mr. Hayes did not know this. He then informedher that most Americans interpret tack of eye contact as disrespect and deviousness.Ultimately, he convinced Isabela to try and change her habit, which she slowly did.People from many Asian, Latin American, and Caribbean cultures also avoid eyecontact as a sign of respect. Many African Americans, especially from the South,observe this custom, too:A master's thesis by Samuel A voian, a graduate student atCentral Missouri State University, tells how misinterpreting eye-contact customs canhave a negative impact when white football coaches recruit African American playersfor the~ teams.He reports that, when speaking, white communicators usually look away from thelistener, only periodically glancing at them. They do the opposite when listening theyare expected to look at the speaker all the timeManyAfdcan Americans communicate inan opposite way. When speaking, theytend to constantly stare at the listener; when listening; theYmostly lo0k away.' Therefore,if v&ite sports recruiters are not informed about these significant difference, they can bemisled about interest and attentiveness when interviewing prospective African Americanballplayers.In mulficulmral America, issues of. eye'contact' have brought about social conflictsof two. different kdnds: in ,many urban centers,.non-Korean customers .became angz-ywhen Korean shopkeepers did not look at: them' directly. The customers translated thelack of eye contact as a sign of disrespect,a habit blamed for contributing tothe openconfrontation raking plac e between some Asians and African Americans in New Y ork,Texas, and California. Many teachers too have provided stories about classroomconflicts based on their misunderstanding Asian and Latin American children,s lack ofeye contact as being disrespectful.On the other hand, direct eye contact hasnow taken'on a newmeaning among theyounger generation and across ethnic borders: Particularly in urban centers, when oneteenager looks directly at another, this. is considered a provocation, Sometimes calledmad-dogging, and can lead to physical conflict."' Mad-d0gging has become the source of many campus conf'ficts.: In one high school,it resulted, in. a fight between Cambodian newcomers and African-American students.The Cambodians had been staring at the other students merely to learn how Amerienas behave, yet the others misinterpreted the Cambodians' intentions and the fight began.Mad-dogging seems to be connected with the avoidance of eye contact as a sign ofrespect. Thus, in the urban contemporary youth scene, if one looks directly at another,this disrespects, or "disses," that person. Much like the archaic phrase "I demandsatisfaction," which became the overture to a duel, mad-dogging may become a preludeto a physical encounter.At the entrances to Universal'Studio's "City Walk" attraction in Los Angeles, theyhave posted Code of Conduct signs. The second rule warns against "physically orverbally threatening any person, fighting, annoying others through noisy or boisterousactivities or by unnecessary staring .... "46. Many African Americans from the South __ .A. adopt a typically American open style of communicationB. often misinterpret the meaning of eye contactC. avoid eye contact as a sign of respectD. are taught to avoid eye contact whenever talldng to the others47. When listening to the others, white communicators tend to.A. look at the speaker all the timeB. glance at the speaker periodicallyC. look away from the speakerD. stare at the s per:drer.:':48. Many customersin American cities are angry with Korean shopkeepers because~ A. Korean shopkeepers do not look at them directlyB. they expect a more enthusiastic recelSfi0n from the shopkeepersC-. there are some social conflicts in' many urban centersD. they are not informied about difference between cultures49. Mad-dogging refers to __A. a provocation from one teenager to another of a different ethnic backgroundB. physical conflict among the younger generation in urban centersC. a lack of eye contact as a sign of respectD. the source of many campus conflicts across ethnic borders in urban centers50. The archaic phrase ,'I demand satisfaction"A. was connected with the avoidance of. eye contactB. often led to a fightC. was. asign of disrespect:D. often resulted in some kind of misinterpretationPassage 3When television is good, nothing not the theatre, not the magazines, ornewspapers- nothing is better. But when television is bad, nothing is worse. I invite youto sit down in front of your television set when your station goes on the air and staythere without a book, magazine, newspaper, or an2~hing else to distxact you and keeptfyour eyes glued to that set until the station signs off. I can assure you that you willobserve a vast wasteland. Y ou will see a procession of game shows, violence, audienceparticipation shows, formula comedies about totally unbelievable families, blood andthunder, mayhem, more violence, sadism, murder, Western badmen, Western goodmen,private eyes, gangster, still more violence, and cartoons. And endlessly, commercials thatscream and offend. And most of all, boredom. True, you will see a few things you willenjoy. But they will be yery, very few. And ifyou think I exaggerate, try it.Is there no room on television to teach, to inform, to uplift, to Stretch, to enlarge hecapacities of our children? Is there no room for programs to deepen the children'sunderstanding of children in other lands? Is there no room for a children's news showexplaining something ~about the world for them at their level of understanding? Is thereno room for. reading g.the great literature ..... ofthe past,teaching them the great-traditions offreedom?There are some f'me children's shows, but they are drowned out in the massivedoses of cartoons, violence, and more violence. Must these be your trademarks? Searchyour conscience and see whether you cannot offer more to your young children whosefuture you guard so many hours each and every day. There:: are many people inthis: great country, and you must serve all of us. Y ou willget no argument from me if you Say that, given a choice between a Western and asymphony, more people will watch the Western. I like :Westerns and private eyes,too .-but a steady diet for the whole country is obviously not in the public interest. Weall know that people .would more often prefer to be entertained than stimulated orinformed. But your obligations are not satisfied if you lookonly to popularity as a test ofwhat to broadcast. Y ou are not only in show business; you are free to communicate ideasas welt as to give relaxation. Y ou must provide a wider range of choices, more diversity,more alternatives. It is not enough to caret to the nation's whims you must also servethe nation's needs. The people own the air. They own it as much in prime evening timeas they do at six o'clock in the morning. For every hour that the people give you~youowe them something. I intend to see that your debt is paid with service.51. What the author advises us to do is to!A. read a book while watching television programsB. observe a vast wasteland on telev/sionC. watch all the programs of our television stationD. find out why television is good52. What seems to have offended the author most on television isA. violenceB. commerci,'dsC. WesternsD. private eyes53. As far as children are concerned, the author's chief complaint is that __A. cartoons and violence have become trademarksB. there is no children's-news show on televisionC. there is no reading of great literature for childrenD. there are not enough good television programs for children54. According to the author, it is in the public interest toA. broadcast only popular television programsB. cater for the needs-of all the peopleC. broadcast both Westerns and symphoniesD. entertain people only55. It is the obligation of television business to __A. caterto the nation's whimsB. provide best programs in prime evening freeC. broadcast news. programs, at six in the morningD. serve the nation's needs all the timePassage 4Some Of my classmates in the same dorm established a chatting group on the Net when broadband was available on campus. Then everyone faced their own laptops and talked to each other by sending messages in the chatting group in the same room. Their dorm was silent the whole'night. the only sound came from tapping the keyboard. Before they went to bed that night, all of them sighed and said, that's ridiculous."Information Technology brings about revolufionary changes to human communication. The Internet makes the world aglobal village; thatis to say, we can get in touch with each other :swiftly regardless'of one's location. However, does the convenience in commumication mean that we are actually getting closer? i don't think so. As the anecdote above shows, access to broadband made my fellow classmatesfall in silence. The Cambridge International Dictionary defines "comrn unication" as "various farther from each other to some extent.e'Mutual understanding is based on expression. However, expression doesnt necessarily lead to soul touching communication and understanding. When we $ afrO,. with a mere acquaintance, we normally conceal our true feelings. Thus, we don't establish communication with him, because we do not need him to understand us. The era of cyberspace further demonstrates such separation of form and content.The Internet gives us nearly absolute freedom to speak and express ourselves. With the prosperity of blog, there are, according to recent statistics, about 400,000 bloggers in China today, Bloggers express themselves on the Net at their will, while others read their blog and give comments once for a while. It seems that blog can make us touch upon the bloggers' inside world, and make us know them better. However, things are not always that perfect.Marly netJzens :are: abusing their right of free expression. Once you open the Explorer:and browse a website, trash information about sex and violence hits our eyes. People scold and flirt in the chatroom and Bulletin Board System (BBS).' When blog comes into being, netizens even transfer such vulgarity into their personal spaces, and show it to the public.In the era of the Informafion Technology, boom, the farthest distance On earth is no longer die polar distance the. negative impacts brought about by cyberspace have imposed an unfilled gulf between souls. Since we -carmot communicate to each other likebefore, the distance between people's hearts has become the farthest distance on earth.56. The most ridiculous part of the anecdote is thatA. there was a dead silence in the dorm roomthe whole nightB. the only sound cane from tapping the keyboardC. those living in the same room communicated by. sending messages via the NetD. they all faced their own laptops57 A....ordmo tO the author, Information TechnologyA; brings people closer to each otherB. results/n silence, among her fellow classmatesC. enables us to reach anyone swiftlyD. helps to make the world a global village58. The author believes that the booming of ri' in modern societyA. encourages the exchange of ideas and the mutual understanding between peopleB. leads to soul touching communication and understandingC. helps to establish a satisfactory relationshipD. results in further separation between people59. The prosperity of blog does not help us to touch each other becauseA. many people abuse their right of free expression on the NetB. vulgarity has been transferred into bloggers' personal spacesC. bloggers express themselves on the Net at their willD. anyone is able to read blog and give comments60. The author believes that in the era of the Information Technology boom the distance'between people's hearts has become the farthest distance on earth because __.A. there is always a silenceB. people are not able to communicate to each other like beforeC. the Intemet gives us nearly absolute freedom to express ourselvesD. people can scold and flirt in the chat room at will~ Passage 5According to a recent publication of the Equal Employment Opportunity Corrunission, at the present rate of ,'progress" it will take forty-three years tO end job discrimination--hardly a reasonable timetable.If our goal is educational and economic equity and parity-and it is then we need affirmative action.to catch upi We are behihd as a result of discrimination and denial of opportunity. There is one white attorney for every 680 wtfites, but only one black attorney for every 4,000 blacks; one white physician for every 659 whites, but only one black physician for every 5,000 blacks; and one white dentist for every 1,900 whites, but only one black dentist for every 8,400 blacks. Less th,mi 1 percent of all.engineers or of all practicing chemists--is black. Cruel and uncompassionate injustice created gaps like these. We need cre'ative justice and compassion to help us close them.Actually, in the U.S. context, "reverse discrimination" is illogical and a conradicfion in terms. Never in the history of mankind has a majority, with power, engaged in programs and written laws that discriminate against itself. The only thing whites are giving up because of affirmative action is unfair advantage something that was unnecessary in the first place.Blacks are not making progress at the expense of whites, as news accounts make it seem..There are 49 percent more whites in medical school today and 64 percent more whites in law school than there were when affirmative action programs began somein fact, is exactly what has happened in law and medical schools. In 1968, the yearbefore affirmative action programs began to get under way, 9,571 whites and 282members of minority groups entered U.S. medical schools. In 1976, the figures were14,213 and 1,400 respectively. Thus, under affirmative action, the number of "whiteplaces" actually rose by 49 percent: white access to medical training was not diminished,but substantially increased. The trend was even more marked in law schools. In 1969,the first year for which reliable figures are available, 2,933 minority-group memberswere enrolled; in 1976, the number was-up to 8,484. But during the same period, lawschool enrollment for whites rosefrom 65,453 to 107,064 an increase of 64 percent. Inshort, it is a myth that blacks are making progress at white expense.Allan Bakke did not really challenge preferential treatment in general, for he madeno challenge:to the preferential treatment accorded to the children of the rich, the alumniand the facultv,or to athletes or the very talented only tominorities.61. The author is for affirmative actionA. because there is discrimination and denial of opportunity in the U.S.B. if we aim at educational and economic equity and parityC. because it wAll take 43 years to end job discriminationD. when there is no reasonable timetable in the U.S.62. It requires to close the gap's between the whites and the blacks in the U.S.A. one black attorney for ever)' 4000 blacksB. a lot more black engineers and chemistsC, education and economic developmentD. creative justice and compassion63. Blacks are not ma Lng progress at the expense of whites, according to the author,because _A. what whims give up is only unfair advantageB. there are 49 percent more w!fites in medical school today alreadyC. whites, the majority in the U.S., will never discriminate against themselvesD. there are 64 percent more whites in law schools today64. william Raspberry, while commenting on the Bakke case, suggestsA. to offer 100 slots to whites and 16 to blacksB. to offer 84 slots to whites and 16 to blacksC. to follow what has happened in law and medical schoolsD. to interfere with what whites already have65. What Allan Bakke challenged was __.A. the myth that blacks are making progress at white expenseB. unfair treatment accorded to blacksC. preferential treatment in general。
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中国人民大学博士入学考试考博试题真题II. Vocabulary (10 points)PartA (5 points)Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choicesmarked iL B, C arm 1). Choose the:one thatbest completes thesentence and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar acrossthe square bracket on ANSWER SHEET 1.Example:She prefers foreign wine to that produced__A. previouslyB. vLrtuallyC. primarilyD. domesticallyThe sentence should read,; "She prefers foreign wine to that produce domesticany." Therefore, you should choose D.Sample Answer[A] [B] [C] [D] 1. International sport should create goodwill between the nations, but in thepresent organization of the Olympics somehow encouragespatriotism.A. obsoleteB. aggressiveC. harmoniousD. amiableZ One call understand others much better by noting the immediate and fleeting reactions of their eyes and __ to expressed thoughts.A. dilemmasB. countenancesC. concessionsD. junctions3. People innately ____ for superiority over their peers althoughitsometimes takes the form of an exaggerated lust for power.A. striveB. ascertainC. justifyD. adhere4. Some scientists have suggested that Earth is a kind of, zoo or wildlife for intelligent space beings, like the wilderness areas we have set up on earth to allow animals to develop naturally while we observe them.A. conservationB. maintenanceC. storageD. reserve5. 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Society Shield ultranationalistic>< Forces Defense Eastern Japan?s headquarters broke>< tied aides, overpowered daggers, swords>< speech. hear assembled troops demanded>< troops rebel inciting minutes, ten>< had, States United imposed govemment>< returned he response, ridicule only Receiving spineless.? Japan turned> < before and s proceeded eyes, unbelieving general?s there, office>< ritual samurai tradifonal accordance strict>e had into aides>< abdomen, left deep dagger driven Mishima>< himself ?killed likewise aide sword. head>< ?the fulfdlment, seppuku act joined.>< samurai accordance kept body weak code; ancient>< compensate war,>< important, and, kendo) karate expert>< plays, thirty novels, twenty lifetime writing.>< also he acted directed, produced, stories: eighty>< Forest stories, book stage. sang even>< but it dealing (1948), Mask Confession 1943,>< society, repressive leanings homosexual man> <>< others Hemingway,? ?Japan?s>< Oscar Peter Walter like writers ?aesthetic?>< implies article>< he Mishima army join refused>< lunatic>< who?is>D. Critics all agree that Mishima is an aesthetic writer57. The aim of the rebel led by Mishima wasA. Fo capture the commanding genera!B. to urge the government to declare a war against AmericaC. to incite the soldiers to rebel against the Constitutional govemmentD. to force the Emperor to give up the throne58. In the 1970 rebel, the speech made by Mishima ___A. was web received by the soldiersB, was laughed at by the soldiersC. impressed the commanding generalD, left a deep impression tO the soldiers59. What IS true according to article?A. The general knew that Mishima had longed to die a hero's death.B. The general was greatly taken aback by Mishima's suicide attemnptC. Some soldiers surrendered after Mishima's speech.D. one of Mishima's aides was killed by the soldiers.60. Mishima became a well-known writer after he had ___A, written "Patriotism", one of his most powerful storiesB. written eighty short storiesC. published "A Forest in Flower"D. published "Confession of a Mask" 主观题部分请用钢笔或圆珠笔将此部分试题的答案做在答题纸二上，否则无效！V. Translation (20 points)Fart A. (10 points)Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese on your ANSWER SHEET.One might ask why speculation is permitted when there is so real a danger ofloss. The basic reason is that speculation can perform useful functions in theeconomy. Buying a commodity or stock in the belief that prices will rise speeds market equilibrium and encourages faster entry of more suppliers. If the pricechange lagged until after an actual commodity shortage had occurred, the fluctuation would probably be sharper and more sudden. Remedial supply action could not be further delayed. Similarly, if speculators foresee a surplus insome commodity, their selling of futures will help drive the price down to someextent before the SurpluS actually occurs. When speculators foresee a shortageand bid up the price, they are also helphng to conserve the present supply. Asthe price goes up,less of the commodity is purchased; a rise in price encourages users to ecor, om2ze. Similarly, a lowering of price encourages usersto buy more, thus helping to sell the surplus which is developing.Part B. (10 points)Directions: Translate the following into EngIish on your ANSWER SHEET.中国已经发层成为一个全球极富吸引力的、现实的大市场。