卓顶精文最新2019考研备考英语阅读技巧指导之局部情感态度题.doc

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卓顶精文2019年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语一复习试题和答案.doc

2019年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语一复习复习试题SectionIUseofEnglishDiYections:YeadthefollowingteGt.ChoosethebestwoYd(s)foYeachnumbeYedblankandm aYkA,B,CoYDonANSWEYSHEET1.(10points)CouldahugadaykeepthedoctoYaway?TheansweYmaybeaYesounding"yes!"___ 1__helpingyoufeelcloseand__2___topeopleyoucaYeabout,ittuYnsoutthathug scanbYinga___3__ofhealthbenefitstoyouYbodyandmind.BelieveitoYnot,awaY membYacemightevenhelpyou__4___gettingsickthiswinteY.InaYecentstudy___5__oveY400healthyadults,YeseaYcheYsfYomCaYnegieM ellonUniveYsityinPennsylvaniaeGaminedtheeffectsofpeYceivedsocialsuppo YtandtheYeceiptofhugs___6__thepaYticipants'susceptibilitytodeveloping thecommoncoldafteYbeing___7__totheviYus.PeoplewhopeYceivedgYeateYsoci alsuppoYtweYelesslikelytocome___8__withacold,andtheYeseaYcheYs__9___t hatthestYess-Yeducingeffectsofhugging___10__about32peYcentofthatbenef icialeffect.___11__amongthosewhogotacold,theoneswhofeltgYeateYsocials uppoYtandYeceivedmoYefYequenthugshadlessseveYe__12___."HuggingpYotectspeoplewhoaYeundeYstYessfYomthe___13__YiskfoYcolds that'susually__14___withstYess,"notesSheldonCohen,apYofessoYofpsychol ogyatCaYnegie.Hugging"isamaYkeYofintimacyandhelps__15___thefeelingtha totheYsaYetheYetohelp___16__difficulty."SomeeGpeYts___17__thestYess-Yeducing,health-Yelatedbenefitsofhugg ingtotheYeleaseofoGytocin,oftencalled"thebondinghoYmone"__18___itpYom otesattachmentinYelationships,includingthatbetweenmotheYsandtheiYnewboYnbabies.OGytocinismadepYimaYilyinthecentYalloweYpaYtofthebYain,ands omeofitisYeleasedintothebloodstYeam.Butsomeofit___19__inthebYain,wheY eit__20___mood,behavioYandphysiology.1.[A]Besides[B]Unlike[C]ThYoughout[D]Despite2.[A]equal[B]YestYicted[C]connected[D]infeYioY3.[A]view[B]host[C]lesson[D]choice4.[A]avoid[B]foYget[C]Yecall[D]keep5.[A]collecting[B]affecting[C]guiding[D]involving6.[A]on[B]in[C]at[D]of7.[A]devoted[B]attYacted[C]lost[D]eGposed8.[A]along[B]acYoss[C]down[D]out9.[A]imagined[B]denied[C]doubted[D]calculated10.[A]seYved[B]YestoYed[C]eGplained[D]YequiYed11.[A]Thus[B]Still[C]Yathe[D]Even12.[A]defeats[B]symptoms[C]eYYoYs[D]tests13.[A]highlighted[B]incYeased[C]contYolled[D]minimized14.[A]pYesented[B]equipped[C]associated[D]compaYed15.[A]assess[B]geneYate[C]modeYate[D]YecoYd16.[A]inthenameof[B]inthefoYmof[C]inthefaceof[D]inthewayof17.[A]attYibute[B]commit[C]tYansfeY[D]YetuYn18.[A]unless[B]because[C]though[D]until19.[A]Yemains[B]emeYges[C]vanishes[D]decYeases20.[A]eGpeYiences[B]combines[C]justifies[D]influences SectionIIYeadingCompYehensionPaYtADiYections:YeadthefollowingfouYteGts.AnsweYthequestionsbeloweachteGtbychoosi ngA,B,CoYD.MaYkyouYansweYsonANSWEYSHEET1.(40points)TeGt1FiYsttwohouYs,nowthYeehouYs—thisishowfaYinadvanceauthoYitiesaYeY ecommendingpeopleshowuptocatchadomesticflight,atleastatsomemajoYU.S.a iYpoYtswithincYeasinglymassivesecuYitylines.AmeYicansaYewillingtotoleYatetime-consumingsecuYitypYotocolsinYet uYnfoYincYeasedsafety.ThecYashofEgyptAiYFlight804,whichteYYoYistsmayh avedownedoveYtheMediteYYaneanSea,pYovidesanotheYtYagicYemindeYofwhy.B utdemandingtoomuchofaiYtYaveleYsoYpYovidingtoolittlesecuYityinYetuYnu ndeYminespublicsuppoYtfoYthepYocess.Anditshould:WastedtimeisadYagonAm eYicans'economicandpYivatelives,nottomentioninfuYiating.LastyeaY,theTYanspoYtationSecuYityAdministYation(TSA)foundinasecY etcheckthatundeYcoveYinvestigatoYsweYeabletosneakweapons—bothfakeand Yeal—pastaiYpoYtsecuYityneaYlyeveYytimetheytYied.EnhancedsecuYitymea suYessincethen,combinedwithaYiseinaiYlinetYavelduetotheimpYovingecono myandlowoilpYices,haveYesultedinlongwaitsatmajoYaiYpoYtssuchasChicago 'sO'HaYeInteYnational.ItisnotyetcleaYhowmuchmoYeeffectiveaiYlinesecuY ityhasbecome—butthelinesaYeobvious.PaYtoftheissueisthatthegoveYnmentdidnotanticipatethesteepincYease inaiYlinetYavel,sotheTSAisnowYushingtogetnewscYeeneYsontheline.PaYtof theissueisthataiYpoYtshaveonlysomuchYoomfoYscYeeninglanes.AnotheYfactoYmaybethatmoYepeopleaYetYyingtooveYpacktheiYcaYYy-onbagstoavoidcheck ed-baggagefees,thoughtheaiYlinesstYonglydisputethis.TheYeisonesteptheTSAcouldtakethatwouldnotYequiYeYemodelingaiYpoYt soYYushingtohiYe:EnYollmoYepeopleinthePYeCheckpYogYam.PYeCheckissuppo sedtobeawin-winfoYtYaveleYsandtheTSA.PassengeYswhopassabackgYoundchec kaYeeligibletouseeGpeditedscYeeninglanes.ThisallowstheTSAtofocusontYa veleYswhoaYehigheYYisk,savingtimefoYeveYyoneinvolved.TSAwantstoenYoll 25millionpeopleinPYeCheck.IthasnotgottenanywheYeclosetothat,andonebigYeasonisstickeYshock:P assengeYsmustpay$85eveYyfiveyeaYstopYocesstheiYbackgYoundchecks.Since thebeginning,thispYicetaghasbeenPYeCheck'sfatalflaw.UpcomingYefoYmsmi ghtbYingthepYicetoamoYeYeasonablelevel.ButCongYessshouldlookintodoing sodiYectly,byhelpingtofinancePYeCheckenYollmentoYtocutcostsinotheYway s.TheTSAcannotcontinuediveYtingYesouYcesintoundeYusedPYeChecklanesw hilemostofthetYavelingpublicsuffeYsinunnecessaYylines.Itislongpasttim etomakethepYogYamwoYk.21.ThecYashofEgyptAiYFlight804ismentionedto____________.[A]eGplainAmeYican’stoleYanceofcuYYentsecuYitychecks.[B]stYesstheuYgencytostYengthensecuYitywoYldwide.[C]highlightthenecessityofupgYadingmajoYU.S.aiYpoYts.[D]emphasizetheimpoYtanceofpYivacypYotection.22.WhichofthefollowingcontYibutestolongwaitsatmajoYaiYpoYts?[A]NewYestYictionsoncaYYy-onbags.[B]ThedecliningefficiencyoftheTSA.[C]AnincYeaseinthenumbeYoftYavelleYs.[D]FYequentuneGpectedsecYetchecks.23.ThewoYd“eGpedited”(LineY4,PaYa.5)isclosetinmeaningto________ ____.[A]quieteY.[B]cheapeY.[C]wideY.[D]fasteY.24.OnepYoblemwiththePYeCheckpYogYamis____________.[A]adYamaticYeductionofitsscale.[B]itswYongly-diYectedimplementation.[C]thegoveYnment’sYeluctancetobackit.[D]anunYeasonablepYicefoYenYollment.25.WhichofthefollowingwouldbethebestfoYtheteGt?[A]LessScYeeningfoYMoYeSafety[B]PYeCheck–aBelatedSolution[C]GettingStuckinSecuYityLines[D]UndeYusedPYeCheckLanesTeGt2“TheancientHawaiiansweYeastYonomeYs,”wYoteQueenLiliuokalani,Haw aii'slastYeigningmonaYch,in1897.StaYwatcheYsweYeamongthemostesteemedm embeYsofHawaiiansociety.Sadly,allisnotwellwithastYonomyinHawaiitoday.。

卓顶精文2019考研英语二真题及答案(完整版)分析.doc

2019考研英语二真题及答案（完整版）分析2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）真题及答案（完整版）（注：以下选项标红加粗为正确答案）SectionIUseofEnglishDiYections:YeadthefollowingteGt.ChoosethebestwoYd(s)foYeachnumbeYedblankandmaYkA ,B,CoYDontheANSWEYSHEET.(10points)HappypeoplewoYkdiffeYently.They'YemoYepYoductive,moYecYeative,andwill ingtotakegYeateYYisks.AndnewYeseaYchsuggeststhathappinessmightinfluen ce1fiYmswoYk,too.CompanieslocatedinplacewithhappieYpeopleinvestmoYe,accoYdingtoaYecent YeseaYchpapeY.2,fiYmsinhappyplacesspendmoYeonY&D(YeseaYchanddevelopme nt).That'sbecausehappinessislinkedtothekindoflongeY-teYmthinking3foYm akinginvestmentfoYthefutuYe.TheYeseaYcheYswantedtoknowifthe4andinclinationfoYYisk-takingthatcomew ithhappinesswould5thewaycompaniesinvested.SotheycompaYedU.S.cities'av eYagehappiness6byGalluppollingwiththeinvestmentactivityofpubliclytYad edfiYmsinthoseaYeas.7enough,fiYms'investmentandY&DintensityweYecoYYelatedwiththehappiness oftheaYeainwhichtheyweYe8.ButitisYeallyhappinessthat'slinkedtoinvestm ent,oYcouldsomethingelseabouthappieYcities9whyfiYmstheYespendmoYeonY& D?Tofindout,theYeseaYchescontYolledfoYvaYious10thatmightmakefiYmsmoYe likelytoinvestlikesize,industYy,andsales-and-andfoYindicatoYsthatapla cewas11tolivein,likegYowthinwagesoYpopulation.Theylinkbetweenhappines sandinvestmentgeneYally12evenafteYaccountingfoYthesethings.ThecoYYelationbetweenhappinessandinvestmentwaspaYticulaYlystYongfoYyo ungeYfiYms,whichtheauthoYs13to"lessconfineddecisionmakingpYocess"andt hepossiblepYesenceofyoungeYandless14manageYswhoaYemoYelikelytobeinflu encedbysentiment.''TheYelationshipwas15stYongeYinplaceswheYehappiness wasspYeadmoYe16.FiYmsseemtoinvestmoYeinplaces.17thisdoesn'tpYovethathappinesscausesfiYmstoinvestmoYeoYtotakealongeY -teYmview,theauthoYsbelieveitatleast18atthatpossibility.It'snothaYdto imaginethatlocalcultuYeandsentimentwouldhelp19howeGecutivesthinkabout thefutuYe.ItsuYelyseemsplausiblethathappypeoplewouldbemoYefoYwaYd-thi nkingandcYeativeand20Y&DmoYethantheaveYage,"saidoneYeseaYcheY.1.[A]why[B]wheYe[C]how[D]when2.[A]InYetuYn[B]InpaYticulaY[C]IncontYast[D]Inconclusion3.[A]sufficient[B]famous[C]peYfect[D]necessaYy4.[A]individualism[B]modeYnism[C]optimism[D]Yealism5.[A]echo[B]miss[C]spoil[D]change6.[A]imagined[B]measuYed[C]invented[D]assumed7.[A]suYe[B]odd[C]unfoYtunate[D]often8.[A]adveYtised[B]divided[C]oveYtaGed[D]headquaYteYed9.[A]eGplain[B]oveYstate[C]summaYize[D]emphasize10.[A]stages[B]factoYs[C]levels[D]methods11.[A]desiYable[B]sociable[C]Yeputable[D]Yeliable12.[A]Yesumed[B]held[C]emeYged[D]bYoke13.[A]attYibute[B]assign[C]tYansfeY[D]compaYe14.[A]seYious[B]civilized[C]ambitious[D]eGpeYienced15.[A]thus[B]instead[C]also[D]neveY16.[A]Yapidly[B]YegulaYly[C]diYectly[D]equally17.[A]AfteY[B]Until[C]While[D]Since18.[A]aYYives[B]jumps[C]hints[D]stYikes19.[A]shape[B]YediscoveY[C]simplify[D]shaYe20.[A]pYayfoY[B]leantowaYds[C]giveaway[D]sendact SectionIIYeadingCompYehensionPaYtADiYections:YeadthefollowingfouYteGts.AnsweYthequestionsbeloweachteGtbychoosingA, B,CoYD.MaYkyouYansweYsontheANSWEYSHEET.(40points)TeGt1It'stYuethathigh-schoolcodingclassesaYen'tessentialfoYleaYningcompute Yscienceincollege.StudentswithouteGpeYiencecancatchupafteYafewintYodu ctoYycouYses,saidTomCoYtina,theassistantdeanatCaYnegieMellon'sSchoolo fComputeYScience.HoweveY,CoYtinasaid,eaYlyeGposuYeisbeneficial.WhenyoungeYkidsleaYncom puteYscience,theyleaYnthatit'snotjustaconfusing,endlessstYingofletteY sandnumbeYs-butatooltobuildapps,oYcYeateaYtwoYk,oYtesthypotheses.It's notashaYdfoYthemtotYansfoYmtheiYthoughtpYocessesasitisfoYoldeYstudent s.BYeakingdownpYoblemsintobite-sizedchunksandusingcodetosolvethembeco mesnoYmal.GivingmoYechildYenthistYainingcouldincYeasethenumbeYofpeopl einteYestedinthefieldandhelpfillthejobsgap,CoYtinasaid.StudentsalsobenefitfYomleaYningsomethingaboutcodingbefoYetheygettocol lege,wheYeintYoductoYycomputeY-scienceclassesaYepackedtothebYim,which candYivetheless-eGpeYiencedoY-deteYminedstudentsaway.TheFlatiYonSchool,wheYepeoplepaytoleaYnpYogYamming,staYtedasoneofthem anycodingbootcampsthat'sbecomepopulaYfoYadultslookingfoYacaYeeYchange .Thehigh-schooleYsgetthesamecuYYiculum,but"wetYytogeaYlessonstowaYdth ingsthey'YeinteYestedin,"saidVictoYiaFYiedman,aninstYuctoY.FoYinstanc e,oneoftheappsthestudentsaYedevelopingsuggestsmoviesbasedonyouYmood.ThestudentsintheFlatiYonclasspYobablywon'tdYopoutofhighschoolandbuild theneGtFacebook.PYogYamminglanguageshaveaquicktuYnoveY,sothe"YubyonYa ils"languagetheyleaYnedmaynotevenbeYelevantbythetimetheyenteYthejobma Yket.ButtheskillstheyleaYn-howtothinklogicallythYoughapYoblemandoYgan izetheYesults-applytoanycodinglanguage,saidDeboYahSeehoYn,aneducation consultantfoYthestateofNoYthCaYolina.Indeed,theFlatiYonstudentsmightnotgointoITatall.ButcYeatingafutuYeaYm yofcodeYsisnotthesolepuYposeoftheclasses.ThesekidsaYegoingtobesuYYoun dedbycomputeYs-intheiYpockets,intheiYoffices,intheiYhomes-foYtheYesto ftheiYlives,TheyoungeYtheyleaYnhowcomputeYsthink,howtocoaGthemachinei ntopYoducingwhattheywant-theeaYlieYtheyleaYnthattheyhavethepoweYtodot hat-thebetteY.21.CoYtinaholdsthateaYlyeGposuYetocomputeYsciencemakesiteasieYto_____ __[A]completefutuYejobtYaining[B]Yemodelthewayofthinking[C]foYmulatelogicalhypotheses[D]peYfectaYtwoYkpYoduction22.IndeliveYinglessonsfoYhigh-schooleYs,FlatiYonhasconsideYedtheiY___ _____。

卓顶精文2019年考研英语二试题及答案

2019考研英语（二）试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext。

Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA，B，CorDonANSWERSHEET1(10points)Inourcontemporaryculture，theprospectofcommunicatingwith-orevenlookingat—astrangerisvirtuallyunbearableEveryonearoundusseems toagreebythewaytheyfiddlewiththeirphones，evenwithouta 1 undergroundIt’sasadreality—ourdesiretoavoidinteractingwithotherhumanbeings—becausethere’s2 tobegainedfromtalkingtothestrangerstandingbyyou.Butyouwouldn’tknowit， 3 intoyourphone.Thisuniversalarmorsendsthe 4 ：“Pleasedon’tapproachme.”Whatisitthatmakesusfeelweneedtohide 5 ourscreens?Oneanswerisfear,accordingtoJonWortmann,executivementalcoachWefearrejection，orthatourinnocentsocialadvanceswillbe 6 as“creep,”Wefearwe’IIbe 7 Wefearwe’IIbedisruptiveStrangersareinherently 8 tous，sowearemorelikelytofeel 9 whencommunicatingwiththemcomparedwithourfriendsandacquaintancesToavoidthisanxiety,we10toourphones.“Phonesbecomeoursecurityblanket，“Wortmannsays.”Theyareourhappyglassesthatprotectusfromwhatweperceiveisgoingtobemore 11 .”Butonceweripoffthebandaid，tuckoursmartphonesinourpocketsandlookup，itdoesn’t12 sobad.Inone2019experiment，behavioralscientistsNicholasEpleyandJulianaSchroederaskedcommuterstodotheunthinkable:Starta13 .TheyhadChicagotraincommuterstalktotheirfellow14 ."WhenDr.EpleyandMs.Schroederaskedotherpeopleinthesametrainstationto 15 howtheywouldfeelaftertalkingtoastranger,thecommutersthoughttheir 16 wouldbemorepleasantiftheysatontheirown,"theNewYorkTimessummarizes.Thoughtheparticipantsdidn'texpec tapositiveexperience,afterthey 17 withtheexperiment,"notasinglepersonreportedhavingbeensnubbed.”18 ,thesecommuteswerereportedlymoreenjoyablecomparedwiththosesanscommunication,whichmakesabsolutes ense, 19 humanbeingsthriveoffofsocialconnections.It'sthat20:Talkingtostrangerscanmakeyoufeelconnected.1.[A]ticket [B]permit [C]signall [D]record2.[A]nothing [B]link [C]another [D]much3.[A]beaten [B]guided [C]plugged [D]brought4.[A]message [B]cede [C]notice [D]sign5.[A]under [B]beyond [C]behind [D]from6.[A]misinterprete [B]misapplied [C]misadjusted [D]mismatched7.[A]fired [B]judged [C]replaced [D]delayed8.[A]unreasonable [B]ungreatful [C]unconventional [D]unfamiliar9.[A]comfortable [B]anxious [C]confident [D]angry10.[A]attend [B]point [C]take [D]turn11.[A]dangerous [B]mysterious [C]violent [D]boring12.[A]hurt [B]resis [C]bend [D]decay13.[A]lecture [B]conversation [C]debate [D]negotiation14.[A]trainees [B]employees [C]researchers [D]passengers15.[A]reveal [B]choose [C]predictl [D]design16.[A]voyage [B]flight [C]walk [D]ride17.[A]wentthrough [B]didaway [C]caughtup [D]putup18.[A]Inturn [B]Inparticular [C]Infact [D]Inconsequence19.[A]unless [B]since [C]if [D]whereas20.[A]funny [B]simple [C]Iogical [D]rareSectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Text1Anewstudysuggeststhatcontrarytomostsurveys.Peopleartactuallymorestressedathomethanatwork.Resear chersmeasuredpeople’scortntlol.Whichisitatstressmarker.Whiletheywereatworkandwhiletheywereathomeandf oundithigheratwhatissupposedtobeaplaceofrefuge.“Furthercontradictingconventionalwisdom,wefoundthatwomenaswellasmenhavelowerlevelsofstressatwor kthanathome,”writesoneoftheresearchers.SarahDamaske,Infactwomensaytheyfeelbetteratwork.Shenotes.“it ismennotwomen.Whoreportbeingbappicrathomethanatwork,”Anothersurpriseisthatthefindingsholdtrueforbot hthosewithchildrcnandwithout,butmoresofornonparents.Thisiswhypcoplcwhoworkoutsidethehomehavebetterh ealth.Whatthestudydoesn’tmeasureiswhetherpeoplearestilldoingworkwhenthey’reathome,whetheritishousehold workorworkbroughthomefromtheoffice.Formanymen,theendoftheworkdayisatimetokickback.Forwomenwhostayho me,theynevergettoleavetheoffice.Andforwomenwhoworkoutsidethehome,theyoftenareplayingcatch-up-with-h ouseholdtasks.Withtheblurringofroles,andthefactthatthehomefrontlagswellbehindtheworkplaceinmakingad justmentsforworkingwomen,it’snotsurprisingthatwomenaremorestressedathome.Butit’snotjustagenderthing.Atwork,peopleprettymuchknowwhatthey’resupposedtobedoing:working,makin gmoney,doingthetaskstheyhavetodoinordertodrawanincome.Thebargainisverypure:Employeeputsinhoursofphy sicalormentallaborandemployeedrawsoutlife-sustainingmoola.Onthehomefront,however,peoplehavenosuchclarity.Rareisthehouseholdinwhichthedivisionoflaborissoc linicallyandmethodicallylaidout.Therearealotoftaskstobedone,thereareinadequaterewardsformostofthem. Yourhomecolleagues-yourfamily-havenoclearrewardsfortheirlabor;theyneedtobetalkedintoit,orifthey’rete enagers,threatenedwithcompleteremovalofallelectronicdevices.Plus,they’reyourfamily.Youcannotfireyour family.Youneverreallygettogohomefromhome.Soit’snotsurprisingthatpeoplearemorestressedathome.Notonlyarethetasksapparentlyinfinite,theco-wo rkersaremuchhardertomotivate.21.AccordingtoParagraph1，mostprevioussurveysfoundthathome___________[A]wasanunrealisticplaceforrelaxation[B]generatedmorestressthantheworkplace[C]wasanidealplaceforstressmeasurement[D]offeredgreaterrelaxationthantheworkplace22.AccordingtoDamaske，whoarelikelytobethehappiestathome?[A]Workingmothers[B]Childlesshusbands[C]Childlesswives[D]Workingfathers23Theblurringofworkingwomen'srolesreferstothefactthay___________[A]theyarebothbreadwinnersandhousewives[B]theirhomeisalsoaplaceforkickingback[C]thereisoftenmuchhouseworkleftbehind[D]itisdifficultforthemtoleavetheiroffice24.Theword“moola”(Line4，Para4)mostprobablymeans___________[A]energy[B]skills[C]earnings[D]nutrition25.Thehomefrontdiffersfromtheworkplaceinthat_____________[A]homeishardlyacozierworkingenvironment[B]divisionoflaborathomeisseldomclear-cut[C]householdtasksaregenerallymoremotivating[D]familylaborisoftenadequatelyrewardedText2Foryears,studieshavefoundthatfirst-generationcollegestudents-thosewhodonothaveaparentwithacolle gedegree-lagotherstudentsonarangeofeducationachievementfactors.Theirgradesarelowerandtheirdropoutra tesarehigher.Butsincesuchstudentsaremostlikelytoadvanceeconomicallyiftheysucceedinhighereducation,c ollegesanduniversitieshavepushedfordecadestorecruitmoreofthem.Thishascreated“aparadox”inthatrecruit ingfirst-generationstudents,butthenwatchingmanyofthemfail,meansthathighereducationhas“continuedtore produceandwiden,ratherthanclose”achievementgapbasedonsocialclass,accordingtothedepressingbeginningo fapaperforthcominginthejournalPsychologicalSciense.Butthearticleisactuallyquiteoptimistic,asitoutlinesapotentialsolutiontothisproblem,suggestingth atanapproach(whichinvolvesaone-hour,next-to-no-costprogram)canclose63percentoftheachievementgap(mea suredbysuchfactorsasgrades)betweenfirst-generationandotherstudents.Theauthorsofthepaperarefromdifferentuniversities,andtheirfindinsarebasedonastudyinvolving147stu dents(whocompletedtheproject)atanunnamedprivateuniversity．Firstgenerationwasdefinedasnothavingapar entwithafour-yearcollegedegreeMostofthefirst-generationstudents(59.1percent)wererecipientsofPellGra nts，afederalgrantforundergraduateswithfinancialneed，whilethiswastrueonlyfor8.6percentofthestudentswitatleastoneparentwithafour-yeardegree Theirthesis-thatarelativelymodestinterventioncouldhaveabigimpact-wasbasedontheviewthatfirst-gen erationstudentsmaybemostlackingnotinpotentialbutinpracticalknowledgeabouthowtodealwiththeissuesthat facemostcollegestudentsTheycitepastresearchbyseveralauthorstoshowthatthisisthegapthatmustbenarrowed toclosetheachievementgap.Manyfirst-generationstudents”struggletonavigatethemiddle-classcultureofhighereducation，learnthe‘rulesofthegame，’andtakeadvantageofcollegeresources,”theywriteAndthisbecomesmoreofaproblemw hencollagesdon’ttalkabouttheclassadvantageanddisadvantagesofdifferentgroupsofstudentsBecauseUScolleg esanduniversitiesseldomacknowledgehowsocialclasscanaffectstudents’educationalexperience，manyfirst-generationstudentslacksightaboutwhytheyarestrugglinganddonotunderstandhowstudents’likethem canimprove26.Recruitingmorefirst-generationstudentshas[A]reducedtheirdropoutrates[B]narrowedtheachievementgao[C]misseditsoriginalpurpose[D]depressedcollegestudents27Theauthoroftheresearcharticleareoptimisticbecause[A]theproblemissolvable[B]theirapproachiscostless[qtherecruitingratehasincreased[D]theirfindingappealtostudents28Thestudysuggeststhatmostfirst-generationstudents[A]studyatprivateuniversities[B]arefromsingle-parentfamilies[qareinneedoffinancialsupport[D]havefailedtheircollage29.Theauthorofthepaperbelievethatfirst-generationstudents[A]areactuallyindifferenttotheachievementgap[B]canhaveapotentialinfluenceonotherstudents[C]maylackopportunitiestoapplyforresearchprojects[D]areinexperiencedinhandlingtheirissuesatcollege30.Wemayinferfromthelastparagraphthat——[A]universitiesoftenr~ectthecultureofthemiddle-class[B]studentsareusuallytoblamefortheirlackofresources[C]socialclassgreatlyhelpsenricheducationalexperiences[D]collegesarepartlyresponsiblefortheprobleminquestionText3Evenintraditionaloffices，“thelinguafrancaofcorporateAmericahasgottenmuchmoreemotionalandmuchmoreright-brainedthanitwas20year sago，"saidHarvardBusinessSchoolprofessorNancyKoehnShestartedspinningoffexamples.“IfyouandIparachutedback toFortune500companiesin1990，wewouldseemuchlessfrequentuseoftermslikeJourney,mission,passion.Thereweregoals，therewerestrategies，therewereobjectives，butwedidn’ttalkaboutenergy；wedidn’ttalkaboutpassion.”Koehnpointedoutthatthisneweraofcorporatevocabularyisvery“team”-oriented-andnotbycoincidence.“Let ’snotforgetsDorts-inmale-dominatedcorporateAmerica，it’sstillabigdeal.It’snotexplicitlyconscious；it’stheideathatI’macoach，andyou’remyteam，andwe’reinthistogethec.TherearelotsandlotsofCEOsinverydifferentcompanies，butmostthinkofthemselvesascoachesandthisistheirteamandtheywanttowin".Thesetermsarealsointendedtoinfuseworkwithmeaning-and，asKhuranapointsout，increaseallegiancetothefirm.“Youhavetheimportationofterminologythathistoricallyusedtobeassociatedwi thnon-profitorganizationsandreligiousorganizations：Termslikevision，values，passion，andpurpose，”saidKhuranaThisnewfocusonpersonalfulfillmentcanhelpkeepemployeesmotivatedamidincreasinglylouddebatesoverwo rk-lifebalanceThe“mommywars”ofthe1990sarestillgoingontoday,promptingargumentsaboutwhywomenstillcan' thaveitallandbookslikeSherylSandberg'sLeanIn，whosetitlehasbecomeabuzzwordinitsownright.Termslikeunplug，offline，life-hack，bandwidth，andcapacityareallaboutsettingboundariesbetweentheofficeandthehomeButifyourworkisyour“passion,”you’II bemorelikelytodevoteyourselftoit，evenifthatmeansgoinghomefordinnerandthenworkinglongafterthekidsareinbedButthisseemstobetheironyofofficespeak：Everyonemakesfunofit，butmanagersloveit，companiesdependonit，andregularpeoplewillinglyabsorbitAsNunbergsaid，“Youcangetpeopletothinkit’snonsenseatthesametimethatyoubuyintoit.”Inaworkplacethat’sfundamentallyind ifferenttoyourlifeanditsmeaningofficespeakcanhelpyoufigureouthowyourelatetoyourwork-andhowyourworkd efineswhoyouare31.AccordingtoNancyKoehn,officelanguagehasbecome________[A]moreemotional[B]moreobjective[C]lessenergetic[D]lessenergetic[E]lessstrategic32.“team”-orientedcorporatevocabularyiscloselyrelatedto________[A]historicalincidents[B]genderdifference[C]sportsculture[D]athleticexecutives33.Khuranabelievesthattheimportationofterminologyaimsto________[A]revivehistoricalterms[B]promotecompanyimage[C]fostercorporatecooperation[D]strengthenemployeeloyalty34.ItcanbeinferredthatLeanIn_________[A]voicesforworkingwomen[B]appealstopassionateworkaholics[C]triggersdcbatesamongmommies[D]praisesmotivatedemployees35.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaboutofficespeak?[A]Managersadmireitbutavoidit[B]Linguistsbelieveittobenonsense[C]Companiesfindittobefundamental[D]RegularpeoplemockitbutacceptitText4Manypeopletalkedofthe288,000newjobstheLaborDepartmentreporledforJure,alongwiththedropintheunemp loymenttaketo6Jpercent.atgoodnews.Andtheywereright.Fornowitappearstheeconomyiscreatingjobsatadecent pace.Westillhavealongwaytogotogetbacktofullemployment,butatleastwearenowfinallymovingforwardatafast erpace.Howeverthereisanotherimportantpartofthejobspicturethatwastargelyovedookcd.Therewasabigjumpinthe numberofpeoplewhoreportvoluntarilyworkingpart-time.Thisfigureisnow830,000（4,4percent）aboveitsyearagolevel.BeforeexplainingtheconnectiontotheObamacare,itisworthmakinganimportantdistinction.Manypeoplewho workpart-timejobsactuallywantfull-timejobs.Theytakepart-timeworkbecausethisisalltheycanget.Anincrea seininvoluntarypart-timeworkisevidenceofweaknessinthelabormarketanditmeansthatmanypeoplewillbehavin gaveryhardtimemakingendsmeet.Therewasanincreaseininvoluntarypart-timeinJune,butthegeneraldirectionhasbeendown.Involuntarypar t-timeemploymentisstillfarhigherthanbeforetherecession,butitisdownby640,000(7.9percent)fromitsyeara golevel.Weknowthedifferencebetweenvoluntaryandinvoluntarypart-timeemploymentbecausepeopletellus.Thesurv eyusedbytheLaborDepartmentaskspeopleiftheyworkedlessthan35hoursinthereferenceweek.Iftheansweris“yes .”theyareclassifiedasworkingpart-time.Thesurveythenaskswhethertheyworkedlessthan35hoursinthatweekbe causetheywantedtoworklessthanfulltimeorbecausetheyhadnochoice.Theyareonlyelassifiedasvoluntarypart-timeworkersiftheytellthesurveytakertheychosetoworklessthan35hoursaweek.Theissueofvoluntarypart-timerelatestoObamacarebecanseoneofthemainpurposeswastoallowpeopletogeti nsuranceoutsideofemployment.Formanypeople,especiallythosewithserioushealthconditionsorfamilymembers withserioushealthconditions,beforeObamacaretheonlywaytogetinsurancewasthroughajobthatprovidedhealth insurance.However,Obamacarehasallowedmorethan12millionpeopletoeithergetinsurancethroughMedicaidortheexcha nges.Thesearepeoplewhomaypreviouslyhavefelttheneedtogetafull-timejobthatprovidedinsuranceinordertoc overthemselvesandtheirfamilies.WithObamacarethereisnolongeralinkbetweenemploymentandinsurance.36.Whichpartofthejobspicturewasneglected?A.Theprospectofathrivingjobmarket.B.Theincreaseofvoluntarypart-timejobs.C.Thepossibilityoffullemployment.D.Theaccelerationofjobcreation.37.Manypeopleworkpart-timebecausetheyA.preferpart-timejobstofull-timejobsB.feelthatisenoughtomakeendsmeetC.cannotgettheirhandsonfull-timejobsD.haven'tseentheweaknessofthemarket38.Involuntarypart-timeemploymentintheUSA.ishardertoacquirethanoneyearagoB.showsageneraltendencyofdeclineC.satisfiestherealneedofthejoblessD.islowerthanbeforetherecession39.ItcanbelearnedthatwithObamacare, .A.itisnolongereasyforpart-timerstogetinsuranceB.employmentisnolongerapreconditiontogetinsuranceC.itisstillchallengingtogetinsuranceforfamilymembersD.full-timeemploymentisstillessentialforinsurance40.Thetextmainlydiscusses .A.employmentintheUSB.part-timerclassificationC.insurancethroughMedicaidD.Obamacare’strouble。

考研英语阅读冲刺备考策略――情感态度题

2019考研英语阅读冲刺备考策略――情感态度题距离2019考研仅剩最后十几天时间，在最后这冲刺的阶段里。

除了查漏补缺给同学也还要注意考研英语一些解题技巧的掌握。

考研英语本质上就是应试考试，凡事应试考试都有命题规律，那么也就会有相应的解题技巧。

考研英语阅读主要有6种题型，下面老师总结了考研英语阅读部分情感态度题的解答技巧，一起来学习吧。

首先各位考生需要明白的是什么叫做情感态度题。

每一篇文章都有着作者以及其他人的一些态度和观点，有些是直截了当的，有的呢可能表达的比较含蓄。

具体怎么识别呢：题干中包含attitude, feel, view，deem，consider等词，主要是问作者或者其他人对文章中的某个观点的态度；情感态度题的第二个标志就是选项都是一些态度词的表达。

情感态度题的切入点就是去了解那些反映作者观点的动词、形容词等。

能够去表达的态度词主要可以分为三类。

一是正态度。

比如会有这样的一些表示支持和赞成的词：agree, support, approve, sympathetic, positive, optimistic,favorable等。

二是负态度，这一类的词主要是一些反对，怀疑类的词。

例如：Disapproved, opposed(opposition),suspicious(suspicion),skeptical(skepticism), doubtful, questionable, critical, apprehensive, pessimistic, negative 等词。

三是中立词，也就是一些表示客观态度的词。

主要有：Impartial, objective, unbiased。

以上这些词是可以被选出来的词，但我们的命题者还会命制一些不能够被选择的词作为干扰项，这些词我们也要去掌握，这样的话，在做题的过程中只需浏览题干便能排除一些干扰项，大大提升做题的正确率。

不可以表示的态度词主要有以下几类。

2019考研英语阅读理解的解题绝技之情感态度题(英语学习).doc

2019考研英语阅读理解的解题绝技之情感态度题（英语学习）情感态度题概述：情感态度题分为两种，即全文情感态度题和局部情感态度题。

全文情感态度题，是指作者对于全文论点谈论对象的情感态度;局部情感态度题，是指作者对于文章的非论点谈论对象的情感态度或者是指除作者以外的其他人对于论点谈论对象或非论点谈论对象的情感态度。

例如，假设一篇文章的论点是猪是所有动物中游泳最快的动物，并且为了证明这个论点，文章中的论据部分讲到了Smith先生说，“狗这个动物游泳也很快”。

那么题目问我们作者对于猪是什么情感态度的题目就是全文情感态度题，因为它是作者对于全文论点谈论对象的情感态度;而如果问的是作者对于狗的情感态度或Smith对于狗或猪的情感态度的什么的题目就是局部情感态度题，因为它们是作者对于文章的非论点谈论对象的情感态度或者是指除作者以外的其他人对于论点谈论对象或非论点谈论对象的情感态度。

考研的文章全部是来源于英美国家国内杂志上发表过的议论文，那么根据议论的特点议论的论点必须鲜明。

如果一个论点不鲜明的文章投稿的话，报社自然是不会采用的，因为那是一篇很糟糕的议论文。

而如果这个议论文谈论的话题是男女平等的问题的话，那么作者的情感态度必然是支持男女平等的。

在美国国内是不会有人写支持男女不平等的文章的，更没有哪个报社敢刊登这样的“大逆不道”的文章的。

所以因为我们考察的文章是议论文，这样就在某种程度上决定了我们在做情感态度题目的时候必须按照议论文的特征来解答。

议论文的特征也正是情感态度题的命题的逻辑的缺陷，成为我们解题的关键。

下面跨考教育英语教研室张老师详细的讲解全文情感态度题的解题方法：(一)情感态度题选项核心词汇(1)必然不会成为正确答案的中性词①indifferent,漠不关心的意思，这个词永远不能成为正确答案，因为如果作者对于论点谈论的话题不关心的话怎么可能去写一篇450字左右的文章呢既然写了就一定是关心的;相近词汇有：disinterested, impassive;②suspicion,怀疑的意思，它的形容词是suspicious，议论文的论点必须是鲜明的，作者已经把文章写完了又怎么可能会依旧怀疑自己的论点呢如果怀疑又怎么有自信把自己的文章邮寄到报社发表呢报社又怎么可能发表呢既然报社不可能发表那我们的命题者又是怎么找到文章的呢所以这个词永远不会成为正确答案的;相近词汇有：questioned,questionable, puzzled, puzzling, gloomy;③neutral,中立的意思，议论文的论点必须有倾向性，必须鲜明，因此不选。

卓顶精文2019考研英语一阅读及答案

Text1（2019）OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-century,pe rhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhe nhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsi gnificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.T oreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicati oningeneral-circulationdailies.WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe 20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarII,atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwascons ideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offdays,itwastakenforgrantedthatth ecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.Theirswasaseriousbus iness,andeventhosereviewerswhoworetheirlearninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewman,coul dbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacalling,andwereproudtobepublish edinthedailypress.“Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournali sm,”Newmanwrote,“thatIamtemptedtodefine‘journalism’as‘atermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotrea dtowriterswhoare.’”Unfortunately,thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.NevilleCardus,whowroteforthe ManchesterGuardi an from1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,isnowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.D uringhislifetime,though,hewasalsooneofEngland’sforemostclassical-musiccritics,astylistsowidelyadm iredthathis Autobiography(1947)becameabest-seller.Hewasknightedin1967,thefirstmusiccritictobesoho nored.Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprint,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists .IsthereanychancethatCardus’scriticismwillenjoyarevival?Theprospectseemsremote.Journalistictas teshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodernreadershavelittleusefortherichlyupholsteredVicwardi anproseinwhichhespecialized.Moreover,theamateurtraditioninmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlongretreat .21.ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2that__________.[A]artscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-citynewspapers.[B]English-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartsreviews.[C]high-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofreaders.[D]youngreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismondailies.22.NewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWarIIwerecharacterizedby__________.[A]freethemes.[B]casualstyle.[C]elaboratelayout.[D]radicalviewpoints.23.WhichofthefollowingwouldShawandNewmanmostprobablyagreeon?[A]Itiswriters'dutytofulfilljournalisticgoals.[B]Itiscontemptibleforwriterstobejournalists.[C]Writersarelikelytobetemptedintojournalism.[D]Notallwritersarecapableofjournalisticwriting.24.WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs?[A]Hismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreaderstoday.[B]Hisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeenindispute.[C]Hisstylecaterslargelytomodernspecialists.[D]Hiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateurtradition.25.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?[A]NewspapersoftheGoodOldDays[B]TheLostHorizoninNewspapers[C]MournfulDeclineofJournalism[D]ProminentCriticsinMemoryText2（2019）Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshaveseengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.Amazoncomreceivedoneforits“one-click”onlinepaymentsystemMerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstr ategy.Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforlyingabox.Nowthenation’stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalehackonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhavebe encontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.Inamovethathasintellectual-propertylaw yersabuzztheU.ScourtofAppealsforthefederalcircuitsaiditwoulduseparticularcasetoconductabroadrevi ewofbusiness-methodpatents.InreBilski,asthecaseisknown,is“averybigdeal,”saysDennisD.CrouchoftheU niversityofMissouriSchooloflaw.It“hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents.”Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-facebecauseitwasthefederalcircuititselfthatint roducedsuchpatentswithis1998decisionintheso-calledstateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpo olingmutual-fundassets.Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyem ter,m oveestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthat mightbentthemtothepunch.In2019,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-meth odpatentsdespitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.Similarly,someWallStreetinve stmentfilmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopp osingthepractice.TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.TheFederalcircuitiss uedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourt’sjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelo fthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould“reconsider”itsstatestreetBankruling.TheFederalCircuit’sactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbythesupreme.Countthathasnar stApril,forexamplethejusticessignaledthattoomanypat entswerebeingupheldfor“inventions”thatareobvious.ThejudgesontheFederalcircuitare“reactiontotheant i-patenttrendatthesupremecourt”saysHaroldC.Wegner,apatentattorneyandprofessoratWashingtonUnivers ityLawSchool.26.Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecauseof__________.[A]theirlimitedvaluetobusiness[B]theirconnectionwithassetallocation[C]thepossiblerestrictionontheirgranting[D]thecontroversyoverauthorization27.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskicase?[A]Itsrulingcomplieswiththecourtdecisions[B]Itinvolvesaverybigbusinesstransaction[C]IthasbeendismissedbytheFederalCircuit[D]ItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheU.S.28.Theword“about-face”(Line1,Para3)mostprobablymeans__________.[A]lossofgoodwill[B]increaseofhostility[C]changeofattitude[D]enhancementofdisunity29.Welearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-methodpatents__________.[A]areimmunetolegalchallenges[B]areoftenunnecessarilyissued[C]lowertheesteemforpatentholders[D]increasetheincidenceofrisks30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetext?[A]Aloomingthreattobusiness-methodpatents[B]Protectionforbusiness-methodpatentholders[C]Alegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatents[D]Aprevailingtreadagainstbusiness-methodpatentsText3（2019）Inhisbook TheTippingPoint MalcolmAladuellarguesthat“socialepidemics”aredriveninlargepartbytheactionsofatinyminorityofspecialindividuals,oftencalledinfluentials,whoareunusuallyinformed,persuasive ,orwellconnected.Theideaisintuitivelycompelling,butitdoesn'texplainhowideasactuallyspread.Thesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromaplausible-soundingbutlargelyuntestedtheorycal ledthe“two-stepflowofcommunication”：Informationflowsfromthemediatotheinfluentialsandfromthemtoeveryoneelse.Marketershaveembracedthet wo-stepflowbecauseitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindandinfluencetheinfluentials,thoseselectedpeople willdomostoftheworkforthem.Thetheoryalsoseemstoexplainthesuddenandunexpectedpopularityofcertainl ooks,brands,orneighborhoods.Inmanysuchcases,acursorysearchforcausesfindsthatsomesmallgroupofpeop lewaswearing,promoting,ordevelopingwhateveritisbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention.Anecdotalevidenceof thiskindfitsnicelywiththeideathatonlycertainspecialpeoplecandrivetrends.Intheirrecentwork,however,someresearchershavecomeupwiththefindingthatinfluentialshavefarless impactonsocialepidemicsthanisgenerallysupposed.Infact,theydon’tseemtoberequiredatall.Theresearchers’argumentstemsfromasimpleobservationaboutsocialinfluence:Withtheexceptionofafe wcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey—whoseoutsizepresenceisprimarilyafunctionofmedia,notinterpersonal,i nfluence—eventhemostinfluentialmembersofapopulationsimplydon'tinteractwiththatmanyothers.Yetiti spreciselythesenon-celebrityinfluentialswho,accordingtothetwo-step-flowtheory,aresupposedtodrive socialepidemics,byinfluencingtheirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccur,however ,eachpersonsoaffectedmusttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintances,whomustinturninfluencetheirs,ands oon;andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachof thesepeoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluential.Ifpeopleinthenetworkjusttwodegreesremovedfromtheini tialinfluentialproveresistant,forexample,thecascadeofchangewon'tpropagateveryfaroraffectmanypeop le.Buildingonthebasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluence,theresearchersstudiedthedynamicsofsociali nfluencebyconductingthousandsofcomputersimulationsofpopulations,manipulatinganumberofvariablesre latingtopeople’sabilitytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencytobeinfluenced.Theyfoundthattheprincipalr equirementforwhatiscalled“globalcascades”—thewidespreadpropagationofinfluencethroughnetworks—i sthepresencenotofafewinfluentialsbut,rather,ofacriticalmassofeasilyinfluencedpeople.31.BycitingthebookTheTippingPointtheauthorintendsto__________.[A]analyzetheconsequencesofsocialepidemics[B]discussinfluentials’functioninspreadingideas[C]exemplifypeople’sintuitiveresponsetosocialepidemics[D]describetheessentialcharacteristicsofinfluentials32.Theauthorsuggeststhatthe“two-step-flowtheory”__________.[A]servesasasolutiontomarketingproblems[B]hashelpedexplaincertainprevalenttrends[C]haswonsupportfrominfluentials[D]requiressolidevidenceforitsvalidity33.Whattheresearchershaveobservedrecentlyshowsthat__________.[A]thepowerofinfluencegoeswithsocialinteractions[B]interpersonallinkscanbeenhancedthroughthemedia[C]influentialshavemorechannelstoreachthepublic[D]mostcelebritieaenjoywidemediaattention34.Theunderlinedphrase“thesepeople”inparagraph4referstotheoneswho__________.[A]stayoutsidethenetworkofsocialinfluence[B]havelittlecontactwiththesourceofinfluence[C]areinfluencedandtheninfluenceothers [D]areinfluencedbytheinitialinfluential35.Whatistheessentialelementinthedynamicsofsocialinfluence?[A]Theeagernesstobeaccepted[B]Theimpulsetoinfluenceothers[C]Thereadinesstobeinfluenced[D]TheinclinationtorelyonothersText4（2019）Bankershavebeenblamingthemselvesfortheirtroublesinpublic.Behindthescenes,theyhavebeentakingaimat someoneelsetheaccountingstandard-setters.Theirrules,moanthebanks,haveforcedthemtoreportenormousl osses,andit’sjustnotfair.Theserulessaytheymustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpay,notthepricemanagersandregulatorswouldlikethemtofetch.Unfortunately,banks’lobbyingnowseemstobeworking.Thedetailsmaybeunknowable,buttheindependenceofsta ndard-setters,essentialtotheproperfunctioningofcapitalmarkets,isbeingcompromised.And,unlessbanks carrytoxicassetsatpricesthatattractbuyers,revivingthebankingsystemwillbedifficult.Afterabruising encounterwithCongress,America’sFinancialAccountingStandardsBoard(FASB)rushedthroughrulechanges.Th esegavebanksmorefreedomtousemodelstovalueilliquidassetsandmoreflexibilityinrecognizinglossesonlo ng0termassetsintheirincomestatement.BobHerz,theFASB’schairman,criedoutagainstthosewho“questionour motives.”Yetbanksharesroseandthechangesenhancewhatonelobbygrouppolitelycalls“theuseofjudgmentbym anagement.”EuropeanministersinstantlydemandedthattheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoard(IASB)dolikewise.T heIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithoutoverallplanning,butthepressuretofoldwhenitcompletesitreconstr uctionofruleslaterthisyearisstrongCharlieMcCreevy,aEuropeancommissioner,warnedtheIASBthatitdid“n otliveinapoliticalvacuum”but“intherealworld”andtheEuropecouldyetdevelopdifferentrules.Itwasbanksthatwereon the wrong planet,withaccountsthatvastlyovervaluedassets.Todaytheyarguethatmarketpricesoverstatelosses,beca usetheyLargelyreflectthetemporaryilliquidityofmarkets,notthelikelyextentofbaddebts.Thetruthwilln otbeknownforyears.Butbank’ssharestradebelowtheirbookvalue,suggestingthatinvestorsareskeptical.And deadmarketspartlyreflecttheparalysisofbankswhichwillnotsellassetsforfearofbookinglosses,yetarere luctanttobuyallthosesupposedbargains.Togetthesystemworkingagain,lossesmustberecognizedanddealtwith.America’snewplantobuyuptoxicas setswillnotworkunlessbanksmarkassetstolevelswhichbuyersfindattractive.Successfulmarketsrequirein dependentandevencombativestandard-setters.TheFASBandIASBhavebeenexactlythat,cleaninguprulesonsto ckoptionsandpensions,forexample,againsthostilityinterests.Butbygivingintocriticsnowtheyareinviti ngpressuretomakemoreconcessions.36.Bankerscomplainedthattheywereforcedto__________.[A]followunfavorableassetevaluationrules[B]collectpaymentsfromthirdparties[C]cooperatewiththepricemanagers[D]reevaluatesomeoftheirassets37.Accordingtotheauthor,therulechangesoftheFASBmayresultin__________.[A]thediminishingroleofmanagement[B]therevivalofthebankingsystem[C]thebank’slong-termassetlosses[D]theweakeningofitsindependence38.AccordingtoParagraph4,McCreevyobjectstotheIASB’sattemptto__________.[A]keepawayfrompoliticalinfluences[B]evadethepressurefromtheirpeers[C]actontheirowninrule-setting[D]takegradualmeasuresinreform39.Theauthorthinksthebankswere“onthewrongplanet”inthatthey__________.[A]misinterpretedmarketpriceindicators[B]exaggeratedtherealvalueoftheirassets[C]neglectedthelikelyexistenceofbaddebts[D]deniedbookinglossesintheirsaleofassets40.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsstandard-settersisoneof__________.[A]satisfaction[B]skepticism[C]objectiveness[D]sympathy。

卓顶精文2019年考研英语阅读真题及详细解析

1990年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题阅读SectionII ReadingComprehension Eachofthetwopassagesbelowisfollowedbyfivequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefoura nswers.Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.Putyo urchoiceinthebracketsontheleft.(10points)Text1①InMay1989,spaceshuttle“Atlantis”releasedinouterspacethespaceprobe“Megallan,”whi chisnowonher15-monthandone-billion-kilometerflighttoVenus.②Anewphaseinspaceexplorationhasbegun.①TheplanetVenusisonlyslightlysmallerthanEarth;itistheonlyotherobjectinthesolarsy stem,infact,thatevencomesclosetoearth’ssize.②Venushasasimilardensity,soitisprobablymadeofapproximatelythesamestuff,andithasa natmosphere,completewithclouds.③Itisalsotheclosestplanettoearth,andthusthemostsimilarindistancefromthesun.④Inshort,Venusseemstojustifyitslong-heldnicknameof“earth’stwin.”①ThesurfacetemperatureofVenusreachessome900F.②Addedtothatisanatmosphericpressureabout90timesEarth’s:Highoverheadinthecarbondi oxide(CO2)thatpassesforairisalayerofclouds,perhaps10to20milesthick,whoselittled ropsconsistmostlyofsulfuricacid(H2SO4).③Waterisallbutnonexistent.①Bornwithsomanyfundamentalsimilaritiestoearth,howdidVenusgettobesoradicallydiffe rent:Itisnotjustanacademicmatter.②Forallitsextremes,Venusisavaluablelaboratoryforresearchersstudyingtheweatherand climateofearth.③Ithasnoearth’soceans,sotheheattransportandothermechanismsaregreatlysimplified.④Inaddition,theplanetVenustakes243earth-daystoturnonceonitsaxis,soincomingheatfr omthesunisaddedanddistributedatamoreleisurely,observablepace.一、词汇1．shuttlen.返汽车(列车，飞机)；航天飞机，航天器2．releasev.放出，释放 3.proben.探测4.phasen.阶段5.densityn.密度6.approximatelyad.大概，大约7.stuffn.材料，东西8.passesfor被当成9.sulfurica.硫的10.acidn.酸性物质，酸11.axisn.轴(线)12.leisurelyad.慢慢地，悠然地二、长难句1.InMay1989,spaceshuttle“Atlantis”releasedinouterspacethespaceprobe“Megallan,”w hichisnowonher15-monthandone-billion-kilometerflighttoVenus.该句主干为spaceshuttle“Atlantis”released…thespaceprobe“Megallan”，which引导的定语从句做后置定语，修饰先行词thespaceprobe“Megallan”。

英语阅读题的情感态度题

英语阅读题的情感态度题在英语阅读理解题中，情感态度题是考察学生对文章作者情感态度的理解和把握。

以下是一些可能的题型和相应的答题策略：1. 理解作者的情感态度- 题型：What is the author's attitude towards [topic]?- 答题策略：注意文章中的形容词、副词、动词和短语，这些词汇往往带有情感色彩。

例如，positive, negative, optimistic, pessimistic 等。

2. 区分作者与文中人物的情感态度- 题型：How does the author differ from [character] in terms of attitude towards [topic]?- 答题策略：仔细阅读文章中作者和特定人物的观点和描述，注意两者之间的差异。

3. 识别情感态度的转变- 题型：How does the author's attitude change throughout the passage?- 答题策略：跟踪文章中情感态度的线索，注意作者在不同段落中的观点变化。

4. 推断作者的隐含情感- 题型：What can be inferred about the author's feelings regarding [topic]?- 答题策略：除了直接表达的情感词汇外，作者可能会通过隐喻、比喻、反讽等手法表达情感，需要仔细分析。

5. 评价作者的情感态度- 题型：Evaluate the author's attitude towards [topic].- 答题策略：不仅要识别作者的情感态度，还要评价其合理性、一致性等。

6. 比较不同作者的情感态度- 题型：Compare the attitudes of the authors in [text A] and [text B].- 答题策略：阅读两篇文章，找出各自作者的情感态度，并进行比较。

卓顶精文最新2019年考研英语二新题型真题解析.doc

20PP年考研英语二新题型真题解析[A]PouaYenotalone[B]EGpeYiencehelpsPougYow[C]PavePouYownuniquepath[D]MostofPouYfeaYsaYeunYeal[E]ThinkaboutthepYesentmoment[F]Don’tfeaYYesponsibilitPfoYPouYlife[G]TheYeaYemanPthingstobegYatefulfoYSomeOldTYuthstoHelpPouOveYcomeToughTimesUnfoYtunatelP,lifeisnotabedofYoses.WeaYegoingthYoughlifefacingsadeGpe Yiences.MoYeoveY,weaYegYievingvaYiouskindsofloss:afYiendship,Yomantic YelationshipoYahouse.HaYdtimesmaPholdPoudownatwhatusuallPseemslikethe mostinoppoYtunetime,butPoushouldYemembeYthatthePwon’tlastfoYeveY.WhenouYtimeofmouYningisoveY,wepYessfoYwaYd,stYongeYwithagYeateYundeYs tandingandYespectfoYlife.FuYtheYmoYe,theselossesmakeusmatuYeandeventu allPmoveustowaYdfutuYeoppoYtunitiesfoYgYowthandhappiness.IwanttoshaYe theseoldtYuthsI’veleaYnedalongthewaP.41.FeaYisbothusefulandhaYmful.ThisnoYmalhumanYeactionisusedtopYotectusbP signalingdangeYandpYepaYingustodealwithit.UnfoYtunatelP,peoplecYeatei nneYbaYYieYswithahelpofeGaggeYatingfeaYs.MPfavoYiteactoYWillSmithonce said,“FeaYisnotYeal.ItisapYoductofthoughtsPoucYeate.DonotmisundeYstandme. DangeYisveYPYeal.ButfeaYisachoice.”IdocompletelPagYeethatfeaYsaYejustthepYoductofouYluGuYiantimagination .42.IfPouaYesuYYoundedbPpYoblemsandcannotstopthinkingaboutthepast,tYPtofo cusonthepYesentmoment.ManPofusaYeweigheddownbPthepastoYanGiousaboutth efutuYe.PoumaPfeelguiltoveYPouYpast,butPouaYepoisoningthepYesentwitht hethingsandciYcumstancesPoucannotchange.ValuethepYesentmomentandYemem beYhowfoYtunatePouaYetobealive.EnjoPthebeautPofthewoYldaYoundandkeept heePesopentoseethepossibilitiesbefoYePou.HappinessisnotapointoffutuYe andnotamomentfYomthepast,butamindsetthatcanbedesignedintothepYesent.43.SometimesitiseasPtofeelbadbecausePouaYegoingthYoughtoughtimes.Poucanb eeasilPcaughtupbPlifepYoblemsthatPoufoYgettopauseandappYeciatethethingsPouhave.OnlPstYongpeoplepYefeYtosmileandvaluetheiYlifeinsteadofcYPi ngandcomplainingaboutsomething.44.NomatteYhowisolatedPoumightfeelandhowseYiousthesituationis,Poushoulda lwaPsYemembeYthatPouaYenotalone.TYPtokeepinmindthatalmosteveYPoneYesp ectsandwantstohelpPouifPouaYetYPingtomakeagoodchangeinPouYlife,especi allPPouYdeaYestandneaYestpeople.PoumaPhaveaciYcleoffYiendswhopYovidec onstantgoodhumoY,helpandcompanionship.IfPouhavenofYiendsoYYelatives,t YPtopaYticipateinseveYalonlinecommunities,fullofpeoplewhoaYealwaPswil lingtoshaYeadviceandencouYagement.45.TodaPmanPpeoplefinditdifficulttotYusttheiYownopinionandseekbalancebPg ainingobjectivitPfYomeGteYnalsouYces.ThiswaPPoudevaluePouYopinionands howthatPouaYeincapableofmanagingPouYownlife.WhenPouaYestYugglingtoach ievesomethingimpoYtantPoushouldbelieveinPouYselfandbesuYethatPouYdeci sionisthebest.PouliveinPouYskin,thinkPouYownthoughts,havePouYownvalue sandmakePouYownchoices.41.D。

卓顶精文最新2019年考研英语备考心得分享.doc

20XX年考研英语备考心得分享这里说的阅读是指广义的英语文章阅读，因为我觉得英语所有的题型都是同源的，根本在于平时的阅读训练，提高英语语感、转换阅读思维、抓住文章主旨、理清文章逻辑、攻克长难句，想做好各个题型，这些都必不可少。

(1)阅读理解阅读理解的40分大分值让它成为英语复习中的重中之重，保证词汇量，注意在不同的时间段有针对性地进行阅读训练才是王道。

在前期阅读训练中，最需要精读，在精读的过程中积累词汇、研究长难句，同时建议每天早上把前一天做过的阅读文章大声朗读，尤其是长难句部分，通过这些努力从而达到扎实基本功、培养好语感、提高阅读速度的效果。

阅读中期训练安排在细研真题的前后，起的也是为真题奠基与巩固的作用。

在这个阶段我们要做的是做题思维的转换，从宏观到微观，整体把握主旨，理清文章逻辑，进而研究细节，尤其是对主旨与逻辑的重视度一定要加强，而这对新题型、作文的训练也大有裨益。

其中，做题顺序与重要的错题分析在真题部分有较详细解释。

而在后期，因为专业课跟政治也在紧锣密鼓的复习，所以不用做过多的练习，关键在于效率，其中错题分析就是很重要的一环。

(2)翻译翻译即是对长难句分析水平的集中考核。

因为翻译训练可能安排不了那么多时间，所以真题上的翻译题是最好并且足够的训练素材。

基本的翻译方法，如:词、词组的省略及补译，译出it，theP，this，that 等代词的真正代表的含义，词义选择、引申、词性转换，长句的拆句与逆序翻译法，被动语态的翻译等都要认真做好准备，几乎年年都要出题的。

可以按以下4个步骤好好练练，就会有大的提高：第一，结构分析，通过语法知识把句子的主、谓、宾找出来;第二，长句拆分，把长句拆分成短句，一部分一部分地分别理解，这也要求大家对从句有着清楚的认识，如果有欠缺的同学可以找本语法书参考参考;第三，词语推敲，在短结构中把词的精确意义确定下来，特别要注意联系上下文，选择词语正确地的含义;第四，检查核对，把词语拼结在一起仔细检查，看看每部分是否合理通顺，也就是看自己是不是在“说人话”。

【最新文档】考研英语阅读解题技巧之态度题-推荐word版 (3页)

本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！== 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ ==考研英语阅读解题技巧之态度题考研英语阅读题型中的态度题，题干通常是问作者对某个人或某件事情的看法。

因此，弄清楚态度的三要素，即态度的主体、对象和表达，就显得非常重要，因为出题人在命题时可能会根据态度的主体和对象而编造错误选项，偷梁换柱，进而迷惑读者。

下面是小编为大家带来的考研英语阅读解题技巧，欢迎阅读。

1. 分类根据态度题的类型，我们可以将它分为以下类型：①全文态度题当主体为作者，对象为文章主题时，题目为全文态度题。

这时候作者在全文中表现出来的态度，即为作者对文章主题的态度。

②局部态度题除去以上情况的其他情况，都称为局部态度题。

对于这两种题型，我们可以采用类似的解题思路。

2. 解题思路①先确定主干中态度的主体和对象；②返回原文寻找包含主体和对象的句子（优先考虑包含主体的句子）；③将原文中的态度词和选项相对照，同义替换的为正确答案。

咱们在做这种题型时，定位、替换和排除的思想很重要。

我们还是通过201X年的text 4的真题来仔细讲解吧！40.The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of________.[A]satisfaction [B]skepticism[C]objectiveness [D]sympathy题干问作者对准则制定者的态度是怎样的？态度的主体是作者，对象是准则制定者。

为了解题，要先找到能够体现作者态度的词。

②Unfortunately, banks’ lobbying now seems to be working.The details may be unknowable,but the independence of standard-setters,essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised.And,unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers,reviving the banking system will be difficult.③After a bruising encounter with Congress,America’s Financial Accounting Standards Board(FASB)rushed through rule changes.Thesegave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement.Bob Herz, the FASB’s chairman,cried out against those who “question our motives.”Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls ”the use of judgment b y management.”④European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board(IASB)do likewise.The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning,but the pressure to fold when it completes its reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy,a European commissioner,warned the IASB that is did “not live in a political vacuum”but “in the real word” and the Europe could yet develop different rules.⑤It was banks that were on the wrong planet,with a ccouts that vastly overvalued assets.Today they argue that market pricesoverstate losses,because they largely reflect the temporaryilliquidity of markets,not the likely extent of bad debts.The truth will not be known for years.But banks’ shares trade bel ow their book value,suggesting that investors are skeptical.And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses,yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.⑥To get the system working aga in, losses must be recognized and dealt with.America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that,cleaning up ruleson stock options and pensions,for example,against hostility interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.。

卓顶精文2019年考研英语二真题及答案解析完整版-2

英语二真题：Section1UseofEninglishDirections:MillionsofAmericansandforeignersseeGI.Joeasamindlesswartoy,thesymbolo fAmericanmilitaryadventurism,butthat’snothowitusedtobe.Tothemenandwo menwho（1)inWorldWarIIandthepeopletheyliberated,theGI.wasthe（2)mangrownintohero,thepoolfarmkidtornawayfromhishome,theguywho（3)alltheburdensofbattle,whosleptincoldfoxholes,whowentwithoutthe （4)offoodandshelter,whostuckitoutanddrovebacktheNazireignofmurder.th iswasnotavolunteersoldier,notsomeonewellpaid,（5)anaverageguy,up（6)thebesttrained,bestequipped,fiercest,mostbrutalenemiesseenincentu ries.Hisnameisnotmuch.GI.isjustamilitaryabbreviation（7)GovernmentIssue,anditwasonallofthearticle（8)tosoldiers.AndJoe?Acommonnameforaguywhonever（9)ittothetop.JoeBlow,JoeMagrac…aworkingclassname.TheUnitedStateshas（10)hadapresidentorvicepresidentorsecretaryofstateJoe.GI.joehada(11)careerfightingGerman,Japanese,andKoreantroops.Heappersa sacharacter,ora(12)ofamericanpersonalities,inthe1945movieTheStoryofGI .Joe,basedonthelastdaysofwarcorrespondentErniePyle.SomeofthesoldiersP yle(13)portraydethemselvesinthefilm.Pylewasfamousforcoveringthe(14)si deofthewarl,writingaboutthedirt-snow–and-mudsoldiers,nothowmanymiles were(15)orwhattownswerecapturedorliberated,Hisreports(16)the“willie”cartoonsoffamedStarsandStripesartistBillMaulden.Bothmen(17)thedirtand exhaustionofwar,the(18)ofcivilizationthatthesoldierssharedwitheachoth erandthecivilians:coffee,tobacco,whiskey,shelter,sleep.(19)Egypt,Fran ce,andadozenmorecountries,G.I.JoewasanyAmericansoldier,(20)themostimp ortantpersonintheirlives.1.[A]performed[B]served[C]rebelled[D]betrayed2.[A]actual[B]common[C]special[D]normal3.[A]bore[B]cased[C]removed[D]loaded4.[A]necessities[B]facilitice[C]commodities[D]propertoes5.[A]and[B]nor[C]but[D]hence6.[A]for[B]into[C]form[D]against7.[A]meaning[B]implying[C]symbolizing[D]claiming8.[A]handedout[B]turnover[C]broughtback[D]passeddown9.[A]pushed[B]got[C]made[D]managed10.[A]ever[B]never[C]either[D]neither11.[A]disguised[B]disturbed[C]disputed[D]distinguished12.[A]company[B]collection[C]community[D]colony13.[A]employed[B]appointed[C]interviewed[D]questioned14.[A]ethical[B]military[C]political[D]human15.[A]ruined[B]commuted[C]patrolled[D]gained16.[A]paralleled[B]counteracted[C]duplicated[D]contradicted17.[A]neglected[B]avoided[C]emphasized[D]admired18.[A]stages[B]illusions[C]fragments[D]advancea19.[A]With[B]To[C]Among[D]Beyond20.[A]onthecontrary[B]bythismeans[C]fromtheoutset[D]atthatpoint SectionIIResdiongComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.answerthequestionaftereachtextbychoosingA,B ,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Homeworkhasneverbeenterriblypopularwithstudentsandevenmanyparents,but inrecentyearsithasbeenparticularlyscorned.Schooldistrictsacrossthecou ntry,mostrecentlyLosAngelesUnified,arerevisingtheirthinkingonhiseduca tionalritual.Unfortunately,L.A.Unifiedhasproducedaninflexiblepolicywh ichmandatesthatwiththeexceptionofsomeadvancedcourses,homeworkmaynolon gercountformorethan10%ofastudent’sacademicgrade.Thisruleismeanttoaddressthedifficultythatstudentsfromimpoverishedorch aotichomesmighthaveincompletingtheirhomework.Butthepolicyisunclearand contradictory.Certainly,nohomeworkshouldbeassignedthatstudentscannotd owithoutexpensiveequipment.Butifthedistrictisessentiallygivingapassto studentswhodonotdotheirhomeworkbecauseofcomplicatedfamilylives,itisgo ingriskilyclosetotheimplicationthatstandardsneedtobeloweredforpoorchi ldren.Districtadministratorssaythathomeworkwillstillbeapatofschooling:teach ersareallowedtoassignasmuchofitastheywant.Butwithhomeworkcountingforn omorethan10%oftheirgrades,studentscaneasilyskiphalftheirhomeworkandse eveylittledifferenceontheirreportcards.Somestudentsmightdowellonstate testswithoutcompletingtheirhomework,butwhataboutthestudentswhoperform edwellonthetestsanddidtheirhomework?Itisquitepossiblethatthehomeworkh elped.Yetratherthanempoweringteacherstofindwhatworksbestfortheirstude nts,thepolicyimposesaflat,across-the-boardrule.Atthesametime,thepolicyaddressesnoneofthetrulythornyquestionsabouthom ework.Ifthedistrictfindshomeworktobeunimportanttoitsstudents’academi cachievement,itshouldmovetoreduceoreliminatetheassignments,notmakethe mcountforalmostnothing.Conversely,ifhomeworkdoesnothingtoensurethatth ehomeworkstudentsarenotassigningmorethantheyarewillingtoreviewandcorr ect.Thehomeworkrulesshouldbeputonholdwhiletheschoolboard,whichisresponsib leforsettingeducationalpolicy,looksintothematterandconductspublichear ings.ItisnottoolateforL.A.Unifiedtodohomeworkright.21.Itisimpliedinparagraph1thatnowadayshomework_____.[A]isreceivingmorecriticism[B]isnolongeraneducationalritual[C]isnotrequiredforadvancedcourses[D]isgainingmorepreferences22.L.A.Unifiedhasmadetheruleabouthomeworkmainlybecausepoorstudents___ __.[A]tendtohavemoderateexpectationsfortheireducation[B]haveaskedforadifferenteducationalstandard[C]mayhaveproblemsfinishingtheirhomework[D]havevoicedtheircomplaintsabouthomework23.AccordingtoParagraph3,oneproblemwiththepolicyisthatitmay____.[A]discouragestudentsfromdoinghomework[B]resultinstudents'indifferencetotheirreportcards[C]underminetheauthorityofstatetests[D]restrictteachers'powerineducation24.AsmentionedinParagraph4,akeyquestionunansweredabouthomeworkiswheth er______.[A]itshouldbeeliminated[B]itcountsmuchinschooling[C]itplacesextraburdensonteachers[D]itisimportantforgrades25.Asuitabletitleforthistextcouldbe______.[A]WrongInterpretationofanEducationalPolicy[B]AWelcomedPolicyforPoorStudents[C]ThornyQuestionsaboutHomework[D]AFaultyApproachtoHomeworkText2Prettyinpink:adultwomendonotrememerbeingsoobsessedwiththecolour,yetit ispervasiveinouryounggirls’lives.Ttisnotthatpinkisintrinsicallybad,b utitissuchatinysliceoftherainbowand,thoughitmaycelebrategirlhoodinone way,italsorepeatedlyandfirmlyfusesgirls’identitytoappearance.Thenitp resentsthatconnection,evenamongtwo-year-olds,betweengirlsasnotonlyinn ocentbutasevidenceofinnocence.Lookingaround,Idespairedatthesingularla ckofimaginationaboutgirls’livesandinterests.Girls’attractiontopinkmayseemunavoidable,somehowencodedintheirDNA,bu taccordingtoJoPaoletti,anassociateprofessorofAmericanStudies,itisnot.Childrenwerenotcolour-codedatalluntiltheearly20thcentury:intheerabefo redomesticwashingmachinesallbabiesworewhiteasapracticalmatter,sinceth eonlywayofgettingclothescleanwastoboilthem.What’smore,bothboysandgir lsworewhatwerethoughtofasgender-neutraldresses.Whennurserycolourswere introduced,pinkwasactuallyconsideredthemoremasculinecolour,apastelver sionofred,whichwasassociatedwithstrength.Blue,withitsintimationsofthe VirginMary,constancyandfaithfulness,symbolisedfemininity.Itwasnotunti lthemid-1980s,whenamplifyingageandsexdifferencesbecameadominantchildr en’smarketingstrategy,thatpinkfullycameintoitsown, whenitbegantoseeminherentlyattractivetogirls,partofwhatdefinedthemasf emale,atleastforthefirstfewcriticalyears.Ihadnotrealisedhowprofoundlymarketingtrendsdictatedourperceptionofwha tisnaturaltokins,includingourcorebeliefsabouttheirpsychologicaldevelo pment.Takethetoddler.Iassumedthatphasewassomethingexpertsdevelopedaft eryearsofresearchintochildren’sbehaviour:wrong.Turnsout,acdordingtoD anielCook,ahistorianofchildhoodconsumerism,itwaspopularisedasamarketi ngtrickbyclothingmanufacrurersinthe1930s.Tradepublicationscounselleddepartmentstoresthat,inordertoincreasesale s,theyshouldcreatea“thirdsteppingstone”betweeninfantwearandolderkids’clothes.Ttwasonlyafter“toddler”becameacommonshoppers’termthatitevolvedintoabroadlyaccepteddevelopme ntalstage.Splittingkids,oradults,intoever-tiniercategorieshasprovedas ure-firewaytoboostprofits.Andoneoftheeasiestwaystosegmentamarketistom agnifygenderdifferences–orinventthemwheretheydidnotpreviouslyexist.26.Bysaying"itis...therainbow"(Line3,Para.1),theauthormeanspink______ .[A]shouldnotbethesolerepresentationofgirlhood[B]shouldnotbeassociatedwithgirls'innocence[C]cannotexplaingirls'lackofimagination[D]cannotinfluencegirls'livesandinterests27.AccordingtoParagraph2,whichofthefollowingistrueofcolours?[A]Coloursareencodedingirls'DNA.[B]Blueusedtoberegardedasthecolourforgirls.[C]Pinkusedtobeaneutralcolourinsymbolisinggenders.[D]Whiteispreferedbybabies.28.Theauthorsuggeststhatourperceptionofchildren'spsychologicaldevelop mentwasmuchinfluencedby_____.[A]themarketingofproductsforchildren[B]theobservationofchildren'snature[C]researchesintochildren'sbehavior[D]studiesofchildhoodconsumption29.WemaylearnfromParagraph4thatdepartmentstoreswereadvisedto_____.[A]focusoninfantwearandolderkids'clothes[B]attachequalimportancetodifferentgenders[C]classifyconsumersintosmallergroups[D]createsomecommonshoppers'terms30.Itcanbeconcludedthatgirls'attractiontopinkseemstobe____.[A]clearlyexplainedbytheirinborntendency[B]fullyunderstoodbyclothingmanufacturers[C]mainlyimposedbyprofit-drivenbusinessmen[D]wellinterpretedbypsychologicalexpertsText3In2019.afederaljudgeshookAmerica'paniesh adwonpatentsforisolatedDNAfordecades-by2019some20% ofhumangeneswereparented.ButinMarch2019ajudgeruledthatgeneswereunpate ntable.Executiveswereviolentlyagitated.TheBiotechnologyIndustryOrgani sation(BIO),atradegroup,assuredmembersthatthiswasjusta “preliminarystep”inalongerbattle.OnJuly29ththeywererelieved,atleasttemporarily.Afederalappealscourtove rturnedthepriordecision,rulingthatMyriadGeneticscouldindeedholbpatent stotwogenssthathelpforecastawoman'sriskofbreastcancer.Thechiefexecuti veofMyriad,acompanyinUtah,saidtherulingwasablessingtofirmsandpatients alike.Butascompaniescontinuetheirattemptsatpersonalisedmedicine,thecourtswi llremainratherbusy.TheMyriadcaseitselfisprobablynotoverCriticsmakethr eemainargumentsagainstgenepatents:ageneisaproductofnature,soitmaynotb epatented;genepatentssuppressinnovationratherthanrewardit;andpatents' monopoliesrestrictaccesstogenetictestssuchasMyriad's.Agrowingnumberse styearafederaltask-forceurgedreformforpatentsrelatedtogen etictests.InOctobertheDepartmentofJusticefiledabriefintheMyriadcase,a rguingthatanisolatedDNAmolecule“isnolessaproductofnature...thanarecottonfibresthathavebeenseparated fromcottonseeds.”Despitetheappealscourt'sdecision,bigquestionsremainunanswered.Forexam ple,itisunclearwhetherthesequencingofawholegenomeviolatesthepatentsof individualgeneswithinit.ThecasemayyetreachtheSupremeCourt.AStheindustryadvances,however,othersuitsmayhaveanevengreaterimpact.co mpaniesareunlikelytofilemanymorepatentsforhumanDNAmolecules-mostarealreadypatentedorinthepublicdomain.firmsarenowstudyinghowgenesintcract, lookingforcorrelationsthatmightbeusedtodeterminethecausesofdiseaseorp redictadrug’sefficacy,companiesareeagertowinpatentsfor‘connectingth edits’,expaainshanssauer,alawyerfortheBIO.Theirsuccessmaybedeterminedbyasuitrelatedtothisissue,broughtbytheMayo Clinic,whichtheSupremeCourtwillhearinitsnextterm.TheBIOrtcentlyheldac onventionwhichincludedseddionstocoachlawyersontheshiftinglandscapefor patents.Eachmeetingwaspacked.31.itcanbelearnedfromparagraphIthatthebiotechcompanieswouldlike-----A.theirexecutivestobeactiveB.judgestoruleoutgenepatentingC.genestobepatcntablcD.theBIOtoissueawarning32.thosewhoareagainstgenepatentsbelievethat----A.genetictestsarenotreliableB.onlyman-madeproductsarepatentableC.patentsongenesdependmuchoninnovatiaonD.courtsshouldrestrictaccesstogenetictests33.accordingtohanssauer,companiesareeagertowinpatentsfor----A.establishingdiseasecomelationsB.discoveringgeneinteractionsC.drawingpicturesofgenesD.identifyinghumanDNA34.Bysaying“eachmeetingwaspacked”(line4,para6)theauthormeansthat-----A.thesupremecourtwasauthoritativeB.theBIOwasapowerfulorganizationC.genepatentingwasagreatconcernwyerswerekeentoattendconventiongs35.generallyspeaking,theauthor’sattitudetowardgenepatentingis----A.criticalB.supportiveC.scornfulD.objectiveText4Thegreatrecessionmaybeover,butthiseraofhighjoblessnessisprobablybegin ning.Beforeitends,itwilllikelychangethelifecourseandcharacterofagener ationofyoungadults.Andultimately,itislikelytoreshapeourpolitics,ourcu lture,andthecharacterofoursocietyforyears.Noonetriesharderthanthejoblesstofindsilverliningsinthisnationaleconom icdisaster.Manysaidthatunemployment,whileextremelypainful,hadimproved theminsomeways;theyhadbecomelessmaterialisticandmorefinanciallypruden t;theyweremoreawareofthestrugglesofothers.Inlimitedrespects,perhapsth erecessionwillleavesocietybetteroff.Attheveryleast,ithasawokenusfromo urnationalfeverdreamofeasyrichesandbiggerhouses,andputanecessaryendto aneraofrecklesspersonalspending.Butforthemostpart,thesebenefitsseemthin,uncertain,andfaroff.InTheMora lConsequencesofEconomicGrowth,theeconomichistorianBenjaminFriedmanarg uesthatbothinsideandoutsidetheU.S.,lengthyperiodsofeconomicstagnation ordeclinehavealmostalwaysleftsocietymoremean-spiritedandlessinclusive ,andhaveusuallystoppedorreversedtheadvanceofrightsandfreedoms.Anti-im migrantsentimenttypicallyincreases,asdoesconflictbetweenracesandclass es.Incomeinequalityusuallyfallsduringarecession,butithasnotshrunkinthiso ne,.Indeed,thisperiodofeconomicweaknessmayreinforceclassdivides,andde creaseopportunitiestocrossthem---especiallyforyoungpeople.Theresearch ofTillVonWachter,theeconomistinColumbiaUniversity,suggeststhatnotallp eoplegraduatingintoarecessionseetheirlifechancesdimmed:thosewithdegre esfromeliteuniversitiescatchupfairlyquicklytowheretheyotherwisewouldh avebeeniftheyhadgraduatedinbettertimes;itisthemassesbeneaththemthatar eleftbehind.Intheinternetage,itisparticularlyeasytoseetheresentmentthathasalwaysb eenhiddenwinthinAmericansociety.Moredifficult,inthemoment,isdiscernin gpreciselyhowtheseleantimesareaffectingsociety’scharacter.Inmanyresp ects,theU.S.wasmoresociallytolerantenteringthisresessionthanatanytime initshistory,andavarietyofnationalpollsonsocialconflictsincethenhaves hownmixedresults.Wewillhavetowaitandseeexactlyhowthesehardtimeswillre shapeoursocialfabric.Buttheycertainlyit,andallthemoresothelongertheye xtend.36.Bysaying“tofindsilverlinings”(Line1,Para.2)theauthorsuggestthatthejoblesstryto___.[A]seeksubsidiesfromthegovemment[B]explorereasonsfortheunermployment[C]makeprofitsfromthetroubledeconomy[D]lookonthebrightsideoftherecession37.AccordingtoParagraph2,therecessionhasmadepeople_____.[A]realizethenationaldream[B]struggleagainsteachother[C]challengetheirlifestyle[D]reconsidertheirlifestyle38.BenjaminFriedmanbelievethateconomicrecessionsmay_____.[A]imposeaheavierburdenonimmigrants[B]bringoutmoreevilsofhumannature[C]Promotetheadvanceofrightsandfreedoms[D]easeconflictsbetweenracesandclasses39.TheresearchofTillVonWachthersuggeststhatinrecessiongraduatesfromel iteuniversitiestendto_____.[A]lagbehindtheothersduetodecreasedopportunities[B]catchupquicklywithexperiencedemployees[C]seetheirlifechancesasdimmedastheothers’[D]recovermorequicklythantheothers40.Theauthorthinksthattheinfluenceofhardtimesonsocietyis____.[A]certain[B]positive[C]trivial[D]destructivePartBDirections: Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbyfindinginformationfromthel eftcolumnthatcorrespondstoeachofthemarkeddetailsgivenintherightcolumn .Therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEER T1.(10points)“Universalhistory,thehistoryofwhatmanhasaccomplishedinthisworld,isat bottomtheHistoryoftheGreatMenwhohaveworkedhere,”wrotetheVictoriansageThomasCarlyle.Well,notanymoreitisnot.Suddenly,Britainlookstohavefallenoutwithitsfavouritehistoricalform.Th iscouldbenomorethanapassingliterarycraze,butitalsopointstoabroadertru thabouthowwenowapproachthepast:lessconcernedwithlearningfromforefathe rsandmoreinterestedinfeelingtheirpain.Today,wewantempathy,notinspirat ion.FromtheearliestdaysoftheRenaissance,thewritingofhistorymeantrecountin gtheexemplarylivesofgreatmen.In1337,Petrarchbeganworkonhisramblingwri tingDeVirisIllustribus–OnFamousMen,highlightingthevirtus(orvirtue)of classicalheroes.Petrarchcelebratedtheirgreatnessinconqueringfortunean drisingtothetop.ThiswasthebiographicaltraditionwhichNiccoloMachiavell iturnedonitshead.InThePrince,thechampionedcunning,ruthlessness,andbol dness,ratherthanvirtue,mercyandjustice,astheskillsofsuccessfulleaders .Overtime,theattributesofgreatnessshifted.TheRomanticscommemoratedthel eadingpaintersandauthorsoftheirday,stressingtheuniquenessoftheartist' spersonalexperienceratherthanpublicglory.Bycontrast,theVictorianautho rSamualSmileswroteSelf-Helpasacatalogueoftheworthylivesofengineers,in dustrialistsandexplores."Thevaluableexampleswhichtheyfurnishofthepowe rofself-help,ifpatientpurpose,resoluteworkingandsteadfastintegrity,is suingintheformulationoftrulynobleandmanycharacter,exhibit,"wroteSmile s."whatitisinthepowerofeachtoaccomplishforhimself"HisbiographiesofJam esWalt,RichardArkwrightandJosiahWedgwoodwereheldupasbeaconstoguidethe workingmanthroughhisdifficultlife.ThiswasallabitbourgeoisforThomasCarlyle,whofocusedhisbiographiesonthe trulyheroiclivesofMartinLuther,OliverCromwellandNapoleonBonaparte.The seepochalfiguresrepresentedliveshardtoimitate,buttobeacknowledgedaspo ssessinghigherauthoritythanmeremortals.CommunistManifesto.Forthem,historydidnothing,itpossessednoimmenseweal thnorwagedbattles:“Itisman,real,livingmanwhodoesallthat.”Andhistoryshouldbethestoryofthemassesandtheirrecordofstruggle.Assuch, itneededtoappreciatetheeconomicrealities,thesocialcontextsandpowerrel ationsinwhicheachepochstood.For:“Menmaketheirownhistory,buttheydonotmakeitjustastheyplease;theydonot makeitundercircumstanceschosenbythemselves,butundercircumstancesdirec tlyfound,givenandtransmittedfromthepast.”Thiswasthetraditionwhichrevolutionizedourappreciationofthepast.Inplac eofThomasCarlyle,BritainnurturedChristopherHill,EPThompsonandEricHobs bawm.Historyfrombelowstoodalongsidebiographiesofgreatmen.Wholenewreal msofunderstanding—fromgendertoracetoculturalstudies—wereopenedupass cholarsunpickedthemultiplicityoflostsocieties.Andittransformedpublich istorytoo:downstairsbecamejustasfascinatingasupstairs.SectionIIITranslation46.Directions:TranslatethefollowingtextfromEnglishintoChinese.Writeyourtranslat iononANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Whenpeopleindevelopingcountriesworryaboutmigration,theyareusuallyconc ernedattheprospectoftherbestandbrightestdeparturetoSiliconValleyortoh ospitalsanduniversitiesinthedevelopedworld,Thesearethekindofworkersth atcountrieslikeBritian,CanadaandAustraliatrytoattractbyusingimmigrati onrulesthatprivilegecollegegraduates.Lotsofstudieshavefoundthatwell-educatedpeoplefromdevelopingcountriesa reparticularlylikelytoemigrate.AbigsurveyofIndianhouseholdsin2019foun dthatnearly40%ofemigrantshadmorethanahigh-schooleducation,comparedwit haround3.3%ofallIndiansovertheageof25.This"braindrain"haslongbothered policymakersinpoorcountries,Theyfearthatithurtstheireconomies,deprivi ngthemofmuch-neededskilledworkerswhocouldhavetaughtattheiruniversitie s,workedintheirhospitalsandcomeupwithclevernewproductsfortheirfactori estomake.SectionIVWritingPartA47.DirectionsSupposeyouhavefoundsomethingwrongwiththeelectronicdictionarythatyoubo ughtfromanonlinstoretheotherday,Writeanemailtothecustomerservicecente rto1)makeacomplaintand2)demandapromptsolutionYoushouldwriteabout100wordsonANSERESHEET2Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter,Use"zhangwei"instead.48、writeanessaybasedonthefollowingtable.Inyourwritingyoushould1)describethetable,and2)giveyourcommentsYoushouldwriteatleast150words(15points)英语二答案：完形填空：1.B2.B3.A4.A5.C6.B7.C8.A9.D10.B11.D12.B13.C14.D15.B16.A17.C18.B19.B20.DTEXT1：21.A22.C23.A24.B25.DTEXT2：26.A27.B28.A29.C30.CTEXT3：31.C32.B33.A34.D35.DTEXT4：36.D37.D38.B39.D40.A新题型：41-45：AFGCE翻译、写作见后面详解详解1.【答案】B从空后的句子“他们解放的人们”可以看出，空前的句子表示的应该是参加了第二次大战的男人和女人。

卓顶精文2019年考研英语二真题及解析

2019年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(二)试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET.(10points )Thinnerisn’talwaysbetter.Anumberofstudieshave__1___thatnormal-weightpeopleareinfactathigherriskofsom ediseasescomparedtothosewhoareoverweight.Andtherearehealthconditionsforwhichbeingoverweightisactuall y___2___.Forexample,heavierwomenarelesslikelytodevelopcalciumdeficiencythanthinwomen.___3___amongthe elderly,beingsomewhatoverweightisoftenan___4___ofgoodhealth.Ofevengreater___5___isthefactthatobesityturnsouttobeverydifficulttodefine.Itisoftendefined___6___bod ymassindex,orBMI.BMI___7__bodymassdividedbythesquareofheight.AnadultwithaBMIof18to25isoftenconsidere dtobenormalweight.Between25and30isoverweight.Andover30isconsideredobese.Obesity,___8___,canbedivided intomoderatelyobese,severelyobese,andveryseverelyobese.Whilesuchnumericalstandardsseem9,theyarenot.Obesityisprobablylessamatterofweightthanbodyfat.Somepeop lewithahighBMIareinfactextremelyfit,10otherswithalowBMImaybeinpoor11.Forexample,manycollegiateandpro fessionalfootballplayers12asobese,thoughtheirpercentagebodyfatislow.Conversely,someonewithasmallfram emayhavehighbodyfatbuta13BMI.Todaywehavea(an)_14_tolabelobesityasadisgrace.Theoverweightaresometimes_15_inthemediawiththeirf acescovered.Stereotypes_16_withobesityincludelaziness,lackofwillpower,andlowerprospectsforsuccess.Te achers,employers,andhealthprofessionalshavebeenshowntoharborbiasesagainsttheobese._17_veryyoungchild rentendtolookdownontheoverweight,andteasingaboutbodybuildhaslongbeenaprobleminschools.Negativeattitudestowardobesity,_18_inhealthconcerns,havestimulatedanumberofanti-obesity_19_.Myo wnhospitalsystemhasbannedsugarydrinksfromitsfacilities.Manyemployershaveinstitutedweightlossandfitne ssinitiatives.MichelleObamalaunchedahigh-visibilitycampaign_20_childhoodobesity,evenclaimingthatitre presentsourgreatestnationalsecuritythreat.1.[A]denied [B]concluded [C]doubled [D]ensured2.[A]protective [B]dangerous [C]sufficient [D]troublesome3.[A]Instead [B]However [C]Likewise [D]Therefore4.[A]indicator [B]objective [C]origin [D]example5.[A]impact [B]relevance [C]assistance [D]concern6.[A]intermsof [B]incaseof [C]infavorof [D]inof7.[A]measures [B]determines [C]equals [D]modifies8.[A]inessence [B]incontrast [C]inturn [D]inpart9.[A]complicated [B]conservative [C]variable [D]straightforward10.[A]so [B]while[C]since [D]unless11.[A]shape [B]spirit [C]balance [D]taste12.[A]start [B]quality [C]retire [D]stay13.[A]strange [B]changeable [C]normal [D]constant14.[A]option [B]reason [C]opportunity [D]tendency15.[A]employed [B]pictured [C]imitated [D]monitored16.[A]computed [B]combined [C]settled [D]associated17.[A]Even [B]Still [C]Yet [D]Only18.[A]despised [B]corrected [C]ignored [D]grounded19.[A]discussions [B]businesses [C]policies [D]studies20.[A]for [B]against [C]with [D]withoutSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonAN SWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Whatwouldyoudowith$590m?ThisisnowaquestionforGloriaMackenzie,an84year-oldwidowwhorecentlyemergedfromhersmall,tin-roofedhouseinFloridatocollectthebiggestundividedlotteryjackpotinhistory.Ifshehopeshernew-foundfortunewillyieldlastingfeelingsoffulfillment,shecoulddoworsethanreadHappyMoneybyElizabethDumnan dMichaelNorton.Thesetwoacademicsuseanarrayofbehavioralresearchtoshowthatthemostrewardingwaystospendmoneycanbeco unterintuitive.Fantasiesofgreatwealthofteninvolvevisionsoffancycarsandextravaganthomes.Yetsatisfacti onwiththesematerialpurchaseswearsofffairlyquickly.Whatwasonceexcitingandnewbecomesold-hat;regretcreepsin.Itisfarbettertospendmoneyonexperiences,sayMs.DumnandMr.Norton,likeinterestingtrip s,uniquemealsorevengoingtothecinema.Thesepurchasesoftenbecomemorevaluablewithtime—asstoriesormemori es—particularlyiftheyinvolvefeelingmoreconnectedtoothers.Thisslimvolumeispackedwithtipstohelpwageslavesaswellaslotterywinnersgetthemost“happinessbangfory ourbuck.”Itseemsmostpeoplewouldbebetteroffiftheycouldshortentheircommutestowork,spendmoretimewithfri endsandfamilyandlessofitwatchingtelevision(somethingtheaverageAmericanspendsawhoppingtwomonthsayeard oing,andishardlyjollierforit).Buyinggiftsorgivingtocharityisoftenmorepleasurablethanpurchasingthings foroneself,andluxuriesaremostenjoyablewhentheyareconsumedsparingly.ThisisapparentlythereasonMacDonal d'srestrictstheavailabilityofitspopularMcRib—amarketingtrickthathasturnedtheporksandwichintoanobjec tofobsession.ReadersofHappyMoneyareclearlyaprivilegedlot,anxiousaboutfulfillment,nothunger.Moneymaynotquitebu yhappiness,butpeopleinwealthiercountriesaregenerallyhappierthanthoseinpoorones.Yetthelinkbetweenfeel inggoodandspendingmoneyonotherscanbeseenamongrichandpoorpeoplearoundtheworld,andscarcityenhancesthep leasureofmostthingsformostpeople.Noteveryonewillagreewiththeauthors’policyideas,whichrangefrommandat ingmoreholidaytimetoreducingtaxincentivesforAmericanhomebuyers.Butmostpeoplewillcomeawayfromthisbook believingitwasmoneywellspent.21.AccordingtoDumnandNorton,whichofthefollowingisthemostrewardingpurchase?[A]Abighouse. [B]Aspecialtour. [C]Astylishcar. [D]Arichmeal.22.Theauthor'sattitudetowardAmericans’watchingTVis________.[A]critical [B]supportive [C]sympathetic [D]ambiguous23.McRibismentionedinParagraph3toshowthat________.[A]consumersaresometimesirrational [B]popularityusuallycomesafterquality[C]marketingtricksareaftereffective [D]raritygenerallyincreasespleasure24.Accordingtothelastparagraph,HappyMoney________.[A]hasleftmuchroomforreaders’criticism [B]mayprovetobeaworthwhilepurchase[C]haspredictedawiderincomegapintheUS [D]maygiveitsreadersasenseofachievement25.Thistextmainlydiscusseshowto________.[A]balancefeelinggoodandspendingmoney [B]spendlargesumsofmoneywoninlotteries[C]obtainlastingsatisfactionfrommoneyspent [D]becomemorereasonableinspendingonluxuriesText2AnarticleinScientificAmericahaspointedoutthatempiricalresearchsaysthat,actually,youthinkyou’remo rebeautifulthanyouare.Wehaveadeep-seatedneedtofeelgoodaboutourselvesandwenaturallyemployanumberofself-enhancingstrategiestoresearchintowhattheycallthe“aboveaverageeffect”,or“illusorysuperiority”,andshow nthat,forexample,70%ofusrateourselvesasaboveaverageinleadership,93%indrivingand85%atgettingonwellwit hothers—allobviouslystatisticalimpossibilities.Werosetintourmemoriesandputourselvesintoself-affirmingsituations.Webecomedefensivewhencriticized,andapplynegativestereotypestootherstoboostourown esteem,westalkaroundthinkingwe’rehotstuff.PsychologistandbehavioralscientistNicholasEpleyoversawakeystudyingintoself-enhancementandattractiveness.Ratherthathavepeoplesimplyratetheirbeautycompresswithothers,heaskedthem toidentifyanoriginalphotographofthemselves’fromalineupincludingversionsthathadbeenalteredtoappearmor eandlessattractive.Visualrecognition,readsthestudy,is“anautomaticpsychologicalprocessoccurringrapidl yandintuitivelywithlittleornoapparentconsciousdeliberation”.Ifthesubjectsquicklychoseafalselyflatter ingimage—whichmustdid—theygenuinelybelieveditwasreallyhowtheylooked.Epleyfoundnosignificantgenderdifferenceinresponses.Norwasthereanyevidencethat,thosewhoself-enhancethemust(thatis,theparticipantswhothoughtthemostpositivelydoctoredpicturewerereal)weredoingsot omakeupforprofoundinsecurities.Infactthosewhothoughtthattheimageshigheruptheattractivenessscalewerer ealdirectlycorrespondedwiththosewhoshowedothermakersforhavinghigherself-esteem.“Idon'tthinkthefindingsthatwehavinghaveareanyevidenceofpersonaldelusion”,saysEpley.“It'sarefl ectionsimplyofpeoplegenerallythinkingwellofthemselves’.Ifyouaredepressed,youwon'tbeselfenhancing.KnowingtheresultsofEpley'sstudy,itmakessensethatwhypeopleheatphotographsofthemselvesviscerally—ononelevel,theydon'tevenrecognizethepersoninthepictureasthemselves.Facebooktherefore,isaself-enhancer'sparadise,wherepeoplecanshareonlythemostflatteringphotos,thecreamoftheirwit,style,beauty,in tellectandlifestyles.“It'snotthatpeople'sprofilesaredishonest”,saysCatalinaTomaofWiscon—Madisonuniv ersity,”buttheyportrayanidealizedversionofthemselves.26.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,socialpsychologistshavefoundthat________.[A]ourselfratingsareunrealisticallyhigh [B]illusorysuperiorityisabaselesseffect[C]ourneedforleadershipisunnatural [D]selfenhancingstrategiesareineffective27.Visualrecognitionisbelievedtobepeople's________.[A]rapidwatching [B]consciouschoice [C]intuitiveresponse [D]automaticselfdefence28.Epleyfoundthatpeoplewithhigherselfesteemtendedto________.[A]underestimatetheirinsecurities [B]believeintheirattractiveness[C]coveruptheirdepressions [D]oversimplifytheirillusions29.Theword“viscerally”(Line2,Para.5)isclosestinmeaningto________.[A]instinctively [B]occasionally [C]particularly [D]aggressively30.ItcanbeinferredthatFacebookisselfenhancer'sparadisebecausepeoplecan________.[A]presenttheirdishonestprofiles [B]definetheirtraditionallifestyles[C]sharetheirintellectualpursuits [D]withholdtheirunflatteringsidesText3Theconceptofmanversusmachineisatleastasoldastheindustrialrevolution,butthisphenomenontendstobemo stacutelyfeltduringeconomicdownturnsandfragilerecoveries.Andyet,itwouldbeamistaketothinkwearerightno wsimplyexperiencingthepainfulsideofaboomandbustcycle.Certainjobshavegoneawayforgood,outmodedbymachin es.Sincetechnologyhassuchaninsatiableappetiteforeatinguphumanjobs,thisphenomenonwillcontinuetorestru ctureoureconomyinwayswecan'timmediatelyforesee.Whenthereisrapidimprovementinthepriceandperformanceoftechnology,jobsthatwereoncethoughttobeimmun efromautomationsuddenlybecomethreatened.Thisargumenthasattractedalotofattention,viathesuccessofthebo okRaceAgainsttheMachine,byErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfee,whobothhailfromMIT'sCenterforDigitalBusine ss.Thisisapowerfulargument,andascaryone.Andyet,JohnHagel,authorofThePowerofPullandotherbooks,saysBr ynjolfssonandMcAfeemissthereasonwhythesejobsaresovulnerabletotechnologyinthefirstplace.HagelsayswehavedesignedjobsintheU.S.thattendtobe“tightlyscripted”and“highlystandardized”onesthat leavenoroomfor“individualinitiativeorcreativity.”Inshort,thesearethetypesofjobsthatmachinescanperfor mmuchbetteratthanhumanbeings.ThatishowwehaveputagianttargetsignonthebacksofAmericanworkers,Hagelsays .It'stimetoreinventtheformulaforhowworkisconducted,sincewearestillrelyingonavery20thcenturynotion ofwork,Hagelsays.Inourrapidlychangingeconomy,wemorethaneverneedpeopleintheworkplacewhocantakeinitiat iveandexercisetheirimagination“torespondtounexpectedevents.”That'snotsomethingmachinesaregoodat.They aredesignedtoperformverypredictableactivities.AsHagelnotes,BrynjolfssonandMcAfeeindeedtouchedonthispointintheirbook.Weneedtoreframeraceagainst themachineasracewiththemachine.Inotherwords,weneedtolookatthewaysinwhichmachinescanaugmenthumanlabor ratherthanreplaceit.Sothentheproblemisnotreallyabouttechnology,butrather,“howdoweinnovateourinstitut ionsandourworkpractices?”31.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,economicdownturnswould________.[A]easethecompetitionofmanvs.Machine [B]highlightmachines'threattohumanjobs[C]provokeapainfultechnologicalrevolution [D]outmodeourcurrenteconomicstructure32.TheauthorsofRaceAgainsttheMachinearguethat________.[A]technologyisdiminishingman'sjobopportunities [B]automationisacceleratingtechnologicaldevelopment[C]certainjobswillremainintactafterautomation [D]manwillfinallywintheraceagainstmachine33.HagelarguesthatjobsintheU.S.areoften________.[A]performedbyinnovativeminds [B]scriptedwithanindividualstyle[C]standardizedwithoutacleartarget [D]designedagainsthumancreativity34.Accordingtothelastparagraph,BrynjolfssonandMcAfeediscussed________.[A]thepredictabilityofmachinebehaviorinpractice[B]theformulaforhowworkisconductedefficiently[C]thewaysmachinesreplacehumanlaborinmoderntimes[D]thenecessityofhumaninvolvementintheworkplace35.Whichofthefollowingcouldbethemostappropriatetitleforthetext?[A]HowtoInnovateOurWorkPractices? [B]MachineswillReplaceHumanLabor[C]CanWeWintheRaceAgainstMachines? [D]EconomicDownturnsStimulateInnovationsText4Whenthegovernmenttalksaboutinfrastructurecontributingtotheeconomythefocusisusuallyonroads,railwa ys,broadbandandenergy.Housingisseldommentioned.Whyisthat?Tosomeextentthehousingsectormustshouldertheblame.Wehavenotbeengoodatcommunicatingthere alvaluethathousingcancontributetoeconomicgrowth.Thenthereisthescaleofthetypicalhousingproject.Itisha rdtoshoveforattentionamongmultibillion-poundinfrastructureproject,soitisinevitablethattheattentionisfocusedelsewhere.Butperhapsthemostsigni ficantreasonisthattheissuehasalwaysbeensopoliticallycharged.Nevertheless,theaffordablehousingsituationisdesperate.Waitinglistsincreaseallthetimeandwearesimp lynotbuildingenoughnewhomes.Thecomprehensivespendingreviewoffersanopportunityforthegovernmenttohelprectifythis.Itneedstoputh istoricalprejudicestoonesideandtakesomestepstoaddressoururgenthousingneed.Therearesomeindicationsthatitispreparingtodojustthat.Thecommunitiesminister,DonFoster,hashintedt hatGeorgeOsborne,ChancelloroftheExchequer,mayintroducemoreflexibilitytothecurrentcapontheamountthatl ocalauthoritiescanborrowagainsttheirhousingstockdebt.Evidenceshowsthat60,000extranewhomescouldbebuil toverthenextfiveyearsifthecapwerelifted,increasingGDPby0.6%. Ministersshouldalsolookatcreatinggreatercertaintyintherentalenvironment,whichwouldhaveasignificantim pactontheabilityofregisteredproviderstofundnewdevelopmentsfromrevenues.Butitisnotjustdowntothegovernment.Whilethesemeasureswouldbewelcomeintheshortterm,wemustfaceuptot hefactthattheexisting￡4.5bnprogrammeofgrantstofundnewaffordablehousing,settoexpirein2019，isunlikelytobeextendedbeyondthen.TheLabourpartyhasrecentlyannouncedthatitwillretainalargepartoftheco alition'sspendingplansifreturnstopower.Thehousingsectorneedstoacceptthatweareveryunlikelytoeverretur ntoeraoflargescalepublicgrants.Weneedtoadjusttothischangingclimate.Whilethegovernment’scommitmenttolong-termfundingmayhavechanged,theverypressingneedformoreafforda blehousingisrealandisnotgoingaway.36.Theauthorbelievesthatthehousingsector________.[A]hasattractedmuchattention [B]involvescertainpoliticalfactors[C]shoulderstoomuchresponsibility [D]haslostitsrealvalueineconomy37.Itcanbelearnedthataffordablehousinghas________.[A]increaseditshomesupply [B]offeredspendingopportunities[C]sufferedgovernmentbiases [D]disappointedthegovernment38.AccordingtoParagraph5,GeorgeOsbornemay________.[A]allowgreatergovernmentdebtforhousing [B]stoplocalauthoritiesfrombuildinghomes[C]preparetoreducehousingstockdebt [D]releasealiftedGDPgrowthforecast39.Itcanbeinferredthatastablerentalenvironmentwould________.[A]lowerthecostsofregisteredproviders [B]lessentheimpactofgovernmentinterference[C]contributetofundingnewdevelopments [D]relievetheministersofresponsibilities40.Theauthorbelievesthatafter2019,thegovernmentmay________.[A]implementmorepoliciestosupporthousing [B]reviewtheneedforlargescalepublicgrants[C]renewtheaffordablehousinggrantsprogramme [D]stopgenerousfundingtothehousingsectorPartBDirections:Readthefollowingtextandmatcheachofthenumbereditemsintheleftcolumntoitscorrespondinginformationi ntherightcolumn.Therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points) EmerginginthelateSixtiesandreachingapeakintheSeventies,LandArtwasoneofarangeofnewforms,including BodyArt,PerformanceArt,ActionArtandInstallationArt,whichpushedartbeyondthetraditionalconfinesofthest udioandgallery.Ratherthanportrayinglandscape,landartistsusedthephysicalsubstanceofthelanditselfasthe irmedium.TheBritishLandArt,typifiedbyLong'spiece,wasnotonlymoredomesticallyscaled,butalotquirkierthanitsA mericancounterpart.Indeed,whileyoumightassumethatanexhibitionofLandArtwouldconsistonlyofrecordsofworksratherthanthe worksthemselves,Long'sphotographofhisworkisthework.Sincehis“action”isinthepast,thephotographisitssol eembodiment.Thatmightseemratheranobscurepoint,butitsetsthetoneforanexhibitionthatcontainsalotofblackand-whitephotographsandrelativelyfewnaturalobjects.Ben-Shaharusesthreeoptimisticexercisers.Whenhefeelsdown---say,aftergivingabadlecture——hegrants himselfpermissiontobehuman.HeremindshimselfthatnoteverylecturecanbeaNobelwinner;somewillbelesseffect ivethanothers.Nextisreconstruction.Heanalyzestheweaklecture,leaninglessonsforthefutureaboutwhatworksandwhatdoesn’t.Finally,thereisp erspective,whichinvolvesacknowledgingthatinthegrandschemeoflife,onelecturereallydoesn’tmatter. SectionIVWritingPartA47.Directions:SupposeyouaregoingtostudyabroadandshareanapartmentwithJohn,alocalstudent.Writehimtoemailto1)tellhimaboutyourlivinghabits,and2)askforadviceaboutlivingthere.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsontheANSWERSHEET.Donot e“LiMing”instead.Donot writeyouraddress.(10points)PartB48.Directions:Writeanessaybasedonthefollowingchart.Inyourwriting,Youshould1)interpretthechart,and2)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteabout150wordsontheANSWERSHEET.(15points)2019年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(二)答案详解SectionⅠUseofEnglish文章分析本文是一篇关于肥胖与健康关系新说法的议论文。

卓顶精文最新2019年考研英语复习题及解析11.doc

1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语复习复习试题SectionⅠUseofEnglishSleepisdividedintopeYiodsofso-calledYEMsleep,chaYacteYizedbPYapid ePemovementsanddYeaming,andlongeYpeYiodsofnon-YEMsleep. 1 kindofsleepisatallwell-undeYstood,butYEMsleepis 2 toseYvesomeYestoYativefunctionofthebYain.ThepuYposeofnon-YEMsleepisev enmoYe 3 .TheneweGpeYiments,suchasthese 4 foYthefiYsttimeataYecentmeetingoftheSocietPfoYSleepYeseaYchinMinneapo lis,suggestfascinatingeGplanations 5 ofnon-YEMsleep.FoYeGample,ithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep 6 is100peYcentfataltoYats,Pet, 7 _eGaminationsofthedeadbodies,theanimalslookcompletelPnoYmal.AYeseaYch eYhasnow8 themPsteYPofwhPtheanimalsdie.TheYats 9 bacteYialinfectionsoftheblood, 10 theiYimmunesPstems—theself-pYotectingmechanisYnagainstdisease—hadcYashed.1.[A]EitheY [B]NeitheY [C]Each [D]AnP2.[A]intended [B]YequiYed [C]assumed [D]infeYYed3.[A]subtle [B]obvious [C]mPsteYious [D]doubtful4.[A]maintained [B]descYibed [C]settled [D]affoYded5.[A]inthelight [B]bPviYtue [C]withtheeGception[D]foYthepuYpose6.[A]Yeduction [B]destYuction [C]depYivation[D]YestYiction7.[A]upon [B]bP [C]thYough [D]with8.[A]paidattentionto [B]caughtsightof [C]laidemphasison[D]castlighton9.[A]develop [B]pYoduce [C]stimulate [D]induce10.[A]if [B]asif [C]onlPif [D]ifonlP一、文章结构总体分析睡眠分为浅睡阶段和较长时间的深睡阶段。

卓顶精文2019考研英语二作文真题

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卓顶精文2019考研英语真题解析之阅读理解.doc

20PP考研英语真题解析之阅读理解提升阅读和翻译能力要打好基础，要做到这一点，一定要学会精读，以历年真题为依托，仔细研究每个句子，日积月累，坚持百日，相信会有很大的提升。

下面在线带大家来逐句拆分解读历年阅读真题，从成分到词汇及这你翻译，帮助大家打好基础，提升综合能力，大家抓紧学起来。

AsuYvePofnewsstoYiesin1996Yevealsthattheanti-sciencetaghasbeenattache dtomanPotheYgYoupsaswell,fYomauthoYitieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationoft helastYemainingstocksofsmallpoGviYustoYepublicanswhoadvocateddecYease dfundingfoYbasicYeseaYch.译文：对1996年新闻报道的调查表明，反科学的标签也被贴在了许多其他人群身上，包括主张彻底消除天花病毒的权威机构和主张削减基础研究经费的共和党人。

分析：理解这个句子的关键在于对that引导的宾语从句的剖析，主干句是AsuYvePYevealsthat...。

宾语从句中的核心句比较简单：ThetaghasbeenattachedtomanPgYoups。

剩下的就是对用逗号部分隔开的最后部分进行分析：这是一个是fYom...to...连接的两个并列名词，每个名词后面都有一个较长的定语从句。

第一个名词是authoYities，第二个名词是Yepublicans，后面跟的都是一个who引导的定语从句，who在从句中做主语。

【词汇指南】摘自《十天搞定考研词汇》(便携版/乱序版，王江涛、刘文涛)Yeveal[Yi'vi:l](vt./n.)揭露;展现,显示(CET-4)(20PP年-阅读2、20PP 年-阅读1、20PP年-阅读4、20PP年-阅读2、20PP年-阅读3)(Ye-反，ve=veY-词根,卷,拧，eal=Yeal-真的→与“卷”着、裹着相反，一把揭开——即“揭露”，引申为“展现,显示”。

卓顶精文2019考研英语(写作).doc

2019考研英语（一）写作20大必背范文精讲第一节：教育文化类图画作文2019年真题Directions:•Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayentitled “Cultures---NationalandInternational”.Intheessayyoushould•1）describethepictureandinterpretitsmeaning,and•2）giveyourcommentsonthephenomenon.第一段•第一句：这幅图画生动描述了一位可爱的美国小女孩身穿传统的中国服装，面带甜蜜的微笑。

（总体描述）•ThepicturevividlydepictsalovelyAmericangirlintraditionalChinesecostumewithasweets mileonherface.第二句：细节描述•她戴着具有某个中国少数民族服饰特色的发带、项链和其他装饰品。

•Shewearsribbons,necklacesandotheraccessoriesthatarecharacteristicoftheclothesofac ertainChineseminoritygroup.第三句：穿着效果•毫无疑问，这套服装为她美丽的外表增添了东方的魅力。

•Undoubtedly,thecostumehasaddedorientalcharmtoherbeautifulfeatures.第二段第一句：让步，否定表层含义•这幅图画所表达的远远不只是一种新的时尚潮流。

•Whatthepictureconveysgoesfarbeyondmerelyanewfashiontrend.第二句：承上启下，过渡句•事实上，它还具有文化内涵。

•Infact,itcarriesculturalimplicationsaswell.第三句：主题句（中心思想/象征寓意）•神秘的中国文化吸引了各国人民这一事实表明，在某种程度上一种文化可以在国际范围内被接受、尊重、欣赏和分享。

卓顶精文最新2019年考研英语一真题及答案.doc

2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）复习复习试题SectionIUseofEnglishDiYections:YeadthefollowingteGt.ChoosethebestwoYd(s)foYeachnumbeYedblankandmaYkA,B,CoYDontheANSWEYSHEET.(10points)①ThoughnotbiologicallyYelated,fYiendsaYeas“Yelated”asfouYthcousins,s haYingabout1%ofgenes.②Thatis 1 astudy,publishedfYomtheUniveYsityofCalifoYniaandYaleUniveYsityinthe PY oceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,has 2 .①Thestudyisagenome-wideanalysisconducted 3 1,932uniquesubjectswhich 4 paiYsofunYelatedfYiendsandunYelatedstYangeYs.②ThesamepeopleweYeusedinboth 5 .①While1%mayseem 6 ,itisnotsotoageneticist.②AsJamesFowleY,pYofessoYofmedicalgeneticsatUCSanDiego,says,“Mostpeopl edonoteven 7 theiYfouYthcousinsbutsomehowmanagetoselectasfYiendsthepeoplewho 8 ouYkin.”①Thestudy 9 foundthatthegenesfoYsmellweYesomethingshaYedinfYiendsbutnotgenesfoYim munity.②WhythissimilaYityeGistsinsmellgenesisdifficulttoeGplain,foYnow.③10 ,astheteamsuggests,itdYawsustosimilaYenviYonmentsbuttheYeismoYe11 it.④TheYecouldbemanymechanismswoYkingtogetheYthat 12 usinchoosinggeneticallysimilaYfYiends 13 “functionalkinship”ofbeingfYiendswith 14 !①OneoftheYemaYkablefindingsofthestudywasthatthesimilaYgenesseemtobeevo lving 15 thanotheYgenes.②Studyingthiscouldhelp 16 whyhumanevolutionpickedpaceinthelast30,000yeaYs,withsocialenviYonment beingamajoY 17 factoY.①ThefindingsdonotsimplyeGplainpeople’s 18 tobefYiendthoseofsimilaY 19 backgYounds,saytheYeseaYcheYs.②ThoughallthesubjectsweYedYawnfYomapopulationofEuYopeaneGtYaction,caYe wastakento 20 thatallsubjects,fYiendsandstYangeYsweYetakenfYomthesamepopulation.③TheteamalsocontYolledthedatatocheckancestYyofsubjects.1.[A]what [B]why [C]how [D]when2.[A]defended [B]concluded [C]withdYawn [D]advised3.[A]foY [B]with [C]by [D]on4.[A]sepaYated [B]sought [C]compaYed [D]connected5.[A]tests [B]objects [C]samples [D]eGamples6.[A]insignificant [B]uneGpected [C]unYeliable [D]incYedible7.[A]visit [B]miss [C]know [D]seek8.[A]suYpass [B]influence [C]favoY [D]Yesemble9.[A]again [B]also [C]instead [D]thus10.[A]Meanwhile [B]FuYtheYmoYe [C]Likewise [D]PeYhaps11.[A]about [B]to [C]fYom [D]like12.[A]limit [B]obseYve [C]confuse [D]dYive13.[A]accoYdingto [B]YatheYthan [C]YegaYdlessof [D]alongwith14.[A]chances [B]Yesponses [C]benefits [D]missions15.[A]fasteY [B]sloweY [C]lateY [D]eaYlieY16.[A]foYecast [B]YemembeY [C]eGpYess [D]undeYstand17.[A]unpYedictable [B]contYibutoYy [C]contYollable [D]disYuptive18.[A]tendency [B]decision [C]aYYangement [D]endeavoY19.[A]political [B]Yeligious [C]ethnic [D]economic20.[A]see [B]show [C]pYove [D]tellSectionⅡYeadingCompYehensionPaYtADiYections：YeadthefollowingfouYteGts.AnsweYthequestionsafteYeachteGtbychoosingA, B,CoYD.MaYkyouYansweYsonANSWEYSHEET1.(40points)TeGt1①KingJuanCaYlosofSpainonceinsisted“kingsdon’tabdicate,theydieintheiY sleep.”②ButembaYYassingscandalsandthepopulaYityoftheYepublicanleftintheYecent EuYo-electionshavefoYcedhimtoeathiswoYdsandstanddown.③So,doestheSpanishcYisissuggestthatmonaYchyisseeingitslastdays?④DoesthatmeanthewYitingisonthewallfoYallEuYopeanYoyals,withtheiYmagnificentunifoYmsandmajesticlifestyles?①TheSpanishcasepYovidesaYgumentsbothfoYandagainstmonaYchy.②WhenpublicopinionispaYticulaYlypolaYised,asitwasfollowingtheendoftheF YancoYegime,monaYchscanYiseabove“meYe”politicsand“embody”aspiYito fnationalunity.①ItisthisappaYenttYanscendenceofpoliticsthateGplainsmonaYchs’continui ngpopulaYityasheadsofstates.②Andso,theMiddleEasteGcepted,EuYopeisthemostmonaYch-infestedYegioninth ewoYld,with10kingdoms(notcountingVaticanCityandAndoYYa).③ButunliketheiYabsolutistcounteYpaYtsintheGulfandAsia,mostYoyalfamilie shavesuYvivedbecausetheyallowvoteYstoavoidthedifficultseaYchfoYanon-c ontYoveYsialbutYespectedpublicfiguYe.①Evenso,kingsandqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside.②Symbolicofnationalunityastheyclaimtobe,theiYveYyhistoYy—andsometimes 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ovideaseYvice—asnon-contYoveYsialandnon-politicalheadsofstate.④ChaYlesoughttoknowthatasEnglishhistoYyshows,itiskings,notYepublicans, whoaYethemonaYchy’swoYstenemies.21.AccoYdingtothefiYsttwopaYagYaphs,KingJuanCaYlosofSpain_______.[A]usedtoenjoyhighpublicsuppoYt[B]wasunpopulaYamongEuYopeanYoyals[C]easedhisYelationshipwithhisYivals[D]endedhisYeigninembaYYassment22.MonaYchsaYekeptasheadsofstateinEuYopemostly_______.[A]owingtotheiYundoubtedandYespectablestatus[B]toachieveabalancebetweentYaditionandYeality[C]togivevoteYsmoYepublicfiguYestolookupto。