Toxic Industrial Waste Regulations
regulations list(Environment)
环境空气质量标准GB3095-2012 Ambient air quality standard 上海市工业废气排放标准 Industrial waste gas emission standard of Shanghai 锅炉大气污染物排放标准GB13271-2001 Emission standard of air pollutants for boilers 饮食业油烟排放标准 Emission standard of cooking fume 中华人民共和国环境噪声污染防治法 Law of the People's Republic of China on Prevention and Control of Pollution From Environmental Noise 中华人民共和国工业企业厂界噪声标准 GB12348-2008 Noise standard of The people's Republic of China at boundary of industrial enterprises 中华人民共和国固体废物环境污染防治法 Law of the People's Republic of China on Prevention of Environmental Pollution Caused by Solid Waste 国家危险废物名录 National Catalogue of Hazardous Waste 危险废物鉴别标准 Indentification standard for hazardous wastes 上海市废纸回收管理办法 Regulation of Shanghai on waste paper recycling management 排放污染物申报登记管理规定 Regulations on Pollutant discharge declaration and registration 污染源监测管理办法 Regulation of Pollution Source Monitor 上海市危险废物污染防治办法 Law of Shanghai on Prevention of Environmental Pollution Caused by Hazardous Waste 医疗废物管理条例 Regulations on medical waste management 废弃电器电子产品回收处理管理条例 Waste electrical and electronic products recycling regulations 关于报废电子电气设备指令(WEEE指令) Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive EUROHS 关于在电子电器设备中限制使用某些有害物质的指令 CHINA ROHS 《电子信息产品污染控制管理办法》 Restriction of use of certain Hazardous Substances in EEE 危险废物贮存污染控制标准 Standard for Pullution Control on Hazardous Waste Storage 生活杂用水水质标准 Standards of domestic water discharging 生活饮用水卫生标准 Standards for drinking water quality 生活用水卫生规范 Standards for living water quality 特种设备安全监察条例 Regulations on Safety Supervision of Special Equipment 放射性同位素与射线装置安全和防护条例 Regulations of radioisotope and ray devices on safety and protection 放射性同位素与射线装置安全许可管理办法 Regulations of radioisotope and ray devices on license management
工业污染英语作文
工业污染英语作文Industrial pollution is a serious problem that we needto address urgently. The emissions from factories and manufacturing plants are polluting our air, water, and soil, causing harm to both the environment and human health.The toxic chemicals released into the air can lead to respiratory problems and other health issues. People living near industrial areas are particularly at risk, as they are exposed to higher levels of pollution on a daily basis.Water pollution is another major concern. Industrial waste often ends up in our rivers and oceans, contaminating the water and harming aquatic life. This not only affects the ecosystem but also threatens the safety of our drinking water.The soil is also being contaminated by industrial activities. Chemicals and heavy metals seep into the ground, making it unfit for agriculture and posing a risk to foodsafety. This can have long-term consequences for our food supply and overall environmental health.In order to combat industrial pollution, strict regulations need to be put in place to limit emissions and enforce proper waste disposal practices. Companies must be held accountable for their actions and take responsibility for the impact they have on the environment.It's crucial that we all take action to reduce industrial pollution and protect our planet for future generations. We need to raise awareness, support sustainable practices, and push for stronger environmental policies to ensure a cleaner and healthier world for all.。
工业污染 英语作文
工业污染英语作文Industrial pollution is a menace. Factories belch out toxic fumes, choking our skies and poisoning our lungs.It's a silent killer, lurking in the air we breathe, unseen but deadly.Rivers run black with industrial waste, a murky soup of chemicals and filth. Fish gasp for breath, suffocating in waters tainted by human greed and negligence.Landscapes scarred by industrialization tell a tale of destruction. Forests razed to make way for factories, leaving behind barren wastelands devoid of life.Communities living in the shadow of industrial giants suffer the consequences. Health ailments abound, as pollutants seep into homes and bodies, robbing people of vitality and hope.Governments turn a blind eye, prioritizing profit overthe planet and its people. Regulations are lax, enforcement is weak, and the Earth pays the price for humanity's shortsightedness.But amidst the darkness, there is hope. Grassroots movements rise up, demanding change and accountability. Individuals take a stand, refusing to be silenced by the deafening roar of industry.It's a battle worth fighting, for the sake of our planet and future generations. The time to act is now, before industrial pollution suffocates us all.。
工业发展环境污染的英语作文
工业发展环境污染的英语作文In the relentless pursuit of progress and economic growth, industrial development has become a cornerstone of modern society. Factories, mills, and manufacturing units dot our landscapes, churning out goods and services that fuel our daily lives. However, this rapid industrialization has not been without consequences. Environmental pollution, a byproduct of unchecked industrial growth, poses significant challenges to the sustainability of our planet.At the heart of the issue lies the discharge of harmful substances into the air, water, and soil. Industrial processes often emit large quantities of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, which contribute to global warming and climate change. The burning of fossil fuels for energy, a common practice in many industries, further exacerbates this problem. Moreover, the release of toxic chemicals and heavy metals into water bodies and soil contaminates ecosystems, threatening the health of both human and nonhuman populations.Air pollution, a visible manifestation of industrial activities, is particularly concerning. Smog-filled skies are not just a blight on the landscape but also a hazard to respiratory health, causing illnesses like asthma and lung cancer. The particulate matter and volatile organiccompounds emitted by factories can travel long distances, affecting even those not living in immediate proximity to industrial zones.Water pollution is another grave concern. Industrial waste, often containing harmful chemicals and pathogens, can contaminate rivers, lakes, and groundwater, making water unsafe for drinking, irrigation, or aquatic life. This can lead to water scarcity in regions where clean water sources are already scarce, exacerbating existing social and economic disparities.The impact on biodiversity is also profound. Industrial activities can destroy natural habitats, fragment ecosystems, and disrupt food chains, leading to a decline in species diversity. Loss of biodiversity not only impoverishes the natural world but also undermines ecosystem services upon which humans depend, such as clean air, water purification, and pollination.Addressing the environmental pollution caused by industrial development requires a multifaceted approach. Governments must enforce stricter regulations on industrial emissions and waste disposal, promoting cleaner technologies and practices. Industries themselves should adopt sustainable production methods, investing in renewable energy and waste reduction strategies. Additionally, public awareness and education are crucial, encouraging consumers to support environmentally responsible products and companies.In conclusion, while industrial development has been instrumental in driving economic growth and improving living standards, its environmental costs cannot be ignored. Balancing the need for progress with the preservation of our planet's health is a complex challenge, but it is one that must be confronted with urgency and determination. Only through collective action and a shared commitment to sustainability can we hope to mitigate the environmental pollution resulting from industrial activities and secure a healthier future for generations to come.。
IMDG危险品规范英文(2021整理)
Seminar forCarriage of Dangerous Goods05 July 2002GL ASEA BusanY. S. Kim Brief InstructionThere is a tremendous variety of dangerous cargoes being carried on seagoing ships, to some extent in very large quantities. Dangerous goods are mainly mineral oils and products of the chemical industry which may represent a danger for the crew, the ship and environment. This has been taken account by the IMO in the international Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, SOLAS. The carriage of dangerous goods in general is dealt with in SOLAS Chapter VII, covering chemical tankers in Part B, gas carriers in Part C and the carriage of dangerous goods in packaged form or in solic form in bulk is contained in Part A.Part A of SOLAS Chapter VII contains general requirements covering mainly operational aspects and applies to all ships, including cargo shipes of less than 500 gross tons, carrying dangerous goods. Part A of SOLAS Chapter VII is the legal base for the “International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code“ (IMDG Code) and the “Code of Safety Practice for Solid Bulk Cargoes“ (BC Code). There codes contain the specific requirements with regard to packing, labelling , stowage, segregation and other operational aspects.In Regulation 2 of SOLAS Chapter VII, Part A dangerous goods are classified according to their specific properties:Class 1 ExplosiveClass 2.1 Flammable GasesClass 2.2 Non-flammable GasesClass 2.3 Poisonous GasesClass 3.1/3.2 Flammable liquids with flash point of 23︒C and belowClass 3.3 Flammable liquids with flash point above 23︒C up to 61︒CClass 4.1 Flammable solidsClass 4.2 Substances liable to spontaneous combustionClass 4.3 Substances, which, in contact with water, emit flammable gasesClass 5.1 Oxidizing substancesClass 5.2 Organic substancesClass 6.1 Toxic substancesClass 6.2 Infectious substancesClass 7 Radioactive materialsClass 8 Corrosives (liquids and solid forms)Class 9 Miscellaneous dangerous substances and articlesFor the details of the classification of the dangerous goods, refer to IMGD Code Para.5 as attached. Dangerous substances in packaged form are to be shipped in approved packagings as specified in the IMDG code for each substance individually, including a limitation of the filling capacity. Common packagings are boxes, drums, pressure cylinders etc. These parcelled goods are either be stowed directly in the cargo hold or inside a freight container. Goods stowed in tank containers, bulk containers or big bags are considered packaged as well. Please note that bulk cargoes mean cargoes which are intended to be transported without any intermediate form of containment in bulk packagings or portable tanks. Stowage requirements specify, among other things, restrictions related to the distance to living quarters and to engine room boundaries, or whether on deck or under deck stowage is permitted or stowage on passenger ships.Segregation is required for incompatible goods like substances, which stowed together, present a risk for undue hazards in case of leakage or spillage.Regulations and ProvisionSOLAS II-2, Reg. 54 Specific requirements for ships carrying dangerous goodsThese regulations specify the required installations and equipment in the cargospaces for the individual cargoesSOLAS VII, Part A Carriage of dangerous goods in packaged form or in solid form in bulk.Application of the Rules and classification of the various goods. Generalinformation regarding packaging, marking, labelling, documents and stowage. IMDG Code International Maritime Dangerous Goods CodeSpecific provisions for each individual cargo with respect to packing, stowage andsegregation duing the transport. To be onboard if goods in packaged form arecarried.BC Code Code of Safe Practice for Solid Bulk CargoesSpecific provisions for each individual cargo with respect to stowage andsegregation during the transport. To be onboard if buldk cargopes are carried. INF Code Code for the safe carriage of irradiated nuclear fuel, plutoniym and high-levelradioactive wastes in flasks on board ships. INF 1, INF 2, INF-3 dependent on thetotal radioactive quantity.Class 7, not covered by SOLAS II-2, Reg. 54.As indicated in the list of classes some goods are dangerous on account of their features (e.g. explosive or poisonous products). Other goods constitute a hazard during the transport if they get in touch with other materials and thereby a chemeical reaction is caused, e.g. development of ignitable or toxic gases after contact with water. Therefore,the cargo spaces concerned have to be provided with the fire protection and safety systems dependent on the scheme of the carriage of dangerous goods as specifified on SOLAS Chapter II-2, Regualtion 54 in order to cope with dangerous situations which may evolve.It should be noted that a ship need not to comply with all the requirements indicated in the SOLAS II-2, Regulation 54. The classes of dangerous goods which may be carried and possible restrictions are ascertained on the basis of the arrangements and equipment provided for each space and such stated in the “Document of Compliance for the Carriage of Dangerous Goods (Dangerous Goods Certificate)“.As attached, our Rules Chapter 2, Section 12, The tables 12.7 and 12.8 are used to determine the requirements to be fulfilled for particular classes of dangerous goods to be carried in a particular type of cargo space.Specific Requirements for the Carriage of Dangerous GoodsGeneral information regarding the application of the Special Requirements of Regulation 54 of SOLAS II-2 according to the scope of dangerous goods to be carried.The scope of dangerous goods, which may be carried, depends on the vessel’s outfitting.A. Transport of Dangerous Goods (D.G.) in package formA minimum of such requirements as detailed here below has to be met in case D.G. in packaged form shall be carried in a cargo hold:1. All cargo holds to be fitted with a fixed fire extinguishing system(conventional/container/bulk cargo spaces: CO2 system)special category spaces, open ro/ro spaces and alike: water spraying system2. Immediate availability of water for fire fighting by remote start of the fire pumps from the wheelhouse3. Hydrants to be arranged such that any part of the empty cargo space can be reached with four jetsof water simultaneously. Two of the jets shall be supplied via single length of hose each, two may be supplied via two coupled hose lengths. This requirement applies also to the cargo weather deckdesignated for the stowage of D.G.4. Approved fire detection system for the cargo holds (in case of class 1 on weather deck alsoapplicable to the cargo hold beneath)5. Four sets of chemical protective clothing6. Two additional breathing apparatus with spare charges acc. to flag state requirements 1, but not lessthan two7. Additional dry powder fire extinguishers total 12 kg per hold (not required in container cargo holds,but also for weather deck stowage)With foregoing equipment the following may be carried in the cargo hold(s):16000 ltrs. each for German flag.Provided additional dry powder fire extinguishers of total 12 kg are available dedicated to the use in the cargo deck area all classes of D.G. may be carried on weather deck.8. For the carriage of flammable gases (class 2.1), toxic gases (class 2.3), substances of IMO class 4.3,liquids of class 6 and 8 with flash point 61 °C, but above 23 °C and for the carriage of those goods for which the IMDG code requires "stowage in a mechanically ventilated space", the cargo hold is to be provided with mechanical exhaust ventilation giving 6 air changes per hour based on the empty hold.T his applies also to goods of IMO classes 4.1, 4.2 and 5.1 if stowage in a mechanically ventilated space is stipulated in the IMDG code.The ventilation ducts shall be arranged such that approximately 1/3 of the air volume is removedfrom the upper and 2/3 lower part of the cargo hold.The ventilation may be reduced to two air changes per hour in case of container cargo spaces and if these goods are carried in closed freight containers.The inlet (if supply fans are provided) and outlet ventilation openings are to be fitted with wire mesh guards not exceeding 13 mm mesh to prevent foreign objects from entering into the fan casing.9. With ventilation acc. to 8. and ex-proof electrical equipment of explosion group IIB, temperature classT4 and grade of protection IP 55, also the flammable gases (class 2.1) with the exception ofHydrogen and mixtures thereof may be carried in the hold.I t should be noted that all electrical equipment coming into contact with hold atmosphere has to meetthis requirement (lighting, fire detection system, ventilators etc.).The carriage also of Hydrogen and mixtures thereof would require ex-proof installation of IIC T4.Lighting is not a requirement of the Rules nor SOLAS. Lighting or any other electrical equipment,unless required by the Regulations or in connection with the transport of D.G., may be isolatedduring the transport of goods requiring ex-proof electrical equipment.10. With ventilation according to 8., ex-proof installation according to 9. and an additional fixed bilgesystem for the removal of D.G. spills, the classes 3.1, 3.2, 6.1 and 8 may be carried withoutrestrictions.11. In case of IMO-class 1, except 1.4.S, the following would have to be provided in addition to the basicrequirements as per items 1. - 10:–electrical equipment of at least IIB T5, IP 65 (only for goods liable to emit explosive dust or vapour)–water spraying system for the part where class 1 is to be stowed (5 litres/m2 ∙ min)– a machinery space bulkhead adjoining the cargo hold is to be insulated to A-60 standard.12. In a cargo hold adjoining the machinery space various IMO classes have to be stowed 3m awayfrom the machinery space bulkhead, unless it is insulated to A-60 standard. For details please refer to the Rules. This requirement, however, is not applicable to container cargo holds.In case of IMO class 1 (except 1.4.S) however, the A-60 fire protection insulation is mandatory for the machinery space bulkhead adjoining a cargo hold. In addition, these goods have to be stowed3 m away from the machinery space bulkhead.13. Note: IMO-class 5.2 never is permitted to be carried in a hold regardless of any equipment fitted.This sub-class is allowed on deck only.14. Carriage of containers on Non-weathertight Hatch coversWith regard to the carriage of containers on non-weathertight hatch covers, potential hazards have been identified in case of dangerous goods of which leaked liquids may enter into the containercargo hold and for dangerous goods for which the IMDG code requires “on deck stowage〞 only.For newbuildings intended for the carriage containers on non-weathertight hatch covers with gaps, followings shall be observed:a.IACS LL 64From the carriage of dangerous goods point of view, he main items are:-the gaps shall not exceed 50 mm-to minimise the entry of leaked liquids into the container cargo hold, effective provisions(e.g. gutter bars) shall be provided in way of the gaps-the requirement CO2 quantity for the cargo hold is to be increased by at least 10 %b.In accordance with interpretation, para 9 of LL64 need not to be observed under followingconditions:1.Stowage of containers on the hatch covers inside the gutter bars, i.e. withoutbridging the gaps: no further requirement2.Stowage of containers above gaps, i.e. by bridging the gaps:Additional drainage recess, e.g. recessed labyrinth arrangement, shall be providedbetween the hatch covers.c.Mechanical ventilation in the cargo holds shall be provided. The kind of ventilation (exhaustor overpressure ventilation) should be selected as follows:1.For container cargo holds fitted with certified safe electrical equipment of at leastIIBT4 IP55 and ventilation giving at least 2 air changes per hour, GL recommendsmechanical ventilation of exhaust type which we deem more effective in case ofleakage of dangerous goods from containers stowed within the hold. Should anygases or vapour from the “on deck only〞 cargo be drawn into the hold it will bediluted sufficiently so that together with the forementioned standard of electricalprotection there should be no risk of ignition.2.Overpressure ventilation of the cargo holds beneath should be required only if thecargo holds are not equipped for the carriage of flammable gases and liquids withflash point below 23 C (that means e.g. no certified safe electrical equipment). Anair change rate of at least 2/hr shall be provided and continuous ventilation shouldbe maintained throughout the holds if such cargoes are stowed on the hatches. For details regarding the individual requirements please refer to the Rules.B. Transport of Solid Dangerous Goods in BulkIn case a vessel shall also be suitable for the carriage of solid D.G. in bulk the following is to be applied: 1. If fitted with equipment as per items 1., 2., 3., 5. and 6., the following classes can be carried in bulk:5.1 1,6.1, 8 and 9 22. Mechanical ventilation is mandatory only for a limited number of bulk cargoes. For details pleaserefer to the Rules.3. A fire detection system as per item4. is not required in case of solid D.G. in bulk.4. The CO2 system may be exempted on application in case of bulk cargoes which are non-combustible or of low fire risk or for which CO2 is deemed to be ineffective (IMO MSC/Circ.671). 5. Class 4.1 2 in bulk would require electrical equipment of at least IP 55, max. surface temperature200°C orT3, IP 55 (sulphur T4, IP55).6. For class 4.2 1 in bulk only for some goods the electrical equipment must be of at least IIA T2, IP55.7.For class 4.3 1 in bulk following requirements shall be complied with:-The electrical equipment must be of at least IIC T1 (ferrosilicon), other goods of this class require IIC T2.-The ventilation must consist of at least 2 independent fans with a sill height such that weathertight closure need not be provided in accordance with ILLC.-The bilge system is to be designed acc. to item 10 of para A.-Two portable gas measuring apparatus for quantitative measuring of Phosphine and Arsine are to be provided.-Special flag state requirements may have to be observed for the carriage of class 4.3 in bulk.E.g. in case of German flag a full-scale separate bilge system is to be provided for the hold.For the breathing apparatus spare charges of 9600 litres each are required.Foregoing covers the most important aspects. For details of design please refer to the Rules.C. Forms to be submitted by the shipyard (F236 / F184)a.)The forms F 236 shall be completed by the shipyard and to be submitted to our MachineryDepartment together with a General Arrangement Drawing in order to provide informationregarding the type of cargo spaces, the hatch covers (weathertight, or non-weathertight with gaps) and the scope of IMO classes intended to be carried.b.)The forms F 184 shall be completed by the shipyard and to be submitted to our ElectricalDepartment for approval in due time before delivery of the ship. For issue of the Document ofCompliance for the Carriage of Dangerous Goods an approved form is required.D.Document of Compliance for the Carriage of Dangerous GoodsThe document of compliance will be issued by GL for most of the flag states upon a special survey acc. to GL form F 235 for initial surveys and Form F 237 for renewal surveys.In case of German flag the document will be issued by the German Authorities. The necessary surveys however will be performed by GL, who will initiate the issue of the document by See-BG.1Separation to engine room bulkhead in accordance with BC code.2In a cargo hold adjoining a machinery space stowage at least 3 m away from engine room bulkhead, unless it is insulated to A-60 standard.Explosion Protection of Electrical Equipment for the Carriage of Dangerous Goods1.InstructionDuring the past few years transport s of dangerous goods on board ships have increased substantially, as as a result of which installatioans enabling such transports to be effected safely are now provided for the cargo spaces of almost all newbuildings. One of the essential measures taken is explosion protection of the electrical equipment. From the general objectives defined it can be deduced that in particular the following items have to observed.1.1Definition of areas subject to explosion hazard1.2Adaptation of explosion protection to the dangerous goods to be carried (explosion group,temperature class).1.3Definition of restrictions for disconnection of non-explosion protected equipment. Equipmentprovided for ensuring the safety of crew and ship and for the carriage of dangerous goods must be not disconnected.Both the IEC/TC18 and IACS WP/EL have prepared relevant regulations, which have been duly considered in Germanischer Llyod’s Rules.2.Areas subject to explosion hazard (comparable to zone 1)Hazardous areas have been subdivided into areas subject to explosion hazard (comparable to zone 1) and extended hazardous areas (comparable to zone 2), depending on the probability of occurrence of an atmosphere in dangerous quantity.As a matter of principle, cargo holds in which dangerous goods are carried, as well as the pertinent ventilation ducts and enclosed or semi-enclosed spaces with direct, non-closable openings to these spaces, are areas subject to explosion hazard.A distinction has to be made between2.1explosive substances in packaged form conforming to class 1, except for goods in division 1.4,compatibility group S.2.2solid goods in bulk, which may develop dangerous dust only, and2.3flammable liquids with a flash point below 23︒C in packaged form, flammable gases or highlydangerous bulk cargoes, which under certain conditions develop a potentially explosive gasatmosphere.It is assumed that in the event of failure, e.g. damage to the packaging and discharge of a liquid with a flash point below 23︒C, a gas/air mixture in dangerous quantity and concentration is liable to occur from time to time.The same consideration applies to dangerous concentrations of dust/air mixtures in the case of carriage of certain bulk cargoes, such as grain and fish meal.When coal is carried, a combined hazard due to duct and gas (methane) may occur. The concentrations is to be expected depending on a large extent on the type of coal and the country of origin.Ferrosilicon may be quoted as an example for a hazard being caused during the carriage of solid cargo in bulk due to explosive gas atmosphere. Under the effect of water, ferrosilicon develops, inter alia, hydrogen in dangerous concentrations and quantity.3.Extended hazardous areas (comparable to zone 2)Extended hazardous areas are to be taken into consideration only in the event of carriage of flammable liquids with a flash point 23︒C in packaged form, flammable gases or highly dangerous bulk cargoes, which under certain conditions develop a potentially explosive gas atmosphere. Extended hazardous areas include:3.1Areas with a gastight, closable door to areas subject to explosion hazard and not provided withoverpressure ventilation or separation by a gas lock. If ventilation by overpressure with at least 6air changes per hour or separated by a gas lock, these areas are considered to be safe. In case of the failure of ventilation system a visual and audible alarm is to be given and the equipment, which is not of certified safe type (e.g. IP 55) must be automatically or manually switched off.3.2Bilge pump spaces and pipe tunnels with components, such as flanges, valves, pumps, etc., whichserve the area subject to explosion hazard. If ventilated (exhaust air) with at least 6 air changes per hour, these areas are considered to be safe. In case of the failure of ventilation system a visual and audible alarm is to be given and the equipment, which is not of certified safe type (e.g. IP 55) must be automatically or manually switched off.3.3Areas on the open deck within a spherical of 3 m around the exhaust openings of ventilation ductsfrom hazardous areas.4.Choice of equipment for use in areas subject ot explosion hazardIn practice, the choice of explosion-protected equipment, taking into account explosion group and temperature class, has to be problematical.The following facts may be recalled: The ignition penetration charcteristics of gases through gaps are reflected in the explosion group, while the maximum admissible temperature of electrical equipment is reflected in this temperature class. The maximum temperature of electrical equipment must always be below te ignition temperature of the explosive gas atmosphere.Explosion group and temperature class are based on the physical properties of the substances, which may form an explosive gas atmosphere.Aa abbreviations for theexplosion group A/B/C are used and for thetemperature class T1 – T6,with the most stringent requirements being represented by explosion group C and temperature class T6.The problem is that the IMO danger classes mentioned previously cannot be directly correlated to the explosion groups and temperature classes. In particular, products of classes 1, 2, 3, 6 and 8 contain a wide range of completely different substances, which owing to their physical properties make high demands on explsion protection, i.e.•explosion group IIC•temperature class T5.Carbon disulfide, which would be required to come under temperature class T6, is not permitted to be carried below deck, and need, therefore, not be considered.Also, details relating to explosion group and temperature class are not always available or in some cases are unkwown. Examples for the groups of solid bulk are shown in attached.In the following the correct choice of explosion-protected equipment is dealt with. As in the case of the areas subject to explosion hazard of 2. to 2.3 above , a subdivision is used.4.1Explosive substances in packaged form conforming to class 1, except for goods in division 1.4,compatibility group SExplosive, dusty atmosphere: Degree of protection IP 65Maximum surface temperature 100︒C Potentially explosive, gaseous atmosphere: explosion-protection equipment inExplosion group: IIATemperature class T54.2Solid goods in bulk, which may develop dangerous dust onlyDegree of protection IP 55M aximum surface temperature 200︒Cor explosion-protected equipment inD egree of protection IP 55M aximum surface temperature T34.3Flammable liquids with a flash point below 23︒C in packaged form, flammable gases or highlydangerous bulk cargoes, which under certain conditions develop a potentially explosive gasatmosphere.Explosion group IICT emperature class T4Where all requirements of 4.1 to 4.3 have to be complied with, due to the fact that the whole range of dangerous goods is intended to be carried, the most stingent requirements will have to beapplied. The electrical equipment will then have to meet the following maximum requirements.Degree of protection IP 65Maximum surface temperature 100︒CExplosion group IICTemperature class T5These extracting requirements imply considerable costs, are in some cases difficult to put intopractice technically and need frequently due to restrictions on the kind of cargo carried not beapplied. However, if a ship is intended to carry all admissible substances without restrictions as to the danger calsses, their observance is to ensured.In practice, in many cases relaxations are possible, as transports of substances can be excluded.Some important special arrangements, for instance, are as follows:4.4If no hydrogen, no hydrogen mixtures and no cargo in bulk which may develop hydrogen undercertain conditions are carried on board ships, explosion group IIC as stipulated for explosionprotection in 4.3 above may be reduced to IIB.4.5Where in the cargo holds of container ships tranports of class 1 goods (explosion substances) andof hydrogen mixtures can be excluded, the electrical equipment has to meet the followingrequirements only:Degree of protection IP 55Explosion group IIBTemperature class T45.Choice of equipment for use in extended hazardous areasElectrical equipment chosen for use in these areas has to meet the following minimum requirements: In general, equipment in used which does not produce sparks in normal operation and thesurfaces of which do not attain inadmissible temperatures, or equipment wih simplified pressurised enclosure or vapourproof enclosure; degree of IP 55.The surface temperature must not exceed a value below the ignition temperature of the productsintended to be carried, i.e. in general a value below 135︒C (T4).Since surface temperature exceeding 135︒C occue rarely only and the equipment, such as lighting, switches, ventilator motors and distributors, in these areas meets the prescribed degree ofprotection requirements anyhow, special measures are in most cases not required.Use of explosion-protected equipment of of equipment with Ex(n) type protection is, of cource, also possible.6.Installation and operation of electrical equipmentA special provision should be mentioned here, which in practice is of partucular significance. So far, the condition of the electrical equipment has been described, which will make it suitable for operation also in the event of dangerous cargo being carried. However, dangerous cargo is by no means carried all the time. Therefore, systems are frequently installed such that part of the electrical equipment does not comply with the requirements for transports of dangerous cargo, with this equipment being operated also during normal service, i.e. when no dangerous cargo is carried, and disconnected only in the event of dangerous cargo in fact being carried.In this connection the following is to be observed:If electrical equipment is installed which is not suitable for use during tranportation of dangerouscargo, it must be disconnected and capable of being safeguarded against unautyhorizedreconnection. The disconnection device is to be located outside the hazardous area and should, for instance, include lockable switches in its design.Where electrical equipment is important for ensuring the safety of the crew, the cargo or the ships, it should not be disconnected and must comply with the requirements for use in hazardous areas.7.Special provisionsA special arrangement in the Baltic Sea area is of particular significance for a number of ro-ro vessels (cargo and passenger vessels).The carriage of dangerous goods on board ro-ro vessels operating in the Baltic Sea and of late also in the national North Sea area is subject to the “Memorandum of Understanding“ as amended in Copenhagen on 8/10 January 1992 and signed by Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Poland and the Federal Republic of Germany. The funtions arising from this memorandum in the area of the FRG have been entrusted to Germanischer Lloyd by the Federal Ministry of Transport.The reason for this special arrangement are that arrangements existed in the Baltic Sea prior to entry into force (1984) of SOLAS, Regulation 54 already and that some of the distance covered by the vessels are very short, so that rail/road traffic (RID and ADR) had to be taken into account to a large extent. Apart from detailed special provisions for passenger and cargo vessels (prohibition of certain substances) and regulations for stowage on and below deck, in closed and open holds, requirements have been laid down for explosion protection of electrical equipment, providing for at least 20 changes of air per hour during loading and unloading operations and during voyage.Simplified explosion protection of electrical equipment, as against the measures required to be taken subject to SOLAS reg. 54, owing to the frequent changes of air is conditionally possible. This measure is also referred to as primary explosion protection.In specific cases, which can not be dealt with, explosion protection of electrical equipment is required throughout the full height of the hold; in other cases it is sufficient to provide explosion protection up to a height of 45 cm, while above that height provisions are made for limited explosion protection (measures for extended hazardous areas).Explosion GroupsTemperature Classes。
空气,水,土地污染造成什么影响英语作文
空气,水,土地污染造成什么影响英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Devastating Impacts of Environmental PollutionWe live on a planet that has provided us with everything we need to survive and thrive - fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, and fertile lands to grow our food. However, as human activity has increased over the centuries, we have taken these precious natural resources for granted and polluted them to dangerous levels. Air, water and land pollution now pose severe threats to human health, biodiversity, and the overall well-being of our planet. As a concerned student, I cannot stay silent about this critical issue that will shape the future we inherit.Let's start with air pollution, a crisis that has reached staggering proportions worldwide. The burning of fossil fuels from vehicles, factories and power plants releases harmful gases like carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide and particulate matter into the atmosphere. According to the World Health Organization, air pollution causes an estimated 7 million premature deaths every year. Polluted air can trigger respiratorydiseases like asthma, pneumonia and lung cancer. It also contributes to heart disease, the leading cause of death globally. Beyond its toll on human health, air pollution damages ecosystems by causing acid rain that harms forests, crops and aquatic life.Water pollution poses an equally dire threat that cannot be ignored. Human activities like improper waste disposal, industrial runoff, chemical leaks, and agricultural practices contaminate our rivers, lakes and oceans with toxic substances. Plastic waste is choking marine life, with an estimated 100 million tons currently circulating in the oceans, according to UNESCO. The discharge of raw sewage introduces harmful bacteria and viruses into water sources, causing waterborne diseases like cholera, giardia and typhoid fever, which kill millions each year. Chemical pollutants like mercury and lead, often from industrial operations, can cause birth defects, neurological disorders and cancer when ingested through contaminated water or seafood.Turning to land pollution, it's clear that our soils are also under siege. Deforestation, unsustainable agricultural methods, mining activities and improper waste management have all contributed to the degradation of fertile lands. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization, nearly a third of the world'scropland has become unproductive due to soil pollution and erosion. The use of harmful pesticides and chemical fertilizers contaminates soils, which not only affects crop yields but also leaches into groundwater, creating a vicious cycle of pollution. Furthermore, the dumping of solid and hazardous wastes, including electronic waste, poses serious risks to humans and wildlife through the release of toxic substances into the environment.The consequences of air, water and land pollution extend far beyond human health impacts. These environmental crises also exacerbate global challenges like climate change, biodiversity loss, and food insecurity. Air pollution, particularly the emission of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane, is a major contributor to global warming and climate change. Rising temperatures, melting glaciers, and more frequent extreme weather events are all linked to unchecked pollution.Biodiversity, the rich tapestry of plant and animal life on our planet, is also under threat from pollution. Habitat destruction, contaminated water sources, and the accumulation of toxins in the food chain all endanger countless species, leading to population declines and even extinctions. A 2019 UN reportwarns that up to 1 million plant and animal species face extinction due to human activities, including pollution.Moreover, pollution jeopardizes our ability to feed a growing global population. Soil degradation reduces crop yields, while water pollution limits access to clean irrigation sources. Air pollution can stunt crop growth and damage leaves, further impacting food production. According to the World Bank, a staggering 25% of the global disease burden and the same percentage of total premature deaths are attributable to environmental factors, including pollution.As a student deeply concerned about the state of our planet, I believe we must take urgent action to address these critical environmental issues. Governments, industries, and individuals all have a role to play in reducing pollution and transitioning towards more sustainable practices.At the governmental level, stronger environmental regulations, enforcement, and incentives for clean technologies are crucial. Investing in renewable energy sources like solar, wind and hydroelectric power can significantly reduce air pollution from fossil fuel combustion. Improving waste management systems, upgrading water treatment facilities, and implementingstricter controls on industrial emissions can also help mitigate water and air pollution.Industries must adopt greener production processes, invest in cleaner technologies, and prioritize sustainable practices. This includes minimizing waste generation, properly treating and disposing of hazardous materials, and implementing effective recycling programs. Corporations should also be held accountable for their environmental impacts through penalties and fines for non-compliance.Individuals can also play a vital role in reducing pollution through small but impactful lifestyle changes. Using public transportation, cycling or walking instead of driving can reduce air pollution from vehicle emissions. Minimizing single-use plastics, properly disposing of hazardous household materials, and reducing food waste can help curb land and water pollution. Supporting eco-friendly products and businesses can also incentivize sustainable practices across various sectors.Education and awareness campaigns are equally important in empowering individuals to make informed choices that protect the environment. As students, we have a unique opportunity to learn about these critical issues, understand theirfar-reaching impacts, and become ambassadors for change in our communities.In conclusion, air, water and land pollution have reached crisis levels, posing severe threats to human health, biodiversity, and the overall well-being of our planet. The consequences of unchecked pollution extend far beyond the immediate impacts, exacerbating global challenges like climate change, food insecurity, and species loss. As students inheriting this environmental legacy, we must raise our voices and demand action from governments, industries, and individuals alike. Our collective efforts to reduce pollution and embrace sustainable practices will determine the fate of our planet and the future we leave for generations to come. The time to act is now, before it's too late.篇2The Devastating Impacts of Environmental PollutionWe live on a beautiful planet, a world teeming with vibrant life and natural wonders. However, our actions as humans are increasingly threatening the delicate balance of nature. One of the most pressing issues we face is environmental pollution,which is slowly but surely degrading the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the land we cultivate.Air pollution is a silent killer that affects us all, regardless of age, gender, or social status. Every day, we release millions of tons of harmful pollutants into the atmosphere, including carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter. These pollutants come from a variety of sources, such as vehicle emissions, industrial activities, and the burning of fossil fuels.The consequences of air pollution are far-reaching and severe. It contributes to the greenhouse effect, which is causing global temperatures to rise at an alarming rate. This, in turn, is leading to more frequent and intense heat waves, droughts, and extreme weather events. Air pollution also has a direct impact on human health, as it can cause respiratory issues, heart disease, and even cancer.Water pollution is another major concern that threatens not only human health but also the health of our ecosystems. We contaminate our water sources with a variety of pollutants, including sewage, agricultural runoff, industrial waste, and plastic debris. These pollutants can make water unsafe for drinking, bathing, and other purposes, and they can also have devastating effects on aquatic life.One of the most pressing issues related to water pollution is the prevalence of microplastics. These tiny plastic particles are now found in virtually every body of water on Earth, from the deepest oceans to the highest mountain streams. Microplastics can accumulate in the bodies of marine animals, eventually making their way into the human food chain.Land pollution is equally concerning, as it can render vast areas of land unsuitable for agriculture, residential development, or recreation. We contaminate the land with a variety of pollutants, including chemical waste, radioactive materials, and excessive pesticide use. These pollutants can seep into the soil and groundwater, poisoning plant life and making the land uninhabitable for many species.One of the most visible forms of land pollution is the accumulation of solid waste, such as plastic bags, bottles, and other non-biodegradable materials. These materials can take hundreds of years to decompose, and they can have a devastating impact on wildlife, particularly marine animals that mistake them for food.The impacts of environmental pollution are not just limited to the natural world; they also have far-reaching social and economic consequences. Air pollution, for example, has beenlinked to increased healthcare costs, lost productivity, and reduced agricultural yields. Water pollution can lead to water scarcity, which can exacerbate conflicts and disrupt economic activities that rely on clean water.As students, we have a responsibility to educate ourselves and others about the dangers of environmental pollution and to take action to address this pressing issue. We must demand that our governments and industries take meaningful steps to reduce emissions, promote sustainable practices, and invest in renewable energy sources.We can also make a difference in our daily lives by adopting more eco-friendly habits, such as reducing our consumption of single-use plastics, recycling as much as possible, and choosing to walk, bike, or take public transportation whenever possible. By making these small changes, we can collectively make a big impact in reducing our carbon footprint and protecting our planet for future generations.In conclusion, environmental pollution is one of the greatest challenges facing our world today. It is a complex issue that requires a multi-faceted approach and a collective effort from individuals, communities, governments, and industries alike. We must act now to mitigate the impacts of pollution and preservethe health of our planet for ourselves and for generations to come. As students, we have a unique opportunity to be agents of change and to shape a more sustainable future for all.篇3The Devastating Impacts of Environmental PollutionAs a student deeply concerned about the future of our planet, I cannot help but feel a sense of urgency when it comes to the pressing issue of environmental pollution. The world we live in is facing a multitude of challenges, chief among them being the contamination of our air, water, and land. These precious resources, which form the very foundation of life on Earth, are being relentlessly degraded by human activities, and the consequences are proving to be catastrophic.Air pollution, a silent killer that lurks in the very breath we take, is one of the most pernicious forms of environmental degradation. The burning of fossil fuels, industrial emissions, and vehicular exhaust have all contributed to the accumulation of harmful pollutants in our atmosphere. These pollutants, such as particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide, not only endanger human health but also wreak havoc on the delicate balance of our ecosystem.The effects of air pollution on human health are far-reaching and severe. Respiratory illnesses, such as asthma and lung cancer, have been linked to prolonged exposure to air pollutants. Moreover, air pollution has been known to exacerbate cardiovascular diseases and contribute to the development of neurological disorders. Children and the elderly are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of air pollution, as their bodies are less equipped to cope with the onslaught of toxic substances.But the impact of air pollution extends far beyond human health. Our planet's delicate ecosystems are also bearing the brunt of this environmental crisis. Acid rain, a byproduct of air pollution, has caused widespread damage to forests, lakes, and aquatic life. The acidification of water bodies has disrupted the intricate food chains that sustain aquatic ecosystems, leading to the decline and even extinction of various species.Water pollution, another grave threat to our planet, is equally concerning. The indiscriminate dumping of industrial waste, agricultural runoff, and sewage into our waterways has rendered vast bodies of water unsafe for human consumption and detrimental to aquatic life. The contamination of freshwater sources, upon which billions of people rely for drinking, cooking, and sanitation, has become a global crisis.The consequences of water pollution are far-reaching and devastating. Waterborne diseases, such as cholera, dysentery, and typhoid, continue to claim countless lives, particularly in developing nations where access to clean water is limited. Aquatic ecosystems, once teeming with life, are now struggling to survive in the face of toxic pollutants, leading to the collapse of entire food chains and the potential extinction of numerous species.Land pollution, the third prong of this environmental catastrophe, is equally alarming. The improper disposal of solid waste, including plastics, electronic waste, and hazardous chemicals, has led to the contamination of soil and groundwater. This not only poses a threat to human health but also endangers the intricate web of life that depends on healthy soil for sustenance.The effects of land pollution are far-reaching andlong-lasting. Soil contamination can render vast swaths of land infertile, threatening food security and the livelihoods of millions of farmers and agricultural workers. Moreover, the leaching of toxic chemicals into groundwater sources can contaminate drinking water supplies, leading to a host of health issues for communities reliant on these resources.As a student witnessing the devastating consequences of environmental pollution, I cannot help but feel a sense of urgency and a profound responsibility to take action. We must recognize that our actions have far-reaching consequences, and that the choices we make today will shape the world we leave for future generations.It is incumbent upon us to embrace sustainable practices and adopt a mindset of environmental stewardship. This means transitioning towards clean and renewable energy sources, implementing stricter regulations on industrial emissions, and promoting responsible waste management practices. Additionally, we must prioritize the preservation of our natural habitats and work towards restoring the delicate balance of our ecosystems.Education and awareness play a crucial role in combating environmental pollution. By fostering a deeper understanding of the intricate interconnectedness of our planet's systems, we can empower individuals to make informed choices and adopteco-friendly lifestyles. Schools, communities, and governments must work together to promote environmental literacy and encourage collective action towards a more sustainable future.Furthermore, we must embrace the principles of the circular economy, where waste is minimized, and resources are reused and recycled to the greatest extent possible. This paradigm shift requires a fundamental rethinking of our production and consumption patterns, but the rewards are immense – a cleaner, healthier, and more sustainable world for all.In conclusion, the impacts of air, water, and land pollution are far-reaching and profound, threatening not only human health but also the very fabric of life on our planet. As students and citizens of this world, we have a moral obligation to confront this crisis head-on and take decisive action to protect our environment. It is only through collective effort, sustainable practices, and a deep reverence for the natural world that we can hope to reverse the tide of environmental degradation and secure a livable future for generations to come.。
水污染的三个方面原因英语作文300字
水污染的三个方面原因英语作文300字全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1Water Pollution and Its Three Main CausesWater is one of the most important things on Earth. We need it to live and grow. Plants and animals need water too. But there are some big problems with the water in many places. The water is getting polluted and dirty. This is very bad for the environment and for all living things.What is water pollution? It means the water has become unsafe and unfit for use because of contaminants or impurities. These make the water harmful to humans, animals and plants. Polluted water can cause diseases and harm ecosystems. It is a really serious issue that we all need to understand and try to fix.There are three main causes of water pollution that I want to tell you about. These are sewage and wastewater, agriculture, and industrial waste. Let me explain each one:Sewage and WastewaterSewage is the waste and dirty water from households and communities that gets flushed down sinks, bathtubs, toilets, etc. Wastewater is used water that has been affected by human activities like bathing, washing clothes, cooking, etc. Both sewage and wastewater contain harmful things like human waste, chemicals, detergents, oils and greases. If this dirty water goes directly into rivers, lakes or the ocean without being properly treated, it pollutes the water.In many cities and towns, the sewage and wastewater systems are old and broken down. The pipes leak sewage into the ground which then contaminates groundwater sources like wells. Sometimes there are not enough treatment plants, so untreated sewage just gets dumped into nearby water bodies. This is really gross and dangerous!AgricultureFarms, ranches and agricultural activities are another major cause of water pollution. Fertilizers, pesticides, and animal waste from livestock all containchemicals and nutrients. When it rains, these get washed into rivers, lakes and oceans. Too many nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus cause algal blooms which use up oxygen and suffocate fish and aquatic life.Soil and dirt from farms and construction sites also gets washed away by rain and ends up in water bodies. This increases the muddiness and affects water quality. Some irrigation techniques like flood irrigation waste a lot of water too.Industrial WasteThe third big cause of water pollution is industrial waste from factories, mills, mines and manufacturing plants. Many industries produce toxic chemicals, heavy metals, radioactive substances, oils, greases, plastics and other harmful materials as waste. If this industrial waste is not properly treated and disposed of, it gets discharged into rivers, lakes or seas.For example, mercury is very poisonous, but some factories release it into water bodies from their production processes. Oil spills from ships, offshore rigs and pipelines are another disastrous source of industrial pollution in the ocean. Plastic waste is also a huge problem as it takes hundreds of years to decompose and break down in water.These three causes – sewage/wastewater, agriculture, and industrial waste – are the main reasons why so many water sources around the world have become polluted and unsafe. They harm human health as well as plants and animals that depend on these water bodies.We all need to do our part to reduce water pollution from these sources. At home, we can avoid pouring chemicals, oils and paints down drains. We should use fertilizers and pesticides carefully on our gardens. At school and in public, we must dispose of our waste properly in bins instead of littering. Industries and companies also have to follow strict rules about treating their waste before releasing it.Water pollution is a very serious issue, but we can fix it if we are aware of the causes and make changes in our behavior and practices. We must act now to keep our precious water sources clean for ourselves and all other living creatures on Earth. Every drop of water is precious!篇2Water Pollution and Its Nasty CausesWater is one of the most important things on Earth. We need it to live and grow. But sadly, a lot of water has become polluted or dirty. This makes it unsafe for people and animals to drink or use. Water pollution is really bad and we all need to try to stop it.There are three main causes of water pollution: industrial waste, sewage, and agricultural runoff. Let me tell you a bit more about each one.Industrial WasteMany factories and manufacturing plants use a lot of water as part of their operations. Things like making paper, chemicals, and processed foods require huge amounts of water. But the bad thing is, this water that gets used often winds up getting polluted.The water picks up harmful chemicals, particles, and byproducts from the manufacturing processes. It might have lead, mercury, sulfur, oil, and all sorts of other nasty stuff mixed into it. Without being properly cleaned, this contaminated industrial wastewater is extremely toxic if it leaks or gets dumped into lakes, rivers, and oceans.Imagine you're at a swimming pool and someone dumped in a bunch of paint, motor oil, and liquid from car batteries. You definitely wouldn't want to swim in that! Well, that's basically what polluted industrial wastewater is like, except often even worse. It can make entire bodies of water unsafe for swimming, drinking, or having any aquatic plants and animals live in them.I think all manufacturing plants should have really good systems to capture, filter, and purify their wastewater before letting it go anywhere. They need to make sure it's completely decontaminated first. Some factories do try to do this, but toomany still illegally dump or let their polluted water get into the environment. That's just lazy and selfish.SewageThe second major cause of water pollution is sewage. Sewage is the gross waste water that comes from things like household bathrooms, sinks, washing machines, and dishwashers. It contains human waste like poop and pee, as well as soaps, hairs, food particles, and other yukky stuff you don't want to think about too much.In cities, all the sewage from buildings gets collected through a system of underground pipes that take it to sewage treatment plants. At these plants, it's supposed to get thoroughly cleaned and decontaminated before being released into rivers or oceans as treated wastewater.However, sometimes the sewage treatment systems fail or get overloaded, especially if there's too much rainfall or aging, leaky pipes. When this happens, untreated sewage can wind up overflowing into lakes, rivers, and coastal waters. This creates serious water pollution that puts humans and marine life at risk of getting sick from pathogens and bacteria.In poorer areas of the world that don't have good sewage treatment systems, a ton of raw sewage just goes straight into waterways. Can you imagine how gross that would be, to have poop and dirty dishwater all flowing in the water you might drink or swim in? Totally disgusting! Cities definitely need to invest in better sewage management.Agricultural RunoffThe third major cause of water pollution is agricultural runoff from farms, ranches, and agricultural operations. After heavy rains or overwatering, all the fertilizers, pesticides, animal manure, and slaughterhouse waste products can get washed into nearby streams, rivers, and lakes.Now you might think "Okay, some natural fertilizers like manure don't sound too bad getting in the water." But in huge quantities, they actually are pollutants! They contain high levels of nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus that cause spikes in algae growth and oxygen depletion that suffocate fish and throw off the whole aquatic ecosystem.The pesticides used to kill insects and weeds on farms are also extremely toxic, with chemicals that can poison fish, cattle, and potentially make their way up the food chain to harm humans too if they drink contaminated water.I live near lots of farms, and there's been a few times I couldn't go fishing or swimming in the local creek after a big storm, because all the agricultural runoff made the water quality too poor and unsafe.Large-scale livestock farming also produces immense amounts of animal waste that can get washed away by rainfall if not properly contained. Just from cows alone, it can amount to as much sewage as a small city! That's a lot of manure that could end up polluting water sources in the area. Not nice to think about.What Can We Do?Those are the three biggest causes of water pollution: untreated industrial wastewater, sewage, and agricultural runoff. It's really upsetting that humans have allowed so much pollution and contamination of the water that all life on Earth needs to survive.We absolutely have to do better at controlling all of these polluting sources through stricter regulations, sustainable practices, and investment in better waste management and treatment systems around the world. Factories can't just dump toxic sludge, cities can't let sewage overflow, and farms need to responsibly handle their fertilizers and animal waste.Water is a precious resource, and we're ruining so much of it through our own messes and negligence. If we want to have clean drinking water, outdoor recreation, and healthy aquatic life, we all need to make water pollution a much bigger priority to solve. It's going to take cooperation from industries, governments, and every individual person to fix this severe environmental problem.Us kids don't want to grow up on a polluted planet where we can't safely swim in the rivers and lakes or eat fish from the oceans because they're contaminated. We deserve to have clean, unpolluted water sources. What are the grownups waiting for? Let's stop the pollution and make our water sources clean and healthy again for everyone!篇3Water Pollution: The Dirty TruthHave you ever thought about where the water in our rivers, lakes, and oceans comes from? It starts out clean and pure, but sadly a lot of it gets polluted and dirty before it gets to us. There are three main causes of water pollution that we need to be aware of.The first big cause is sewage and wastewater from our homes and cities. When we flush the toilet or take a shower, that used water has to go somewhere. It gets treated at sewage plants, but some still ends up in our waterways if the treatment doesn't work perfectly. This sewage has lots of gross stuff like human waste and bacteria that can make the water really unsafe.Factories and industrial sites also produce a ton of wastewater from manufacturing things. This wastewater is often full of harmful chemicals, toxic substances, and heavy metals like lead or mercury. If this gets dumped into rivers or the ocean without being properly cleaned first, it creates a big pollution problem that is hazardous to all forms of aquatic life.The other major cause comes from things like oil spills, leaks from offshore drilling rigs and pipelines, and pollution from ships and boats. Oil is extremely damaging to water and shorelines. Even just a small leak can spread for miles and miles on the surface, contaminating everything it touches. Crude oil contains nasty cancer-causing chemicals called carcinogens that can linger in water and soil for decades after a spill.So those are the three biggies – sewage, industrial discharges, and oil pollution. But I want to spend some more time talking about all the other little things that add up to createwater pollution too. You might be surprised by some of the culprits!One thing that shocks a lot of people is that agriculture and farming methods are a major source of water contamination. Fertilizers, pesticides, and animal waste from livestock all end up running off fields and farms into nearby streams, rivers, and groundwater. This leads to excess nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus building up, which depletes oxygen levels and creates "dead zones" where nothing can survive.Storm drains in cities and towns are another easy way for pollution to get flushed directly into waterways with no treatment. Whatever garbage, oil, chemicals, and debris that washes into those drains during rainstorms (like litter, fertilizers, detergents, and dog poop) ends up right in our rivers and harbors. Yuck!Construction sites can also allow lots of mud and sediments to flow away and cloud up waterways nearby. This sediment buildup covers the bottom and makes it hard for aquatic plants and animals to thrive. Road salt used in winter is another pollutant from urban areas that contaminates freshwater when the snow melts in the spring.But wait, there's more! Simple litter and trash from individuals not properly disposing of things is a huge contributor too. Plastic bags, bottles, balloons, styrofoam, and cigarette butts get blown or washed into waterways and create unsightly garbage patches that kill fish, turtles, whales, and other precious marine life that mistakes it for food and eats it by accident.Speaking of plastic, it deserves its own section because it is seriously one of the most damaging forms of water pollution. Tiny microscopic pieces of broken down plastic called microplastics are basically impossible to remove once they contaminate the water supply. These never fully break down, and absorb and leach out toxic chemicals over time that work their way up the food chain from the smallest plankton to bigger fish that get eaten by humans. So the plastic problem is a vicious cycle.Let's not forget things like chemical waste, improperly disposed of paint, solvents, and other household hazardous waste that can seep into groundwater and water tables when not disposed of correctly. We all need to be extremely careful about these types of products and take them to proper hazardous waste collection facilities.So in summary, water pollution comes from sewage, industrial waste, oil and gas spills, farming runoff, urban runoff and litter, sediments, road salt, plastic, and toxic household waste. Those are the big bad culprits that we need to control and reduce as much as possible.It can seem really overwhelming, but we all have to do our part as responsible citizens of Planet Earth. Things like conserving water at home, picking up litter, buying eco-friendly products, disposing of waste properly, and supporting environmental protection laws and clean water regulations can add up to make a huge difference.Our freshwater sources and marine ecosystems are a precious resource that every living thing depends on to survive. We have the power and responsibility to be good stewards and take care of our water. We owe it to ourselves and to future generations to keep our water sources clean and healthy!篇4Water Pollution and Its Nasty CausesWater is really important for all living things on Earth. We need clean water to drink, to bathe in, to grow our food, and more. But sadly, a lot of the water in oceans, rivers, and lakes isgetting polluted and dirty. That means it has too many toxic chemicals, harmful particles, and nasty germs in it. Polluted water is no good for anyone or anything!There are three main causes of water pollution that I want to tell you about. By learning about what causes pollution, we can try to stop it from happening as much. The three biggest causes are sewage, industrial waste, and agricultural runoff. Let me explain each one:Sewage PollutionHave you ever flushed a toilet or drained dirty water down a sink? That used water has to go somewhere after it swirls down the pipes. It goes to big underground sewage systems and treatment plants. But a lot of times, sewage doesn't get fully treated before it's released into rivers, lakes, or oceans. Raw sewage is super gross and carries diseases like cholera, typhoid, and hepatitis. It's brimming with bacteria, viruses, and other icky microbes. If people swim or fish in sewage-polluted waters, they can get really sick. We have to make sure all sewage gets properly cleaned before it re-enters waterways.Industrial Waste PollutionFactories make a ton of useful products like cars, electronics, clothes, and much more. But the process of manufacturing things creates a lot of liquid waste too. This industrial wastewater is often hot and corrosive. It contains toxic chemicals, radioactive substances, and heavy metals like lead and mercury. When factories irresponsibly dump their waste into waters nearby, it pollutes those waters and kills plants and animals living in them. The pollutants can also seep into the ground and contaminate the soil. We have to crack down on factories that don't dispose of their waste properly.Agricultural Runoff PollutionFarmers use fertilizers and pesticides to help their crops grow big and strong. While that's good for the plants, those chemicals can be really bad for water sources nearby. After it rains or when the fields get irrigated, the fertilizers, pesticides, and even natural animal manure can get washed away into streams, rivers, and lakes. This runoff carries phosphates, nitrates, organic matter, and other nutrients that cause excessive algal blooms in the water. The algae uses up oxygen that fish and other aquatic creatures need to breathe. We have to teach farmers to use more environmentally-friendly agricultural practices.Those are the three main causes of evil water pollution that we absolutely have to solve. We can't keep discharging gross sewage, dumping industrial toxins, and letting fertilizers run off into our precious water sources. Clean water is a basic necessity and human right for everyone on this planet. We kids are the future, so we have to be water warriors and work hard to protect Earth's water from getting more and more polluted and sick. Together we can fight back against the pollution monsters and keep our waters healthy, safe, and pure!篇5Water Pollution: The Nasty Culprits Ruining Our WaterHey there, friends! It's me, your pal, here to talk about something that's been bothering me lately – water pollution. You know, that yucky stuff that makes our rivers, lakes, and oceans look and smell gross. It's a real bummer, and we need to do something about it before it gets even worse!But first, let me break it down for you. Water pollution happens when harmful substances, like chemicals, garbage, or sewage, get into our water sources. These pollutants can come from different places, and they can make the water unsafe for us humans, animals, and plants.So, what are the main causes of water pollution? Well, let me tell you all about them!Industrial WasteYou know those big factories that make all sorts of cool stuff? Well, sometimes they release harmful chemicals and other icky substances into the water. This industrial waste can contain things like heavy metals, oils, and toxic chemicals that are really bad for the environment.Imagine if you accidentally spilled a bunch of paint or motor oil into a river. That's kind of what industrial waste does, but on a much bigger scale. It can make the water look gross and smell terrible, and it can also harm the plants and animals that live in it.Agricultural RunoffFarms are awesome places where we get lots of our food, but they can also contribute to water pollution. When farmers use fertilizers and pesticides on their crops, some of those chemicals can get washed away by rain or irrigation water and end up in nearby streams, rivers, or lakes.It's like if you accidentally spilled your juice on the floor, and then you tried to clean it up with a bunch of soap and water. The soap and water would probably end up going down the drain,and that's kind of what happens with agricultural runoff. Those chemicals can be really harmful to the water and the critters that live in it.Sewage and WastewaterHave you ever wondered where all the water goes after you flush the toilet or take a shower? Well, it gets treated at special facilities called wastewater treatment plants. But sometimes, these plants can malfunction or get overwhelmed, and untreated sewage can end up in our waterways.Sewage is basically all the waste and dirty water that comes from our homes and businesses. It can contain things like human waste, soap, food scraps, and all sorts of other gross stuff that we definitely don't want in our water sources. Yuck!So, those are the three main causes of water pollution: industrial waste, agricultural runoff, and sewage and wastewater. It's a real bummer, but the good news is that we can all do our part to help prevent it!We can properly dispose of chemicals and hazardous materials, support sustainable farming practices, and be mindful of what we put down our drains and toilets. Every little bit helps,and together, we can keep our water clean and safe for everyone to enjoy.Remember, friends, water is one of our most precious resources, and we need to take care of it. So let's all pitch in and do our part to stop water pollution in its tracks!篇6Water Pollution and Its Yucky CausesWater is really important for life on Earth. We need it to drink, take baths, grow plants for food, and for fish and other animals to live in. But there are some bad things that can make water get dirty and unsafe. This is called water pollution. Let me tell you about the three main causes of water pollution.Cause #1: Sewage and WastewaterHave you ever flushed a toilet or pulled the drain plug in the bathtub? Where does that used water go? It goes through pipes to sewage treatment plants. At these plants, the sewage (poop, pee, and dirty water) is supposed to be cleaned before being released back into rivers, lakes, or the ocean.But sometimes the treatment isn't good enough. Germs, chemicals, and other nasty stuff can still get into the water. Insome places, sewage doesn't even go to a treatment plant - it just gets dumped right into bodies of water! Yuck! This can spread diseases and make water too contaminated for drinking or swimming.Cause #2: Industrial WasteFactories make lots of products we use, like cars, electronics, clothing, and toys. But the process of manufacturing things often produces chemical wastes. If these get spilled into rivers, lakes, or oceans, it pollutes the water.Some industrial pollutants are acids, solvents, heavy metals like lead and mercury, oils, and toxic chemicals. These can poison fish, plants, and anything (or anyone!) else living in or drinking the polluted water. They can also mess up the oxygen levels that water creatures need to breathe.Cause #3: Agricultural RunoffFarms need to use fertilizers to help their crops grow big and strong. They also use pesticides to kill bugs that might eat their plants. When it rains, some of these chemicals can get washed off the fields and into nearby ponds, streams, and underground water sources.Too many fertilizers in the water cause extra nutrients that make algae and weeds grow out of control. This uses up the oxygen and blocks sunlight, suffocating fish and other underwater life. Pesticides are poisons, so they also contaminate and harm ecosystems when they get into the water supply.ConclusionAs you can see, sewage, industrial pollutants, and farm chemical runoff are the three biggest things that dirty up our lakes, rivers, and oceans. They make water unsafe for people and creatures to use or live in. It's really important that we try to reduce these causes of water pollution as much as we can. Clean water is essential for all life on our planet!。
假如你家乡镇上的河流曾经污染严重英语作文
假如你家乡镇上的河流曾经污染严重英语作文If the river in my hometown town was once heavily pollutedOur town, nestled in the countryside, was blessed with a beautiful river that flowed through its heart. It was once a source of life and a gathering place for the community. However, due to rapid industrialization and urbanization, the river soon became a victim of neglect and abuse.In the past, the river was clear and clean, teeming with fish and providing water for irrigation and domestic use. It was a source of pride for the town, and many families relied on it for their livelihoods. However, with the growth of factories and the increase in population, the river soon became a dumping ground for industrial waste and sewage.The once clear waters turned murky and foul-smelling, with dead fish floating on the surface. The riverbanks were littered with trash and debris, and the air was thick with the stench of pollution. People began to shun the river, once a source of life, now a source of contamination and disease.The situation continued to deteriorate, with factories and businesses continuing to release toxic chemicals and waste into the river. The town council turned a blind eye, prioritizingeconomic growth over environmental protection. The once vibrant ecosystem of the river was destroyed, with devastating consequences for the local flora and fauna.As a concerned resident of the town, I couldn't stand idly by and watch as our beloved river was destroyed. I joined forces with other like-minded individuals and formed a grassroots movement to raise awareness about the pollution of the river. We organized clean-up campaigns, lobbied local authorities, and called for stricter regulations on industrial waste disposal.Our efforts soon began to bear fruit, as the town council was forced to take action in the face of mounting public pressure. They implemented stricter environmental regulations, fined polluting industries, and invested in water treatment facilities. Slowly but surely, the river began to recover, with the water clearing up and fish returning to its waters.Today, the river in my hometown town is once again a source of pride and joy for the community. Families come to fish, swim, and picnic by its banks, enjoying the beauty of nature and the serenity of the landscape. The clean, clear waters reflect the blue sky above, a testament to the power of collective action and the importance of preserving our environment for future generations.In conclusion, the pollution of the river in my hometown town was a dark chapter in its history, but one that ultimately led to positive change. Through community activism and environmental stewardship, we were able to restore the river to its former glory and ensure that it remains a source of life and vitality for generations to come. Let this be a lesson to all, that we must cherish and protect our natural resources, for they are the lifeblood of our planet.。
环保与污染的英语词汇短语
环保与污染的英语词汇短语环保与污染的英语词汇短语环境保护历来是我国的工作重点之一，关注环保，关注我们生活的环境是每个人应尽的责任与义务。
下面，为大家整理了一些环保与污染的英语词汇短语，希望对大家有用。
Pollution：环境污染相关英语词汇集锦污染物aerosols 气溶胶 / 气雾剂agricultural wastes 农业废物asbestos 石棉commercial noise 商业噪音composite pollution 混合污染dioxins 二恶英hazardous substances 危险物质hazardous wastes 危险废物heavy metals 重金属hospital wastes 医院废物industrial effluents 工业废水industrial emissions 工业排放物industrial fumes 工业烟尘industrial noise 工业噪声inorganic pollutants 无机污染物lead contamination 铅污染liquid wastes 液体废物litter 丢弃物 / 废气物mercury contamination 汞污染micropollutants 微污染物mining wastes 采矿废物motor vehicle emissions 机动车辆排放物municipal waste 城市废物nitrogen oxides 氮氧化物noise pollution 噪声污染odour nuisance 恶臭公害organic pollutants 有机物污染persistent organic pollutants 难降解有机污染物pharmaceutical wastes 医药废物plastic wastes 塑料废物radioactive substances 放射性物质rubber waste 橡胶废物sewage 污水solid wastes 固体废物thermal pollution 热污染toxic substances 有毒物质toxic waste 有毒废物toxins 毒素traffic noise 交通噪音trash 废物 / 垃圾wood waste 木材废料污染源biological weapons 生物武器cement industry 水泥工业chemical weapons 化学武器chimneys 烟囱motor vehicles 机动车辆motorcycles 摩托车nuclear weapons 核武器ocean dumping 海洋倾倒oil spills 石油泄漏scrap metals 废金属excavation heaps 挖掘堆积污染治理acoustic insulation 隔音chemical decontamination 化学污染清除desulphurization of fuels 燃料脱硫filters 过滤器noise abatement 噪音治理pollution abatement equipment 污染治理设备pollution control technology 污染控制技术radiation protection 辐射防护scrubbers 洗涤器separators 分离器smoke prevention 防烟waste minimization 废物最少化废物battery disposal 电池处理chemical treatment of waste 废物的化学处理disposal sites 处置场所incineration of waste 废物焚烧mine filling 矿山回填oil residue recuperation 残油回收radioactive waste management 放射性废物管理recycled materials 回收的材料recycling 回收reuse of materials 材料再利用sanitary landfills 卫生填埋sea outfall 海洋排泄口septic tanks 化粪池sewage disposal 污水处置sewage treatment systems 污水处理系统solid waste disposal 固体废物处置waste assimilation capacities 废物同化处置waste conversion techniques 废物转化技术waste disposal 废物处置waste disposal in the ground 废物土地处置waste recovery 废物回收waste use 废物利用water reuse 水的再利用拓展：环保的英语句子1、But save square inch ground, stay with descendant Geng.但存方寸地，留与子孙耕。
倡议保护动物措施的英语作文
倡议保护动物措施的英语作文Animals are an integral part of our natural world, playing vital roles in maintaining the delicate balance of ecosystems. However, in recent decades, we have witnessed a alarming decline in animal populations due to human activities such as habitat destruction, poaching, and pollution. It is our moral obligation to take immediate action to protect and conserve these precious creatures. In this essay, I will discuss the importance of animal protection and propose several measures that can be implemented to safeguard the welfare of animals.Firstly, it is crucial to recognize the intrinsic value of animals. They are sentient beings capable of experiencing pain, suffering, and emotions. They deserve to be treated with respect and compassion, not as mere resources for human exploitation. Many species are facing the threat of extinction due to human activities, and we have a responsibility to ensure their survival for future generations. The loss of any species can have far-reaching consequences on the entire ecosystem, disrupting the delicate web of life.One of the most pressing issues in animal protection is the issue of habitat destruction. As human populations continue to expand, natural habitats are being cleared to make way for agricultural lands, urban development, and infrastructure projects. This has led to the displacement and fragmentation of animal populations, making it increasingly difficult for them to find suitable living spaces and resources. To address this problem, we must prioritize the preservation of natural habitats and establish protected areas that are off-limits to human encroachment. This can be achieved through the creation of national parks, wildlife reserves, and conservation corridors that allow animals to move freely between different habitats.Another major concern is the issue of poaching and illegal wildlife trade. Many animals, such as elephants, rhinoceroses, and tigers, are targeted for their valuable body parts, which are often used in traditional medicine or as luxury goods. Poaching not only threatens the survival of these species but also undermines the efforts of conservation organizations and local communities that rely on these animals for their livelihoods. To combat this issue, governments must strengthen their law enforcement efforts and impose harsher penalties for those caught engaging in the illegal wildlife trade. Additionally, international cooperation and information-sharing between countries can help to disrupt the global supply chains that fuel this illicit industry.Pollution is another significant threat to animal welfare. Toxic chemicals, plastic waste, and oil spills can have devastating effects on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, harming or even killing animals that come into contact with these pollutants. To address this problem, we must implement stricter regulations on industrial waste management, promote the development of eco-friendly technologies, and encourage the public to adopt sustainable practices such as reducing plastic consumption and properly disposing of hazardous waste.In addition to these measures, it is essential to raise public awareness and foster a culture of compassion towards animals. Education plays a crucial role in this regard, as it can help people understand the importance of animal welfare and the consequences of their actions on the natural world. Schools, media outlets, and community organizations can all play a part in disseminating information and promoting empathy towards animals. Furthermore, encouraging individuals to adopt more sustainable and ethical lifestyles, such as reducing meat consumption, can have a positive impact on animal welfare.Moreover, it is important to support the work of conservation organizations and animal welfare groups that are dedicated to protecting animals and their habitats. These organizations often relyon donations, volunteers, and public support to carry out their important work. By contributing to these efforts, either through financial donations or volunteering, individuals can make a tangible difference in the lives of animals.In conclusion, the protection of animals is a pressing issue that requires immediate and concerted action. By preserving natural habitats, combating poaching and illegal wildlife trade, addressing pollution, raising public awareness, and supporting conservation efforts, we can work towards a future where animals can thrive and coexist with humans in a harmonious and sustainable manner. It is our responsibility as stewards of the Earth to ensure that the rich diversity of animal life is preserved for generations to come.。
危险货物运输英语
危险货物运输英语
危险货物运输是指运输过程中存在一定的危险性的货物，如爆炸品、易燃液体、毒害物等。
由于这些货物的特殊性质，它们的运输需要遵守严格的规定和标准，以保证运输安全。
下面是危险货物运输英语常用的词汇和短语：
1. Dangerous goods: 危险货物
2. Hazardous materials: 危险物质
3. Explosive: 爆炸品
4. Flammable: 易燃物
5. Toxic: 毒害物
6. Radioactive: 放射性物质
7. Corrosive: 腐蚀性物质
8. Dangerous Goods Declaration: 危险货物声明
9. Material Safety Data Sheet: 安全数据表
10. International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code: 国际海运危险货物规则
11. International Air Transport Association Dangerous Goods Regulations: 国际航空运输协会危险货物规则
12. Packaging instructions: 包装说明
13. Labeling requirements: 标签要求
14. Transport document: 运输单证
15. Emergency response plan: 应急响应计划
以上是危险货物运输英语常用的词汇和短语，了解这些内容可以为危险货物运输提供更好的支持。
工业污染英文作文
工业污染英文作文英文：Industrial pollution is a serious issue that affects not only the environment but also human health. In my opinion, the main causes of industrial pollution are the discharge of untreated wastewater, emission of harmful gases, and improper disposal of hazardous waste.Untreated wastewater from factories contains high levels of toxic chemicals, heavy metals, and other pollutants that can contaminate nearby water sources and harm aquatic life. Harmful gases such as carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide are released into the air during industrial processes, contributing to air pollution and respiratory problems for nearby residents. Improper disposal of hazardous waste can also lead to soil contamination and pose a threat to human health.To address industrial pollution, it is important forcompanies to implement proper waste management practices, invest in pollution control technologies, and comply with environmental regulations. Governments can also play a role in enforcing regulations and promoting sustainable industrial practices.For example, a company can install a wastewater treatment plant to treat and recycle wastewater, reducing the amount of pollutants discharged into the environment. They can also invest in technologies such as scrubbers and filters to reduce harmful gas emissions. Additionally, governments can offer incentives for companies that adopt sustainable practices and impose penalties for those that violate environmental regulations.In conclusion, industrial pollution is a complex issue that requires collaboration between governments, companies, and individuals to address. By implementing sustainable practices and complying with environmental regulations, we can reduce the negative impact of industrial activities on the environment and human health.中文：工业污染是一个严重的问题，它不仅影响环境，还影响人类健康。
工厂污染英语作文
Factory pollution is a significant environmental issue that has been the subject of much debate and concern in recent years.The rapid industrialization and urbanization have led to an increase in the number of factories,which in turn has resulted in various forms of pollution,including air,water,and soil pollution.One of the primary sources of factory pollution is the emission of harmful gases into the atmosphere.Factories that burn fossil fuels for energy release large amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases,contributing to global warming and climate change. Additionally,the release of toxic chemicals,such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, can lead to respiratory problems and other health issues for people living in the vicinity of these factories.Water pollution is another major concern associated with factory operations.Industrial wastewater,which often contains heavy metals,chemicals,and other pollutants,is sometimes discharged into rivers and lakes without proper treatment.This can lead to the contamination of water sources,making them unsafe for human consumption and damaging aquatic ecosystems.Soil pollution is also a consequence of factory activities.The improper disposal of industrial waste,such as solid waste and hazardous chemicals,can lead to the contamination of soil,affecting the fertility of the land and posing risks to both human health and the environment.To address the issue of factory pollution,several measures can be taken.Firstly,factories should be required to implement stricter emission standards and invest in cleaner technologies to reduce the release of harmful substances into the environment.Secondly, proper waste management practices should be enforced,including the treatment of industrial wastewater before it is discharged and the safe disposal of solid waste. Moreover,governments can play a crucial role in regulating industrial activities and ensuring compliance with environmental regulations.This may involve the implementation of policies and incentives to promote sustainable practices within the industry,as well as the enforcement of penalties for noncompliance.Public awareness and education are also essential in combating factory pollution.By raising awareness about the environmental impacts of industrial activities,individuals and communities can become more proactive in demanding cleaner and more sustainable practices from factories.In conclusion,factory pollution is a pressing issue that requires the collective efforts ofindustries,governments,and society as a whole.By adopting cleaner technologies, enforcing stricter regulations,and promoting public awareness,we can work towards reducing the environmental impact of factory operations and ensuring a healthier and more sustainable future for all.。
针对土地污染的英语作文
针对土地污染的英语作文The Perils of Land Pollution.Land pollution, a silent yet deadly menace, is a global challenge that demands urgent attention. The consequences of this pollution are profound and far-reaching, affecting not only the environment but also human health and economic viability.The primary sources of land pollution can be traced to industrial waste, agricultural run-off, and urbanization. Industrial waste, often containing toxic chemicals and heavy metals, is often dumped carelessly, contaminatingsoil and groundwater. Agricultural run-off, rich in pesticides and fertilizers, washes into streams and rivers, depositing harmful nutrients that disrupt ecological balances. Urbanization, with its concrete jungles and密集的人口, generates large amounts of solid waste, much of which ends up in landfills or is dumped illegally, leading to soil degradation and pollution.The impact of land pollution is profound. Degraded soil loses its fertility, reducing crop yields and threatening food security. Contaminated groundwater becomes unsafe for drinking, leading to health problems such as liver and kidney disease. Ecosystems are disrupted as pollutants accumulate in the food chain, affecting biodiversity and the survival of native species.The economic costs of land pollution are also significant. Loss of fertile land and water resources leads to reduced agricultural output, affecting food prices and economic growth. The healthcare costs associated with pollution-related illnesses further burden already struggling economies. The tourism and real estateindustries can also suffer as the natural beauty and habitability of affected areas decline.To combat land pollution, a multifaceted approach is needed. Strict environmental regulations must be enforced to limit industrial waste discharge and promote responsible waste management. Agricultural practices need to berevamped to reduce the use of harmful chemicals and promote sustainable farming methods. Urban planning shouldprioritize waste reduction, recycling, and the development of green infrastructure.Public education and awareness are crucial in the fight against land pollution. People need to understand the seriousness of the problem and their role in preventing it. Schools and communities should promote environmental education, encouraging individuals to adopt eco-friendly practices in their daily lives.Innovative technologies also offer hope in the fight against land pollution. Bioremediation, a process that uses microorganisms to break down pollutants, is showing promise in cleaning up contaminated sites. Satellite imagery and remote sensing can help identify pollution hotspots and monitor progress. Smart waste management systems using IoT and AI can improve waste sorting and recycling rates, reducing the amount of waste that ends up in landfills.In conclusion, land pollution is a complex and urgentproblem that requires a concerted effort from all stakeholders. By enforcing regulations, promoting sustainable practices, educating the public, and harnessing innovative technologies, we can mitigate the impact of land pollution and protect our environment for future generations. The fight against land pollution is not just a battle for the planet; it is a battle for our health, our economy, and our way of life.。
随着工业发展环境恶劣的英语作文
随着工业发展环境恶劣的英语作文Industrial development has been a cornerstone of modern civilization, propelling societies into new eras of prosperity and technological advancement. However, this progress has not come without a significant cost to our environment. As industries expand, the strain on natural resources and ecosystems has reached alarming levels, raising concerns about sustainability and the long-term health of our planet. This essay explores the multifaceted impact of industrial development on the environment, highlighting key issues and potential solutions.The industrial revolution marked the beginning of a new age of mass production, fueled by the discovery and exploitation of fossil fuels. Factories sprang up, cities grew, and economies flourished. This period of rapid industrialization brought about unprecedented economic growth and improvedstandards of living for many. However, it also initiated a cascade of environmental challenges that have continued to escalate.One of the most immediate and visible impacts of industrial development is air pollution. Factories and power plants release vast amounts of pollutants into the atmosphere, including carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter. These emissions contribute to a range of health problems, such as respiratory illnesses, cardiovascular diseases, and premature deaths.Moreover, the accumulation of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has led to global warming and climate change. The rising average temperatures result in more frequent and severe weather events, such as hurricanes, droughts, and floods, which have devastating effects on both human populations and natural ecosystems.Industrial activities are also major contributors to water pollution. Factories discharge a variety of harmful substances, including heavy metals, chemicals, and untreated waste, into rivers, lakes, and oceans. This contamination not only affects aquatic life but also poses significant risks to human health, particularly for communities that rely on these water sources for drinking, bathing, and agriculture.The phenomenon of acid rain, caused by the release of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere, further exacerbates water pollution. When these pollutants combine with water vapor, they form sulfuric and nitric acids, which fall back to the earth as acid rain. This acidic precipitation can devastate aquatic ecosystems, kill fish and other wildlife, and leach toxic metals into waterways.Industrial development often necessitates the clearing of large tracts of land, leading to deforestation and the destruction of natural habitats. The demand for raw materials such astimber, minerals, and fossil fuels drives this process, resulting in the loss of biodiversity and disruption of ecosystems.Forests play a critical role in regulating the earth’s climate by absorbing CO2. The loss of forests not only releases this stored carbon back into the atmosphere but also reduces the planet’s capacity to sequester future carbon emissions. Additionally, the destruction of habitats threatens countless species with extinction, as they lose the resources and environments necessary for their survival.Industrial activities can lead to soil degradation in several ways. The extraction of minerals and fossil fuels often involves strip mining or other practices that remove the topsoil, rendering the land barren and unusable. The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in industrial agriculture can also contaminate the soil, reducing its fertility and leading to long-term declines in crop yields.Soil erosion is another significant issue, exacerbated by deforestation and the removal of vegetation for industrial projects. Without plant roots to anchor the soil, it becomes more susceptible to being washed or blown away, resulting in loss of arable land and increased sedimentation in rivers and streams.The production processes of many industries generate substantial amounts of waste, including hazardous and non-biodegradable materials. Improper disposal of industrial waste can lead to severe environmental contamination. Landfills filled with industrial waste can leach toxic substances into the ground, contaminating soil and groundwater.Electronic waste, or e-waste, is a growing concern as the rapid pace of technological advancement leads to the frequent disposal of electronic devices. Many of these devices contain harmful substances such as lead, mercury, and cadmium, whichcan cause environmental and health problems if not properly managed.Addressing the environmental impact of industrial development requires a multifaceted approach. Governments, industries, and individuals all have roles to play in promoting sustainability and reducing harm to the environment.Governments can implement stringent regulations to limit emissions of pollutants and ensure the safe disposal of industrial waste. Setting standards for air and water quality, as well as enforcing penalties for non-compliance, can incentivize industries to adopt cleaner practices.Technological advancements can also play a crucial role in mitigating environmental damage. The development and adoption of cleaner energy sources, such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power, can reduce reliance on fossil fuels anddecrease greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, innovations in manufacturing processes can lead to more efficient use of resources and less waste generation.Industries themselves must take responsibility for their environmental impact. Adopting sustainable practices, such as reducing energy consumption, minimizing waste, and using environmentally friendly materials, can help mitigate the negative effects of industrial development. Corporate social responsibility initiatives can also promote environmental stewardship and improve public perception of industries.Individuals can contribute to environmental protection by advocating for sustainable practices and supporting businesses that prioritize environmental responsibility. Public awareness campaigns can educate people about the impacts of industrial development and encourage them to take action, such asreducing their carbon footprint, recycling, and supporting policies aimed at environmental conservation.The impact of industrial development on the environment is profound and multifaceted, affecting air and water quality, ecosystems, soil health, and global climate. While industrialization has brought about significant advancements and improved quality of life, it is imperative to address its environmental consequences to ensure a sustainable future. Through regulatory measures, technological innovation, corporate responsibility, and public awareness, we can work towards mitigating the adverse effects of industrial development and preserving the health of our planet for future generations.。
双语版危险化学品安全管理条例Re...
双语版危险化学品安全管理条例Re...危险化学品安全管理条例Regulations on the Safety Administration of Dangerous Chemicals危险化学品安全管理条例Regulations on the Safety Administration of Dangerous Chemicals 【法规变迁史】危险化学品安全管理条例（国务院令第344号）2002年1⽉26⽇发⽂(Decree No.344of the State Council of the People's Republic of China was issued on 26th January 2002,and revised by the 144nd Executive Meeting of the State Council on 16th February2011)⽬录第⼀章总则 (3)第⼆章⽣产、储存安全 (10)第三章使⽤安全- (21)第四章经营安全 (23)第五章运输安全 (30)第六章危险化学品登记与事故应急救援 (41)第七章法律责任 (45)第⼋章附则 (68)安监总局总⼯黄毅对新修订5处重⼤修改条款解释： (70)ContentsChapter I General Principles (3)ChapterⅡSafety of Manufacture and Storage (10)ChapterⅢSafety of Use (21)ChapterⅣSafety of Operation (23)ChapterⅤSafety of Transportation (30)Chapter VI Registration of Dangerous Chemicals and Emergency Rescue of Accidents (41)Chapter VII Legal Liability (45)Chapter VIII Supplementary Rules (68)State Administration of Work Safety(SAWS)’s chief engineer,Huang Yi explained the5major terms newly revised as below (70)第⼀章总则Chapter I General Principles第⼀条为了加强危险化学品的安全管理，预防和减少危险化学品事故，保障⼈民群众⽣命财产安全，保护环境，制定本条例。
环保术语的英汉翻译
环保术语的英汉翻译发布人：圣才学习网发布日期：2010-08-20 16:53 共17人浏览[大] [中] [小] [摘要] 目前，国际社会对环境保护问题的重视程度不断提高，我国也是如此。
在同国际接轨的过程中，我们必然涉及对大量环保词汇的引进及其翻译问题。
为此，笔者查找了大量资料，将各领域的主要环保词汇及其现有中文译名进行了归纳和整理，希望能对今后的相关翻译工作有所帮助。
[关键词] 环保术语中文译名1 概述随着当今世界经济的迅猛发展和全球经济一体化进程的不断推进，可持续发展问题已同和平问题并列为世界两大主题，备受关注。
而环境保护问题，作为可持续发展中很重要的一项，正渗透到人们社会生活中的各个方面，成为不单是环保工作者而且是全人类共同关注的大事。
我国在这一领域起步相对较晚，有许多须借鉴西方之处。
正是这一过程，涉及到大量环保词汇的引进和翻译一事。
如果没有准确、易解的译名，我们的环保事业和日常宣传将面临许多麻烦和误区。
目前，国内相关的词典和文章较少且零散，给翻译工作带来种种不便。
为此，笔者寻找了大量资料，整理出部分较集中并已经认可的环保术语及其中文译名，在此加以归类，希望能对今后的相关翻译工作有所帮助。
以下，笔者将从环境科学、工农业生产环保、日常生活环保和环保法律法规等方面对其分别进行介绍。
2 环境科学方面环境科学是一门精密而广博的学科。
由于环境保护这一课题的特殊性，它对大千世界的各类物质从环保的角度出发进行了严格定义，主要分有：returnable or recyclable（可回收利用的），disposable（一次性的或不可回收利用的），explosive（爆炸性的），reactive（易起化学反应的）等。
在能源方面，又分为renewable or nonrenewable energy sources （可再生和不可再生能源），non-polluting or polluting energy sources（无污染和污染性能源）。
大量工业废弃物的短语
大量工业废弃物的短语--英语1.Industrial waste - 工业废物2.Hazardous waste - 危险废物3.Toxic waste - 有毒废物4.Chemical waste - 化学废物5.Solid waste - 固体废物6.Liquid waste - 液体废物7.Radioactive waste - 放射性废物8.E-waste (electronic waste) - 电子废物9.Industrial sludge - 工业污泥10.I ndustrial residue - 工业残渣11.I ndustrial emissions - 工业排放物12.I ndustrial effluents - 工业废水13.I ndustrial pollutants - 工业污染物14.S crap metal - 废金属15.A sh and slag - 灰渣16.S olvent waste - 溶剂废料17.O il waste - 油废料18.P aint waste - 油漆废料19.P lastic waste - 塑料废料20.T extile waste - 纺织品废料21.P aper waste - 纸张废料22.W ood waste - 木材废料23.R ubber waste - 橡胶废料24.G lass waste - 玻璃废料25.M etal shavings - 金属屑26.A cidic waste - 酸性废料27.A lkaline waste - 碱性废料28.C ontaminated soil - 受污染土壤29.S lag waste - 矿渣废料30.C onstruction waste - 建筑废料31.M ining waste - 矿山废料32.C oal ash - 煤灰33.F ly ash - 粉煤灰34.C eramic waste - 陶瓷废料35.F ood processing waste - 食品加工废料36.P harmaceutical waste - 药品废料37.P esticide waste - 农药废料38.B attery waste - 电池废料39.M etal plating waste - 金属镀层废料40.I ndustrial packaging waste - 工业包装废料41.A sbestos waste - 石棉废料42.P aint thinner waste - 溶剂稀释剂废料43.A ir pollution control residues - 大气污染治理残留物44.F luorescent lamp waste - 荧光灯废料45.H azardous gases - 危险气体46.I ndustrial wastewater - 工业废水47.C hemical spills - 化学物质泄漏48.A mmonia waste - 氨废料49.P hosphorus waste - 磷废料50.P CB waste (polychlorinated biphenyls) - PCB废料（多氯联苯）。
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The law stated here is as of 1 April 2010.This legislation is reproduced in accordance with permission granted by the Government of Singapore. The Government of Singapore and NEA hereby disclaim responsibility for the accuracy or currency of the materials contained in this document. No claim for damages, actual anticipated or consequential, economic or otherwise, will be entertained.The latest version of any legislation is available online through the LawNet Legal Workbench service operated by the Singapore Academy of Law. Please visit .sg for more information.The legally qualified user should not rely on this copy to render legal advice. The non-legally qualified user should seek qualified legal advice if he has a specific matter which requires interpretation of this legislation. S76ENVIRONMENTAL PUBLIC HEALTH ACT(CHAPTER 95, SECTION 113) ENVIRONMENTAL PUBLIC HEALTH (TOXIC INDUSTRIAL WASTE)REGULATIONSPART IPRELIMINARY1 Citation2 Definitions3 ApplicationPART IIGENERATOR4 Director-General to be notified when toxic industrial waste exceedspermitted level5 Information to be given to toxic industrial waste collector to enable him todeal with toxic industrial waste properly6 Generator to keep register7 Application8 No use or storage of toxic industrial waste except in certain circumstancesPART IIITOXIC INDUSTRIAL WASTE COLLECTOR9 No person to act as toxic industrial waste collector without licence10 Alteration of works or method of operation, etc.11 Toxic industrial waste collector to obtain information on toxic industrialwaste12 Register to be kept by toxic industrial waste collectorPART IVLICENCES13 Application for toxic industrial waste collector’s licencePART VIMPORT OF TOXIC INDUSTRIAL WASTE14 Import of toxic industrial waste15 Collection of toxic industrial wastePART VITRANSPORT OF TOXIC INDUSTRIAL WASTE16 Consignor’s responsibility for safe consignment17 Consignment note1819 Receipt of consignment note20 Application21 Collection from several generators22 Carrier to obtain information on consignment23 Carrier to be given copy of written approval, etc.24 Transport documents25 Instructions for drivers26 Driver’s responsibility27 Transport routes28 Hazard warning panels and labels29 Precaution against fire or explosion30 Prohibition against overfill31 Prohibition against carriage of multi-loads of toxic industrial waste32 Supervision of vehicles carrying toxic industrial wastePART VIIMISCELLANEOUS33 Supply and sale of toxic industrial waste34 Storage requirements35 Mixing of toxic industrial waste36 Safe storage and dealing37 Notice requiring removal of toxic industrial waste from premises38 Emergency action plan to be prepared39 Analysis of toxic industrial waste40 Exemption41 PenaltyTHE SCHEDULEActual ProvisionsPART IPRELIMINARYCitation1. These Regulations may be cited as the Environmental Public Health (Toxic Industrial Waste) Regulations.Definitions2. —(1) In these Regulations, unless the context otherwise requires —"carrier" means any person undertaking the transport of toxic industrial waste and includes both carriers for hire or reward and carriers on own account;"code of practice" means a standard which —(a) sets out the method of installation of equipment and the procedure to befollowed for the efficient use and maintenance of such equipment;(b) recommends precautions to be taken in making, using and maintainingsuch equipment; or(c) specifies the measures or precautions to be taken in designing, planningand constructing such equipment in order to ensure that the requirements laiddown in respect of the design, plan and construction of such equipment arecomplied with;"consignment" means any load or multi-load of toxic industrial waste presented by a consignor for transport;"consignor" means any person who presents a consignment of toxic industrial waste for transport or on whose behalf such consignment is presented;"container" means —(a) any vessel, can, drum, barrel or other receptacle; or(b) where such vessel, can, drum, barrel or other receptacle is contained inanother container or is wholly enveloped in a covering or coverings ofwhatever nature, the outermost container or covering, as the case may be, but does not include the carrying tank of a road tanker, a tank container or a freight container;"emergency action plan" means such plan of action to be taken in the event of any emergency situation involving any toxic industrial waste as approved by the Director-General;"freight container" means an article of transport equipment designed to facilitate the carriage of goods by one or more modes of transport without intermediate re-loading of the contents;"generator" includes —(a) any person, whose act or process produces toxic industrial waste or whoseact first causes toxic industrial waste to become subject to regulation; or(b) the owner or the person having the charge, management or control of asource of toxic industrial waste;"import" , with its grammatical variations and cognate expressions, means to bring or cause to be brought into Singapore by land, sea or air;"multi-load" means a load consisting of 2 or more types of toxic industrial waste inseparate compartments or containers (whether or not a waste which is not a toxicindustrial waste is being conveyed at the same time);"road" has the same meaning as in the Road Traffic Act (Cap. 276);"road tanker" means a goods vehicle as defined in the Road Traffic Act which has a tank that is structurally attached to, or is an integral part of, the frame of the vehicle;"tank" means a container having a total internal capacity exceeding 250 litres for liquids and 500 litres for gases;"tank container" means a tank with a total liquid capacity of 450 litres or more which is —(a) used for the conveyance of a liquid, gaseous, powdery or granularsubstance; and(b) constructed for repeated use and to facilitate the carriage of goods by oneor more modes of transport without need of removal of its structuralequipment or intermediate re-loading of its contents;"toxic industrial waste collector" means any person who receives or accepts any toxic industrial waste for storage, reprocessing, usage, treatment or disposal but does notinclude the carrier engaged by the generator or the toxic industrial waste collector to transport toxic industrial waste;"transport" means transport by road and includes any operation incidental to the whole course of carriage, such as loading, unloading and storage in transit;"vehicle" means any mechanically propelled vehicle or otherwise intended or adapted for use on roads and includes a road tanker and a trailer which does not form part of the vehicle.(2) For the purposes of these Regulations, a combination of a vehicle and one or more trailers shall be treated as one vehicle for so long as they remain attached.(3) A vehicle shall be deemed for the purposes of these Regulations to be used for the transport of toxic industrial waste throughout the period —(a) in the case of a road tanker, from the commencement of loading for the purpose ofconveying the waste on a road until the tank or compartment of the tank has beencleaned or purged so that any of the waste or its vapour which remains in it is notsufficient to create a risk to the health or safety of any person; or(b) in the case of a vehicle carrying a container, tank container or freight container from either —(i) the time at which the container, tank container or freight containercontaining the toxic industrial waste is placed on the vehicle; or(ii) if the container, tank container or freight container was placed on the vehicle before loading was commenced, from the commencement of loading,for the purpose of conveying the waste on a road until either —(A) the container, tank container or freight container is removed from thevehicle; or(B) the tank container or compartment of the tank container has been cleanedor purged so that any of the waste or its vapour which remains in it is notsufficient to create a risk to the health or safety of any person, and in either case, whether or not the vehicle is on a road at the material time. Application3. These Regulations shall only apply to the toxic industrial wastes which are specified in the Schedule.PART IIGENERATORDirector-General to be notified when toxic industrial waste exceeds permitted level4. Every generator shall forthwith notify the Director-General of —(a) any change in the type or nature of toxic industrial waste that is being produced or generated in his premises; and(b) the quantity, volume, concentration or level of any toxic industrial waste that isproduced or generated in excess of that prescribed in the second column of theSchedule and the action he intends to take or has taken in respect thereto. Information to be given to toxic industrial waste collector to enable him to deal with toxic industrial waste properly5. —(1) Any person who supplies or sells or permits to be supplied or sold toxic industrial waste to any toxic industrial waste collector shall give all such necessary information to the toxic industrial waste collector as will enable him to carry out the storage, treatment, reprocessing or disposal of the toxic industrial waste properly and safely.(2) Any person who supplies any information relating to toxic industrial waste to a toxic industrial waste collector under paragraph (1) shall ensure that the toxic industrial waste collector is a licensed toxic industrial waste collector and that the information is accurate and sufficient for the purposes of that paragraph.Generator to keep register6. —(1) Every generator shall keep a register which shall contain the following particulars in respect of toxic industrial waste:(a) the type and quantity generated;(b) the manner of disposal;(c) the date and the quantity supplied or sold to a toxic industrial waste collector;(d) the name and address of the toxic industrial waste collector; and(e) the quantity held in stock.(2) The register shall be kept up to date on a weekly basis unless otherwise specified by the Director-General and shall be kept for such period of time as the Director-General may direct.Application7. Regulations 4, 5 and 6 shall not apply to any generator with on-site disposal facilities established with the permission of the Director-General for the treatment or recycling of toxic industrial waste produced in the premises whereby no toxic industrial waste need to be transported out of the premises for disposal.No use or storage of toxic industrial waste except in certain circumstances8. A generator shall not, on any premises which are used for the purposes of an undertaking carried on by him, keep or use, or cause or permit to be kept or used, toxic industrial waste unless there are on-site disposal facilities established with the permission of the Director-General or a toxic industrial waste collector has been engaged to dispose of the waste.TOXIC INDUSTRIAL WASTE COLLECTORNo person to act as toxic industrial waste collector without licence9. No person shall —(a) carry on or advertise, notify or state that he carries on or is willing to carry on the business of a toxic industrial waste collector;(b) act as a toxic industrial waste collector; or(c) in any way hold himself out as ready to undertake for payment or other remuneration (whether monetary or otherwise) any of the functions of a toxic industrial waste collector,unless he is the holder of a toxic industrial waste collector’s licence.Alteration of works or method of operation, etc.10. The licensed toxic industrial waste collector shall not, without the written permission of the Director-General —(a) install, construct or alter any works for the reprocessing, treatment, storage ordisposal of toxic industrial waste or carry out any works on the premises which is the commencement of or any subsequent steps in relation thereto;(b) alter the method of operation of any waste reprocessing, treatment, storage or disposal process involving toxic industrial waste carried on at his premises; or(c) alter the type of toxic industrial waste being reprocessed, treated, stored or disposed of on the premises,unless the installation, construction or alteration is done only in the course of and for the purpose of general maintenance.Toxic industrial waste collector to obtain information on toxic industrial waste11. A toxic industrial waste collector shall not receive or accept any toxic industrial waste unless he has obtained and verified all relevant information of the waste as will enable him to carry out the storage, treatment, reprocessing or disposal of the toxic industrial waste properly and safely.Register to be kept by toxic industrial waste collector12. —(1) A toxic industrial waste collector shall prepare and maintain a register in such form as the Director-General may require.(2) The register shall be kept for such period of time as the Director-General may direct and shall be submitted for inspection by the Director-General at such times as the Director-General may require.LICENCESApplication for toxic industrial waste collector’s licence13. —(1) Every application for a toxic industrial waste collector’s licence shall be made to the Director-General in such form as the Director-General may determine.(2) Every application shall state the name and address of the applicant.(3) A toxic industrial waste collector shall receive, accept or deal only in the type of toxic industrial waste for which he is licensed.(4) A licensed toxic industrial waste collector shall surrender his licence upon its revocation, cancellation or suspension to a public officer authorised in writing by the Director-General.(5) Every licence shall, unless previously revoked, remain in force for such period of time as the Director-General may specify in the licence.(6) The fee for the grant or renewal of a licence shall be $140 except that any person who is licensed as a general waste collector under the Environmental Public Health (General Waste Collection) Regulations (Rg 12) shall be exempted from payment of the licence fee.(7) The fee for the amendment of a licence shall be $13.50 per application.PART VIMPORT OF TOXIC INDUSTRIAL WASTEImport of toxic industrial waste14. —(1) No person shall, without the written permission of the Director-General, import or cause any toxic industrial waste to be brought into Singapore.(2) The Director-General may, in granting any permission, impose such conditions as he thinks fit.Collection of toxic industrial waste15. No person shall take delivery of any toxic industrial waste imported into Singapore except —(a) at a customs station where the waste is imported by road;(b) at a railway station in Singapore where the waste is imported by rail;(c) at a wharf in Singapore where the waste is imported by sea; or(d) at an air cargo terminal in Singapore where the waste is imported by air.PART VITRANSPORT OF TOXIC INDUSTRIAL WASTE Consignor’s responsibility for safe consignment16. A person shall not consign for transport any toxic industrial waste unless —(a) he has obtained an approval in writing by the Director-General in regard to the proposed transport of such waste; and(b) the container, tank container, freight container or road tanker to be used for thetransportation of the toxic industrial waste is designed, constructed and maintained in accordance with a code of practice approved by the Director-General. Consignment note17. —(1) The generator shall prepare the consignment note using the relevant form provided at .sg and in such manner as specified by the Director-General.(2) The generator shall —(a) give one copy of the prepared consignment note referred to in paragraph (1) to theconsignor who shall transmit such copy to the driver before transportation of the toxic industrial waste starts; and(b) submit the consignment note electronically —(i) to the consignee; and(ii) to the Director-General within 3 days of the transportation of the waste. 18.Deleted by S 60/2009, wef 01/07/2009.Receipt of consignment note19. —(1) The consignee shall, upon taking delivery of the toxic industrial waste —(a) obtain from the driver the copy of the consignment note transmitted to the driver under regulation 17(2)(a) and endorse such copy; and(b) within 3 days of the receipt of the toxic industrial waste, acknowledge receipt ofthe same on the consignment note submitted by the generator under regulation17(2)(b)(i) and submit the acknowledged note electronically to the Director-General.(2) The consignee shall immediately inform the Director-General of the quantity or type of toxic industrial waste received by or delivered to him if it is different from that shown in the consignment note referred to in regulation 17.Application20. Regulations 16 (a), 17 and 19 shall apply only to the transport or consigning for transport of any toxic industrial waste in an amount exceeding the quantities as specified in the third column of the Schedule.Collection from several generators21. —(1) No person shall transport or collect toxic industrial waste in a vehicle from several generators at any one time unless he is a licensed toxic industrial waste collector or is engaged by a licensed toxic industrial waste collector.(2) The total cumulated quantity of toxic industrial waste transported or collected per trip shall not exceed the quantities specified in the third column of the Schedule unless the toxic industrial waste collector has obtained an approval in writing by the Director-General. Carrier to obtain information on consignment22. —(1) No carrier shall transport any toxic industrial waste unless he has been given a statement prescribed by regulation 24 (1) as will enable him to comply with the requirements of these Regulations and to be aware of the risks created by the waste to the health or safety of any person.(2) The statement shall be supplied by the consignor or owner of the consignment of toxic industrial waste to the carrier at the latest when the transport order is given, so as to enable the carrier to take all necessary steps to ensure that the driver of the vehicle used to transport the toxic industrial waste is aware of the instructions therein and is capable of carrying them out effectively.(3) It shall be the duty of any person who supplies any statement relating to toxic industrial waste to a carrier under paragraph (1) to ensure that the information contained therein is accurate and sufficient for the purposes of that paragraph.Carrier to be given copy of written approval, etc.23. Notwithstanding regulation 22, no carrier shall transport any toxic industrial waste exceeding the quantities as specified in the third column of the Schedule unless he has been given a copy of the written approval of the Director-General as prescribed by regulation 16. Transport documents24. —(1) The consignor or owner of a consignment of toxic industrial waste shall provide in the transport documents a statement regarding the safety requirements and the actions required to be taken by the carrier which shall include the following:(a) supplementary operational requirements for loading, unloading, transport, storage, handling and stowage or a statement that no supplementary operational requirements are necessary;(b) restrictions, if any, on the mode of transport and any necessary routing instructions;(c) emergency action plans;(d) indication or indications of the general nature of the risk involved and safety precautions when handling the toxic industrial waste; and(e) a declaration that the contents of the consignment are properly described by name and are properly marked, labelled and packaged and are in a proper condition for transport.(2) The declaration made under paragraph (1) (e) shall contain the original or stamped facsimile signature of the consignor or owner of the consignment of toxic industrial waste, as the case may be, together with the date and shall be in such form as may be prescribed by the Director-General.Instructions for drivers25. The carrier shall, before any toxic industrial waste is transported, give the driver of the vehicle used to transport the waste a copy of the statement referred to in regulation 22 (1) and ensure that the driver is adequately trained to carry out the instructions contained in the statement.Driver’s responsibility26. The driver of a vehicle used for transporting any toxic industrial waste shall —(a) keep in the vehicle the copy of the consignment note and statement given to him under regulations 17 and 25, respectively, at all times when the waste is being transported; and(b) comply with all the instructions contained in the copy of the statement given to him under regulation 25.Transport routes27. The carrier shall not transport any toxic industrial waste exceeding the quantities as specified in the third column of the Schedule except at such times and along such routes as may be prescribed by the Director-General.Hazard warning panels and labels28. —(1) Where any toxic industrial waste is being transported in a road tanker, a freight container or a tank container or in any other vehicle, the carrier shall ensure that such appropriate hazard warning panel or label as prescribed in the code of labelling specified by the Director-General is displayed on the road tanker, freight container, tank container or on any other vehicle and such panel or label shall —(a) be weather resistant and indelibly marked;(b) be either rigid or fixed to be rigid;(c) be marked on or securely attached to the vehicle, freight container or tankcontainer in a substantially vertical plane, and if the means of attachment is by aframe, that frame shall carry no other hazard warning panels; and(d) be kept clean and free from obstruction, except that a rear panel or label may bemounted behind a ladder of light construction which does not prevent the information on the panel or label from being easily read.(2) Where a multi-load is transported in a compartmented tank container or freight container or, if in a road tanker, in separate tanks or compartments of a tank, the carrier shall ensure that each tank or compartment which contains a toxic industrial waste is provided with and displays the appropriate hazard warning panel or label prescribed in the code of labelling specified by the Director-General and the requirements of paragraph (1) shall apply to such panel or label.(3) The carrier shall ensure that such hazard warning panel or label is —(a) displayed on the road tanker, freight container, tank container or other vehicle at all times when any toxic industrial waste is being transported; and(b) removed when the road tanker, freight container, tank container or other vehicle is not used for transporting any toxic industrial waste.Precaution against fire or explosion29. —(1) Every person engaged in the transport of toxic industrial waste shall —(a) ensure as far as is reasonably possible that none of the waste is spilt or released; and(b) observe all precautions necessary for preventing fire or explosion.(2) A suitable and efficient fire extinguisher shall be carried in an easily accessible position on any vehicle transporting any toxic industrial waste.Prohibition against overfill30. The consignor or owner of a consignment of toxic industrial waste shall ensure that any carrying tank of a road tanker, tank container or freight container in which the toxic industrial waste is transported is not overfilled at the time of consigning for transport.Prohibition against carriage of multi-loads of toxic industrial waste31. No person shall transport a multi-load of toxic industrial waste except in accordance witha code approved by the Director-General.Supervision of vehicles carrying toxic industrial waste32. —(1) The driver of a vehicle used to transport any toxic industrial waste shall ensure that the vehicle, when not driven, is —(a) parked in a safe place; or(b) supervised at all times by him or by some other competent person above the age of18 years.(2) Paragraph (1) shall not apply where any carrying tank of a road tanker, tank container or compartment thereof, which had contained a toxic industrial waste is nominally empty. (3) In paragraph (2), “nominally empty” means that as much of the toxic industrial waste as is reasonably practicable has been discharged or unloaded from it and that such wasteremaining within the carrying tank, tank container or compartment thereof is not sufficient to create a risk to the health and safety of any person.PART VIIMISCELLANEOUSSupply and sale of toxic industrial waste33. —(1) No person shall supply or sell or permit to be supplied or sold any toxic industrial waste to any unlicensed toxic industrial waste collector.(2) Paragraph (1) shall not apply to the export of toxic industrial waste from Singapore. Storage requirements34. It shall not be lawful to store any toxic industrial waste except in a container —(a) the design, construction and maintenance of which is in accordance with a code of practice approved by the Director-General;(b) which is in an area to which entry is restricted to authorised personnel; and(c) which is labelled with the appropriate hazard warning sign as prescribed in a code of labelling approved by the Director-General.Mixing of toxic industrial waste35. No person shall mix or permit the mixing of different types of toxic industrial waste or mix or permit the mixing of toxic industrial waste with non-toxic industrial waste unless the mixing is part of a process of treatment, use or disposal approved by the Director-General. Safe storage and dealing36. Every generator or toxic industrial waste collector and every agent or employee of such person shall, when storing, using or otherwise dealing with toxic industrial waste, do so in such a manner as not to threaten the health or safety of any person or to cause pollution to the environment.Notice requiring removal of toxic industrial waste from premises37. —(1) If, in the opinion of the Director-General, the toxic industrial waste stored in any premises is likely to threaten the health or safety of any person or to cause pollution to the environment, the Director-General may, by notice in writing, require the owner or occupier of the premises to remove the toxic industrial waste to a disposal facility within a stipulated period.(2) The Director-General may, by notice in writing, require the owner or occupier upon whom a notice has been served under paragraph (1) to furnish evidence that the industrial waste from the premises has been disposed of at a disposal facility in accordance with the notice.Emergency action plan to be prepared38. —(1) The generator, toxic industrial waste collector, consignor or owner of any consignment of toxic industrial waste shall —(a) prepare and keep up to date the emergency action plan detailing how spillage, leakage or accidents which may arise from the transportation, storage, reprocessing or treatment of toxic industrial waste will be dealt with; and(b) ensure that his agents or employees have received adequate instruction and training to enable them to implement the emergency action plan in the event of any accident or emergency involving any toxic industrial waste stored, reprocessed, treated or transported.(2) The Director-General may by notice in writing require any generator, toxic industrial waste collector, consignor or owner of any consignment of toxic industrial waste to prepare, improve or update the emergency action plan within a reasonable time fixed by him. Analysis of toxic industrial waste39. —(1) The Director-General may, by notice in writing, require any person to submit samples of the toxic industrial waste or such industrial waste as the Director-General may suspect to be toxic industrial waste produced in his premises or collected or received by him to any laboratory approved by the Director-General for chemical analysis.(2) All analysis reports shall be kept and shall be made available for inspection by the Director-General.Exemption40. The Director-General may exempt any person or class of persons from any of the provisions of these Regulations.Penalty41. A person who contravenes or fails to comply with any of the provisions of these Regulations shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $10,000 and, in the case of a continuing offence, to a further fine not exceeding $100 for every day or part thereof during which the offence continues after conviction.。