外文翻译--直流电机速度控制-精品

合集下载

外文翻译--直流电动机调速控制

外文翻译--直流电动机调速控制The different speed control systems require a variety of brake systems。

with high starting and braking torque。

quick response。

and a wide range of adjustment degrees for the DC drive system。

Electric braking mode can also be used。

The speed control of a DC motor depends on the ___ zero speed。

either U=0 or Φ=∞。

but the ___。

___ to ce speed。

To increase speed。

U Φ can be increased or decreased.Keywords: ___。

feedback。

______-state n.In many speed control systems。

such as those found in rolling mills and mine winders。

it is often ___ the load to a halt and reverse it frequently。

The rate at which the speed decreases in response to a ced speed demand depends on the amount of stored energy and the braking system employed。

While a small speed control system can use mechanical braking。

this is not ___ and cost of removing the generated heat.To address this issue。

国外直流电机调速系统设计的相关书籍

国外直流电机调速系统设计的相关书籍国外直流电机调速系统设计的相关书籍随着技术的不断进步和发展，直流电机调速系统已经成为电机控制领域的重要一环。

国外在这方面积累了丰富的经验和成果，并且有许多优秀的作者写了许多相关书籍。

下面我们来介绍几本值得推荐的书籍。

《直流电机调速系统设计》(Design of DC motor Speed Control System)这本书是美国著名电气工程专家Arthur P. Jordan所著，它全面深入地阐述了直流电机调速系统的原理、结构和应用。

书中详细介绍了直流电机的稳态和动态特性，直流电机调速系统中各种控制方法的优缺点，不同拓扑结构的功率电子器件的选型和设计，以及直流电机调速系统的仿真和实验研究方法等内容。

它不仅包含了理论知识，还有实际应用的经验和案例分析，对于直流电机调速系统的研究和实践都有很大的帮助。

《现代控制系统》(Modern Control Systems)这是一本通俗易懂的控制工程教材，由美国著名控制理论学家Richard C. Dorf和Robert H. Bishop合著，已经出版了十多个版本。

书中介绍了控制系统的基本原理、各种控制器的设计、控制系统的稳定性和性能分析等内容，适合初学者和研究人员阅读。

其中第十二章介绍了直流电机调速系统的控制方法，包括电压调节控制、流量控制、PWM控制和矢量控制等，非常详细。

《电机控制器(基础与应用)》(Electric Motor Control: DC, AC, and BLDC Motors)这是一本全面介绍电机控制器的书籍，由著名电气工程专家Mehrdad Ehsani等人编写，包括了直流电机、交流电机和无刷直流电机的各种控制方法。

其中第四章详细介绍了直流电机的控制原理、各种调速方法、PWM控制技术和磁性调速技术等。

该书内容丰富，非常适合电机控制领域的研究人员和工程技术人员阅读。

总之，在直流电机调速系统的设计和应用方面，国外的作者们已经做出了许多有价值的研究和探索，这些书籍对于我们深入理解和研究直流电机控制系统具有重要的参考价值。

电动机及速度控制外文翻译

英文The Electric Motor And Speed ControlEach type of motor has its particular field of usefulness. Because of its simplicity, economy, and durability, the induction motor is more widely used for industrial purposes than any other type of ac motor, especially if a high- speed drive is desired.If ac power is available, all drives requiring constant speed should use squirrel-cage induction or synchronous motors because of their ruggedness and lower cost. Drives requiring varying speeds, such as fans, blowers, or pumps, may be driven by wound-rotor induction motors. However, if there are machine tools or other machines requiring adjustable speed or a wide range of speed control, it will probably be desirable to install dc motors on such machines and supply them from the ac system by motor-generator sets or electronic rectifiers.Almost all constant-speed machines may be driven by ac squirrel-cage motors because these motors are made with a variety of speed and torque characteristics. When large motors are required or when power supply is limited, the wound-rotor motor is used, even to drive constant-speed machines.For varying-speed service, wound-rotor motors with resistance control are used for fans, blowers, and other apparatus for continuous duty and are used for cranes, hoists, and other installations for intermittent duty. The controller and resistors must be properly chosen for the specific application. Synchronous motors may be used for almost any constant-speed drive requiring about 100 hp or over.Cost is an important factor when more than one type of ac motor is applicable. The squirrel-cage motor is the least expensive ac motor of the three types considered and requires additional secondary control equipment. The wound-rotor is more expensive and requires additional secondary control. The synchronous motor is even more expensive and requires a source of dc excitation, as well as special synchronizing control to apply the dc power at the correct instant. When very large machines are involved, as, for example, 1000 hp or over, the cost picture may change considerably and should be checked on an individual basis.The various types of single-phase ac motors and universal motors are used very little in industrial applications, since polyphase ac or dc power is generally available. When such motors are used, they are usually built into the equipment by the machinery manufacturer, as in portable tools, office machinery, and other equipment. These motors are, as a rule, especially designed for the specific machines with which they are used.Speed Control of D.C. MotorsThe most common requirement for a drive is that giving speed control from zero to full-load speed with a load torque which is approximately constant or increasing with speed. In such an application it is necessary to supply the armature with variable voltage, and a controlled rectification configuration operating from an a. c. source is admirably suited to this application.The simplest and often the cheapest configuration is that of the half-wave rectifier applied to either a shunt or series d. c. motor in the manner shown in Fig.1. The number of components required is minimal and, in its simplest form, it is possible to dispense with current limiting circuits. The current build-up in the positive half-cycle is then limited by the armature inductance. This system suffers from the major disadvantage that the form factor is bad (at least 2:1), leading to a significant de-rating of the motor. The torque is pulsating and this may produce objectionable results, particularly at low speeds. There will also be a large a. c. component into the supply system and there will, in general, be a practical limit to the rating of such a system. In practice, this arrangement will be restricted to rating below 1h. p.Some improvement in form factor cam be made by adding a flywheel diode across the armature. If an inductance is based in series with the armature, its effect will be to smooth out the armature current. In practice, however, a large value of inductance is necessary making such a component large and expensive. It is often cheaper to use a full-wave arrangement.When regeneration is not needed, it is possible to use the half-controlled bridge shown in Fig. 2. This circuit has thyristors on two arms with cathodes connected to the positive terminal and rectifiers in the other two arms. It produces full-wave rectification but has one major disadvantagte in that it is essential to ensure that each thyristor is extinguished before the start of its positive half-cycle of the system voltage. This condition is important because it is possible for the armature current to flywheel through the conducting thyristor and its adjoining rectifier during the negative half-cycle. If this current is present when the system voltage becomes positive again, a full half-cycle of the supply voltage will appear across the motor armature, resulting in a large surge of current. This effect can be prevented by either firing the second thyristor towards the end of the negative half-cycle or by using a flywheel diode across the armature so that an alternative low impedance path is provided for the current.It is, however, possible to rearrange the components in the bridge in the manner shown in Fig. 3, to remove the problem of failure to commutate the armature current from the conducting thyristor. In the arrangement shown in Fig. 3, the thyristors are connected to a supply terminal so that the armature current circulates around the rectifiers. In these circumstances the thyristors will be extinguished by reversal of the system voltage. Thus it is possible that the current in the rectifiers will exceed the current in the thyristors and that the armature current will exceed the mains current. It then becomes necessary to use larger rectifiers or to use protective current limiting operated from the armature circuit. The circuit shown in Fig. 2has the advantage that, if the rectifier bridge is completed, a supply is available for the motor field.An alternative full-wave configuration with some useful features is shown in Fig. 4. This arrangement consists of a full-wave uncontrolled rectifier supplying a single thyristor which can now conduct on both half-cycles of the system voltage. Its original merit in the days when thyristors were very expensive was that it made full use of single thyristor. It also has the advantage that a supply for the motor field is readily available and that, for a multi-machine system, only one main uncontrolled rectifier is necessary. Only one thyristor firing circuit is necessary and this ensures an even balance of current pulses between alternate half-cycles of the supply. Its major disadvantage is that some reliable method of extinguishing the thyristor at each zero of the mains voltage must be found so that the thyristor can enter a blocking mode to regain control during the next half-cycle.All the circuits so far described have operated from a single-phase supply with either line to line voltage. The normal acceptable loading limit for a single-phase system is about 7KW and for ratings above this, it is necessary to use a 3-phase supply with the corresponding thyristor configuration.The simplest 3-phase arrangement is the half-controlled bridge with thyristors in one half and rectifiers in the other half of the bridge, connected in the manner shown in Fig.5. Such an arrangement suffers from the same commutation trouble as the single-phase bridge. In these circumstances either a minimum firing angle unit must be used or a flywheel diode must be fitted across the armature.In some applications, a d. c. motor will be used to speed control an overhauling load such that, under certain circumstances, power transfer from the load to the motor is possible. Under these conditions the motor will act as a generator and thyristor power converter capable of transferring power into the a. c. mains must be used, The basic circuit of such a regenerative system is shown in Fig 6. Under regenerative condition current must flow out of the positive motor terminal into the supply system and the thyristor TH1 in Fig. 6controls the amount of regenerative power returned to the mains while TH2 controls the system under motoring conditions. Care must obviously be taken to ensure that both thyristors circuit of this type itis usual to ensure that the net circuit e. m. f. always acts in a direction such that the rate of change of current is negative and to ensure that the e. m. f. is present until zero current is reached.This simple circuit suffers from severe restriction must be placed on the value of the firing angle during regeneration if uncontrolled conduction is to be avoided. The type of restriction is to be overcome by the use of the bi-phase, half-wave system illustrated in Fig. 7, for which continuous conduction is possible with the current being forcibly transferred from one thyristor to the other because the cathode voltage of the incoming device is lower than that of the outgoing device at the instant of firing.Speed Control of A.C. MotorsMost a. c. motors operate at constant speed and speed control can be obtained by varying the frequency of the applied voltage. In many cases the magnitude of the applied voltage will also be varied in direct proportion to the frequency in order to maintain the flux in the machine at a constant value. In general, a static power converter producing a variable frequency, variable magnitude polyphase output-voltage from fixed polyphase a. c. mains is required and this can be achieved in one of two days. Firstly, a direct conversion (a. c to a. c) can be made using the so-called cycloconverter principle. The second and more common way is to convert the fixed a. c. to variable d. c. and to then reconvert this d. c. voltage to the required variable a. c. system；such a method uses a d. c. link. In this case negative anode-cathode voltage does not occur naturally in the d. c. to a. c. thyristor converter and the process of forced commutation must be used. Two basic methods of forced commutation inverters, the so-called parallel inverter and the pulse-width modulated inverter are in common use.A simplified diagram representing a single-phase parallel inverter is given in Fig.8 in which the inductance L between the source and the thyristors acts as a current limiter. With thyristor TH1 in Fig.8 conducting the supply voltage V appears across one half of the primary of the output transformer T and load current flows. The voltage across the whole of the transformer primary winding is then 2V and the capacitor C is charged to the voltage 2V. When thyristor TH2 is fired, the capacitor discharges through the two thyristors and TH1 is reverse biased until it turns off. Thyristor TH2 is then in a conducting state and the supply voltage V appears across the other half of the transformer primary in an opposite sense. The output voltage across the secondary then reverses and is thereforce an approximate square wave whose frequency is controlled by the firing pulse applied to the two thyristors. Filtering can be introduced at the output if a sinusoidal output voltage is required. The general principles of pulse-width modulation are illustrated by the circuit of Fig.9.Thyristor TH1 is the main circuit device and thyristor TH2, capacitor C and resistor R from the commutating circuit for the main thyristor .The presence of the diode D is now essential in that it provides a path for load current and allows the capacitor to discharge. Initially neither thyristor is conducting so that both points A andB in Fig.9 are at the potential of the negative rail. If TH1 is fired the point B in Fig.9 will now be at the potential of the positive rail. Current will build up in the load on an exponential of time constant L/R and, at the same time, the capacitorC will be charged to a voltage +V, through the resistor R, with the potential at point B positive with respect to that at point A. If after some convenient time, thyristor TH2 is fired, the potential at point A will rise to +V volts, the presense of the charged capacitor will result in the potential at point B, in Fig.9, rising to +2V volts. The main thyristor TH1 will then be reverse biased and can turn off. Load current must still be flowing, because of the presence of load inductance and this current is supplied by the charge stored in the capacitor. The capacitor will thus be discharged resonantly until point B goes to a negative potential, at which point the diodeD will conduct, thereby clamping the load voltage at approximately zero and also providing a flywheel path for the load current. Capacitor C will now have a voltage of +V across it with point A positive and the thyristor TH1 will be conducting with a small current passing through the resistor R. The load current will fallexponentially until thyristor TH2 is fired again. This will cause the potential at point B to rise to +V so that the potential at point A rises to +2V. The thyristor TH1 is thus extinguished and the capacitor C recharges through R with the point B again at the positive potential, ready for the next cycle of operation.More elegant forms of the basic circuit of Fig. 9 can be used to generate a sinusoid of output voltage with a superimposed high frequency ripple. The ripple frequency is controlled by the maximum permissible switching rate for the thyristors and the allowable commutation loss which takes place as switching occurs. The frequency of the output voltage is readily controlled by control of the pulse repetition rate of the gate signal.译文电动机及速度控制每种型号的电机都有其特定的使用范围。

直流电动机调速控制外文翻译

直流电动机调速控制外文翻译毕业设计名称: ABB直流调速器的PLC控制程序设计外文翻译名称: 直流电动机调速控制基于DSP高速无刷直流电机控制使用直流环节电压控制摘要:一个基于DSP高速度传感器控制无刷直流电机(无刷直流)汽车使用直流环节电压控制方案被提出了。

无刷直流电机的运行在一个高速度范围、驱动系统可以有一个比较轻体积小,在同一输出等级。

在现有的无传感器控制方案,通常采用PWM(脉宽调制)技术作为一个速度控制。

然而,由于PWM技术和变频变换不能履行独立,明显的变换延迟存在于高速地区。

另一方面，使用的直流母线电压控制方案，变频器操作与方波120?传导速度控制是通过调节斩波直流环节逆变器的输入电压实现。

利用这项技术,因为电压控制和变换就可以实现独立,延迟不存在运算可以交换甚至在一个高速地区。

此外，以有一个波形相位目前类似的矩形波和终端电压更有效率的处理在位置检测电路。

实际应用变换议题延迟的一个高速度的无传感器控制进行了讨论。

整个控制系统的实施应用DSP芯片的无刷直流电机TMS320C240和有效性的比较验证了仿真和实验。

关键词:无刷直流电机，无传感器控制，DSP控制1.介绍在许多工业领域,需要安装一个轴传感器可能会大幅度增加推动成本以及复杂的电机配置[1]。

特别是,为电动机建在一个完全密封压缩机、轴传感器是难以运用由于传感器可靠性降低高温需要额外的导线。

此外,这些传感器,尤其是霍尔传感器,温度敏感,限制了电机运行大约75?以下[1]。

一个绝对速度传感器通常限于大约6000转速与旋转需要一个特殊的外部电路。

同时,传感器的精度也会受到安装的准确性。

要克服这些弊端,无位置传感器无刷直流电机控制技术提出了一个[1 ~ 5]。

有两类位置检测方案,即,该方法利用电机的反电势[2],该方法基于检测间隔进行随心所欲的二极管[3]。

在现有的无传感器控制方案、PWM技术技术通常用于一个速度控制。

然而,由于PWM技术和变频变换不能履行独立,明显的变换延迟的一个高速度可能存在的区域。

基于FPGA的直流电机控制设计外文翻译2

Implementation of FPGA based PID Controller for DC Motor Speed Control SystemSavita Sonoli K.Nagabhushan RajuAbstract— In this paper, the implementation of software module using ‘VHDL’ for Xilinx FPGA (XC3S400) based PID controller for DC motor speed control system is presented. The tools used for building and testing the software modules are Xilinx ISE 9.2i and ModelSim XE III 6.3c. Before verifying the design on FPGA the complete design is simulated using Modelsim Simulation tool. A test bench is written where, the set speed can be changed for the motor. It is observed that the motor speed gradually changes to the set speed and locks to the set speed.IndexTerms—Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller, Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language (VHDL), Pulse Width Modulation (PWM).I. I NTRODUCTIONHardware Description Languages (HDLs) are used to describe hardware for the purpose of Simulation, Modeling, Testing, Design, and Documentation of digital systems. The most popular HDLs are VHDL [(Very High Speed Integrated Circuit) Hardware Description Language], and Verilog. VHDL is used to describe hardware from the abstract to the concrete level. Many of the Electronic Design Automation (EDA) vendors are standardizing on VHDL as input and output from their tools. These tools include simulation tools, synthesis tools, layout tools and testing tools.The Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers have been widely used over the past five decades due to their simplicity, robustness, effectiveness and applicability for a broad class of systems. Despite the numerous control design approaches that have appeared in the literature, it is estimated that, nowadays PID controllers are still employed in more than 95% of industrial processes [1]. For many decades, the digital PID controller has been used extensively in real time digital control. The PID is used extensively in the field of servo motor control, robotics, temperature control and power electronics. It has a long history of development and very mature tuning rules. Overall, the PID is an important tool for the embedded real time digital control designer. They are usually implemented either in hardware using analog components or in software using computer-based systems. The emergence of field programmable gate arrays and hardware description languages allows for added dimensions of digital PID controllers, Parallelism, Programmable bit widths and absolute determinism.Dr. Savita Sonoli is Professor and Head Department of Instrumentation Technology, Proudha Devaraya Institute of Technology, HOSPET-583225,KARNATAKA.INDIA. (e-mail: savitachitriki@)Dr. K.Nagabhushan Raju is Associate Professor and Head Department of Instrumentation. Sri Krishnadevaraya University,Ananthpur-515055,AndraPradesh, INDIA. (e-mail: electronicsku@) Building PID controllers on Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) improves speed, accuracy, power-efficiency, compactness and cost effectiveness.With the growing complexity of motor and motion control applications, it becomes apparent that a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) offers significant advantage over the off shelf Application Specific Standard Product (ASSP) solutions in the areas of performance, flexibility and inventory control [2]. Custom motor drive interfaces such as Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) can be developed easily, quickly and at low cost. Additionally, because of full configurability, the same FPGA can be used in various product ranges, reducing the need to maintain inventory for multiple devices [3].The Spartan3 family of Field-Programmable Gate Arrays is specifically designed to meet the needs of high volume, cost-sensitive consumer electronic applications. The eight-member family offers densities ranging from 50,000 to five million system gates. Because of their exceptionally low cost, Spartan3 FPGAs are ideally suited to a wide range of consumer electronic applications, including broadband access, home networking, display/projection and digital television equipment. Modern FPGAs and their distinguishable capabilities have been advertised extensively by FPGA vendors [4]. Moreover, some refereed articles addressed the advantages of utilizing these powerful chips [5][6]. In the past two years, Spartan II and III FPGA families from Xilinx have been successfully utilized in a variety of applications, which include inverters [7][8], communications [9][10], embedded processors [11], and image processing [12]. The implementation of PID controllers using microprocessors and Digital Signal Processor (DSP) chips is old and well known [13][14], whereas very little work can be found in the literature on how to implement PID controllers using FPGAs. A PWM generator is introduced in [15]. However, only simulation results are presented. The contributions of the authors in [16][17] are considered complementary to the present work as they provide tools for building the current application.The software developed provides the user interface through on board peripherals like Pushbuttons, Toggle switches, Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) and Seven Segment Displays, so that the user can change the set speed of the motor as well view the data display on Seven Segment Display and also reset the entire system.The organization of this paper is given as follows: In section II, an overview of the functional modules of a FPGA based PID controller for DC motor speed control system are explained. In section III, State flow diagrams of the present design are presented. In section IV, the implementation results of the system are discussed. Conclusions are discussed in section V.II. O VERVIEW OF FUNCTIONAL MODULESThe target FPGA device used in the present work is Spartan3 family XC3S400 manufactured by Xilinx. Design development and debugging is carried on a low-cost, full-featured kit from Advanced Electronic Systems (ALS). This board provides all the tools required to design and verify Spartan3 platform designs. Designs are based on 10 MHz clock. Figure 1 shows the Hierarchical Diagram of FPGA Based PID Controller Implementation for DC motor speed control system. Figure 2 shows the PID Controller Top level module with sub modules with internal and external signal flow. The software tools used for building and testing these modules are Xilinx ISE 9.2i and ModelSim XE III 6.3c.A. PID controller Top module The PID Controller Top module is the Main Top level VHDL module in the hierarchy. It instantiates the sub modules ADC_interface, ADC_Data_Read and Motor_control modules. It interconnects all the signals and interacts with the external world.B. ADC interface module It is a front end interface module for ADC. This module has a state machine ADC_state that gives out the signals Start Of Conversion (SOC) and Output Enable (OE) for ADC. It also generates ADC channel address based on the three bitFig. 1. Hierarchical Diagram for FPGA based PID controllerImplementationon board toggle switch (TS1, TS2, TS3) input. After asserting these signals it waits for End Of Conversion (EOC) signal, which is 8th bit in the data bus. Once ADC asserts EOC the state machine generates the ADC_Data_Ready signal used as enable for the register that latches the valid data from the ADC. Also the same signal will be given to the next module, ADC Data Read module that uses this as a control signal for latching the valid data The Sub module Seven_Segment is used for seven segment Display that will display the data going to Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) hardware module, which is the actual speed, calculated using the PID equation.ADC_Interface ADC_Data_rdMotor_control Seven_Segment PID_Eqn_Kconst Div_gen_v1_0 inSeven_seg_out OE4_Disp OE1_Disp OE3_Disp Clk_Div8_out DAC_data_out DAC_data_out ADC_Data ADC_Data_rdy ADC_Data_rdy ADC_Data K_Equation e n , e n-1, e n-2 Error Data Fig. 2. PID Controller Top module with sub modulesC. ADC data read moduleThe ADC data read module takes the ADC data from ADCinterface module based on the control signal ADC_data_rdy_in. It has a state machine ADC_RD_Statewhich checks for ADC_data_capture switch, a toggleswitch input connected to the switch input capture_ctrl_in(TS16) in top module. Once this switch is asserted itproceeds to next state and checks for the ADC_Data_readyinput signal from ADC interface module. When theADC_Data_ready signal is asserted it will wait for 200cycles in next state and asserts ADC_AVG_DATA_Rdysignal, which will register the 200thADC data. Processwaits 200 cycles for ADC data to get stabilized afterchange in speed of motor. The latched data along with the control signal ADC_AVG_DATA_Rdy will be sent out to next module, which is Motor control module. D. Motor control module The Motor control module receives the data from ADC Data Read module, which is latched into the module using ADC_AVG_DATA_Rdy control signal from the ADC Data read module. Once the data is latched into the module it calculates the current speed, which is the ADC data multiplied by 10. The maximum speed for the motor is considered as 2550 rpm which if divided by 10 to get 255 in decimal, equivalent to “11111111” in binary, which is the maximum 8 bit ADC value. This is done to get the approximated current speed. Once the current speed is calculated, this value is subtracted with the set speed value, which is set using thetoggle switches Speed_Set_switch, connected to Speed_select_in, in PID controller top module. This willgenerate current error e n . The same e n will become e n-1 ande n-2 in next consecutive cycles. The values of e n , e n-1 and e n-2 are fed to PID equation calculation module with theirpolarity, which indicates whether the calculated value ispositive or negative. The PID Equation calculation modulewill calculate K_equation value, which is a part of PIDequation, [K p *( e n - e n-1) + K i * e n + K d *( e n - 2*( e n-1))+ e n-2 ].The final PID equation[V n-1+ K p *( e n - e n-1) + K i * e n + K d *( e n - 2*( e n-1))+ e n-2]will be calculated in Motor control module. It has severalstate machines like Motor_Control_State, PID_Assign_State, SW_Debounce_State andSpeed_Lock_State.In Motor_Control_State machine capture enable switchis monitored which is connected to Captur_ctrl_in switch in the top module. Once this is asserted the controller waits for some delay until valid data for PID equation is calculated. Now, swap the values of errors e n , e n-1 and e n-2 and also PID values V n and V n-1 are swapped.PID_Assign_State machine checks the calculated PID value for negative or greater than 255 the maximum value of ADC. If it is negative then DAC is assigned Zero, else if the value is greater than 255, 255 is assigned. If the value is between 0 and 255 then the actual value for DAC is assigned. SW_Debounce_State machine wait for some fixed amount of delay to overcome the de-bouncing of the speed select toggle switches. Speed_Lock_State machine check whether the calculated speed lies with in plus or minus 100 rpm range of set speed, if so, it is approximated to the set speed. Thisapproximation is done, as floating point operation is not considered in calculating the PID equation, which is beyond the scope of this design. Once the calculated speed is ready by PID equation, it is divided by 10 using the divider module to get the equivalent DAC value. This is based on the approximation for rpm, which was done in the beginning while calculating the current speed from ADC data. Once the equivalent binary data is calculated from PID equation it is sent to DAC. This will continue until all the errors become zero and V n equals V n-1, which forces current speed equal to set speed and hence motor starts running at set speed. E. Coregen divider module This is Xilinx specific coregen module, used in the present design. Instantiated in Motor Control Module to divide the calculated PID value V n to get the equivalent binary value, which has to be sent to DAC. F. Seven segment display module This module will generate the output enable for on board seven segment displays and also provide the data to seven segment modules, which is going out to DAC. G. PID equation calculation module The calculated errors e n , e n-1 and e n-2 with their polarities, whether they are positive or negative is fed to this module from motor control module. This module will calculate thepart of PID equation,V n = V n-1+ K p *( e n - e n-1) + K i * e n + K d *( e n - 2*( e n-1))+ e n-2 which is K p *( e n - e n-1) + K i * e n + K d *( e n - 2*( e n-1))+ e n-2.The constants K p , K i and K d values are 3, 2 and 1 respectively. They are calculated by trial and error method. The PID equation is evaluated part by part. First the values for K d *( e n - 2*( e n-1)) , K i * e n and K p *( e n - e n-1) are individually calculated retaining their polarity, which will determine whether the calculated values are positive or negative. Once this is done combined equations, K d *( e n - 2*( e n-1))+ e n-2 and K p *( e n - e n-1) + K i * e n are calculated with their polarities. Once these equations are evaluated, the final K_equation is calculated which is, K p *( e n - e n-1) + K i * e n + K d *( e n - 2*( e n-1))+ e n-2. This is fed back to Motor control module with K_equation polaritythat will determine, whether the calculated value of K equation is positive or negative. In motor control module the final PID equation, V n = V n-1+ K p *( e n - e n-1) + K i * e n + K d *( e n - 2*( e n-1))+ e n-2 is calculated. Here the polarities of current errors and current PID value are passed to polarities of previous PID and previous errors to hold their polarity for further calculations.For example, if the error e n and its polarity calculated are negative, then in the next cycle the e n value is assigned to e n-1 and the polarity of e n becomes e n-1 polarity. III. S TATE FLOW DIAGRAMS The state flow diagrams are so drawn that, they are selfexplanatory and gives the complete idea of software development for FPGA based PID controller for DC motor speed control system. Figure 3 shows State flow diagram forADC_State, state machine in ADC Interface module. Figure 4 shows State flow diagram for ADC_RD_State, state machine in ADC Data read module similarly, State flow diagrams for Motor_Control _State, state machine, PID_Assign_State, state machine, SW_Debounce State, state machine, and Speed_lock_state, state machine in Motor control module are developed.Fig. 3. State flow diagram forADC_State, state machineIV. R ESULTSA. Simulation ResultsLogic simulation in FPGA design environment plays a very vital role in verifying the functionality of the designs. Simulation is a powerful way to test the system on a computer, before it is turned into hardware. Simulators let designer to check the values of signals inside the system.In the present study, for functional verification, before verifying the performance of proposed controller design on FPGA,Fig. 4. State flow diagram forADC_RD_State, state machinethe complete design is simulated using Modelsim Simulation tool (Xilinx version ModelSim XE III 6.3c), which has pre-compiled libraries for all Xilinx FPGAs. A test bench is written where, the set speed can be changed for the motor. In the test bench, the Top module of the design PID_controller_top is instantiated. The inputs like Clock, Reset, Switch data and ADC data are defined and the output is observed in the simulation window.As many sub modules are instantiated in Top module and as this is a hierarchical design, internal sub module signals are also observed in the waveform window of the simulator. Once all the signals are taken into the waveform window, the simulation is run for 1000 µs and the changes in the signals are observed in the waveform window. It is observed that the motor speed gradually changes to the set speed and locks to the set speed.Figure 5 shows the simulation results for the set speed of 1400 rpm. It is seen that after certain transitions, when the errors e n, e n-1 and e n-2 become zero, the current speed will become 1400 rpm which is equal to set speed. The data going to the DAC, PID_data_out is equal to 140, which is the current speed. The transitions in the state machines that are assigning current value to e n , e n-1, e n-2 and V n-1 are observed in the waveform window.Finally, from the waveforms it is observed that, when the optimal values for K p, K i and K d are used to calculate thecurrent speed, the current speed will equal the set speed when all the errors e n, e n-1 and e n-2 become zero, hence V n equals V n-1 and the motor starts running at the set speed.Table 2 shows the Design Summary, Xilinx tool device utilization summary and reports the percentage of available resources that have been used for the current FPGA design. The performance summary summarizes the timing requirement and also the proper routing of the signals.Fig. 5. Simulation waveforms for set speed 1400 rpmB. Hardware Test ResultsThe experimental studies are carried out to evaluate the performance of the controller. Configuration is the Process by which the bit streams of a design, as generated by the development software are loaded into the internal configuration memory of the FPGA. To verify the performance of the controller design on Hardware, the VHDL code (Bit file) is downloaded into the Target FPGA device (Spartan3 family XC3S400) and the complete system is reset. The set speed is assigned to switches according to the requirement and the capture control switch is enabled. Once this is done the ADC data will be read and PID equation implemented will calculate the equivalent PID value and it is fed back to the motor through DAC and once the current speed equals the set speed, the motor starts running at the set speed. Again to change the set speed, the above procedure is repeated by changing the toggle switch position.As the set speed is varied, the ADC voltage also varies, the measured ADC values and the equivalent Hex values for different set speeds are tabulated. It is observed that the current speed, which is displayed, on the ‘on board’ seven segment display equals the set speed value. Also the change in the motor speed for different switch combinations can be observed accordingly. Table 1 shows the results of the DC motor speed control system for various set speeds.Figure 6 shows the Photograph of the experimental setup and working model of FPGA based DC motor speed control system.Table1. Results of DC motor speed control systemfor various set speedsSl.No Toggle Switch position Set Speed (rpm) EquivalentHEX valueMeasuredADC voltage(Volts)1. 000 2500 FA 4.52. 001 1200 78 2.43. 010 400 28 0.644. 011 1400 8C 2.85. 100 2000 C8 3.636. 101 600 3C 1.157. 110 1100 6E 2.048. 111 900 5A 1.8Fig. 6. Photograph of the experimental setup and working model of FPGA based DC motor speed control systemTable 2. Design Summary of FPGA based PID controller for DC motor Speed control systemADCINTERFACE Project StatusProject File:ADCINTERFACE.ise Current State:Programming File GeneratedModule Name:PID_controller_top ∙Errors:No ErrorsTarget Device:xc3s400-5pq208 ∙Warnings: 3 WarningsProduct Version:ISE 9.2i ∙Updated:Wed Aug 20 13:47:36 2008ADCINTERFACE Partition SummaryNo partition information was found.Device Utilization SummaryLogic Utilization Used Available Utilization Note(s)Number of Slice Flip Flops 2,6387,16836%Number of 4 input LUTs 2,3587,16832%Logic DistributionNumber of occupied Slices 1,9163,58453%Number of Slices containing only related logic 1,9161,916100%Number of Slices containing unrelated logic 01,9160%Total Number of 4 input LUTs2,3587,16832%Number of bonded IOBs 4314130%IOB Flip Flops 16Number of MULT18X18s 31618%Number of GCLKs 2825% Total equivalent gate count for design56,447Additional JTAG gate count for IOBs 2,064Performance SummaryFinal Timing Score:0 Pinout Data:Pinout ReportRouting Results:All Signals Completely Routed Clock Data:Clock ReportTiming Constraints:All Constraints MetDetailed ReportsReport Name Status Generated Errors Warnings InfosSynthesis Report Current Sun Aug 17 12:30:06 2008 0 0 0Translation Report Current Sun Aug 17 12:30:48 2008 0 0 0Map Report Current Sun Aug 17 12:31:18 2008 0 2 Warnings 3 InfosPlace and Route Report Current Sun Aug 17 12:33:47 2008 0 1 Warning 3 InfosStatic Timing Report Current Sun Aug 17 12:34:08 2008 0 0 3 InfosBitgen Report Current Sun Aug 17 12:34:53 2008 0 0 0V. C ONCLUSIONSA digital PID controller is successfully implemented using the FPGA and its performance is verified and tested on a DC motor speed control system for real-time control. The test results showed that with PID controller added, the steady-state error is eliminated and the desired output speed is obtained. The implementation of controller has reduced the total hardware complexity and cost. According to the experiment done it is observed that, in the simulation, when the set speed is changed, the motor speed locks to the set speed, when the current error e n, previous error e n-1 and previous to the previous error e n-2 becomes zero.In brief, the role of FPGA, in measurement and control point of view, is to acquire the data from sensor through analog to digital converter, do the processing on the acquired data and then generate control signals to the actuator, which intern controls the parameter being measured. FPGAs ensure ease of design, lower development costs, more product revenue, and the opportunity to speed products to market. Building PID controllers on FPGAs improves speed, accuracy, power-efficient, compactness and cost effectiveness over other digital implementation techniques.R EFERENCES[1] K.J. Astrom and T. H. Hagglund, “New Tuning Methods far PIDControllers,” Proc. of 3rd European Conference, pp. 2456-2462, 1995.[2] Shouling He and Xuping Xu, “Hardware/Software Co designApproach for an ADALINE Based Adaptive Control System,” Journal of Computers, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 29-36, Academy publisher, February 2008.[3] Craig Hackney, “PGA Motor Control Reference Design,” ApplicationNote: Spartan and Virtex FPGA Families, Xilinx XAPP808 vol. 1.0, September 16, 2005.[4] Mohamed Abdelati, “FPGA-Based PID Controller Implementation,”The Islamic University of Gaza, Palestine, This research was supported by the Ministry of Higher Education in Palestine.[5] Anthony Cataldo, “Low-priced FPGA options set to expand,”Electronic Engineering Times Journal, no. 1361, pp. 38-45, USA, 2005.[6] Gordon Hands, “Optimised FPGAs vs dedicated DSPs,” ElectronicProduct Design Journal, vol. 25, no. 12, UK, December 2004.[7] R. Jastrzebski, A. Napieralski, O. Pyrhonen and H. Saren,“Implementation and simulation of fast inverter control algorithms with the use of FPGA circuit,” Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show, pp. 238-241, Nanotech 2003.[8] Lin. F.S, Chen. J.F, Liang. T.J, Lin. R.L and Kuo, Y.C, “Design andimplementationof FPGA-based single stage photovoltaic energy conversion system,” Proceedings of IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems, pp 745-748, Taiwan, December 2004.[9] Bouzid Aliane and Aladin Sabanovic, “Design and implementationof digital bandpass FIR filter in FPGA,” Computers in Education Journal, vol.14, pp. 76-81, 2004.[10] M. Canet, F. Vicedo, V. Almenar and J. Valls, “FPGAimplementation of an IF transceiver for OFDM-based WLAN,” IEEE Workshop on Signal Processing Systems, SiPS: Design and Implementation, pp. 227-232, USA, 2004.[11] Xizhi Li and Tiecai Li, “ECOMIPS: An economic MIPS CPU designon FPGA,” Proceedings- 4th IEEE International Workshop on System-on-Chip for Real-Time Applications, pp. 291-294, Canada 2004.[12] R. Gao, D. Xu and J. P. Bentley, “Reconfigurable hardwareimplementation of an improved parallel architecture for MPEG-4 motion estimation in mobile applications,” IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol.49, no.4, November 2003.[13] H. D. Maheshappa, R. D. Samuel and A. Prakashan, “Digital PIDcontroller for speed control of DC motors, IEEE Technical Review Journal, vol. 6, no.3, pp. 171-176, India, 1989.[14] J. Tang, “PID controller using the TMS320C31 DSK with on-lineparameter adjustment for real-time DC motor speed and position control,” IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, vol. 2, pp. 786-791, Pusan, 2001.[15] D. Deng, S. Chen and G. Joos, “FPGA implementation of PWMpattern generators,” Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Electronics Engineers Inc, vol. 1, pp.225-230 May, 2001.[16] Rivera. D.E, S. Skogestad and M. Morari, “Internal Model Control 4.PID Controller Design.” Ind. Ene Chem. Proc. Des & Dev,25, pp.252.265, 1986.[17] Nagabhushana Katte, “Design and Development of Computer BasedFuzzy and Integrated Fuzzy Logic Controllers for Process Parameters,” Ph.D Thesis July 2006.。

直流电动机外文文献

外文文献• 1. INTRODUCTION•Electric Drive Technology Development 1.1 Current Situation30 Over the years, the DC motor drive has undergone significant changes. First of all,replacing a rectifier, thyristor rectifier device to replace the conventional long-standing group of DC motors and generators of mercury rectifier DC electric drive device to complete a big leap forward. At the same time, control circuit has achieved a high level of integration and miniaturization, high reliability and low cost.More than technology, so that DC Speed Control System increase performance, expanding the scope of application. DC drive technology development to mature, and perfect, serialization, standardization, in the reversible PWM, high-precision field of electrical transmission is still hard to replace.• 1.2. Computer control and status of the development of motorRelatively simple computer control of the motor, as long as the use of microcomputer control relay or electronic switching elements so that the circuit open or off it. In a variety of machine tool equipment and production lines, the now commonly used with the programmable computer controller, in accordance with the laws of certain types of motor control action. For the complex motor control, then use computer control motor voltage, current, torque, speed, angle, etc., so that motor in accordance with the instructions given accurate work. Through computer control, motor performance could greatly improve.• 2. Speed and current dual closed-loop speed control system of the two regulator cascade connection for the outer speed feedback loop, current loop for the inner ring.The speed regulator output current is given, the output amplitude is limited to the maximum current value. Adjust the limit of small amplitude or current-feedback coefficient can be adjusted easily to change the maximum current. In effect, the braking process, the speed regulator quickly into saturation, the output amplitude limit for the current loop to provide a maximum current setting, the current regulator for the PI regulator, in its regulatory role under the current remained at the maximum when the system is in fact a constant-current-conditioning system. Since the current loop so that the regulating role of the system, the braking current transition process in the best form of transition closer to the ideal waveform. When the speed overshoot, the speed regulator out of saturation, on speed play a major regulatory role, to become current with the current loop control system.• 3. Current feedback loop allows the system to enhance the anti-interference ability, role in the current loop to the channel on the role of all the disturbances, such as disturbances such as voltage, current loop by regulating the timely inhibited, so that speed is not affected or less affected by disturbances. Current speed of the inner ring also played in the transformation of the target structure and regulation of the role of parameters to accelerate the speed of adjustment in response to the process of ring.In characteristics, the speed of the adjustment ring to ensure the system without static error, the role of current loop system with better sag characteristics of an excavator.• 4. System SimulationMathWorks Inc. MATLAB is introduced in 1984 a set of numerical simulation software, is divided into the total package and a number of kits, you can achieve the numerical analysisDifferent branch of mathematics it to function in the form of algorithms classified as libraries, the use of direct calls to these functions and give the actual parameters of the problem can be solved quickly and accurately.that is, to a series of connecting module, a complex model of the system. In recent years, was the rise of the Simulink has become a field of academic and industrial •Building, simulation and analysis of dynamic systems on the most widely used software package, it supports linear and non-linear systems, could create a continuous time, discrete-time system or a mixture of the two models. System is also able to multi-sampling frequency (Multirate), which is different in different systems can combine the sampling frequency.Simulink of MATLAB as an additional component, a system used to provide most of the work of modeling and simulation platform. Simulink is a way of modules allow users to quickly and accurately to create computer models of dynamic systems, especially for complex non-linear, and its effect more visible.Simulink model can be used to simulate the linear or nonlinear, or both continuous or discrete hybrid systems, which means it can be used to simulate almost all of the dynamic system can be encountered. In addition, Simulink provides a graphical animation approach so that users can easily observe the whole process of simulation.译文• 1.引言• 1.1电气传动技术发展现状•三十多年来，直流电机传动经历了重大的变革。

电机学英文文献翻译

The three-phase induction motor speed control methodThree-phase asynchronous motor speed formula: N = 60f / p (1-s) Can be seen from the above formula, change the power supply frequency f, motor pole number p and the slip s may be too much to change the speed of purpose. From the speed of the essence of view, is simply a different way to change speed synchronous AC motor does not change the sync transfer speed or two.Widespread use in production machines without changing the synchronous speed of motor speed control method Wound Rotor Series Resistance Speed, chopper speed control, cascade control, and application of electromagnetic slip clutch, fluid couplings, clutches and other film speed. Change the synchronous speed of change on the number of stator pole multi-speed motor to change the stator voltage and frequency to frequency conversion with no change to the motor speed and so on.Energy from the speed point of view when, with high speed method and inefficient methods of two kinds of speed: high speed when the slip refers to the same, so no slip losses, such as multi-speed motors, Slip frequency control and loss can speed recovery methods (such as cascade control, etc.). A deteriorating loss of speed control methods are inefficient speed, such as series resistance of the rotor speed method, the energy loss in the rotor circuit on; Electromagnetic Clutch The speed method, the energy loss in the clutch coils; fluid coupling speed, energy loss in the fluid coupling of the oil. General deterioration in loss increased with the expansion speed range, if not speed range, the energy loss is minimal.1, variable speed control method of pole pairsThis speed is then used to change the stator winding way to change the red cage motor stator pole pairs to achieve speed control purposes, the followingfeaturesWith hard mechanical properties, good stability;No slip loss, high efficiency; Wiring simple, easy to control, low price;A level speed, differential large, can not get smooth speed control;With pressure and speed adjustment, with the use of electromagnetic slip clutch,smooth and efficient access to high speed characteristics.This method is suitable for the production does not require variable speed machinery, such as metal cutting machine Bed , Lift , Lifting equipment, Fans Water Pump And so on.2, Frequency Control Method Frequency control is to change the motor stator Power supply Frequency, thus changing the speed of its synchronous speed method. Frequency control system main equipment is to provide variable frequency power supply Inverter , Inverter can be divided into AC - DC - AC inverter and AC - AC converter two categories, most of the current domestic use of AC - DC - AC inverter. Its characteristicsHighefficiency, speed the process without additional loss;Wide range of applications, can be used for cage induction motor;Speed range, features a hard, high accuracy;Technical complexity, high cost, difficult maintenance and overhaul.This method is suitable for the high accuracy, good speed performance occasions.3, cascade control method Cascade control is wound into the rotor circuit in the series of additional potential can be adjusted to change the motor's slip, to achieve speed control purposes. Most of the deterioration in power to be in series with the added potential absorbed, re-use generate additional devices to absorb the deterioration in power to return power to use or conversion of energy. Slip-power absorption under way, cascade control can be divided into Motor Cascade control, mechanical and thyristor cascade control cascade control, and multi-use cascade control thyristor, characterized byCan speed the process of deterioration in loss of feedback to the network or productionmachinery, more efficient;Installed capacity and speed range in direct proportion to investment, applicable speed range 70% -90% rated speed of production machinery;peed device failure can switch to full speed, to avoid the cut-off;Thyristor cascade speed low power factor, harmonics greater impact.This method is suitable for fans, pumps and rolling mills, mine hoist, extrusion machines.4, wound rotor motor speed control method of Series ResistanceWound Rotor Motor additional resistance in series, so that the motor slip up, motor running at low speed. The greater the resistance in series, the motor speed is lower. This method is simple, easy to control, but deteriorate the power consumption in the form of heat in the resistor. Is a class speed, soft mechanical properties.5, the stator pressure and speed adjustment methodStator voltage when changing the motor, you can get a different set of mechanical properties of curves, which were different speeds. Since the motor torque and voltage proportional to the square, the largest decline in a lot of torque, speed range of its small cage motors in general and difficult to apply. In order to expand the speed range, pressure and speed adjustment should be larger rotor resistance value cage motors, such as dedicated voltage regulator with speed torque motor, or series wound motor frequency sensitive resistors. In order to expand the range of stable operation, when the speed of 2:1 or more occasions in the feedback control should be adopted to achieve the purpose of automatic adjustment of speed.Pressure and speed adjustment is a key device to provide power supply voltage, the current way of a tandem common saturation voltage regulator Reactor , Auto Transformer And several other Thyristor Surge. Thyristor Surge is the best way. Adjusting Speed featuresPressure and speed adjustment circuit is simple, easy to realize automatic control;Poor power surge process to heat transfer in the rotor resistance in the form of consumption, low efficiency.Pressure and speed adjustment generally applies to 100KW below production machinery.6.electromagnetic speed regulating motor speed control method of electromagneticspeed regulating electric motor squirrel cage motor, electric slip clutch and DC excitation power supply (Controller) consists of three parts. DC excitation power small, usually consisting of single phase half-wave or full wave rectifiers thyristors composition, change thyristor conduction angle, you can change the magnetizing current size.Electromagnetic slip clutch armature, poles and excitation windings composed of three parts. Armature and the latter has no mechanical contact, are free to rotate. Armature motor coaxial connection active part, driven by motors; docking with the load axis magnetic pole coupling from the moving parts. When the armature poles are at rest, such as excitation windings for DC, along the circumferential surface will form a number of air gap on the n, s, of alternating polarity poles, the magnetic flux through the armature. Dang electric armature with drag motor rotating Shi, due to electric armature and pole between relative movement, and makes electric armature induction produced Eddy, this Eddy and magnetic pass mutual role produced go moments, led has pole of rotor by same direction rotating, but its speed constant below electric armature of speed N1, this is a go difference adjustable speed way, changes go difference clutch device of DC Lai magnetic current, will can change clutch device of output go moments and speed. Characteristics of electromagnetic speed regulating motor speed:appliances, structure and control circuit is simple, reliable operation, easymaintenance; speed and smooth, stepless speed regulationthe power network harmonic effects;lost speed, low efficiency.This method applies to medium and small power, requires low speed when the smooth, short run production machinery.7. the hydraulic coupler speed regulating hydraulic Coupler is a device for hydraulic drive, is made up of the pump and turbine, they collectively work wheels, placed in a sealed case. Shell filled with a certain amount of working fluid, when pump is impulse driven by rotation, in which liquid propelled by blades which rotate, and under the action of centrifugal force along the outer wheels when entering the turbine pump, to thrust to the turbine blades on the same turn, make it drive production machinery running. Power transfer capacity of the hydraulic coupler and shell filled with fluid volume sizes are consistent. In the course of work, changing the filling rate can change the coupler of turbine speed, stepless speed regulation, characterized by:power scope, can meet the needs of from a couple of different power 10-kilowattto shuqianqian;simple structure, reliable performance, easy to operation and maintenance, andlow cost;small size, capacity;easy to adjust, easy to fulfill automatic control.This method applies to the speed of the fan and water pump.三相异步电动机的几种调速方式三相异步电动机转速公式为：n=60f/p(1-s)从上式可见，改变供电频率f、电动机的极对数p及转差率s均可太到改变转速的目的。

直流电机调速控制器设计外文翻译

吉林化工学院信息与控制工程学院毕业设计外文翻译直流电机调速控制器设计The Design of DC Motor Speed Controller学生学号：09580222学生姓名：李子文专业班级：电气0902指导教师：刘刚职称：副教授起止日期：2013.3.4～2013.3.22吉林化工学院Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology基于C51兼容微处理器单片机的PWM控制器设计摘要：在本文中，我们将讨论一种基于C51兼容微处理器单片机的PWM控制器设计。

该设计可以产生2通道可编程周期的PWM信号。

这些输出PWM信号可用于各种各样的应用，包括电机控制。

该功能的设计可以让用户选择独立或互补的PWM波的倒置形式介于2时序关系。

后者的模式选择还包括支持驱动H桥逆变器死区时间和可选功能。

因此，用户可以通过设置寄存器控制输出PWM信号的占空比。

1 导言PWM技术，是一种电压调节方法，通过控制具有固定电压的直流电源的开关频率来调整两端负荷电压。

这种技术能用于各种应用包括电机、温度、和压力的控制，等等。

PWM在电机控制系统中的应用，如图1所示，通过调整电源开关的占空比，来控制电机的速度，如图2所示，平均电压通过改变占空比来控制电机周期运动的变化速度（在图中D=t1/T）,这样当电机的电源打开时，电机的转速会加快，相反，当电源关闭时，速度会下降。

图1 PWM控制框图图2 电压的电枢和占空比之间的关系所以，通过定期地调整时间的开通和关断来控制电机的转速：在这里通过三种方法可以完成占空比的调整（1）通过脉宽来调整频率来完成占空比的调整；（2）通过同时调整频率和脉宽来完成占空比的调整；（3）通过调整固定频率的脉冲宽度来完成占空比的调整。

一般情况下，有四中方法可以产生PWM信号，正如以下：（1）由独立逻辑元件组成的装置产生，这种是比较原始的方法，在很早以前已经被淘汰；（2）通过软件产生，这种方法需要CPU持续操作代码来控制I/O口，以致于CPU不能做其他任何工作。

他励直流电动机速度控制文献翻译(2)

他励直流电动机速度控制Moleykutty GeorgeFaculty of Engineering and Technology, Multimedia UniversityMelaka Campus, 75450 Melaka, Malaysia摘要本文提出了他励直流电动机电枢电压变化的速度控制。

本文的新颖性在于SEDM速度控制中非线性自回归移动平均二级控制器的应用，并讨论了SEDM斩波电路的速度控制。

此项设计系统的性能已与使用传统控制器的传统性能进行了比较。

整个系统也已使用MATLAB 7.0工具箱建模。

经研究发现，利用NARMA-12控制器，PI和磁滞电流控制器都可以被消除淘汰。

关键词：斩波电路；NARMA-L2； SEDM；速度控制1 介绍直流电机已被广泛应用于诸多工业应用中，如电动汽车，钢材轧机，电动起重机以及由于具备精确、广泛、简单且连续的控制特性的机械手。

从传统上来说，变阻式电枢控制方法已经被广泛用于低功率直流电动机的速度控制。

然而，静态功率转换器的可控性，廉价性，高效率和高载流能力给电驱动器的性能带来了重大改变。

通过使用 PID 控制器，所需的转矩转速性能得以获取并实现。

由于PID控制器要求精确的数字模型，如果存在参数的变化，系统的性能将成为难题。

近年来，NNC 已被有效引入，来提高非线性系统的性能。

鉴于学习能力，大规模并行性，快速适应性，内在逼近能力和高度兼容性，NNC 在系统辨识和控制上的应用将成为可能。

基于负载适应性多输入多输出线性化技术的恒功率弱磁控制器已被提出，用于有效开发高速刻度的他励直流电动机。

附带一个能够产生从零刻度到大于输入交流电压最大值的可控直流电压的开关装置可控直流电压。

单相一致的 PWM 的 AC-DC 降压升压转换器已被用于他励直流电动机的电枢电压控制，该转换器附带一个能够产生从零刻度到大于输入交流电压最大值的可控直流电压的开关装置。

为了提高仿真速度，基于对每个 PWM 周期上的电压和电流的平均值估计的一般模拟方法已被提出、分析和测试驱动器的转速特性的科学计算，该驱动器配置了电流调节性的 PWM 逆变器所产生的多相无刷直流电动机。

电机调速控制英文翻译

郑州航空工业管理学院毕业论文（设计）外文翻译 2016 届电子信息工程专业 1213081 班级姓名王兴宇学号121308128指导教师王义琴职称讲师二О一六年三月十日The Design of the Vector Control System of Asynchronous MotorAbstract: Among various modes of the asynchronous motor speed control, vector control has the advantages of fast response, stability, transmission of high-performance and wide speed range. For the need of the asynchronous motor speed control, the design uses 89C196 as the controller, and introduces the designs of hardware and software in details. The Design is completed effectively, with good performance simple structure and good prospects of development.Keywords: Asynchronous motor, 89C196, Vector control1. IntroductionAC asynchronous motor is a higher order, multi-variable, non-linear, and strong coupling object, using the concept of parameters reconstruction and state reconstruction of modern control theory to achieve decoupling between the excitation component of the AC motor stator current and the torque component, and the control process of AC motor is equivalent to the control process of DC motor, the dynamic performance of AC speed regulation system obtaining notable improvement, thus makes DC speed replacing AC speed possible finally. The current governor of the higher production process has been more use of Frequency Control devices with vector-control.2. Vector ControlWith the criterion of producing consistent rotating magneto motive force, the statorAC current A i ,B i ,C i by3S/2S conversion in the three-phase coordinate system, can be equivalent to AC current s d i ，s q i ， in two-phase static coordinate system, throughvector rotation transformation of the re-orientation of the rotor magnetic field,Equivalent to a synchronous rotation coordinates of the DC current e d i ，e q i . Whenobservers at core coordinates with the rotation together, AC machine becomes DC machine. Of these, the AC induction motor rotor total flux r ψ, it has become theequivalent of the DC motor flux, windings e d equivalent to the excitation windingsof DC motor , e d i equivalent to the excitation current, windings e q equivalent to falsestatic windings, e q i equivalent to the armature current proportional to torque. Afterthe transformation above, AC asynchronous motor has been equivalent to DC motor. As a result, imitating the control method of DC motor, obtaining the control variable of DC motor, through the corresponding coordinates anti-transformation, can control the asynchronous motor. As a result of coordinate transformation of the current (on behalf of magnetic momentum) space vector, thus, this control system achieved through coordinate transformation called the vector control system, referred to VC system. According to this idea, could constitute the vector control system that can control r ψ and e q i directly, as shown in Figure 1. In the figure a given and feedbacksignal through the controller similar to the controller that DC speed control systemhas used, producing given signal *e qs i of the excitation current and given signal *e ds i ofthe armature current, after the anti-rotation transform VR -1 obtaining *e qs i and *e ds i , obtains *A i ,*B i ,*C i by 3S/2S conversion. Adding the three signals controlled by currentand frequency signal 1ω obtained by controller to the inverter controlled by current,can output three-phase frequency conversion current that asynchronous motor needs for speed.3. The Content and Thought of the DesignThis system uses 80C196 as controller, consists of detection unit of stator three-phase current unit of keyboard input, LCD display modules, given unit of simulation speed detection unit of stator three-phase voltage, feedback unit of speed and output unit of control signals. System block diagram shown in Figure 2, the system applies 16 bits MCU 80C196 as control core, with some hardware analog circuits composing the vector control system of asynchronous motor. On the one hand, 80C196 through the A/D module of 80C196, speed gun and the given speed feedback signals has been obtained, obtaining given torque of saturated limiting through speed regulator, to obtain the given torque current; Use a given function generator to obtain given rotor flux, through observation obtaining real flux, through flux regulation obtaining given excitation current of given stator current, then the excitation current and the torque current synthesis through the K/P transformation, obtaining amplitude and phase stator current, after amplitude of stator current compared to the testing current , control the size of stator current through current regulator.; on the other hand, the stator current frequency is calculated by the simultaneous conversion rate for the time constant of the control inverter, regularly with timer, through P1,submitting trigger word to complete the trigger of the inverter.4. The Design of Hardware and SoftwareThe hardware circuits of the system mainly consists of AC-DC-AC current inverter circuit, SCR trigger inverter circuit, rectifier SCR trigger circuit, the speed given with the gun feedback circuit, current central regulation circuit, protection circuit and other typical circuits. The design of software includes: speed regulator control and flux detection and regulation.4.1 AC-DC-AC Current Converter CircuitThe main circuit uses AC-DC-AC Current Converter in the system as shown in Figure 3, and main features can be known as follows:1) Main circuit with simple structure and fewer components. For the four-quadrant operation, when the brake of power happens, the current direction of the main circuit keeps the same, just changing the polarity of the voltage, rectifier working in the state of inverter, inverter working in the state of rectifier. The inverter can be easily entered, regenerative braking, fast dynamic response. The voltage inverter has to connect to a group of inverters in order to regenerative braking, bringing the electric energy back to power grids.2) Since the middle using a reactor, current limit, is constant current source. Coupled with current Loop conditioning, current limit, so it can tolerate instantaneous load short-circuit, automatic protection, thereby enhancing the protection of over current and operational reliability3) The current inverter can converter with force and the output current instantaneous value is controlled by current inverter, meeting the vector control requirements of ACmotors. Converter capacitor charging and discharging currents from the DC circuit filter by the suppression reactor, unlike a greater inrush current in voltage inverter, the capac itor’s utilization is of high level.4) Current inverter and the load motor form a whole, and the energy storage of the motor windings is also involved in the converter, and less dependent on the voltage inverter, so it has a certain load capacity.4.2 Inverter SCR trigger drive circuitThe Inverter SCR trigger drive circuit as shown in Figure 4. Inverter trigger signal is controlled by P1 of 80C196, slip signal outputting through P1 via PWM regulation in the SCM through the photoelectric isolation to enlarge, to control the trigger of the inverter. The system uses P1.6 as control and uses P1.0~P1.5 to control six SCR inverters separately, so the trigger circuits is composed by six circuits above.The principles of drive circuit of SCR trigger inverter are as follows: when the PWM from P1 is high signal after and gate, photoelectric isolation is not on, composite pipe in a state of on-saturated, the left side of the transformer forming circuit, and that the power of the signal amplifies (current enlarges); when the PWM from P1 is low signal after and gate, photoelectric isolation is on, composite pipe in a state of cut-off, and the left side of the transformer can not form circuit; thus, composite pipe equivalent to a switch, and its frequency relied on the frequency of the PWM, so the left side of the transformer form AC signals, to trigger SCR inverter after transformer decompression, half-wave rectifier and filter.4.3 Current Loop conditioning circuitsAfter the vector calculation, outputting given current through D/A module, testing feedback current by the current testing circuit, sending them to the simulator of the P1 regulator to regulate, can eliminate static difference and improve the speed of regulation. The output of the analog devices can be regarded as the phase-shifting control signals of the rectifier trigger. Current Loop conditioning circuits as shown in figure 5.4.4 The control of speed regulatorSpeed regulator uses dual-mode control. Setting a value T N of speed error, when the system is more than the deviation (more than 10 percent of the rated frequency), as rough location of the start, using on-off control, at this time, speed regulator is in the state of amplitude limit, equivalent to speed loop being open-loop, so the current loop is in the state of the most constant current regulation. Thus, it can play the overload ability of motor fully and make the process of regulation fastest possibly. When the system enters into a state of small deviation, the system uses PI linear control instead of on-off control. As result, absorbing the benefits of non-linear and linear, the system meets stability and accuracy. The speed regulator flowchart is as shown in figure 6.4.5 Flux RegulationSlip frequency vector control system can be affected by the motor parameters, so that the actual flux and the given flux appear a deviation. This system is of observation and feedback in the amplitude of the magnetic flux, regulating flux of the rotor,actual flux with the changes of given flux.Flux regulator is also the same as the speed regulator, using PI regulator. The discrete formula is:n i S i m m m t n e T n e k n i n i /)}()({)1()(+∆+-= （1）Plus a reminder to forecast for correction:)1()(2--=n i n i I m m m （2） In the formula, m k is proportional coefficient, n t is integral coefficient, s T is sampling period, m I is the actual output value.)1()(--=∆n e n e e n （3）)()(2*2n n e n Φ-Φ= （4）When it is in the state of low frequency (f<5HZ), 1r can not be ignored, the phase difference between 1V and 1E enlarges, and the formula 1V ≈'1V no longer sets up.Through the Approximate rotor flux observer and the formula 1101112/)(L I r I V L I m T m m --==Φω to observe the flux amplitude, only open-loopcontrol of flux, that is, to calculate from a given flux, and that is m m L I /*2Φ=.Inaddition, in order to avoid disorders, or too weak and too strong magnetic, limiting the output m i in preparation for the software, making it in the ranges from 75% to115% rated value.5. Design SummaryThis text researches the vector control variable speed control system of the asynchronous motor design. The SCM 80C196 and the external hardware complete the asynchronous motor speed vector control system design efficiently, and meet thetiming control requirements. The vector control system design thinks clearly, has a good speed performance and simple structure. It has a wide range of use and a good prospect of development from the analysis and design of the speed asynchronous motor vector control systems.The innovations:(1) Complete the data acquisition of the speed and voltage, output the control signal and save the devices effectively with the help of the 80C196 microcontroller owned A/D, D/A.(2) Because the Current Source Inverter uses forced converter, the maximum operating frequency is free from the power grid frequency. And it is with wide speed range.(3) This system uses constant flux to keep the constant flux stably. Use stator physical voltage amplitude to approximate the observed flux amplitude value. The magnetic flux overcomes the impact of the parameters changes. This way is simple and effective.Figure 1. Vector Control System PrincipleFigure 2. Scheme of SystemFigure 3. AC-DC-AC Current inverter CircuitFigure 4. Inverter SCR trigger drive circuitFigure 5. Current Loop conditioning circuitsFigure 6. Flux regulation flowchartReferencesLi, Da, Yang, Qingdong, and Liu, Quan.(2007). The DSP permanent magnet synchronous linear motor vector control system. Micro-computer information, 09-2:195-196Liu, Wei. (2007). The application design about vector control of current loop control. Micro-computer information, 07-1: 68-70Zhao, Tao, Jiang, WeiDong, Chen, Quan, and Ren, Tao. (2006). The research about the permanent magnet motor drive system bases on the dual-mode control. Power electronics technology, 40 (5) :32-34异步电动机矢量控制调速系统设计摘要:异步电动机的各种调速方式中，矢量控制的调速方式响应快、稳定性好、传动性能高、调速范围宽。

外文翻译--直流电动机调速控制

Speed Control of DC MotorAbstract Conditioning system is characterized in that output power to maintain stability. Different speed control system can use a different brake system, high starting and braking torque, quick response and quick adjustment range of degree requirements of DC drive system, the use of the electric braking mode. Depends on the speed control of DC motor armature voltage and flux. To zero speed, or U = 0 or Φ = ∞. The latter is impossible, it only changes through the armature voltage to reduce speed. To speed to a higher value can increase or decrease the U Φ.Keyword DC Speed Feedback BrakeRegulator SystemsA regulator system is one which normally provides output power in its steady-state operation.For example, a motor speed regulator maintains the motor speed at a constant value despite variations in load torque. Even if the load torque is removed, the motor must provide sufficient torque to overcome the viscous friction effect of the bearings. Other forms of regulator also provide output power; A temperature regulator must maintain the temperature of, say, an oven constant despite the heat loss in the oven. A voltage regulator must also maintain the output voltage constant despite variation in the load current. For any system to provide an output, e.g., speed, temperature, voltage, etc., an error signal must exist under steady-state conditions.Electrical BrakingIn many speed control systems, e.g., rolling mills, mine winders, etc., the load has to be frequently brought to a standstill and reversed. The rate at which the speed reduces following a reduced speed demand is dependent on the stored energy and the braking system used. A small speed control system (sometimes known as a velodyne) can employ mechanical braking, but this is not feasible with large speed controllers since it is difficult and costly to remove the heat generated.The various methods of electrical braking available are:(1)Regenerative braking.(2)Eddy current braking.(3)Dynamic braking.(4)Reverse current braking(plugging)Regenerative braking is the best method, though not necessarily the most economic. The stored energy in the load is converted into electrical energy by the work motor (acting temporarily as a generator) and is returned to the power supply system. The su pply system thus acts as a”sink”into which the unwanted energy is delivered. Providing the supply system has adequate capacity, the consequent rise in terminal voltage will be small during the short periods of regeneration. In the Ward-Leonard method of speed control of DC motors, regenerative braking is inherent, but thyristor drives have to be arranged to invert to regenerate. Induction motor drives can regenerate if the rotor shaft is driven faster than speed of the rotating field. The advent of low-cost variable-frequency supplies from thyristor inverters have brought about considerable changes in the use of induction motors in variable speed drives.Eddy current braking can be applied to any machine, simply by mounting a copper or aluminum disc on the shaft and rotating it in a magnetic field. The problem of removing the heat generated is severe in large system as the temperature of the shaft, bearings, and motor will be raised if prolonged braking is applied.In dynamic braking, the stored energy is dissipated in a resistor in the circuit. When applied to small DC machines, the armature supply is disconnected and a resistor is connected across the armature (usually by a relay, contactor, or thyristor).The field voltage is maintained, and braking is applied down to the lowest speed. Induction motors require a somewhat more complex arrangement, the stator windings being disconnected from the AC supply and reconnected to a DC supply. The electrical energy generated is then dissipated in the rotor circuit. Dynamic braking is applied to many large AC hoist systems where the braking duty is both severe and prolonged.DC Motor Speed ControlThe basis of all methods of DC motor speed control is derived from the equations:ωEΦ∝a a R I E U +=the terms having their usual meanings. If the IaRa drop is small, the equations approximate to ωΦ∝U or Φ=U ω。

单片机外文翻译永磁无刷直流电机

中文1690字BLDCMBLDCM small size, light weight, it has a DC motor similar to the general good speed performance, without the existence of machinery for the device, electromagnetic interference noise and small, low maintenance requirements, reliability, good; and as a result of not required excitation power, efficiency is relatively high, it has been rapid development. A company based on ADI's ADSP-21992 chip high-speed brushless DC motor control system, which has a high-speed, high load moment of inertia, have greater motor starting torque characteristics.DSP-based motor control system with the traditional single-chip motor control system and a dedicated chip motor control system, that is, a dedicated motor control mechanisms, user-programmable, scalable, and powerful, and so on; at the same time, overcome their respective shortcomings, such as peripherals and memory integrated into the chip to reduce circuit board area, reducing the number of system components to improve the CPU processing capacity, improve system reliability. System, the ultimate aim is the application of high-speed flywheel system brushless DC motor, therefore, very high speed processors, from the real-time performance to consider,Need to select the highest possible processing speed of the chip. 2199x series and ADI's speed reached 160 M, and then to adapt to take into account their poor working environment, in this paper, we have chosen the ADSP-21992 as a core control chip.(A) hardware1. Control circuitMainly by the control circuit and its corresponding external ADSP21992 expansion circuit. Including the crystal oscillator circuit, extend outside the FLASH,JTAG interface, power supply voltage conversion circuit, PWM interface, 1 / 0 interface and A / D interface circuit modules. ADSP21992 for the 160 M high-performance mixed-signal DSP chips, the chip in addition to a powerful data-processing capabilities, for motor control, but also to provide 6-channel PWM output, 8-channel 14-bit A / D conversion channels, 16 general-purpose I / 0 I, as well as three 32-bit dedicated hardware resources, such as counting unit.2. Power circuitDrive circuit from the diode rectifier bridge, filter capacitor and the IGBT inverter constituted; drive circuit using IR's I82130 dedicated MOs power device gate drive dedicated chip, the chip can not only achieve the optimal IGBT driver, and has a perfect protection, can significantly improve system integration and reliability; isolated part of the use of high-speed optocoupler HCPL4504, isolation from the role of potential.3. Rotor position and current detection circuitDue to current high-speed motor, back-EMF waveform distortion is more serious, it is not suitable for position sensorless control for easy installation, the use of small size, convenient installation and electromagnetic Hall sensor mounted on the end of stator windings, the output signal by the partial pressure , filter the buffer.PI current regulator current aim is to achieve fast and accurate tracking of a given value, the incremental selection of PI regulator; speed PI regulator related to the system dynamic and static performance, it is separated from the use of integral PI regulator. Encountered in software design PI regulator design that is the proportion coefficient and integral coefficient kP selection of ki. System uses a factor of AD and Industrial standard procedures set forth in PI coefficient (Kp = 25, Wpi = kp / ki = 50Hz), and use the normal input in order to achieve DSPI / 0 I. LEM sensor module DC bi-directional high-frequency detection,And the corresponding current signal directly to the sensor signal input voltage DSP A / D port for digital-to-analog conversion.4. Protection CircuitUnder-voltage protection circuit by detecting the battery voltage, when the battery voltage down to the closure of motor threshold, the battery does not over-discharge to cause unnecessary damage, to protect the battery. AID voltage power conversion, if the under-voltage, under-voltage when the second location of a sign so that it can interrupt timer 0 to start from time to time, under-voltage shutdown over after five seconds, jump to self-test mode.MOSFET over-current protection circuit can protect the most current control will set the framework, illustrates the value reached when the motor shut down to avoid a high current through the MOSFET on the risk of burning. Over-current protection is the controller of the last line of defense, over-current protection resistor is used in wire and Culture, current when the system exceeds the maximum protection of current value, the wire will be blown, Culture and Sport in order to play a protective effect.Drive motor in the process of running the system on the motor will "speed - the current" relevant control, the controller to determine the electrical current and electric vehicles is in the relevant range of speed, if in the relevant context, the controller should not exceed current limiting settings based on speed control of electric vehicles; when the motor current and speed of electric vehicles is not related to serious, even if the electric current does not meet current limiter settings, if the motor current is greater than 8A, the controller 8A first cut into the power supply, and then again with the motor speed to determine the relevance of current in the relevant context, into the normal power supply mode; If there is no relevance,Further reduce the power flow controller. A negative correlation for each controller to determine the electrical current to reduce by half until(B) software strategyThe system software by the main program and interrupt service routine pose. Main program to initialize the main complete system, including the register, variable initialization and the initialization of the external devices, as well as detection of I / O port status. Interrupt service routine are mainly synchronous PWM interrupt service routine, each current sampling A / D conversion after the end of interruption. Software processes as shown in Figure 2. Optimization of the selection coefficient for further experiments and research.Fourth, the conclusionsHigh-performance brushless DC motor with high-speed real-time digital control system for speed control devices consisting of devices, hardware and software, and control the whole system is relatively simple, low cost, speed of a smooth, low noise. Experiments show that the control system has good control performance, has good practical value.永磁无刷直流电机体积小、重量轻，它既具有类似普通直流电动机的良好调速性能，又不存在机械换向装置，电磁噪声与干扰小，维护要求低，可靠性好；而且由于不需电励磁，效率相对较高，因此得到了迅速的发展。

直流电机(英文)

21/08/2013
DC machines theory
12
Construction: Rotor
21/08/2013
DC machines theory
13
Construction: cutaway view
21/08/2013
DC machines theory
14
Operating Principles: Motor
21/08/2013
DC machines theory
9
Construction
Rotation
Ir_dc/2
Shaft
Brush
Ir_dc
Ir_dc/2
Pole winding
| 1 8 2 3 6 5 4
N
7
S
Insulation Rotor Winding
Ir_dc
Copper segment
21/08/2013 DC machines theory 3
Construction: General arrangement
21/08/2013
DC machines theory
4
Construction
• The stator of the dc motor has poles, which are excited by dc current to produce magnetic fields.
21/08/2013
Rotation
Ir_dc/2
Shaft
Brush
Ir_dc
Ir_dc/2
Pole winding
| 1 8 2 3 6 5 4
N

直流电动机闭环控制系统毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献

直流电动机闭环控制系统中英文资料外文翻译文献DC Motor Closed Loop Control SystemOne of the most fundamental concepts in the area of advanced manufacturing technologies is numerical control (NC).Prior to the advent of NC, all machine tools were manual operated and controlled. Among the many limitations associated with manual control machine tools, perhaps none is more prominent than the limitation of operator skills. With manual control, the quality of the product is directly related to and limited to the skills of the operator . Numerical control represents the first major step away from human control of machine tools.Numerical control means the control of machine tools and other manufacturing systems though the use of prerecorded, written symbolic instructions. Rather than operating a machine tool, an NC technician writes a program that issues operational instructions to the machine tool, For a machine tool to be numerically controlled , it must be interfaced with a device for accepting and decoding the p2ogrammed instructions, known as a reader.Numerical control was developed to overcome the limitation of human operator , and it has done so . Numerical control machines are more accurate than manually operated machines , they can produce parts more uniformly , they are faster, and the long-run tooling costs are lower . The development of NC led to the development of several other innovations in manufacturing technology:Electrical discharge machining.Laser cutting.Electron beam welding.Numerical control has also made machine tools more versatile than their manually operated predecessors. An NC machine tool can automatically produce a wide variety of par4s , each involving an assortment of undertake the production of products that would not have been feasible from an economic perspective using manually controlled machine tools and processes.Like so many advanced technologies , NC was born in the laboratories of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . The concept of NC was developed in the early 1950s with funding provided by the U.S Air Force .In its earliest stages , NC machines were able to make straight cuts efficiently and effectively.However ,curved paths were a problem because the machine tool had to be programmed to undertake a series of horizontal and vertical steps to produce a curve. The shorter is the straight lines making up the step ,the smoother is 4he curve . Each line segment in the steps had to be calculated.This problem led to the development in 1959 of the Automatically Programmed Tools (APT) language for NC that uses statements similar to English language to define the part geometry, describe the cutting tool configuration, and specify the necessary motions. The development of the APT language was a major step forward in the further development of NC technology. The original NC system were vastly different from those used punched paper , which was later to replaced by magnetic plastic tape .A tape reader was used to interpret the instructions written on the tape for the machine .Together, all /f this represented giant step forward in the control of machine tools . However ,there were a number of problems with NC at this point in its development.A major problem was the fragility of the punched paper tape medium . It was common for the paper containing the programmed instructions to break or tear during a machining process, This problem was exacerbated by the fact that each successive time a part was produced on a machine tool, the paper tape carrying the programmed instructions had to rerun thought the reader . If it was necessary to produce 100 copies of a given part , it was also necessary to run the paper tape thought the reader 100 separate times . Fragile paper tapes simply could not withstand the rigors of shop floor environment and this kind of repeated use.This led to the development of a special magnetic tape . Whereas the paper tape carried the programmed instructions as a series of holes punched in the tape , theThismost important of these was that it was difficult or impossible to change the instructions entered on the tape . To make even the most minor adjustments in a program of instructions, it was necessary to interrupt machining operations and make a new tape. It was also still necessary to run the tape thought the reader as many times as there were parts to be produced . Fortunately, computer technology become a reality and soon solved the problems of NC, associated with punched paper and plastic tape.The development of a concept known as numerical control (DNC) solve the paper and plastic tape problems associated with numerical control by simply eliminating tape as the medium for carrying the programmed instructions . In direct numerical control, machine tools are tied, via a data transmission link, to a host computer and fed to the machine tool as needed via the data transmission linkage. Direct numerical control represented a major step forward over punched tape and plastic tape. However ,it is subject to the same limitation as all technologies that depend on a host computer. When the host computer goes down , the machine tools also experience down time . This problem led to the development of computer numerical control.The development of the microprocessor allowed for the development of programmable logic controllers (PLC) and microcomputers . These two technologies allowed for the development of computer numerical control (CNC).With CNC , each machine tool has a PLC or a microcomputer that serves the same purpose. This allows programs to be input and stored at each individual machine tool. CNC solved the problems associated downtime of the host computer , but it introduced another problem known as data management . The same program might be loaded on ten different microcomputers with no communication among them. This problem is in the process of being solved by local area networks that connectDigital Signal ProcessorsThere are numerous situations where analog signals to be processed in many ways, like filtering and spectral analysis , Designing analog hardware to perform these functions is possible but has become less and practical, due to increased performance requirements, flexibility needs , and the need to cut down on development/testing time .It is in other words difficult pm design analog hardware analysis of signals.The act of sampling an signal into thehat are specialised for embedded signal processing operations , and such a processor is called a DSP, which stands for Digital Signal Processor . Today there are hundreds of DSP families from as many manufacturers, each one designed for a particular price/performance/usage group. Many of the largestmanufacturers, like Texas Instruments and Motorola, offer both specialised DSP‟s for certain fields like motor-control or modems ,and general high-performance DSP‟s that can perform broad ranges of processing tasks. Development kits an` software are also available , and there are companies making software development tools for DSP‟s that allows the programmer to implement complex processing algorithms using simple “dr ag …n‟ drop” methodologies.DSP‟s more or less fall into two categories depending on the underlying architecture-fixed-point and floating-point. The fixed-point devices generally operate on 16-bit words, while the floating-point devices operate on 32-40 bits floating-point words. Needless to say , the fixed-point devices are generally cheaper . Another important architectural difference is that fixed-point processors tend to have an accumulator architecture, with only one “general purpose” register , makin g them quite tricky to program and more importantly ,making C-compilers inherently inefficient. Floating-point DSP‟s behave more like common general-purpose CPU‟s ,with register-files.There are thousands of different DSP‟s on the market, and it is diffic ult task finding the most suitable DSP for a project. The best way is probably to set up a constraint and wishlist, and try to compare the processors from the biggest manufacturers against it.The “big four” manufacturers of DSPs: Texas Instruments, Motor ola, AT&T and Analog Devices.Digital-to-analog conversionIn the case of MPEG-Audio decoding , digital compressed data is fed into the DSP which performs the decoding , then the decoded samples have to be converted back into the analog domain , and the resulting signal fed an amplifier or similar audio equipment . This digital to analog conversion (DCA) is performed by a circuit with the same name & Different DCA‟s provide different performance and quality , as measured by THD (Total harmonic distortion ), number of bits, linearity , speed, filter characteristics and other things.The TMS320 family DQP of Texas InstrumentsThe TLS320family consists of fixed-point, floating-point, multiprocessor digital signal processors (D[Ps) , and foxed-point DSP controllers. TMS320 DSP have an architecture designed specifically for real-time signal processing . The‟ F/C240 is a number of the‟C2000DSP platform , and is optimized for control applications. The‟C24xseries of DSP controllers combines this real-time processing capability with controller peripherals to create an ideal solution for control system applications. The following characteristics make the TMS320 family the right choice for a wide range of processing applications:--- Very flexible instruction set--- Inherent operational flexibility---High-speed performance---Innovative parallel architecture---Cost effectivenessDevices within a generation of the TMS320 family have the same CPU structure but different on-chip memory and peripheral configurations. Spin-off devices use new combinations of On-chip memory and peripherals to satisfy a wide range of needs in the worldwide electronics market. By integrating memory and peripherals onto a single chip , TMS320 devices reduce system costs and save circuit board space.The 16-bit ,fixed-point DSP core of the …C24x devices provides analog designers a digital solution that does not sacrifice the precision and performance of their system performance can be enhanced through the use of advanced control algorithms for techniques such as adaptive control , Kalman filtering , and state control. The …C24x DSP controller offer reliability and programmability . Analog control systems, on the other hand ,are hardwired solutions and can experience performance degradation due to aging , component tolerance, and drift.The high-speed central processing unit (CPU) allows the digital designer to process algorithms in real time rather than approximate results with look-up tables. The instruction set of these DSP controllers, which incorporates both signal processing instructions and general-purpose control functions, coupled with the extensive development time and provides the same ease of use as traditional 8-and 16-bit microcontrollers. The instruction set also allows you to retain your software investment when moving from other general-purpose…C2xx generation ,source code compatible with the‟C2x generation , and upwardly source code compatible with the …C5x generation of DSPs from Texas Instruments.The …C24x architect ure is also well-suited for processing control signals. It uses a 16-bit word length along with 32-bit registers for storing intermediate results, and has two hardware shifters available to scale numbers independently of the CPU . Thiscombination minimizes quantization and truncation errors, and increases p2ocessing power for additional functions. Such functions might include a notch filter that could cancel mechanical resonances in a system or an estimation technique that could eliminate state sensors in a system.The …C24xDSP controllers take advantage of an set of peripheral functions that allow Texas Instruments to quickly configure various series members for different price/ performance points or for application optimization.This library of both digital and mixed-signal peripherals includes:---Timers---Serial communications ports (SCI,SPI)---Analog-to-digital converters(ADC)---Event manager---System protection, such as low-voltage and watchdog timerThe DSP controller peripheral library is continually growing and changing to suit the of tomorrow‟s embedded control marketplace.The TMS320F/C240 is the first standard device introduced in the ...24x series of DSP controllers. It sets the standard for a single-chip digital motor controller. The (240)can execute 20 MIPS. Almost all instructions are executed in a simple cycle of 50 ns . This high performance allows real-time execution of very comple8 control algorithms, such as adaptive control and Kalman filters. Very high sampling rates can also be used to minimize loop delays.The … 240 has the architectural features necessary for high-speed signal processing and digital control functions, and it has the peripherals needed to provide a single-chip solution for motor control applications. The …240 is manufactured using submicron CMOS technology, achieving a log power dissipation rating . Also included are several power-down modes for further power savings. Some applications that benefit from the advanced processing power of the …240 include:---Industrial motor drives---Power inverters and controllers---Automotive systems, such as electronic power steering , antilock brakes, and climate control---Appliance and HV AC blower/ compressor motor controls---Printers, copiers, and other office products---Tape drives, magnetic optical drives, and other mass storage products---Robotic and CNC milling machinesTo function as a system manager, a DSP must have robust on-chip I/O and other peripherals. The event manager of the …240 is unlike any o ther available on a DSP . This application-optimized peripheral unit , coupled with the high performance DSP core, enables the use of advanced control techniques for high-precision and high-efficiency full variable-speed control of all motor types. Include in the event manager are special pulse-width modulation (PWM) generation functions, such as a programmable dead-band function and a space vector PWM state machine for 3-phase motors that provides state-of-the-art maximum efficiency in the switching of power transistors.There independent up down timers, each with it‟s own compare register, support the generation of asymmetric (noncentered) as well as symmetric (centered) PWM waveforms.Open-Loop and Closed-Loop ControlOpen-loop Control SystemsThe word automatic implies that there is a certain amount of sophistication in the control system. By automatic, it generally means That the system is usually capable of adapting to a variety of operating conditions and is able to respond to a class of inputs satisfactorily . However , not any type of control system has the automatic feature. Usually , the automatic feature is achieved by feed.g the feedback structure, it is called an open-loop system , which is the simplest and most economical type of control system.inaccuracy lies in the fact that one may not know the exact characteristics of the further ,which has a definite bearing on the indoor temperature. This alco points to an important disadvantage of the performance of an open -loop control system, in that the system is not capable of adapting to variations in environmental conitions or to external disturbances. In the case of the furnace control, perhaps an experienced person can provide control for a certain desired temperature in the house; but id the doors or windows are opened or closed intermittently during the operating period, the final temperature inside the house will not be accurately regulated by the open-loop control.An electric washing machine is another typical example of an open-loop system , because the amount of wash time is entirely determined by the judgment and estimation of the human operator . A true automatic electric washing machine should have the meansof checking the cleanliness of the clothes continuously and turn itsedt off when the desired degised of cleanliness is reached.Closed-Loop Control SystemsWhat is missing in the open-loop control system for more accurate and more adaptable control is a link or feedback from the output to the input of the system . In order to obtain more accurate bontrol, the controlled signal c(t) must be fed back and compared with the reference input , and an actuating signal proportional to the difference of the output and the input must be sent through the system to correct the error. A system with one or more feedback pat(s like that just described is called a closed-loop system. human being are probably the most complex and sophisticated feedback control system in existence. A human being may be considered to be a control system with many inputs and outputs, capable of carrying out highly complex operations.To illustrate the human being as a feedback control system , let us consider that the objective is to reach for an object on aperform the task. The eyes serve as a sensing device which feeds back continuously the position of the hand . The distance between the hand and the object is the error , which is eventually brought to zero as the hand reacher the object. This is a typical example of closed-loop control. However , if one is told to reach for the object and then is blindolded, one can only reach toward the object by estimating its exact position. It isAs anther illustrative example of a closed-loop control system, shows the block diagram of the rudder control system ofThe basic alements and the bloca diagram of a closed-loop control system are shown in fig. In general , the configuration of a feedback control system may not be constrained to that of fig & . In complex systems there may be multitude of feedback loops and element blocks.直流电动机闭环控制系统数字控制机床常常重达上百吨，但却常常要求切削工具的定位精度达到0.002毫米。

电机控制英语词汇

电机控制英语词汇abscissa axis 横坐标ac motor 交流电动机active (passive) circuit elements 有（无）源电路元件active component 有功分量active in respect to 相对….呈阻性admittance 导纳air-gap flux distribution 气隙磁通分布air-gap flux 气隙磁通air-gap line 气隙磁化线algebraic 代数的algorithmic 算法的alloy 合金ampere-turns 安匝(数)amplidyne 微场扩流发电机Amplitude Modulation (AM) 调幅armature circuit 电枢电路armature coil 电枢线圈armature m.m.f. wave 电枢磁势波attenuate 衰减automatic station 无人值守电站automatic Voltage regulator(AVR)自动电压调整器auxiliary motor 辅助电动机bandwidth 带宽base 基极bilateral circuit 双向电路bimotored 双马达的biphase 双相的bipolar junction transistor (BJT) 双极性晶体管block diagram 方框图boost 增加breakaway force 起步阻力breakdown torque 极限转矩bronze 青铜buck 补偿capacitance effect 电容效应carbon-filament lamp 碳丝灯泡carrier 载波Cartesian coordinates 笛卡儿坐标系cast-aluminum rotor 铸铝转子chopper circuit 斩波电路circuit branch 支路circuit components 电路元件circuit diagram 电路图circuit parameters 电路参数coaxial 共轴的,同轴的coil winding 线圈绕组coincide in phase with 与….同相collector 集电极converter 变流器commutation condition 换向状况commutator-brush combination 换向器-电刷总线complex impedance 复数阻抗complex number 复数compound generator 复励发电机compounded 复励conductance 电导conductor 导体corridor 通路coupling capacitor 耦合电容cumulatively compounded motor 积复励电动机dc generator 直流发电机dc motor 直流电动机de machine 直流电机demodulator 解调器differentiation 微分digital signal processing 数字信号处理digital signal processor (DSP) 数字信号处理器direct axis transient time constant 直轴瞬变时间常数direct axis 直轴direct-current 直流direct torque control (DTC) 直接转矩控制displacement current 位移电流dynamic response 动态响应dynamic-state operation 动态运行e.m.f = electromotive fore 电动势eddy current 涡流effective values 有效值effects of saturation 饱和效应electric energy 电能electrical device 电气设备electrode 电极电焊条electromagnetic torque 电磁转矩emitter 发射管放射器发射极end ring 端环energy converter 电能转换器epoch angle 初相角equivalent T – circuit T型等值电路error detector 误差检测器error signal 误差信号excitation system 励磁系统excited by 励磁exciting voltage 励磁电压external armature circuit 电枢外电路external characteristic 外特性feedback component 反馈元件feedback loop 反馈回路feedback signal 反馈信号feedback system 反馈系统feedforward signal 前馈信号feedforward system 前馈系统fidelity 保真度field coils 励磁线圈field current 励磁电流field effect transistor (FET) 场效应管field oriented control (FOC) 磁场定向控制field winding 磁场绕组励磁绕组flux linkage 磁链form-wound 模绕forward transfer function 正向传递函数Frequency Shift Keying(FSK) 移频键控frequency 频率full load 满载full-load torque 满载转矩full-order observer 全阶观测器gain 增益generating 发电generator voltage 发电机电压Geometrical position 几何位置harmonic 谐波的heating appliance 电热器high frequency 高频high-gain 高增益high-performance 高性能的horsepower (HP) 马力horseshoe magnet 马蹄形磁铁hydropower station 水电站ideal source 理想电源imaginary part 虚部impedance 阻抗incident 入射的induced current 感生电流induction generator 感应发电机induction machine 感应电机induction machine 感应式电机induction motor 感应电动机inductive component 感性（无功）分量infinite voltage gain 无穷大电压增益inrush current 涌流instantaneous electric power 瞬时电功率instantaneous mechanical power 瞬时机械功率insulation 绝缘integration 积分下限internal resistance 内阻interoffice 局间的inverse 倒数inverter 逆变器iron-loss 铁损isolation 隔离分离绝缘隔振laminated core 叠片铁芯lamination 叠片leakage current 漏电流leakage flux 漏磁通leakage reactance 漏磁电抗leakage 泄漏left-hand rule 左手定则light emitting diode 发光二极管lightning shielding 避雷limiter 限幅器line trap 限波器linear zone 线性区line-to-neutral 线与中性点间的load characteristic 负载特性load-saturation curve 负载饱和曲线locked-rotor torque 锁定转子转矩locked-rotor 锁定转子magnetic amplifier 磁放大器magnetic circuit 磁路magnetic field 磁场magnetic torque 电磁转矩magnetizing reacance 磁化电抗manual control 手动控制mature 成熟的mechanical rectifier 机械式整流器micro-controller 微控制器mid-frequency band 中频带mismatch 失配model reference adaptive control (MRAS) 模型参考自适应控制model reference adaptive system (MRAS) 模型参考自适应系统modulator 调制器modulus 模motoring 电动机驱动mutual flux 交互(主)磁通mutual-inductor 互感no-load 空载number of poles 极数observer 观测器operating condition 运行状态operational calculus 算符演算optical fiber 光纤Oscillation 振荡overhauling 检修P.D. = potential drop 电压降per unit value 标么值percentage 百分数performance characteristic工作特性permanent magnet 永磁permanent magnet synchronous motor 永磁同步电机per-unit value 标么值phase displacement 相位差Phase Modulation (PM) 相位调制phase reversal 反相plugging 反向制动polarity 极性pole 极点polyphase rectifier 多相整流器polyphase rectifier 多相整流器Polyphase 多相(的)potential distribution 电位分布potential transformer 电压互感器power amplifier 功率放大器power frequency 工频primary cell 原生电池prime motor 原动机prime mover 原动机process of self – excitation 自励过程propagate 传导传播r.m.s values = root mean square values 均方根值random-wound 散绕reactive component 无功分量reactive in respect to 相对….呈感性reactive power 无功功率real part 实部rectifier 整流器reference Voltage 基准电压regeneration 再生, 后反馈放大regulator 调节器reluctance 磁阻retarding torque 制动转矩revolutions per minute 转/分revolutions per second 转/秒rheostat 变阻器right-hand rule 右手定则rotating commutator 旋转（整流子）换向器rotating magnetic field 旋转磁场rotor (stator) winding 转子（定子绕组）rotor core 转子铁芯rotor resistance 转子电阻rotor 转子salient poles 凸极saturation curve 饱和曲线saturation effect 饱和效应self–excitation process 自励过程self excited 自励self-bias resistor 自偏置电阻self-exciting 自励的self-inductor 自感self-sensing 位置自检测sensorless 无传感器的separately excited 他励的series excited 串励series 串励shaft 轴shaft-less 无轴承的short-circuiting ring 短路环shunt displacement current 旁路位移电流shunt excited 并励shunt field 并励磁场shunt 并励shunt 分路器signal amplifier 小信号放大器silica 硅石二氧化硅Single Side Band(SSB) 单边带sinusoidal – density wave 正弦磁密度sinusoidal time function 正弦时间函数slip 转差率solid state 固体solt 槽spatial waveform 空间波形spectral 频谱的spectrum 频谱speed regulation 速度调节speed-torque characteristic 速度转矩特性speed-torque curve 转速力矩特性曲线squirrel cage 鼠笼stabilization network 稳定网络stabilizer 稳定器stabilizing transformer 稳定变压器staor winding 定子绕组stator 定子steady–state condition 稳态条件steady direct current 恒稳直流电storage battery 蓄电池summing circuit 总和线路反馈系统中的比较环节synchronous condenser 同步进相（调相）机synchronous generator 同步发电机synchronous reactance 同步电抗synchronous reluctance motor (SRM) 同步磁阻电机synchronous speed 同步转速technical specifications 技术条件terminal voltage 端电压the dielectric 电介质time constant 时间常数time delay 延时time invariant 时不变的time-phase 时间相位transformer 变压器transient response 瞬态响应transistor 晶体管triangular symbol 三角符号trigonometric transformations 瞬时值tuner 调谐器turns ratio 变比匝比two-way configuration 二线制unidirectional current 单方向性电流variable frequency drive (VFD) 变频器vector equation 矢量方程vector control 矢量控制voltage across the terminals 端电压voltage control system 电压控制系统volt-ampere characteristics 伏安特性waveguide 波导波导管wind-driven generator 风动发电机winding loss 绕组（铜）损耗winding 绕组完整的计算机名：zju-8f0d266cefd。

电动机控制中英文对照外文翻译文献

电动机控制中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Control of Electric winchFor motor control, we know the best way is to use the style buttons to move the many simple manual console. And this console, in some applications may still be a good choice, as some complex control headache can also be used. This article describes in your design, build or purchase winch controller, you have the motor's basic electrical equipment and you will need to address the user interface command addressed.First, the manual should be a manual control console type, so if you remove your finger buttons, hoist will stop. In addition, each control station equipped with an emergency need to brake, hoist the emergency brake to cut off all power, not just the control circuit. Think about it, if the hoist at the stop, it did not stop, you do need a way to cut off the fault line protection power. Set the table in the control of a key operated switch, is also a very good idea, especially in the line leading to theworkstation can not control, you can use the switch.(in the design of the console, even the simplest manual console, but also consider setting by specialized personnel to operate the safe operation of the keys.) Constant speed motor controlFor a fixed speed winch actual control device is a three-phase starter. Turn the motor is reversed, by a simple switch controlled phase transformation sequence from ABC to CBA. These actions are completed by two three-pole contactor-style, and they are interlocked, so that they can not be simultaneously closed. NEC, required in addition to overload and short circuit protection devices. To protect the motor against overload due to mechanical effects caused by overheating in the heat to be installed inside the starter overload delay device. When the heat overload delay device overheating, it has a long double off the metal motor power. In addition In addition, you can also select a thermistor can be installed in the motor winding way, it can be used to monitor motor temperature changes. For the short-circuit protection, we generally used by motor fuses to achieve.A linear current independent contactors, the contactors are configured should be more than the current main circuit contactor, so as to achieve the purpose of redundancy. This sets the current contactor is controlled by the security circuit, such as: emergency brake and the more-way limits.We can use the limit switches to achieve the above operation. When you reach the end of the normal travel limit position, the hoist will stop, and you can only move the winch in the opposite direction (ie, the direction away from the limit position.) There is also need for a more limited way just in case, due to electrical or mechanical problems, leaving the operation of hoist limit bit more than normal. If you run into more limiter, linear contactor will open, therefore, can not be driven winch will exceed this limit position. If this happens, you need to ask a professional technician to check the lead to meet the more specific reasons limiter. Then, you can use thestarter toggle switch inside the elastic recovery process to deal with more problems, rather than tripping device or a hand-off the current contacts.A necessary condition for speedOf course, the simple fixed speed starter is replaced by variable speed drives. This makes things start to get interesting again! At a minimum, you need to add a speed control dial operation platform. Joystick is a better user interface, because it makes you move parts of a more intuitive control.Unfortunately, you can not just from your local console to send commands to control the old variable speed drives, in addition, you can not want it in the initial stages, will be able to enhance the safe and reliable and decentralized facilities. Most of the variable speed drive can not achieve these requirements, because they are not designed to do upgrading work. Drivers need to be set to release the brake before the motor can generate torque, and when parking, that is, before the revocation of torque, the brake will be the first action.For many years, DC motors and drives provide a number of common solutions, such as when they are in a variety of speeds with good torque characteristics. For most of the hoist of the large demand for DC motor is very expensive, and that the same type of AC motor than the much more expensive. Although the early AC drives are not very useful, as they have a very limited scope of application of the speed, but produced only a small low-speed torque. Now, with the DC drives the development of low cost and a large number of available AC motors has led to a communication-driven revolution.Variable speed AC drives in two series. Frequency converter has been widely known and, indeed, easy to use. These drives convert AC into DC, and then, and then convert it back to exchange, the exchange after the conversion is a different frequency. If the drive produced the exchange of 30Hz, 60Hz a normal motor will run at half speed. Theoretically, this is very good, but in practice, this will have a lot of problems. First of all, a typical linear motor 60Hz frequencies below 2Hz 3Hz area or there will be errors, and start cog (that urgent push, yank), or parking. This will limit your speed range lower than 20:1, almost not adapted to the operational phase of the fine adjustment. Second, many low-cost converter is not able to provide the rated torque at low speeds. Use of these drives, will result in the rapid move to upgrade the components or complete failure, precisely, when you try to upgrade a stable scientific instruments, you do not want to see this situation. Some new inverter is a closed-loop system (to get feedback from the motor to provide a more accurate speed control), and the motor will work quite well.Another series of AC drives is the flow vector type drive. These components require installation of the spindle motor encoder, encoder makes use of these drivescan accurately monitor the rotation of the motor armature. Processor accurately measured magnetic flux vector values that are required to make the armature at a given speed rotation. These drives allow infinite speed, so you actually can produce at zero speed to rated torque. These drives provide precise speed and position control, so these drives in high performance applications to be welcomed.(Based on PLC controllers provide system status and control options. This screen shows the operator full access to the nine-story elevator enhance the control panel.) PLC-based systemsIs the full name of a PLC programmable logic controller. First of all, PLC controller developed to replace the fifties and sixties-based industrial control system relay, they work in harsh industrial indoor environments. These are modular systems that have a large variety of I / O modules. The modular system can easily achieve the semi-custom hardware configuration assembled, and the resulting configuration is also very reasonable price. These modules include: position control module, the counter, A / D and D / A converter, and a variety of physical state or physical contact with closed output module. Large number of different types of I / O components and PLC module property makes it an effective way to assemble custom and semi custom control system.The biggest shortcoming of PLC systems is the lack of the real number of display to tell you what is being done and the PLC on the PLC program to help you.T he first is professional entertainment for the large-scale PLC system is one of the original in Las Vegas, MGM (now Bailey Company) of the riding and carriage system. Many manufacturers offer a standard PLC-based semi-automated acoustic systems and a host of signs, set the location of the command line interpreter, and the upgrading of the control system is also available. Using standard modules to set user-defined system configuration capability is based on the PLC controller of the greatest advantage.High-end controllerFor complex transmission, the controller became complex, more than speed, time and location control. They include complex instructions to write and record the movement contour, and the processing can immediately run the ability to multi-point instructions.Many large opera house is toward the direction of point lift system, where each one is equipped with a rope to enhance independent winches, rope equivalent to those of each dimmer circuit. When more than one hoist is used to enhance the individual part, the hoist must be fully synchronous, or the load to shift, so will lead to a separate winch becomes the risk of overload. Control system must be able to be selected to keep pace winch, or a hoist winch is not able to maintain synchronization with the other, can provide the same high-speed parking capacity. For a typical speed of 240 ft / min and a winch to maintain the rate of error of between 1 / 8 points of equipment, you only have less than three microseconds of time to identify problems and try to correct the error The hoist speed, make sure you fail, you start all the winch stop the group. This will require a large amount of computation, fast I / O interface, and easy to use to write software.For large rope control system has two very different solutions. The first is to use a separate console, the problem in general terms, this console should be installed in the appropriate location of the operator perspective. However, this not only from one angle to another angle, but still can not get an instruction to another instruction from the control. These difficulties have been partially resolved. Installed in different locations through the use of video cameras, and these cameras connected to the three-dimensional display graphics, these graphics enables the operator to observe from the perspective of any of the three coordinates in the expected direction of rope movement. These operators can make from a console for him at the actual angle, or closed circuit camera practical perspective, to observe the movement of the rope on the screen. For the complex interrelated moving parts, makes the implementation of the above observation Failure to control and find out easier.Another solution to the problem is a distributed system that uses multiple light console. This will allow the different operators in the same way the different aspects of control gear, we have improved the manual control device. A vivid example is the flower in a vegetable market in central London, the Royal Opera House, the program uses the above, where the control console 240 with ten motors. Each console has five playback device, and has been open, so that each motor has been assigned to a single console. An operator and a console can control all the devices, however, often may be running a console platform screen upgrade, another console is a console on the transmission device, and the third console is used to the necessary backgroundin the background image down.(edge-type portable console allows the operator many advantages from the start to control the movement of the machine, and provide three-dimensional image display.)ConclusionA huge change in the rope control system, a workstation has been developed from a push-button to complex multi-user computerized control system. When the control system to buy rope, you can always find to meet your needs. Control system performance is the most important security and reliability. These are the true value of the property, and you can expect the price to buy a suitable way of security. With a certain product manufacturers to work, he will make you know how to install it. And he will make contact with you and the users, those users have with similar requests.译文：电动卷扬机的控制对于电动机的控制，我们所知道的最好的方式就是使用由许多点动式按钮组成的简单的手工操作台。

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

Speed Control of DC MotorRegulator SystemsA regulator system is one which normally provides output power in its steady-state operation.For example, a motor speed regulator maintains the motor speed at a constant value despite variations in load torque. Even if the load torque is removed ,the motor must provide sufficient torque to overcome the viscous friction effect of the bearings. Other forms of regulator also provide output power; A temperature regulator must maintain the temperature of, say, an oven constant despite the heat loss in the oven. A voltage regulator must also maintain must output voltage constant despite variation in the load current. For any system to provide an output, e.g., speed, temperature, voltage, etc, an error signal must exist under steady-state conditions.Electrical BrakingIn many speed control system, e.g., rolling mills mine winders, etc., the load has to be frequently brought to a standstill and reversed. The rate at which the speed reduces following a reduced speed demand is dependent on the stored energy and the braking system used. A small speed control system (sometimes known as a velodyne) can employ mechanical braking, but this is not feasible with large speed controllers since it is difficult and costly to remove the heat generated.The various methods of electrical braking avaiable are:(1)Regenerative braking.(2)Eddy current braking.(3)Dynamic braking.(4)Reverse current braking(plugging).Regenerative braking is the best method, though not necessarily the most economic. The stored energy in the load is converted into electrical energy by the work motor(acting temporarily as a generator) and is returned to the power supply system. The supply system thus acts as a “sink” into which the unwanted energy is delivered. Providing the supply system has adequate capacity, the consequent rise in terminal voltage will be small during the short periods of regeneration. In the Ward-Leonard method of speed control of DC motors, regenerative braking is inherent, but thyristor drives have to be arranged to invert to regenerate. Inductionmotor driver can regenerate if the rotor shaft is driven faster than speed of the rotating field. The advent of low-cost variable variable-frequency supplies from thyristor inverters have brought about considerable charges in the use of induction motors in variable speed drives.Eddy current braking can be applied to any machine, simply by mounting a copper or aluminium disc on the shaft and rotating it in a magnetic field. The problem of removing the heat generated is severe in large system as the temperature of the shaft, bearing, and motor will be raised if prolonged braking is applied.In dynamic breaking, the stored energy is a resistor in the circuit. When applied to small DC machines, the armature supply is disconnected and a resistor is connected across the armature (usually by a relay, contactor, or thyristor). The field voltage is maintained, and braking is applied down to the lowest speed. Induction motors require a somewhat more complex arrangement, the stator windings being disconnected from the AC supply and reconnected to a DC supply. The electrical energy generated is then dissipated in the rotor circuit. Dynamic braking is applied to many large AC hoist system where the braking duty is both severe and prolonged.Any electrical motor can be brought to a standstill by suddenly reconnecting the supply to reverse the direction of rotation (reverse current braking). Applied under controlled conditions, this method of braking is satisfactory for all drivers. Its major disadvantage is that the electrical energy consumed by the machine when braking is equal to the stored energy in the load. This increases the running cost significantly in large drives.Equal pulse width PWM lawVVVF (Variable V oltage Variable Frequency) installs in the early time is uses PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation) to control, its inventor part which the technology realizes but only can output the frequency adjustable square-wave voltage not to be able to adjust the pressure. The pulse width PWM law are precisely in order to overcome, is in the PWM law which the PAM law this shortcoming development comes the simplest one kind. It is each pulse width equal pulse row took the PWM wave, through a change pulse row cycle may the frequency modulation, the change pulse width or the duty factor may adjust the pressure, uses the suitable control method then to cause the voltage and the frequency coordination change. Is opposite in the PAM law, this method merit simplified the electric circuit structure, enhanced the input end power factor, but simultaneously also has in the output voltage besidesthe fundamental wave, but also contains the big harmonic component.Stochastic PWMThat time the high efficiency transistor mainly for the bipolarity Daring ton triode, the carrier frequency generally did not surpass 5kHz, the vibration which the electrical machinery winding electromagnetism noise and the overtone created has aroused people's interest. In order to obtain the improvement, the stochastic PWM method arises at the historic moment. Its principle is the stochastic change turn-on frequency causes the electrical machinery electromagnetism noise to be limited to approximately the belt white noise (in linear frequency coordinate system, various frequencies energy distribution is even), although the noise a decibel number has not always changed, but weakens greatly take the fixed turn-on frequency as the characteristic colored noise intensity. Because of this, even if in IGBT by widespread application today, has had to limit regarding the carrier frequency is comparing the low frequency the situation, stochastic PWM still had its special value; On the other hand explained eliminates the machinery and the electromagnetism noise best method enhances the operating frequency blindly, the stochastic PWM technology was precisely provides an analysis, has solved this kind of question brand-new mentality.Spatial voltage vector control PWMSpatial voltage vector control PWM (SVPWM) also calls the magnetic flux sine PWM law .It take the three-phase profile whole production effect as the premise, take approaches the electrical machinery air gap the ideal circular rotary field path as the goal, has the actual magnetic flux with the inventor different switch pattern to approach the base director circle magnetic flux, by theirs comparison result decided the inventor the switch, forms the PWM profile. This law embarks from the electric motor angle, regards as the inventor and the electrical machinery a whole, inscribes the polygon to approach the circle the way to carry on the control, causes the electrical machinery to obtain the peak-to-peak value constant circular magnetic field (sine magnetic flux).The concrete method divides into the magnetic flux split-ring type and the magnetic flux closed loop type. The magnetic flux split-ring law synthesizes an equivalent voltage vector with a two non-vanishing vector sum null vector, if the sampling time enough is small, may synthesize the random voltage vector. When this law output ratio-voltage sine-wave modulation enhances 15% close, sum of theharmonic current effective value smallest. The magnetic flux closed loop type introduces the magnetic flux feedback, controls the magnetic flux the size and the change speed .Estimates the magnetic flux after the comparison and assigns the magnetic flux, according to the error decided has the next voltage vector, forms the PWM profile. This method has overcome the magnetic flux split-ring method insufficiency, when has solved the electrical machinery low speed, the stator resistance affects the major problem, reduced the electrical machinery pulsation and the noise. But because has not introduced the torque the adjustment, the system performance has not had the fundamental improvement.Vector Control PWMThe vector control also called the magnetic field direction detection control, its principle is asynchronous motor under three-phase coordinate system stator current Ia, Ib and Ic , through the three-phase/two phase transformation, equivalent becomes under two static coordinate systems alternating current Ia1 and Ib1, again through presses the rotor magnetic field direction detection revolving transformation, equivalent becomes under the synchronized revolving coordinate system direct current Im1 and It1 (Im1 is equal to the direct current motor exciting current; It1 is equal to the armature electric current which is proportional with the torque), then the imitation direct discharge motive control method, realizes to the motor control. Its essence is the motor equivalent is the direct current motor, separately to the speed, the magnetic field two components carries on the independent control. Through the control rotor flux linkage, then the decomposition stator current obtains the torque and the magnetic field two components, after coordinate transformation, realization orthogonal or decoupling control.But, because the rotor flux linkage accurately observes with difficulty, as well as the vector transformation complexity, causes the actual control effect often with difficulty to achieve theoretical analysis effect, this is the vector control technology in the practice insufficiency. In addition, It must directly or indirectly obtains the rotor flux linkage to be able to realize the stator current decoupling control in space position, needs to dispose the rotor position or the velocity generator in this kind of vector control system, this gives many application situations to bring inconveniently obviously.The analytical functions of the armature reaction of permanent magnet brushless DC motor with concentrated coils are proposed by using the method of image,concerning with the configuration of these machines. This approach is different from the method of equivalent distributed current sheet and more suitable for the electric machines, which have concentrated coils and deeper slots. Under different control mode, the analytical functions of the armature reaction are different.Brushless DC motor (BLDCM) with permanent excitation, in which electrical commutator is used instead of mechanical, has not only the same good characteristics of speed control as traditional DC motor, but also the good characteristics of AC Motor. Brushless DC motors have found wide application due to their high power density and ease of control. Moreover, the machines have high efficiency over wide speed range. Recently it has been quickly developed.SCM control of permanent magnet brushless DC motor speed control system applicable to electric bicycles, and other low-power work. Redundant power and can return to collapse. The system has good speed performance, high power factor, energy saving, small size, light weight, and other advantages.According to the permanent magnet brushless DC motor control of the PWM pulse width, speed sensor and passed through eighth speed digital dynamic display of speed, through hardware and software support, for the entire system design requirements.Brushless DC Motor DriveIdeal Torque ProductionAs stated earlier, a brushless DC motor generally describes a motor having a trape-zoidal back EMF. For this case, the phase currents are rectangular pulses, sometimes loosely identified as squarewave currents. While (8.3) can be used to describe torque production for this motor, it is easier to understand this configuration graphically as shown in Fig. 8-2, where the three phases have been labeled A, B, and C respectively.In the figure, the back EMF shapes, i.e ., the back EMFs divided by speed, are trape-zoids having 2/3 duty cycle. That is, for each 180!aE the back EMF shape is constan over 120!aE. The current associated with each back EMF is composed of rectangula pulses having a 2/3 duty cycle, where the nonzero portions of the pulses are aligned with the flat areas of the respective back EMF shapes and the polarity of the current matches that of the back EMF. Following (8.2), the constant torque produced is shown at the bottom of the figure. Over each 60!aE segment, positive current flows I one phase, negative current flows in another, and no current flows in the third phase. The letters below the constant torque line signify the twophases carrying current, with the overbar denoting negative current flow or flow out of a phase. Every 60!aE where the back EMF in a phase makes a transition, the current in one phase remains unchanged, while the current in another goes to zero, and the current in the thirdbecomes nonzero. Over 360!aE, there are six transitions or commutations before the sequence repeats. As a result, this motor drive is often called a .six step drive.DC Motor Speed ControlThe basis of all methods of DC motor speed control is derived from the equations:E∝ΦωU=E+IaRathe terms having their usual meanings. If the IaRa drop is small, the equations approximate toU∝Φωorω∝U/ΦThus, control of armature voltage and field flux influences the motor speed. To reduce the speed to zero, either U=0 or Φ=∞. The latter is inadmissible; hence control at low speed is by armature voltage variation. To increase the speed to a high value, either U is made very large or Φis reduced. The latter is the most practical way and is known as field weakening. Combinations of the two are used where a wide range of speed is required.直流电机速度控制调节系统调节系统是一类通常能提供稳定输出功率的系统。

外文翻译--直流电机速度控制-精品

外文翻译--直流电动机调速控制

国外直流电机调速系统设计的相关书籍

电动机及速度控制外文翻译

直流电动机调速控制外文翻译

基于FPGA的直流电机控制设计外文翻译2

直流电动机 外文文献

电机学英文文献翻译

直流电机调速控制器设计外文翻译

他励直流电动机速度控制文献翻译(2)

电机调速控制英文翻译

外文翻译--直流电动机调速控制

单片机外文翻译永磁无刷直流电机

直流电机(英文)

直流电动机闭环控制系统毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献

电机控制英语词汇

电动机控制中英文对照外文翻译文献

直流电动机外文文献