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外文翻译全英文

A N W DOUBLE-LOOP COMPUTER NETWORK. ITS SIMULATED PERFORMANCE. E
S.ANGELOPOULOS, G.PAPADOPOULOS, S.KOUBIAS.
Applied E l e c t r o n i c s L a b o r a t o r y . Department of E l e c t r i o a l E n g i n e e r i n g . U n i v e r s i t y of P a t r a s , Greece.
1 .Q - INTRODUCTION.
With t h i s t a s k i n mind we d e c i d e d t o modify t h e c o n n e c t i o n s of t h e backward l o o p . So, i n s t e a d of c o n n e c t i n g i n t h e backward l o o p e a c h node t o i t s p r e v i o u s o r d e r e d n o d e , we c o n n e c t e d it t o a d i s t a n t node. The d i s t a n c e is s p e c i f i e d by k t h a t d e t e r m i n e s t h e hop l e n g t h . The c h o i c e o f t h e v a l u e of k i s a n i n t e r e s t i n g problem, a n d a n
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外文文献翻译原文1

Single chip brief introductionThe monolithic integrated circuit said that the monolithic micro controller, it is not completes some logical function the chip, but integrates a computer system to a chip on. Summary speaking: A chip has become a computer. Its volume is small, the quality is light, and the price cheap, for the study, the application and the development has provided the convenient condition. At the same time, the study use monolithic integrated circuit is understands the computer principle and the structure best choice.The monolithic integrated circuit interior also uses with the computer function similar module, for instance CPU, memory, parallel main line, but also has with the hard disk behave identically the memory component7 what is different is its these part performance is opposite our home-use computer weak many, but the price is also low, generally does not surpass 10 Yuan then Made some control electric appliance one kind with it is not the 'very complex work foot, We use now the completely automatic drum washer, the platoon petti-coat pipe: VCD and so on Inside the electrical appliances may see its form! It is mainly takes the control section the core part.It is one kind of online -like real-time control computer, online -like is the scene control, needs to have the strong antijamming ability, the low cost, this is also and the off-line type computer (for instance home use PC,) main differenceThe monolithic integrated circuit is depending on the procedure, and may revise. Realizes the different function through the different procedure, particularly special unique some functions, this is other component needs to take the very big effort to be able to achieve, some are the flowered big strength is also very difficult to achieve. One is not the very complex function, if develops in the 50s with the US 74 series, or the 60s's CD4000 series these pure hardware do decides, the electric circuit certainly arc a big PCB board ! But if, if succeeded in the 70s with the US puts in the market the series monolithic integrated circuit, the result will have the huge difference. Because only the monolithic integrated circuit compiles through you the procedure may realize the high intelligence, high efficiency, as well as redundant reliability The CPU is the key component of a digital computer. Its purpose is to decode instruction received from memory and perform transfers, arithmetic, logic, and control operations with data stored in internal registers, memory, or I/O interface units. Externally, the CPU provides one or more buses for transferring instructions, data, and control information to and from components connected to it. A microcontroller is present in the keyboard and in the monitor in the generic computer; thus these components are also shaded. In such microcontrollers, the CPU may be quite different from those discussed in this chapter. The word lengths may be short, the number of registers small, and the instruction sets limited. Performance, relatively speaking, is poor, but adequate for the task. Most important, the cost of these microcontrollers is very low, making their use cost effective.Because the monolithic integrated circuit to the cost is sensitive, therefore present occupies the dominant status the software is the most preliminary assembly language7 it was except the binary machine code above the most preliminary language, since why were such preliminary must use?Why high-level did the language already achieve the visualization programming level not to use? The reason is very simple, is the monolithic integrated circuit docs not have home computer such CPU, and also has not looked like the hard disk such mass memory equipment. Inside even if a visualization higher order language compilation script only then a button, also will achieve several dozens K the sizes! Does not speak anything regarding the home use PC hard disk, but says regarding the monolithic integrated circuit cannot accept. The monolithic integrated circuit in the hardware source aspect's use factor must very Gao Caixing, therefore assembly, although primitive actually massively is using, Same truth, if attains supercomputer's on operating system and the application software home use PC to come up the movement, home use PC could also not withstand.It can be said that the 20th century surmounted three "the electricity" the time, namely the electrical time, the Electronic Age and already entered computer time. However, this kind of computer, usually refers to the personal computer, is called PC machine. It by the main engine, the keyboard, the monitor and so on is composed. Also has a kind of computer, most people actually not how familiar. This kind of computer is entrusts with the intelligence each kind of mechanical monolithic integrated circuit (also to call micro controller). , This kind of computer's smallest system only has used as the name suggests a piece of integrated circuit, then carries on the simple operation and the control. Because its volume is small, usually hides in is accused the machinery "the belly". It in the entire installment, plays is having like the human brains role, it went wrong, the entire installment paralyzed. Now, this kind of monolithic integrated circuit's use domain already very widespread, like the intelligent measuring appliance, the solid work paid by time control, the communication equipment, the guidance system, the domestic electric appliances and so on, Once each product used the monolithic integrated circuit, could get up causes the effect which the product turned to a new generation, often before product range crown by adjective---- ‘intelligence’, like intelligence washer and so on. Now some factory's technical personnel or other extra-curricular electronic exploiter do certain products, are not the electric circuit are too complex, is the function is too simple, and is imitated extremely easily. Investigates its reason, possibly on card, in the product has not used on the monolithic integrated circuit or other programmable logical component.。

(范例)外文翻译格式

本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译译文学生姓名：院（系）：经济管理学院专业班级：市场营销0301班指导教师：完成日期：2007年3 月22 日日本的分销渠道——对于进入日本市场的挑战与机会Distribution Channels in JapanChallenges and Opportunities for theJapanese Market Entry作者：Hokey Min起止页码：P22-35出版日期（期刊号）：0960-0035出版单位：MCB Univercity Press外文翻译译文：介绍尽管美国对日本的出口在过去两年已有大幅度的增长，然而美国对日本仍然存在着很大的贸易赤字。

尽管没有出现下降趋势，但越来越多的美国决策者及商务经理已经开始审查日本的贸易活动。

在这些人中，有一个很普遍的想法就是日本市场没有对美国产品开放，相反，美国市场对日本的贸易是开放的。

因此，克林顿政府试图采取强硬措施来反对日本的一系列贸易活动，包括商业习惯和政府政策，还企图通过贸易制裁的威胁来反对日本产品。

然而，这样的措施也会产生适得其反的结果。

它不仅会为美国消费者带来更高的商品价格和更少的商品选择，同时也会增加日本消费者的反美情绪。

最近Ginkota和Kotabe的调查表明：单独的贸易谈判不会提高美国商品进入日本市场的能力。

而对于提高美国公司进入日本市场能力的一个行之有效的方法就是研究日本近几个世纪以来所采用的商业活动。

由于法律障碍或者是日本公司对外封锁商业渠道，日本当地的分销渠道往往对外国公司不利，而这样的商业活动被认为是进入日本市场的主要障碍。

事实上，Yamawaki美国商品成功出口到日本市场在很大程度上取决于美国解决协议合同的能力。

尽管进入日本市场意义重大，然而对西方人而言，日本的经销体系经常会被人误以为是充满神秘感的。

这种误解源于日本复杂的分销惯例特征。

而这种分销惯例沿袭古老的而又严谨的建设体系。

在尝试美国贸易在日本市场成功获利减少不必要的贸易冲突过程中，我们揭露了日本分销中获利的事实，探索出了能成功进入日本市场的战略性武器。

3000字外文文献翻译

Human resource management more and more drives value. Under the system that economy development mature, human resource management have to match with fight for the best resources performance, if out of character of the manpower form couples out of character of post, the resources performance be not only whole have no, or may have already exhaust. The modern economy stress balance and match, promote management effect and quality vegetable, will human resource match with make balance, the inside contents establish human resource structure frame, use most in keeping with of the person do most in keeping with of work. Establishment human resource terrace is a communication and collection information way, everyone's opinion comprehensive, give up short take long, with processing salary, welfare etc. affair. Human resource most the importance be a training and development, human resource development have to investment at training aspect, with exertive each stratum of human resource potential.人力资源管理愈来愈被重视。

外文文献译文——参考范例

本科毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献译文及原文学院自动化学院专业电气工程及其自动化（电力系统自动化方向）年级班别2011级3班学号学生姓名指导教师2015年3月10日通过对磁场的分析改进超高压变电站扩展连接器的设计Joan Hernández-Guiteras a, Jordi-Roger Ribaa,⇑, LuísRomeralba UniversitatPolitècnica de Catalunya, Electrical Engineering Department, 08222 Terrassa, Spainb UniversitatPolitècnica de Catalunya, Electronic Engineering Department, 08222 Terrassa, Spain摘要：在世界上很多的国家，电力需求的增长比输电容量的发展更快。

由于环境的限制、社会的担忧以及经济上的投入，建设新的输电线路是一项严峻的挑战。

除此以外，输电网经常要承担接近额定容量的负载。

因此，提高输电系统的效率和可靠性受到了关注。

这项研究主要针对一个400KV，3000A，50Hz的超高压变电站扩展连接器，用于连接两个母线直径均为150mm的变电站。

该变电站连接器是一个四线制的铝导线，为母线之间的相互电能传输提供了路径。

前期的初步试验显示：电流在输电线路中的不平衡分布，主要是受到了距离的影响。

应用一个三维的有限元素法，可以改进设计，以及对改进前后两个版本的连接器的电磁性能和热性能进行评估比较。

这份报告中将提出：在实验室条件下的检验已经验证了仿真方法的准确性。

这也许将会是促进变电站连接器设计进程的一个很有价值的工具。

因此，将不仅仅提高其热性能，还将提高其可靠性。

关键词：变电站连接器、超高压、电力传输系统、有限单元法、数值模拟、临近效应、热学分析1.引入全球能源需求的频繁增长，连同分散的和可再生能源份额的增长促进超高压和特高压电力传输系统[1]的建设和研究。

外文译文范例

外文资料Rural Labor Movements in Egypt and Their Impact onthe State, 1961-1992Looney, RobertJames Toth's highly informative study of Egypt develops the idea that the tarahil or migrant farm workers in Egypt unexpectedly contributed to the making of Egypt's recent history and in shaping the country's national development. His arguments are developed by first examining the struggles taking place inside the rural regime of accumulation and the methods of control each side employed to regulate conflicts over pay and working conditions. This involves not only describing the workers' way of life, standard of living, and the labor processes in both village agriculture and migrant labor, but also identifying the asymmetric relationships and negotiations involved in mutually defining the effort price formula.Toth demonstrates how initially these institutional relations remained local since direct state intervention was relatively limited before the 1960s. Once the state did step in, however, local conflicts diminished while the struggles between workers and their government acquired greater importance. State policies formulated since 1960 repeatedly altered the equation between labor and capital. Toth then shows that the struggle between the government and those who opposed its regulation then became an important motor force in creating Egypt's recent history.Following a carefully laid out introduction, Chapter 2 describes a composite migrant labor trip to work sites on the perimeter of Egypt's northern Delta region where the author conducted field-work in 1980-82. Here the emphasis is placed on introducing the migrant farm workers, describing the variety of social and economic relationships that keep these laborers at the bottom of Egypt's social pyramid. Chapter 3 examines why poor village farm laborers in Egypt repeatedly take up migrant work. In this section the author demonstrates that rural workers in Egypt are channeled into this occupation by the limitations imposed by seasonal unemployment, debt, gender stereotypes, and the country's economic underdevelopment. Chapter 4 develops the methods by which migrant workers exercise some control over valorization by using "weapons of the weak" and other stealth techniques, which enable them to overcome their hardship and poverty.In general, these early chapters discuss the rural regime of accumulation and the local mode of regulation found in the countryside, bridging both village agriculture and migrant labor camp activities. Toth finds these conditions replicated throughout the Egyptian countryside, both north and south. This general picture provides insights into the myriad of tactics and techniques thatregulated the valorization process at home and afar and that conditioned village lives and camp experiences. Yet despite the double-sided nature of these controls they remained insufficient to prevent first a wholesale flight of farm workers escaping the unsatisfactory conditions of village agriculture, and then later a widespread exodus that rejected the drudgery of both farm and migrant employment and seized upon new urban job opportunities that rural workers believed could improve their lives.The next sections focus on the period after 1960 when the conflicts between labor and capital ceased to have merely local consequences and began to acquire a broader, more national dimension. Chapters 5 through 8 examine the outcomes when Egypt's model of regulation came to include a greater regulatory role for the government. For in this zeal to stabilize and safeguard the national economy, the state ironically came instead to transpose and transform it.Four important years are examined: 1961, 1964, 1977 and 1992 when the course of Egyptian development was strongly influenced by the rural workers and their contentious relationship with the state. Chapters 5 and 6 analyze the outcome of the surge of rural workers who left agriculture employment behind in the 1960s and increasingly took up full-time migrant labor in building the High Dam at Aswan and reclaiming new agricultural land in Tahrir Province. Chapters 7 and 8 examine the results of the large scale movement of rural workers who later in the 1970s deserted both complementary types of employment, farm and migrant labor for similar but more rewarding construction jobs in Egypt's expanding cities and towns.Thus this section of the study focuses on decline of Egypt's agricultural and national economies, generated in good part by rural labor's physical exodus from the countryside in response to both village conflicts and state plans and projects. In 1974 the declining national economy turned around, spearheaded by skilled urban construction workers emigrating abroad who were then replaced at home by large numbers of rural laborers dissatisfied with both farm and migrant employment.Once migrant workers left both agricultural and migrant labor and moved into urban areas, they ceased to be a significant force in the countryside except insofar as their growing scarcity continued to generate production problems in the village and at migrant labor work sites. These latter chapters then focus on tarahil labor in the urban informal sector and the shantytowns to understand how their rural experience shaped their city life, and how these workers continued to affect Egypt's development. Here, further deterioration of class relations and government legitimacy aggravated by ex-rural workers who, having now migrated to the cities, nonetheless continued to be economically and politically disenfranchised.By comparing Egypt's current situation with the phases proposed by regulation theory, Toth successfully demonstrates that it has been the movements of tarahil migrant farm workers thathave significantly contributed to preventing Egypt's successful transition to cooperative peripheral Fordism. Toth's painstaking work based on years of fieldwork is a major contribution to our understanding of the dynamics of development in Egypt. It is highly recommended to anyone searching for a deeper understanding of the economic problems facing this complex country.Article source: University of Florida Press, 1999:265-268.中文译文1961-1992年埃及农村劳动力的转移及其对国家的影响罗伯特鲁尼詹姆斯关于埃及非常翔实的研究表明,埃及流动农业工人对埃及近代的历史和国家的发展做出了出人意料的贡献。

外文翻译模板

西安欧亚学院本科毕业论文（设计）外文翻译译文学生姓名：蔡阳分院（系）：信息工程学院专业班级：通信工程0701指导教师：赵雨完成日期：2011 年1 月5 日不能触碰这个—无线电力传输Can't Touch This—Wireless power transmission作者：Bill Weaver, Ph.D.起止页码：出版日期（期刊号）：2006年10月25日出版单位：（以上文字用小4号宋体，数字、字母用Times New Roman体）外文翻译译文：几年前，一个同事和我参加在校大学生团体的一个老式的实地考察，考察地位于新泽西州的爱迪生国家历史遗址的西橙。

我们随公众参观，并参观了设置于建筑物内的实验室，了解了白炽灯灯泡和电影技术的发展。

然而，令我最感动的是其中的两个复杂的附加功能。

首先，是配备了当时美国专利局的所有出版物的研究图书馆。

科学家和工程师的代表关注到适销对路的产品可能会在创造新技术中有所用途。

大学是随之而来的发现科学技术的伟大场所，但爱迪生的实验室却是作为一个企业而存在的。

在 19 世纪后期是没有互联网连接的，因此，图书馆便担任起了实验室的信息存储库。

就像今天，当研究人员所需要的信息是有关于化学反应、一个数学公式或他们最先进的工程解决方案而咨询目前的文献一样，只不过当时是通过纸张。

第二个令人印象深刻的事情是生产和加工设施的复杂性。

创建工具，使新的工具催化技术的发展，是爱迪生实验室的一个创新过程的早期代表性的例子。

通过快速采用标准，进一步简化此过程。

由于工具和设备大部分可以在本地发展，便可以在数英亩大小的校园中部署自己的标准并创造该设施。

这种标准之一是权力分配的方法。

最终已知的电网发展供电是著名的爱迪生灯泡，早期的爱迪生实验室使用的工具是由一个通用线路轴组成的机器。

组成一个类似于后轮驱动汽车传动轴的长旋转轴或像是一个海洋船只的螺旋桨轴，使整个工厂的旋转的势能形式分散了锅炉产生的机械能。

外文翻译(原文)

Reading Material(1)PlumbingIn general, plumbing refers to the system of pipes, fixtures, and other apparatus used inside a building for Supplying water and removing liquid and waterborne wastes. In practice, the term includes storm water or roof drainage and exterior system components connecting to a source such as a public water system or a point of disposal such as a public sewer system or a domestic septic tank or cesspool.The purpose of plumbing systems is, basically, to bring into, and distribute within, a building a supply of safe water to be used for drinking purposes and to collect and dispose of polluted and contaminated wastewater from the various receptacles on the premises without hazard to the health of occupants. Codes, regulations, and trade practices are designed to keep the water system separated from drainage systems; to prevent the introduction of harmful material such as chemicals,micro-organisms, and dirt; and to keep the water system safe under all operating conditions. These protective codes also are designed to prevent flooding of drainage lines, provide venting of dangerous gases, and eliminate opportunities for backflow of dangerous waste water into the water system. It is essential that disease-producing organisms and harmful chemicals be confined to the drainage system.Since the time of Moses man has been cautioned to dispose of his wastes safely, and cleanliness has been related to the availability of water and associated with social custom. Early man often lived near a water source that served as his water supply and drainage system in one. It was also bis bath. I.atrine-like receptacles with crude drains have been found in excavations in the Orkney Islands of Neolithic stone huts at least 10,000 years old. Both a water system and piping ctsed as drainage fashioned of terra-cotta pipe were part of the royal palace of Minos in Crete, about 2000 BC. The palace also had a latrine with water-flushing reservoir and drainage. Nothing comparable to it was developed in Europe until the 18th century.Even the equipment of the modern bathroom, though much improved with hot and cold water under pressure and less crude provisions for drainage, is in concept little different from the Minoan version. Itwas not until the end of the 19th century that advances in plumbing practice were given serious attention as an integral part of housing.A building plumbing system includes two components, the piping that brings potable water into the building and distributes it to all fixtures and water outlets and the piping that collects the water after use and drains it to a point of safe disposal.Water systems. When a building is served by a public water system, the plumbing begins at the service connection with the public supply. It includes all meters, pumps, valves, piping, storage tanks,and connectionsrequired to make water available at outlets serving the fixtures or equipment within the building.Many premises in rural areas are not served by public water supply. These may include private dwellings, apartment houses, hotels, commercial centres, hospitals, institutions, factories, roadsidestands, and restaurants.Public water supplies have surface water or groundwater as their source. Large water systems are almost entirely supplied with surface water. In smaller communities and in certain areas groundwater is obtained from wells or springs. Independent semipublic, industrial, and private-premise water systemsfrequently take water from wells on the premises but may, under certain conditions, draw water from aspring, lake, or stream.Public water systems supply treated water meeting publicwater-supply drinking-water standards.Private-premise systems are expected to provide water of equal quality, and to do so the private system requires a water-treatment plant including chlorination as a minimum and possibly sedimentation (settling out of solid particles) chemical treatment, primarily for softening, and filtration.Water is supplied to fixtures and outlets under pressure provided by pumps or elevated storage tanks or both. In some installations a pump controlled by a pressure-activated switch on a pressurized storage tank takes water from a well and pumps until the upper limit of pressure for the system has been reach。

外文翻译原文英文版

W. Tanaś
(7)
69
„Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering” 2009, Vol. 54(1)
a)
Angle γt at the moment of time t is defined by the parameters of the share drive and the frequency of swing motions (oscillations) ω of the share (see Fig. 2 b). In this case of the drive mechanism considered:
;
rkp sin ϕ t rkp sin ϖ ⋅ t ВD ВD = = = ; (8) ВС ВО + ОС rkp cos ϕ t + k rkp cosϖ ⋅ t + lk
γ t = arc ctg
rkp sin ϖ ⋅ t rkp cos ϕt + lk

(9)
γ max = arc sin K кр. = arc sin
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of a variant of the swing-type share drive
From Fig. 3 а) we have:
2 2 RM = X M + YM ;
ωγ =
rkp sin ωt dγ t d = arc ctg dt dt r kp cos ωt + lk
( X 2 cos γ t + Y2 sin γ t − C x ) 2 a

毕业设计外文文献翻译【范本模板】

毕业设计（论文)外文资料翻译系别：专业：班级:姓名：学号:外文出处:附件： 1. 原文; 2。

译文2013年03月附件一：A Rapidly Deployable Manipulator SystemChristiaan J。

J。

Paredis, H. Benjamin Brown，Pradeep K. KhoslaAbstract:A rapidly deployable manipulator system combines the flexibility of reconfigurable modular hardware with modular programming tools，allowing the user to rapidly create a manipulator which is custom-tailored for a given task. This article describes two main aspects of such a system，namely，the Reconfigurable Modular Manipulator System （RMMS)hardware and the corresponding control software。

1 IntroductionRobot manipulators can be easily reprogrammed to perform different tasks, yet the range of tasks that can be performed by a manipulator is limited by mechanicalstructure。

Forexample，a manipulator well-suited for precise movement across the top of a table would probably no be capable of lifting heavy objects in the vertical direction. Therefore，to perform a given task,one needs to choose a manipulator with an appropriate mechanical structure.We propose the concept of a rapidly deployable manipulator system to address the above mentioned shortcomings of fixed configuration manipulators。

外文翻译范例1

气体和液体管道的统计泄漏检测Dr Xue Jun ZhangSpecialist Engineer, Shell UK Ltd, Stanlow , UK专业工程师英国壳牌有限公司英国班级：测控0303 姓名：苟武侯学号：200342081摘要：阿姆斯特丹的壳牌研究中心和Stanlow Manufacturing Complex on Merseyside开发了一种新的管道泄漏检测系统。

许多气体和液体管道已经开始应用该系统。

本文详述了该检测系统在两条液丙烯管道、两条低压乙烯管道和一条含硫气体管道中的实际运行经验。

这些应用表明该系统可轻松地适用于变化的运行需要。

同样，该系统便与维护并且相对于常规的基于软件的系统所需的计算量要少的多。

引言尽管已有很多的检测系统可用于管道泄漏的检测和定位，但在工业应用中却很少得到实际的应用。

对于管道运行企业，检测管道的完整性更为普遍的是采用质量守恒定律，这个定律基于管道两端进出口流量的检测。

这种方法简单并且通常无需花费资金在软件的安装和维护上。

但是当管道的运行状况频繁变化时，它就不能有效的工作。

考虑到流体力学，实时管道模型被开发用于泄漏检测和判断。

基于模型的系统需要大量的模型数据和计算，并且通常安装和维护这些系统的费用很昂贵。

近来，壳牌公司开发了一种高效的泄漏检测系统，它不需要复杂的管道模型，这个系统对泄漏的统计概率进行计算，计算机与管道进、出口处测得的流速和压力。

在最佳的检测时间，序贯概率比测试方法被使用。

当确定检测到一个泄漏后，将使用流量、压力测量值和统计平均值对泄漏将进行评估，最小二乘法用于泄漏的定位。

1990年10月以来，该系统在几个运行的管道中得到了成功实施，包括：两条长37公里、直径4英寸的液丙烯管道；两条长41公里、直径6/8英寸的低压乙烯（气体）系统网络；和一条长73公里、直径18英寸的含硫气体管道。

在以上管道中，进行了大量的野外测试，达到了可靠的工作性能。

毕业设计外文翻译例文

大连科技学院毕业设计(论文)外文翻译学生姓名专业班级指导教师职称所在单位教研室主任完成日期 2016年4月15日Translation EquivalenceDespite the fact that the world is becoming a global village, translation remains a major way for languages and cultures to interact and influence each other. And name translation, especially government name translation, occupies a quite significant place in international exchange.Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. While interpreting—the facilitating of oral or sign-language communication between users of different languages—antedates writing, translation began only after the appearance of written literature. There exist partial translations of the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh (ca. 2000 BCE) into Southwest Asian languages of the second millennium BCE. Translators always risk inappropriate spill-over of source-language idiom and usage into the target-language translation. On the other hand, spill-overs have imported useful source-language calques and loanwords that have enriched the target languages. Indeed, translators have helped substantially to shape the languages into which they have translated. Due to the demands of business documentation consequent to the Industrial Revolution that began in the mid-18th century, some translation specialties have become formalized, with dedicated schools and professional associations. Because of the laboriousness of translation, since the 1940s engineers have sought to automate translation (machine translation) or to mechanically aid the human translator (computer-assisted translation). The rise of the Internet has fostered a world-wide market for translation services and has facilitated language localizationIt is generally accepted that translation, not as a separate entity, blooms into flower under such circumstances like culture, societal functions, politics and power relations. Nowadays, the field of translation studies is immersed with abundantly diversified translation standards, with no exception that some of them are presented by renowned figures and are rather authoritative. In the translation practice, however, how should we select the so-called translation standards to serve as our guidelines in the translation process and how should we adopt the translation standards to evaluate a translation product?In the macro - context of flourish of linguistic theories, theorists in the translation circle, keep to the golden law of the principle of equivalence. The theory of Translation Equivalence is the central issue in western translation theories. And the presentation of this theory gives great impetus to the development and improvement of translation theory. It‟s not diffi cult for us to discover that it is the theory of Translation Equivalence that serves as guidelines in government name translation in China. Name translation, as defined, is the replacement of thename in the source language by an equivalent name or other words in the target language. Translating Chinese government names into English, similarly, is replacing the Chinese government name with an equivalent in English.Metaphorically speaking, translation is often described as a moving trajectory going from A to B along a path or a container to carry something across from A to B. This view is commonly held by both translation practitioners and theorists in the West. In this view, they do not expect that this trajectory or something will change its identity as it moves or as it is carried. In China, to translate is also understood by many people normally as “to translate the whole text sentence by sentence and paragraph by paragraph, without any omission, addition, or other changes. In both views, the source text and the target text must be “the same”. This helps explain the etymological source for the term “translation equivalence”. It is in essence a word which describes the relationship between the ST and the TT.Equivalence means the state or fact or property of being equivalent. It is widely used in several scientific fields such as chemistry and mathematics. Therefore, it comes to have a strong scientific meaning that is rather absolute and concise. Influenced by this, translation equivalence also comes to have an absolute denotation though it was first applied in translation study as a general word. From a linguistic point of view, it can be divided into three sub-types, i.e., formal equivalence, semantic equivalence, and pragmatic equivalence. In actual translation, it frequently happens that they cannot be obtained at the same time, thus forming a kind of relative translation equivalence in terms of quality. In terms of quantity, sometimes the ST and TT are not equivalent too. Absolute translation equivalence both in quality and quantity, even though obtainable, is limited to a few cases.The following is a brief discussion of translation equivalence study conducted by three influential western scholars, Eugene Nida, Andrew Chesterman and Peter Newmark. It‟s expected that their studies can instruct GNT study in China and provide translators with insightful methods.Nida‟s definition of translation is: “Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.” It i s a replacement of textual material in one language〔SL〕by equivalent textual material in another language（TL）. The translator must strive for equivalence rather than identity. In a sense, this is just another way of emphasizing the reproducing of the message rather than the conservation of the form of the utterance. The message in the receptor language should match as closely as possible the different elements in the source language to reproduce as literally and meaningfully as possible the form and content of the original. Translation equivalence is an empirical phenomenon discovered bycomparing SL and TL texts and it‟s a useful operational concept like the term “unit of translati on”.Nida argues that there are two different types of equivalence, namely formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence. Formal correspondence focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content, whereas dynamic equivalence is based upon “the principle of equivalent effect”.Formal correspondence consists of a TL item which represents the closest equivalent of a ST word or phrase. Nida and Taber make it clear that there are not always formal equivalents between language pairs. Therefore, formal equivalents should be used wherever possible if the translation aims at achieving formal rather than dynamic equivalence. The use of formal equivalents might at times have serious implications in the TT since the translation will not be easily understood by the target readership. According to Nida and Taber, formal correspondence distorts the grammatical and stylistic patterns of the receptor language, and hence distorts the message, so as to cause the receptor to misunderstand or to labor unduly hard.Dyn amic equivalence is based on what Nida calls “the principle of equivalent effect” where the relationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptors and the message. The message has to be modified to the receptor‟s linguistic needs and cultural expectation and aims at complete naturalness of expression. Naturalness is a key requirement for Nida. He defines the goal of dynamic equivalence as seeking the closest natural equivalent to the SL message. This receptor-oriented approach considers adaptations of grammar, of lexicon and of cultural references to be essential in order to achieve naturalness; the TL should not show interference from the SL, and the …foreignness …of the ST setting is minimized.Nida is in favor of the application of dynamic equivalence, as a more effective translation procedure. Thus, the product of the translation process, that is the text in the TL, must have the same impact on the different readers it was addressing. Only in Nida and Taber's edition is it clearly stated that dynamic equivalence in translation is far more than mere correct communication of information.As Andrew Chesterman points out in his recent book Memes of Translation, equivalence is one of the five element of translation theory, standing shoulder to shoulder with source-target, untranslatability, free-vs-literal, All-writing-is-translating in importance. Pragmatically speaking, observed Chesterman, “the only true examples of equivalence (i.e., absolute equivalence) are those in which an ST item X is invariably translated into a given TL as Y, and vice versa. Typical examples would be words denoting numbers (with the exceptionof contexts in which they have culture-bound connotations, such as “magic” or “unlucky”), certain technical terms (oxygen, molecule) and the like. From this point of view, the only true test of equivalence would be invariable back-translation. This, of course, is unlikely to occur except in the case of a small set of lexical items, or perhaps simple isolated syntactic structure”.Peter Newmark. Departing from Nida‟s receptor-oriented line, Newmark argues that the success of equivalent effect is “illusory “and that the conflict of loyalties and the gap between emphasis on source and target language will always remain as the overriding problem in translation theory and practice. He suggests narrowing the gap by replacing the old terms with those of semantic and communicative translation. The former attempts to render, as closely as the semantic and syntactic structures of the second language allow, the exact contextual meaning of the original, while the latter “attempts to produce on its readers an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original.” Newmark‟s description of communicative translation resembles Nida‟s dynamic equivalence in the effect it is trying to create on the TT reader, while semantic translation has similarities to Nida‟s formal equivalence.Meanwhile, Newmark points out that only by combining both semantic and communicative translation can we achieve the goal of keeping the …spirit‟ of the original. Semantic translation requires the translator retain the aesthetic value of the original, trying his best to keep the linguistic feature and characteristic style of the author. According to semantic translation, the translator should always retain the semantic and syntactic structures of the original. Deletion and abridgement lead to distortion of the author‟s intention and his writing style.翻译对等尽管全世界正在渐渐成为一个地球村，但翻译仍然是语言和和文化之间的交流互动和相互影响的主要方式之一。

外文翻译格式样本

毕业设计外文资料翻译学院：信息科学与工程学院专业：电子科学与技术姓名：康兴华学号： 040704128 外文出处：填入英文资料名称(用外文写)附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。

指导教师评语：签名：年月日附件1：外文资料翻译译文UART的核核的概况带有Avalon接口的通用异步接收/发送器的核（UART的核）所执行的方式是为了沟通一个系统内置的Altera FPGA和外部设备之间的串行字符流。

核实行RS-232协议计时，并提供可调波特率，奇偶，停止和数据位，以及可选RTS/CTS的流量控制信号。

它的功能设置是可配置的，对于给定的系统，它允许设计者实现必要的功能。

核提供了一个简单的寄存器映射的Avalon存储器映射（Avalon-MM）的从属接口，使Avalon-MM的主控外设（如一个NiosII处理器）通过读和写控制寄存器和数据寄存器来简单的与核沟通。

该UART的核是SOPC Builder-ready，并且可以轻松的集成到任何SOPC Builder 产生的系统中，本章包含以下章节：■“功能描述”见8-2页■“设备和工具支持”见8-4页■“在SOPC Builder中对核实例化”见8-4页■“硬件仿真考虑”见8-9页■“软件编程模型”见8-9页1. 功能描述图1 展示了UART核的分块表核有两个用户可见部分：■寄存器文件，它通过Avalon-MM从属端口来存取■RS-232的信号，RXD，TXD，CTS和RTS1.1 Avalon-MM从属接口和寄存器该UART的核提供了一个Avalon-MM从属接口到内部寄存器文件。

连接用户接口包含6个16位的寄存器：控制，状态，rxdata，txdata，除数，endofpacket。

一个主控外设，如一个NiosII处理器，可以使寄存器通过串行连接来控制核和传输数据。

该UART的核提供了一个活跃的中断请求（IRQ）输出，当新的数据已收到或当核心准备传输另一字符时，可以要求一个中断，进一步的细节见8-20页“中断行为”。

毕业论文外文翻译范例

M.H.Hoeflich, Savigny and his Anglo-American Disciples, American Journal of Comparative Law, vol.37, No.1, 1989. 1
cosmopolitan outlook of many of the leading American and English jurists of the time. Of course, when one sets out to trace the influence of a particular individual and his work, it is necessary to demonstrate, if possible, precisely how knowledge of the man and his work was transmitted. In the case of Savigny and his work on Roman law and ideas of historical jurisprudence, there were three principal modes of transmission. First, there was the direct influence he exercised through his contacts with American lawyers and scholars. Second, there was the influence he exercised through his books. Third, there was the influence he exerted indirectly through intermediate scholars and their works. Let us examine each mode separately. I. INFLUENCE OF THE TRANSLATED WORKS

外文翻译原文模板

1、外文资料翻译内容要求：外文资料的内容应为本学科研究领域，并与毕业设计（论文）选题相关的技术资料或专业文献，译文字数应不少于3000汉字以上，同时应在译文末注明原文的出处。

不可采用网络中直接有外文和原文的。

2、外文资料翻译格式要求：译文题目采用小二号黑体，居中；译文正文采用宋体小四号，段前、段后距为0行；行距：固定值20磅。

英文原文如果为打印的话用新罗马（Times New Roman）小四号字。

装订时原文在前，译文在后。

文章中有引用的地方在原文中也要体现。

参考文献也要翻译成中文！An Energy-Efficient Cooperative Algorithm for Data Estimation inWireless Sensor NetworksAbstract – In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), nodes operate on batteries and network’s lifetime depends on energy consumption of the nodes. Consider the class of sensor networks where all nodes sense a single phenomenon at different locations and send messages to a Fusion Center (FC) in order to estimate the actual information. In classical systems all data processing tasks are done in the FC and there is no processing or compression before transmission. In the proposed algorithm, network is divided into clusters and data processing is done in two parts. The first part is performed in each cluster at the sensor nodes after local data sharing and the second part will be done at the Fusion Center after receiving all messages from clusters. Local data sharing results in more efficient data transmission in terms of number of bits. We also take advantage of having the same copy of data at all nodes of each cluster and suggest a virtual Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (V-MIMO) architecture for data transmission from clusters to the FC. A Virtual-MIMO network is a set of distributed nodes each having one antenna. By sharing their data among themselves, these nodes turn into a classical MIMO system. In the previously proposed cooperative/virtual MIMO architectures there has not been any data processing or compression in the conference phase. We modify the existing VMIMO algorithms to suit the specific class of sensor networks that is of our concern. We use orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes (STBC) for MIMO part and by simulation show that this algorithm saves considerable energy compared to classical systems.I. INTRODUCTIONA typical Wireless Sensor Network consists of a set of small, low-cost and energy-limited sensor nodes which are deployed in a field in order to observe a phenomenon and transmit it to a Fusion Center (FC). These sensors are deployed close to one another and their readings of the environment are highly correlated. Their objective is to report a descriptive behavior of the environment based on all measurements to the Fusion Center. This diversity in measurement lets the system become more reliable and robust against failure. In general, each node is equipped with a sensing device, a processor and a communication module (which can be either a transmitter or transmitter/receiver).Sensor nodes are equipped with batteries and are supposed to work for a long period of time without battery replacement. Thus, they are limited in energy and one of the most important issues in designing sensor networks will be the energy consumption of the sensor nodes. To deal with this problem, we might either reduce the number of bits to be transmitted by source compression or reduce the required power for transmission by applying advanced transmission techniques while satisfying certain performance requirement.A lot of research has been done in order to take advantage of the correlation among sensors’ data for reducing the number of bits to be transmitted. Some are based on distributed source coding[1]while others use decentralized estimation[2-5]. In [1], authors present an efficient algorithm that applies distributed compression based on Slepian – Wolf[14] encoding technique and use an adaptive signal processing algorithm to track correlation among sensors data. In [2-5] the problem of decentralized estimation in sensor networks has been studied under different constraints. In these algorithms, sensors perform a local quantization on their data considering that their observations are correlated with that of other sensors. They produce a binary message and send it to the FC. FC combines these messages based on the quantization rules used at the sensor nodes and estimates the unknown parameter. Optimal local quantization and final fusion rules are investigated in these works. The distribution of data assumed for sensor observation in these papers has Uniform probability distribution function. In our model we consider Gaussian distribution introduced in [17] for sensor measurements which ismore likely to reality.As an alternative approach, some works have been done using energy-efficient communication techniques such as cooperative/virtual Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) transmission in sensor networks [6-11]. In these works, as each sensor is equipped with one antenna, nodes are able to form a virtual MIMO system by performing cooperation with others. In [6] the application of MIMO techniques in sensor networks based on Alamouti[15] space-time block codes was introduced. In [8,9] energy-efficiency of MIMO techniques has been explored analytically and in [7] a combination of distributed signal processing algorithm presented and in [1] cooperative MIMO was studied.In this paper, we consider both techniques of compression and cooperative transmission at the same time. We reduce energy consumption in two ways; 1) processing data in part at the transmitting side, which results in removing redundant information thus having fewer bits to be transmitted and 2) reducing required transmission energy by applying diversity and Space-Time coding. Both of these goals will be achieved by our proposed two-phase algorithm. In our model, the objective is to estimate the unknown parameter which is basically the average of all nodes’ measurements. That is, exact measurements of individual nodes are not important and it is not necessary to spend a lot of energy and bandwidth to transmit all measured data with high precision to the FC. We can move some part of data processing to the sensors side. This can be done by local data sharing among sensors. We divide the network into clusters of ‘m’ members. The number of members in the cluster (m) is both the compression factor in data processing and also the diversity order in virtual-MIMO architecture. The remaining of this paper is organized as following: in section II we introduce our system model and basic assumptions. In section III we propose our collaborative algorithm. In section IV we present the mathematical analysis of the proposed algorithm and in section V we give some numerical simulations. Finally section VI concludes the paper.II. SYSTEM MODELA. Network ModelThe network model that we use is similar to the one presented in [2-5].Our network consists of N distributed Sensor Nodes (SN) and a Fusion Center (FC). Sensors are deployed uniformly in the field, close to one another and each taking observations on an unknown parameter (θ). Fusion Center is located far from the nodes. All nodes observe same phenomenon but with different measurements. These nodes together with the Fusion Center are supposed to find the value of the unknown parameter. Nodes send binary messages to Fusion Center. FC will process the received messages and estimate the unknown value.B. Data ModelIn our formulation we use the data model introduced in[17]. We assume that all sensors observe the same phenomenon (θ) which has Gaussian distribution with variance σx 2. They observe different versions of θ and we model this difference as an additive zero mean Gaussian noisewith variance σn 2. Therefore, sensor observations will be described byn i i θx += （1） Where θ ~ N (0, σx 2) and n i ~ N (0, σn 2) for i = 1, 2, … , N .Based on thisassumption the value of θ can be estimated by taking the numerical average of the nodes observations, i.e.∑==N i i x N 11θ（2）C. Reference System ModelOur reference system consists of N conventional Single Input Single Output (SISO) wireless links, each connecting one of the sensor nodes to the FC. For the reference system we do not consider any communication or cooperation among the sensors. Therefore each sensor quantizes its observation by an L-bit scalar quantizer designed for distribution of θ, generates a message of length L and transmits it directly to the FC. Fusion Center receives all messages and performs the processing, which is calculation of the numerical average of these messages.III. COOPERATIVE DATA PROCESSING ALGORITHMSensor readings are analog quantities. Therefore, each sensor has to compress its data into several bits. For data compression we use L -bit scalar quantizer [12,13].In our algorithm, network is divided into clusters, each cluster having a fixed and pre-defined number of members (m). Members of each cluster are supposed to cooperate with one another in two ways:1. Share, Process and Compress their data2. Cooperatively transmit their processed data using virtual MIMO.IV. ANALYSISThe performance metric considered in our analysis is the total distortion due to compression and errors occurred during transmission. The first distortion is due to finite length quantizer, used in each sensor to represent the analog number by L bits. This distortion depends on the design of quantizer.We consider a Gaussian scalar quantizer which is designed over 105 randomly generated samples. The second distortion is due to errors occurred during transmission through the channel. In our system, this distortion is proportional to the probability of bit error. Since the probability of bit error (Pe) is a function of transmission energy per bit (Eb), total distortion will be a function of Eb. In this section we characterize the transmission and total consumed energy of sensors and find the relationship between distortion and probability of bit error.V. SIMULATION AND NUMERICAL RESULTS To give a numerical example, we assume m = 4 members in each cluster. Therefore our Virtual-MIMO scheme will consist of 4 transmit antennas. We assume that network has N = 32 sensors. Sensor observations are Gaussian with σx2= 1 and are added to a Gaussian noise of σn2= 0.1 .Nodes are deployed uniformly in the field and are 2 meters apart from each other and the Fusion Center is located 100 meters away from the center of the field. The values for circuit parameters are quoted from [6] and are listed in Table I. These parameters depend on the hardware design and technological advances. Fig. 1 illustrates the performance (Distortion) of reference system and proposed two-phase V-MIMO scheme versus transmission energy consumption in logarithmic scale. As shown in the figures, depending on how much precision is needed in the system, we can save energy by applying the proposed algorithm.TABLE IFig. 2 illustrates the Distortion versus total energy consumption of sensor nodes. That is, in this figure we consider both the transmission and circuit energy consumption. The parameters that lead us to these results may be designed to give better performance than presented here. However, from these figures we can conclude that the proposed algorithm outperforms the reference system when we want to have distortion less than 10−3 and it can save energy as high as 10 dB.VI. CONCLUSIONIn this paper we proposed a novel algorithm which takes advantage of cooperation among sensor nodes in two ways: it not only compresses the set of sensor messages at the sensor nodes into one message, appropriate for final estimation but also encodes them into orthogonal space-time symbols which are easy to decode and energy-efficient. This algorithm is able to save energy as high as 10 dB.REFERENCES[1] J.Chou,D.Petrovic and K.Ramchandran “A distributed and adaptive signalprocessing approach to reducing energy consumption in sensornetworks,”Proc. IEEE INFOCOM,March 2003.[2] Z.Q.Luo, “Universal decentralized estimation in a bandwidth constrainedsensor network,” IEEE rmation The ory, vol.51,no.6,June 2005.[3] Z.Q.Luo,“An Isotropic Universal decentralized estimation scheme for abandwidth constrained Ad Hoc sensor network,”IEEEm. vol.23,no. 4,April 2005.[4] Z.Q.Luo and J.-J. Xiao, “Decentralized estimation i n an inhomogeneoussensing environment,” IEEE Trans. Information Theory, vol.51, no.10,October 2005.[5] J.J.Xiao,S.Cui,Z.-Q.Luo and A.J.Goldsmith, “Joint estimation in sensornetworks under energy constraints,” Proc.IEEE First conference on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks, (SECON 04),October 2004.[6] S.Cui, A.J.Goldsmith, and A.Bahai,“Energy-efficiency of MIMO andcooperative MIMO techniques in sensor networks,”IEEEm,vol.22, no.6pp.1089–1098,August 2004.[7] S.K.Jayawe era and M.L.Chebolu, “Virtual MIMO and distributed signalprocessing for sensor networks-An integrated approach”,Proc.IEEEInternational Conf. Comm.(ICC 05)May 2005.[8] S.K.Jayaweera,"Energy efficient virtual MIMO-based CooperativeCommunications for Wireless Sensor Networks",2nd International Conf. on Intelligent Sensing and Information Processing (ICISIP 05),January 2005.[9] S.K.Jayaweera,“Energy Analysis of MIMO Techniques in Wireless SensorNetworks”, 38th Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems (CISS 04),March 2004.[10] S.K.Jayaweera and M.L.Chebolu,“Virtual MIMO and Distributed SignalProcessing for Sensor Networks - An Integrated Approach”,IEEEInternational Conf.on Communications (ICC 05),May 2005.[11] S.K.Jayaweera,“An Energy-efficient Virtual MIMO CommunicationsArchitecture Based on V-BLAST Processing for Distributed WirelessSensor Networks”,1st IEEE International Conf.on Sensor and Ad-hocCommunications and Networks (SECON 2004), October 2004.[12] J.Max,“Quantizing for minimum distortion,” IRE rmationTheory,vol.IT-6, pp.7 – 12,March 1960.[13] S.P.Lloyd,“Least squares quantization in PCM ,”IEEE rmationTheory,vol.IT-28, pp.129-137,March 1982.[14] D.Slepian and J.K.Wolf “Noiseless encoding of correlated inf ormationsources,” IEEE Trans. on Information Theory,vol.19, pp.471-480,July1973.[15] S.M.Alamouti,“A simple transmit diversity technique for wirelesscommunications,” IEEE m., vol.16,no.8,pp.1451–1458,October 1998.[16] V.Tarokh,H.Jafarkhani,and A.R.Calderbank. “Space-time block codesfrom orthogonal designs,’’IEEE rmationTheory,vol.45,no.5,pp.1456 -1467,July 1999.[17] Y.Oohama,“The Rate-Distortion Function for the Quadratic GaussianCEO Problem,” IEEE Trans. Informatio nTheory,vol.44,pp.1057–1070,May 1998.。

外文翻译及外文原文(参考格式)

外文翻译要求：1、外文资料与毕业设计（论文）选题密切相关，译文准确、质量好。

2、阅读2篇幅以上（10000字符左右）的外文资料，完成2篇不同文章的共2000汉字以上的英译汉翻译3、外文资料可以由指导教师提供，外文资料原则上应是外国作者。

严禁采用专业外语教材文章。

4、排序：“一篇中文译文、一篇外文原文、一篇中文译文、一篇外文原文”。

插图内文字及图名也译成中文。

5、标题与译文格式（字体、字号、行距、页边距等）与论文格式要求相同。

下页附：外文翻译与原文参考格式2英文翻译 (黑体、四号、顶格)外文原文出处：(译文前列出外文原文出处、作者、国籍，译文后附上外文原文)《ASHRAE Handbook —Refrigeration 》.CHAPTER3 .SYSTEM Practices for ammonia 3.1 System Selection 3.2 Equipment3.10 Reciprocating Compressors第3章氨制冷系统的实施3.1 系统选择在选择一个氨制冷系统设计时，须要考虑一些设计决策要素，包括是否采用（1）单级压缩（2）带经济器的压缩（3）多级压缩（4）直接蒸发（5）满液式（6）液体再循环（7）载冷剂。

单级压缩系统基本的单级压缩系统由蒸发器、压缩机、冷凝器、储液器（假如用的话）和制冷剂控制装置（膨胀阀、浮球阀等）。

1997 ASHRAE 手册——“原理篇”中的第一章讨论了压缩制冷循环。

图1.壳管式经济器的布置外文翻译的标题与译文中的字体、字号、行距、页边距等与论文格式相同。

英文原文(黑体、四号、顶格)英文翻译2（黑体，四号，顶格）外文原文出处：（黑体，四号，顶格）P. Fanning. Nonlinear Models of Reinforced and Post-tensioned Concrete Beams. Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, University College Dublin. Received 16 Jul 2001.非线形模型钢筋和后张法预应力混凝土梁摘要:商业有限元软件一般包括混凝土在荷载做用下非线性反应的专用数值模型。

专业外文文献翻译

附录1：英文原文The Renminbi's Dollar Peg at The Crossroads In the face of huge balance of payments surpluses and internal inflationary pressures，China has been in a classic conflict between internal and external balance under its dollar currency—basket peg. Over the longer term，China's large, modernizing，and diverse economy will need exchange rate flexibility and，eventually，convertibility with open capital markets。

A feasible and attractive exit strategy from the essentially fixed RMB exchange rate would be a two—stage approach，consistent with the steps already taken since July 2005，but going beyond them。

First，establish a limited trading band for the RMB relative to a basket of major trading partner currencies。

Set the band so that it allows some initial revaluation of the RMB against the dollar，manage the basket rate within the band if necessary，and widen the band over time as domestic foreign exchange markets develop. Second, put on hold ad hoc measures of financial account liberalization。