20151123 芝加哥

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殖民地时期介绍

中部： 1624年荷兰人在阿尔巴尼建第一块永久殖民地(称“新荷兰”)，1625年荷兰人从土著人手中买下了曼哈顿，取名“新阿姆斯特丹”。 1638年，瑞典人进入特拉华河流域，并在此建立起他们的殖民地(名曰“新瑞典”)。1655年为荷兰西印度公司吞并。 1652年5月英荷之间爆发战争，荷兰被迫屈服。 1664年，英王查理二世将康涅狄格与特拉华授予其弟约克公爵，遂将新阿姆斯特丹改名“新约克”，直译 “纽约”。约克公爵将哈德逊河西岸的土地分给约翰· 巴克莱和菲利普· 卡特雷特，并任命菲利普· 卡特雷特为总督，由于此人曾在英伦海峡泽西岛做过总督，因而该地便取名为“新泽西”。至1681年，查理二世为偿还威廉· 佩恩1.6万镑债款，又将“新瑞典”赋予其子小威廉· 佩恩，取名“宾夕法尼亚” 。
北美殖民地的类型及其特点
殖民地两大重要特点：其一，殖民地的政治权力是直接来自英王的特许，其权力关系在英帝国内呈垂直走向；其二，由于各殖民地的建立是以个案方式处理的，各殖民地之间呈孤立状态而互不相属。
根据管理方式之不同，英属北美13个殖民地，在创建时可分为3大类型：
(1)公司殖民地，其业务由设在伦敦或殖民地的董事会管理，在经济上自负盈亏。弗吉尼亚、马萨诸塞等最初都属特许公司所有。 (2)业主殖民地，它在性质上是英王的封地，业主代表英王统治该殖民地，有权在殖民地内实行再分封。宾夕法尼亚、马里兰、特拉华、南卡罗来纳、北卡罗来纳及佐治亚，最初都属这一类性质。 (3)自治殖民地，它们一般为自由移民自己所建，最初既不属于英王所有也为业主所有，其管理方式由殖民地移民自行决定。普利茅斯、康涅狄格、罗得岛最初都属此类殖民地。
殖民地经济的发展及其区域差异（农业）
(1)在南部殖民地，由于经常受潮水的浸润，沿海潮水带的土地特别肥沃，适合烟草、水稻、靛青种植。加之，这些作物产品的市场在英国和欧洲大陆，以至很快成为南部殖民地的大陆商品种植物。特别是烟草，自1612年罗尔夫引种成功后，1616年已开始向欧洲出口，1630年出口量已达50万镑。这些大宗作物的种植，由于需要大量的劳动力而不得不大量输入黑人奴隶，于是伴随着这些大宗商品种植物的发展，奴隶种植园制便在多处建立起来。

美国伊利诺伊大学香槟分校(University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)介绍

社会科学人类学(Anthropology) 家庭与消费科学(Family & Consumer Sciences) 心理学(Psychology) 社会学(Sociology)
医疗卫生健康学(Fitness) 健康管理(Health Administration) 营养学(Nutrition) 医学院预科(Pre-Med)
于 1867 年。学院长期以来一直是全美理工科方面最有名望的高等学府之一，与大名鼎鼎的麻省理工学院地位相当。伊利诺斯大学香槟分校为美国中西部名校联盟十大联盟排名第二的大学，并与加州大学伯克利分校、密歇根大学三所州立大学被并称为美国公立大学中的“三巨头”。
所属国家
美国
建校时间
1867
中国教育部是获得认证否认证
伊大位于美国五大湖区的平原地带，厄巴纳-尚佩恩城两座双子小镇四周被玉米耕地包围。伊大校园占地 4554 英亩，在校学生 4 万余人，教授及教职人员 2500 余人，学校有 17 个学院，覆盖 150 个学科，是一所规模庞大的公立大学。
院校简介

伊利诺斯大学香槟分校（香槟）位于美国的伊利诺伊州，学院建立
气象学(Meteorology) 物理学(Physics) 视觉艺术与设计服装与纺织(Apparel & Textiles)
音乐通用音乐理论(General Music & Theory) 哲学与宗教哲学(Philosophy) 公共服务公共管理(Public Administration)
研究生入学申 12 月 01 日请截止日研究生入学语托福 92 言要求研究生申请网 /admissions/apply 站入口
专业介绍
商科/经济类经济学(Economics) 教育信息教育管理(Education Administration) 教学(Teaching) 科学/数学计算机科学(Computer Science) 生物学(Biology) 化学(Chemistry) 数学(Math)

美国各州区号

美国各州电话区号200201：美国 - 新泽西州（Hackensack, Jersey City, Hoboken 以及新泽西州东北部，与551重叠）202：美国 - 华盛顿哥伦比亚特区203：美国 - 康涅狄格州（Bridgeport, New Haven, Waterbury以及康乃狄克州西南部，与475重叠）204：加拿大 - 缅尼托巴省205：美国 - 阿拉巴马州（过去曾包括全州，如今仍涵盖其最大城市Birmingham、Tuscaloosa以及阿拉巴马州的中部和西部）206：美国 - 华盛顿地区（All of Bainbridge, Mercer, and Vashon Islands, and the cities of Burien, Des Moines, Lake Forest Park, Normandy Park、西雅图、Sea-Tac, Shoreline, and Tukwila and some small unincorporated areas adjacent to these cities, also, parts of the cities of Woodway and Edmonds）207：美国 - 缅因州208：美国 - 爱德荷州209：美国 - 加利福尼亚州（Stockton, Merced, Modesto, San Andreas 以及加利福尼亚州中部）210：美国 - 德克萨斯州（圣安东尼奥地区）212：美国 - 纽约州（纽约市：仅限于曼哈顿地区，与646和917重叠）213：美国 - 加利福尼亚州（仅限于洛杉矶市中心部分）214：美国 - 德克萨斯州（达拉斯地区，与469和972重叠）215：美国 - 宾夕法尼亚州（费城地区，与267和445重叠）216：美国 - 俄亥俄州（克里夫兰地区）217：美国 - 伊利诺州（Champaign, Decatur, Urbana, Springfield 以及伊利诺州中部）218：美国 - 明尼苏达州（Duluth, Thief River Falls, Brainerd, International Falls 以及明尼苏达州北部）219：美国 - 印第安纳州（Gary, Hammond Valparaiso, 密歇根市, Goodland, Fowler 以及印第安纳州西北部地区，包括部分的Chicagoland）224：美国 - 伊利诺州（Waukegan, Des Plaines, 芝加哥西北市郊以及伊利诺州东北部，与847重叠）225：美国 - 路易斯安那州（Baton Rouge, New Roads, White Castle 以及路易斯安那州东部中间地区）226：加拿大 - 安大略省（London, Windsor 以及安大略省西南部，与519重叠(implementing late 2004)）228：美国 - 密西西比州（Gulfport, Pascagoula, Biloxi, Bay St Louis and southern Mississippi gulf coast）229：美国 - 佐治亚州（Albany, Valdosta, Bainbridge, Americus, Fitzgerald 以及佐治亚州西南部）231：美国 - 密歇根州（Traverse City, Ludington, Muskegon,Petoskey 以及密歇根州西北部）234：美国 - 俄亥俄州（Youngstown, Warren, Akron, Canton 以及俄亥俄州东北部，与330重叠）239：美国 - 佛罗里达州（Cape Coral, Fort Myers, Naples, Everglades 以及佛罗里达州西南部）240：美国 - 马里兰州（Hagerstown, Rockville, Cumberland 以及马里兰州西部，与301重叠）248：美国 - 密歇根州（Troy, Oakland County, Pontiac, Southfield, Rochester Hills 以及底特律西北市郊，与947重叠）250：加拿大 - 英属哥伦比亚省（温哥华市地区除外）251：美国 - 阿拉巴马州（Mobile, Jackson 以及阿拉巴马州西南部）252：美国 - 北卡罗莱那州（Greenville, Kitty Hawk, Rocky Mount 以及北卡罗莱那州东北部）253：美国 - 华盛顿州（Tacoma, Auburn, Puyallup, Enumclaw, Spanaway 以及西雅图南部市郊）254：美国 - 德克萨斯州（Waco, Killeen, Belton, Stephenville and north central 德克萨斯州）256：美国 - 阿拉巴马州（Florence, Huntsville, Gadsden, Anniston and northern and eastern 阿拉巴马州）260：美国 - 印第安纳州（Fort Wayne, Decatur, Angola, Wabash and northeastern 印第安纳州）262：美国 - 威斯康辛州（Menomonee Falls, Waukesha, Racine,Kenosha and southeastern 威斯康辛州 excluding Milwaukee area but including parts of Chicagoland）267：美国 - 宾夕法尼亚州（Philadelphia area, overlays with 215 and 445）269：美国 - 密歇根州（Battle Creek, Benton Harbor, Allegan, Hastings, Kalamazoo, St Joseph, and southwestern 密歇根州）270：美国 - 肯塔基州（Paducah, Bowling Green, Hopkinsville, Owensboro, Henderson, Elizabethtown, Radcliff and western Kentucky）276：美国 - 维吉尼亚州（Abingdon, Wytheville, Martinsville, Bluefield and southwestern 维吉尼亚州）281：美国 - 德克萨斯州（休斯顿Houston area, overlays with 713 and 832）289：加拿大 - 安大略省（Hamilton, Toronto suburbs and central southeastern 安大略省, overlays with 905）300301：美国 - 马里兰州（Hagerstown, Rockville, Cumberland and western 马里兰州, overlays with 240）302：美国 - 德拉瓦州303：美国 - 科罗拉多州（Boulder, Longmont, Aurora, Denver and central 科罗拉多州, overlays with 720）304：美国 - 西维吉尼亚州305：美国 - 佛罗里达州（Miami-Dade and Monroe Counties: Miami,Homestead, Coral Gables, Key West and 佛罗里达州 Keys, overlays with 786）306：加拿大 - 沙士吉万省307：美国 - 怀俄明州308：美国 - 内布拉斯加州（North Platte, Scottsbluff, McCook, Grand Island and western 内布拉斯加州）309：美国 - 伊利诺州（Peoria, Moline, Rock Island, Galesburg and central western 伊利诺州）310：美国 - 加利福尼亚州（Malibu, Torrance, Beverly Hills, Santa Monica, Catalina and west Los Angeles suburbs）312：美国 - 伊利诺州（芝加哥市中心）313：美国 - 密歇根州（Dearborn, Detroit and inner Detroit suburbs）314：美国 - 密苏里州（St Louis, Florissant, Crestwood, Affton, Granite City and surrounding suburbs）315：美国 - 纽约州（Syracuse, Utica, Watertown, and north central New York）316：美国 - 堪萨斯州（Wichita, Augusta, El Dorado, Mulvane and the Wichita surrounding area）317：美国 - 印第安纳州（Indianapolis, Greenwood, Mooresville, Beech Grove and central 印第安纳州）318：美国 - 路易斯安那州（Shreveport, Monroe, Alexandria,Fisher, Tallulah and northern 路易斯安那州）319：美国 - 艾奥瓦州（Burlington, 艾奥瓦州 City, Cedar Rapids, Waterloo and east central and southeastern 艾奥瓦州）320：美国 - 明尼苏达州（St Cloud, Morris, Hutchinson, Sandstone, Appleton and central 明尼苏达州）321：美国 - 佛罗里达州（Orlando, Cocoa Beach, St Cloud and central eastern 佛罗里达州, partial overlay with 407）323：美国 - 加利福尼亚州（Florence and Los Angeles excluding downtown Los Angeles）325：美国 - 德克萨斯州（Abilene, Sweetwater, Snyder, San Angelo）330：美国 - 俄亥俄州（Youngstown, Warren, Akron, Canton and northeastern 俄亥俄州, overlays with 234）334：美国 - 阿拉巴马州（Montgomery, Auburn, Dothan, Selma and southeastern 阿拉巴马州）336：美国 - 北卡罗莱那州（Winston-Salem, Greensboro, North Wilkesboro and northwest 北卡罗莱那州）337：美国 - 路易斯安那州（Leesville, Lake Charles, Lafayette, De Ridder and southwestern 路易斯安那州）339：美国 - 麻萨诸塞州（Saugus, Norwood and east central 麻萨诸塞州, overlays with 781）347：美国 - 纽约州（New York City except Manhattan; overlayswith 718 and 917）351：美国 - 麻萨诸塞州（Fitchburg, Peabody and northeastern 麻萨诸塞州, overlays with 978）352：美国 - 佛罗里达州（Gainesville, Ocala, Inverness, Dunnellon and central 佛罗里达州）360：美国 - 华盛顿州（Bellingham, Vancouver, Aberdeen, Olympia and western Washington except the greater Seattle area, which uses the 206, 253, and 425 area codes）361：美国 - 德克萨斯州（Corpus Christi, Victoria, George West and southeastern 德克萨斯州）386：美国 - 佛罗里达州（Daytona Beach, Lake City, Live Oak, Crescent City and northern and eastern 佛罗里达州）400401：美国 - 罗德岛州402：美国 - 内布拉斯加州（Valentine, Lincoln, Norfolk, Omaha, Superior, Crofton and eastern 内布拉斯加州）403：加拿大 - 亚伯达省（Calgary, Banff, Red Deer, Medicine Hat, Lethbridge and southern Alberta）404：美国 - 佐治亚州（Atlanta area inside Interstate 285 Perimeter, overlays with 470 and 678）405：美国 - 奥克拉荷马州（Oklahoma City, Edmond, Norman, Shawnee, Chickasha and central Oklahoma）406：美国 - 蒙大拿州407：美国 - 佛罗里达州（Orlando, Cocoa Beach, St. Cloud and central eastern 佛罗里达州, partial overlay with 321）408：美国 - 加利福尼亚州（Los Gatos, Milpitas, Sunnyvale, Cupertino and San Jose area）409：美国 - 德克萨斯州（Beaumont, Galveston, Port Arthur, Jasper and southeastern 德克萨斯州）410：美国 - 马里兰州（Annapolis, Baltimore, Salisbury and eastern 马里兰州, overlays with 443）412：美国 - 宾夕法尼亚州（Pittsburgh, 宾夕法尼亚州 area, McKeesport, Braddock, Duquesne, overlays with 878）413：美国 - 麻萨诸塞州（Pittsfield, Springfield, Holyoke, Greenfield and western 麻萨诸塞州）414：美国 - 威斯康辛州（Milwaukee, Greenfield, Oak Creek and Milwaukee suburbs）415：美国 - 加利福尼亚州（Sausalito, San Rafael, Novato, San Quentin, San Francisco and bay area）416：加拿大 - 安大略省（多伦多; 与647重叠）417：美国 - 密苏里州（Joplin, Springfield, West Plains, Lamar, Lebanon and southwestern 密苏里州）418：加拿大 - 魁北克省（魁北克市, Saguenay, Gaspé Peninsula, C?te-Nord, Chibougamau, St-Georges）419：美国 - 俄亥俄州（Toledo, Mansfield, Lima, Bryan, Sandusky,Bowling Green and northwestern 俄亥俄州, overlays with 567）423：美国 - 田纳西州（Bristol, Sweetwater, Chattanooga and southeastern and north eastern 田纳西州）425：美国 - 华盛顿州（north and east Seattle suburbs including Everett, Bellevue, Redmond, Renton and Issaquah）430：美国 - 德克萨斯州（northeastern 德克萨斯州, overlays with area code 903）432：美国 - 德克萨斯州（western 德克萨斯州）434：美国 - 维吉尼亚州（Lynchburg, Danville, South Hill, 维吉尼亚州, Charlottesville; south central and Southside 维吉尼亚州）435：美国 - 犹他州（Logan, St. George, Moab and all of 犹他州 excluding Salt Lake City, Ogden, Provo and central 犹他州）440：美国 - 俄亥俄州（Elyria, Lorain, Oberlin, Wellington and north central 俄亥俄州）443：美国 - 马里兰州（Annapolis, Baltimore, Salisbury and eastern 马里兰州, overlays with 410）445：美国 - 宾夕法尼亚州（Philadelphia area, overlays with 215 and 267）450：加拿大 - 魁北克省（central southern Quebec excluding Montreal）469：美国 - 德克萨斯州（Dallas area, overlays with 214 and 972）470：美国 - 佐治亚州（Atlanta, Gainesville and north central 佐治亚州, overlays with 404 and 678 and 770）475：美国 - 康乃狄克州（Bridgeport, New Haven, Waterbury and southwestern 康乃狄克州, overlays with 203）478：美国 - 佐治亚州（Macon, Warner Robins, Swainsboro, Wadley, Milledgeville, Perry and central 佐治亚州）479：美国 - 阿肯色州（Fort Smith, Fayetteville and northwestern Arkansas）480：美国 - 亚利桑那州（Chandler, Gilbert, Tempe, Scottsdale, eastern Phoenix area and eastern Phoenix suburbs only）484：美国 - 宾夕法尼亚州（Reading, Allentown, Chester and southeastern 宾夕法尼亚州, overlays with 610 and 835）500501：美国 - 阿肯色州（Little Rock, Hot Springs and central Arkansas）502：美国 - 肯塔基州（Louisville, Frankfort, Shelbyville, Bardstown and north central Kentucky）503：美国 - 奥勒冈州（Portland, Salem, Tillamook, Astoria and northwestern Oregon, overlays with 971 except in coastal area）504：美国 - 路易斯安那州（New Orleans, Kenner, Metairie and surrounding areas）505：美国 - 新墨西哥州506：加拿大 - New Brunswick507：美国 - 明尼苏达州（Rochester, Mankato, Worthington, Marshall and southern 明尼苏达州）508：美国 - 麻萨诸塞州（Worcester, New Bedford and southeastern 麻萨诸塞州, overlays with 774）509：美国 - 华盛顿州（All of eastern Washington, including Spokane, Yakima, Walla Walla, Moses Lake, and Ellensburg）510：美国 - 加利福尼亚州（Hayward, Berkeley, Oakland, Richmond and Fremont areas）512：美国 - 德克萨斯州（Austin, Lampasas, Bastrop, Milam and central 德克萨斯州）513：美国 - 俄亥俄州（Cincinnati, Middletown, Hamilton, Norwood, Lebanon and southwestern 俄亥俄州）514：加拿大 - 魁北克（蒙特屡市）515：美国 - 艾奥瓦州（Des Moines, Ames, Fort Dodge, Jefferson, Algona, Indianola and north central 艾奥瓦州）516：美国 - 纽约州（Nassau County）517：美国 - 密歇根州（Jackson, Lansing, Howell, Deerfield, Addison and south central 密歇根州）518：美国 - 纽约州（Plattsburgh, Saranac Lake, Albany and northeastern New York）519：加拿大 - 安大略省（London, Windsor and southwestern 安大略省; overlays with 226）520：美国 - 亚历桑那州（Tucson and southeastern Arizona）530：美国 - 加利福尼亚州（Alturas, Chico, Redding, Placerville, Truckee and northeastern 加利福尼亚州）540：美国 - 维吉尼亚州（Roanoke, Blacksburg, Harrisonburg, Winchester, Fredericksburg and north-central 维吉尼亚州）541：美国 - 奥勒冈州（Medford, Eugene, 安大略省, Burns and all of Oregon except northwestern Oregon）555：美国 - 目录服务 - 555-1212 （Other numbers frequently used as numbers for drama , film, television, etc.）559：美国 - 加利福尼亚州（Fresno, Madera, Hanford, Visalia and central 加利福尼亚州）561：美国 - 佛罗里达州（West Palm Beach, Boca Raton, Boynton Beach, Delray Beach, Belle Glade and central eastern 佛罗里达州）562：美国 - 加利福尼亚州（Long Beach, Lakewood, Bellflower and southwestern Los Angeles suburbs）563：美国 - 艾奥瓦州（Decorah, Dubuque, Clinton, Davenport and eastern and northeastern 艾奥瓦州）564：美国 - 华盛顿州（Western Washington） - planned, canceled 567：美国 - 俄亥俄州（Toledo, Mansfield, Lima, Bryan, Sandusky and northwestern 俄亥俄州, overlays with 419）570：美国 - 宾夕法尼亚州（Scranton, Williamsport, Wilkes-Barre, Susquehanna and northeastern 宾夕法尼亚州）571：美国 - 维吉尼亚州（Northern 维吉尼亚州: Alexandria, Arlington, Fairfax, Prince William and eastern Loudoun counties, overlays with 703）573：美国 - 密苏里州（Columbia, Jefferson City, Hannibal, Cape Girardeau, Poplar Bluff and eastern 密苏里州 excluding St Louis）574：美国 - 印第安纳州（South Bend, Logansport, Elkhart, Warsaw, Nappanee and north central 印第安纳州）580：美国 - 奥克拉何马州（Guymon, Hugo, Enid, Lawton, Ardmore, Elk City and southern and western Oklahoma）585：美国 - 纽约州（罗撤斯特, Wellsville, Batavia, Olean and western New York）586：美国 - 密歇根州（Port Huron, Flint, Flushing, Warren and eastern 密歇根州, overlays with 810）600601：美国 - 密西西比（Jackson, Meridian, Natchez, McComb, Hattiesburg and central Mississippi）602：美国 - 亚利桑那州（Central Phoenix only）603：美国 - 新罕布什尔州604：加拿大 - 卑斯省（温哥华, Richmond, Abbotsford, Whistler and southwestern BC, overlays with 778）605：美国 - 南达科他州606：美国 - 肯塔基州（Ashland, Hazard, Somerset, London, Corbin, Pikeville, Maysville and eastern Kentucky）607：美国 - 纽约州（Binghamton, Elmira, Bath, Norwich and south central New York）608：美国 - 威斯康辛州（Madison, La Crosse, Platteville, Janesville and southwestern 威斯康辛州）609：美国 - 新泽西州（Atlantic City, Brown Mills, Trenton, and central & southeastern 新泽西州）610：美国 - 宾夕法尼亚州（Reading, Allentown, Chester and southeastern 宾夕法尼亚州, overlays with 484 and 835）612：美国 - 明尼苏达州（Central Minneapolis, Fort Snelling, St Anthony and Richfield）613：加拿大 - 安大略省（渥太华 and southeastern 安大略省）614：美国 - 俄亥俄州（Columbus area）615：美国 - 田纳西州（Nashville, Murfreesboro, Springfield, Lebanon, Dickson and north central 田纳西州）616：美国 - 密歇根州（Grand Rapids, Holland, Greenville, Grandhaven, Zeeland, and southwestern 密歇根州）617：美国 - 麻萨诸塞州（Boston, Cambridge and close-in Boston suburbs, overlays with 857）618：美国 - 伊利诺州（Carbondale, Alton, Centralia, MountVernon and southern 伊利诺州）619：美国 - 加利福尼亚州（National City, Chula Vista, Imperial Beach, Otay and the San Diego area）620：美国 - 堪萨斯州（Dodge City, Great Bend, Parsons, Liberal and southern Kansas）623：美国 - 亚利桑那州（Glendale, Buckeye, Peoria, western Phoenix area and western Phoenix suburbs only）626：美国 - 加利福尼亚州（Arcadia, Temple City, Covina, Pasadena and eastern Los Angeles suburbs）630：美国 - 伊利诺州（Aurora, Batavia, Geneva and western Chicago suburbs）631：美国 - 纽约（Suffolk County）636：美国 - 密苏里州（Chesterfield, Union, De Soto, Troy and east central 密苏里州）641：美国 - 艾奥瓦州（Mason City, Oskaloosa, Creston, Pella, Ottumwa, Britt, Clear Lake, Fairfield and central 艾奥瓦州）646：美国 - 纽约州（纽约市: 只限曼哈顿; 与212 及 917重叠）647：加拿大 - 安大略省（多伦多; 与416重叠）650：美国 - 加利福尼亚州（San Mateo、帕罗奥多、Redwood City、门洛帕克、以及一些在旧金山南部的郊区）651：美国 - 明尼苏达州（St Paul, Lindstrom, Red Wing, Hastings and east central 明尼苏达州）660：美国 - 密苏里州（Marshall, Sedalia, Macon, Trenton, Maryville and north central 密苏里州）661：美国 - 加利福尼亚州（Bakersfield, Mojave, Santa Clarita, Palmdale and south central 加利福尼亚州）662：美国 - 密西西比（Greenville, Tupelo, Winona, Columbus, Holly Springs and northern Mississippi）671：美国 - 关岛（a territory of the United States）678：美国 - 佐治亚州（Atlanta, Gainesville, Griffin and north central 佐治亚州, overlays 404 and 470 and 770）682：美国 - 德克萨斯州（Fort Worth, Arlington, Grandview, Weatherford, Rhome, overlays with 817）700701：美国 - 北达科他州702：美国 - 内华达（Almost all of Clark County/Las Vegas area）703：美国 - 维吉尼亚州（Northern 维吉尼亚州: Alexandria, Arlington, Fairfax, Prince William and eastern Loudoun counties, overlays with 571）704：美国 - 北卡罗莱那州（Charlotte, Kingstown and south central 北卡罗莱那州, overlays with 980）705：加拿大 - 东北安大略省及中部安大略省（North Bay, Greater Sudbury, Sault Ste. Marie, Timmins, Barrie）706：美国 - 佐治亚州（Augusta, Columbus, Lagrange, Rome, Dalton and northern and west central 佐治亚州）707：美国 - 加利福尼亚州（Santa Rosa, Fort Bragg, Crescent City, Eureka, Ukiah and northwestern 加利福尼亚州）708：美国 - 伊利诺州（Chicago Heights, Tinley Park, Cicero, Oak Park, Berwyn, and southern and inner western Chicago suburbs）709：加拿大 - Newfoundland and Labrador712：美国 - 艾奥瓦州（Estherville, Council Bluffs, Sioux City, Sheldon, Denison and western 艾奥瓦州）713：美国 - 德克萨斯州（Houston area, overlays with 281 and 832）714：美国 - 加利福尼亚州（Huntington Beach, Orange, Garden Grove, Tustin, Anaheim and northern Orange County）715：美国 - 威斯康辛州（Rhinelander, Wausau, Eau Claire, Rice Lake, Ashland and northern 威斯康辛州）716：美国 - 纽约（Buffalo, Jamestown, Niagara Falls, Tonawanda and western New York）717：美国 - 宾夕法尼亚州（Harrisburg, Gettysburg, Lancaster, York and south central 宾夕法尼亚州）718：美国 - 纽约（New York City except Manhattan; overlays with 347 and 917）719：美国 - 科罗拉多州（Leadville, Pueblo, 科罗拉多州 Springs, Trinidad and southeastern 科罗拉多州）720：美国 - 科罗拉多州（Boulder, Longmont, Aurora, Denver and central 科罗拉多州, overlays with 303）724：美国 - 宾夕法尼亚州（New Castle, Washington, Uniontown and south western 宾夕法尼亚州, overlays with 878）727：美国 - 佛罗里达州（Clearwater, St Petersburg, Dunedin and the west central 佛罗里达州 gulf coast）731：美国 - 田纳西州（West 田纳西州 excluding greater Memphis: Union City, Jackson, Dyersburg, Martin, Brownsville, Paris, Bolivar）732：美国 - 新泽西州（New Brunswick, Neptune, Lakewood, and east central 新泽西州, overlays with 848）734：美国 - 密歇根州（Ann Arbor, Monroe, Wayne, Ypsilanti and southwestern Detroit suburbs）740：美国 - 俄亥俄州（Jackson, Lancaster, Marietta, Cambridge, Zanesville, New Castle and southeastern 俄亥俄州）754：美国 - 佛罗里达州（All of Broward County: Fort Lauderdale, Hollywood, Coral Springs, overlays with 954）757：美国 - 维吉尼亚州（Hampton Roads area and Eastern Shore）760：美国 - 加利福尼亚州（Bishop, Ridgecrest, Indio, Barstow, El Centro, Palm Springs, northern San Diego County, and southeastern 加利福尼亚州）763：美国 - 明尼苏达州（Maple Grove, Monticello, Elk River, Fridley, Blaine, and northwest Minneapolis area）765：美国 - 印第安纳州（Lafayette, Marion, Muncie, Richmond and central 印第安纳州 excluding 印第安纳州polis）769：美国 - 密西西比（overlays with 601）770：美国 - 佐治亚州（Marietta, Cedartown, and north central 佐治亚州 outside Atlanta's Perimeter highway, overlays with 470 and 678）772：美国 - 佛罗里达州（Vero Beach, Port Saint Lucie, Fort Pierce, Sebastian, Stuart and central eastern 佛罗里达州）773：美国 - 伊利诺州（City of Chicago, excluding downtown）774：美国 - 麻萨诸塞州（Worcester and southeastern 麻萨诸塞州, overlays with 508）775：美国 - 内华达州（Reno, Elko, Ely and all of Nevada except Las Vegas）778：加拿大 - British Columbia （Vancouver, Richmond, Abbotsford and southwestern BC overlays with 604）780：加拿大 - Alberta （Edmonton, Jasper, Grande Prairie, Peace River and northern Alberta）781：美国 - 麻萨诸塞州（Saugus, Norwood, Waltham, Woburn and other Boston suburbs along Route 128, overlays with 339）785：美国 - 堪萨斯州（Colby, Topeka, Salina, Manhattan, Lawrence and northern Kansas）786：美国 - 佛罗里达州（Miami-Dade and Monroe Counties: Miami, Homestead, Coral Gables, Key West and 佛罗里达州 Keys, overlays with 305）787：美国 - 波多黎各（overlays with 939）800800：美国 - 免费电话801：美国 - 犹他州（Salt Lake City, Ogden, Provo, Park City, Payson, Bountiful and central 犹他州）802：美国 - 佛蒙特州803：美国 - 南卡罗来纳州（Columbia, Rock Hill, Sumter, Aiken and central South Carolina）804：美国 - 维吉尼亚州（Richmond, Petersburg, West Point, Chester; east central 维吉尼亚州, Northern Neck, and Middle Peninsula）805：美国 - 加利福尼亚州（San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Ventura; southwest central coastal 加利福尼亚州）806：美国 - 德克萨斯州（Amarillo, Lubbock, Canadian, Perryton, Shamrock, Dalhart and 德克萨斯州 panhandle）807：美国 - 西北安大略省（Thunder Bay, Kenora, Dryden, Geraldton, Fort William）808：美国 - 夏威夷810：美国 - 密歇根州（Port Huron, Flint, Flushing, Warren and eastern 密歇根州, overlays with 586）812：美国 - 印第安纳州（Evansville, New Albany, Terre Haute, Bloomington and southern 印第安纳州）813：美国 - 佛罗里达州（Tampa, Hillsborough, Plant City, Port Tampa and central western 佛罗里达州）814：美国 - 宾夕法尼亚州（Erie, Warren, Altoona, Johnstown, Meyersdale and central and northwestern 宾夕法尼亚州）815：美国 - 伊利诺州（La Salle, De Kalb, Rockford, Freeport and northern 伊利诺州 including parts of the Chicago area such as Joliet,Romeoville, and Plainfield）816：美国 - 密苏里州（Kansas City, St Joseph, Independence, Harrisonville and west central 密苏里州）817：美国 - 德克萨斯州（Fort Worth, Arlington, Grandview, Weatherford, Rhome, overlays with 682）818：美国 - 加利福尼亚州（Glendale, San Fernando, Burbank and northern Los Angeles suburbs）819：加拿大 - 魁北克（Western Quebec）822：美国 - 免费电话828：美国 - 北卡罗莱那州（Asheville, Brevard, Morganton, Murphy and western 北卡罗莱那州）830：美国 - 德克萨斯州（Uvalde, New Braunfels, Kerrville, Eagle Pass and southwest 德克萨斯州）831：美国 - 加利福尼亚州（Salinas, Hollister, Monterey, Santa Cruz and central western coastal 加利福尼亚州）832：美国 - 德克萨斯州（Houston area, overlays with 281 and 713）833：美国 - 免费电话835：美国 - 宾夕法尼亚州（Reading, Allentown, and southeastern 宾夕法尼亚州, overlays with 484 and 610）843：美国 - 北卡罗来纳州（Florence, Myrtle Beach, Charleston, Hilton Head Island and eastern South Carolina）844：美国 - 免费电话845：美国 - 纽约（Poughkeepsie, Middletown, West Point, Newburgh and southeastern New York）847：美国 - 伊利诺州（Wauconda, Waukegan, Des Plaines, 芝加哥都会区北侧郊区, 与224重叠）850：美国 - 佛罗里达州（Pensacola, Tallahassee, Panama City and the 佛罗里达州 panhandle）855：美国 - 免费电话856：美国 - 新泽西州（Vineland, Cherry Hill, Camden, Millville, and southwestern 新泽西州）857：美国 - 麻萨诸塞州（Boston, Cambridge and east central 麻萨诸塞州, overlays with 617）858：美国 - 加利福尼亚州（Del Mar, La Jolla and northern San Diego suburbs）859：美国 - 肯塔基州（Lexington, Richmond, Danville, Covington, Florence, Mount Sterling and north central Kentucky）860：美国 - 康乃狄克州（Bristol, Hartford, Norwich and northernand eastern 康乃狄克州, overlays with 959）863：美国 - 佛罗里达州（Avon Park, Clewiston, Lakeland, Bartow, Sebring, Winter Haven and south central 佛罗里达州）864：美国 - 南卡罗来纳州（Greenville, Spartanburg, Anderson and western South Carolina）865：美国 - 田纳西州（Knoxville, Newport, Jefferson City, Oak Ridge and central East 田纳西州）866：美国 - 免费电话867：加拿大 - Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut 870：美国 - 阿肯色州（Texarkana, Mountain Home, Pine Bluff and southern, eastern and northeastern Arkansas）877：美国 - 免费电话878：美国 - 宾夕法尼亚州（Pittsburgh, New Castle, and southwestern 宾夕法尼亚州, overlays with 412 and 724）888：美国 - 免费电话900900：美国 - Excess Charge901：美国 - 田纳西州（Memphis, Covington, Somerville and south western 田纳西州）902：加拿大 - Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island903：美国 - 德克萨斯州（Tyler, Sherman, Longview, Marshall, Palestine, Jacksonville, Carthage, and northeastern 德克萨斯州）904：美国 - 佛罗里达州（Jacksonville, St. Augustine, Starke, Green Cove Springs and northeastern 佛罗里达州）905：美国 - 安大略省（Hamilton, Toronto suburbs and central southeastern 安大略省, overlays with 289）906：美国 - 密歇根州（Upper Peninsula）907：美国 - 阿拉斯加908：美国 - 新泽西州（Washington, Elizabeth, Warren, Plainfield and west central 新泽西州）909：美国 - 加利福尼亚州（San Bernardino, Temecula, Ontario, Pomona, Chino and Riverside areas）910：美国 - 北卡罗莱那州（Fayetteville, Wilmington, Lumberton and southeastern 北卡罗莱那州）912：美国 - 佐治亚州（Savannah, Vidalia, Waycross, Brunswick, Douglas and southeastern 佐治亚州）913：美国 - 堪萨斯州（Kansas City, Overland Park, Paola, Leavenworth and extreme eastern Kansas）914：美国 - 纽约（Westchester County）915：美国 - 德克萨斯州（El Paso, Alpine, Midland, Abilene, Del Rio, San Angelo, Odessa and western 德克萨斯州）916：美国 - 加利福尼亚州（Sacramento area）917：美国 - 纽约（New York City; overlays with 212, 347, 646, and 718）918：美国 - 俄克拉荷马州（Tulsa, Bartlesville, McAlester, Muskogee, Henrietta and northeastern Oklahoma）919：美国 - 北卡罗莱那州（Raleigh, Durham, Chapel Hill, Oxford and north central 北卡罗莱那州）920：美国 - 威斯康辛州（Sheboygan, Oshkosh, Green Bay, Manitowoc, Fond Du Lac and eastern 威斯康辛州）925：美国 - 加利福尼亚州（Pleasanton, Martinez, Concord, Livermore, Walnut Creek and Dublin areas）928：美国 - 亚利桑那州（Flagstaff, Kingman, Prescott, Yuma and northern and western Arizona）931：美国 - 田纳西州（Middle 田纳西州, excluding Greater Nashville: Clarksville, Columbia, Manchester, Cookeville）936：美国 - 德克萨斯州（Nacogdoches, Lufkin, Conroe, Huntsville, Center and southeastern 德克萨斯州）937：美国 - 俄亥俄州（Marysville, Springfield, Dayton, Hillsboro and southwestern 俄亥俄州 excluding Cincinnati area）939：美国 - 波多黎各（overlays with 787）940：美国 - 德克萨斯州（Vernon, Wichita Falls, Denton, Gainesville, Decatur and north central 德克萨斯州）941：美国 - 佛罗里达州（Bradenton, Port Charlotte, Sarasota, Punta Gorda and the Gulf Coast immediately south of Tampa Bay）947：美国 - 密歇根州（Troy, Oakland County, Pontiac, Southfield,Rochester Hills and northwestern Detroit suburbs, overlays with 248）949：美国 - 加利福尼亚州（Laguna Niguel, Irvine, El Toro, Newport Beach, Corona Del Mar and southern Orange County）951：美国 - 加利福尼亚州（Corona, Riverside, Temescal Canyon,Woodcrest, Arlington, Mira Loma, Moreno, Perris, Sun City, Murrieta, Temecula, Hemet, Lakeview Nuevo, Banning, Idyllwild; to be divided from 909 in July 2004）952：美国 - 明尼苏达州（Bloomington, Minnetonka, Chaska and southwest Minneapolis area）954：美国 - 佛罗里达州（All of Broward County: Fort Lauderdale, Hollywood, Coral Springs, overlays with 754）956：美国 - 德克萨斯州（Laredo, Brownsville, McAllen, Harlingen and southern 德克萨斯州）959：美国 - 康乃狄克州（Bristol, Hartford, Norwich and northern and eastern 康乃狄克州, overlays with 860）970：美国 - 科罗拉多州（Aspen, Durango, Grand Junction, Fort Collins and northern and western 科罗拉多州）971：美国 - 俄勒冈州（Portland, Salem, Hillsboro, Beaverton and northwestern Oregon, overlays with 503）972：美国 - 德克萨斯州（Dallas area, overlays with 214 and 469）973：美国 - 新泽西州（Newark, Paterson and northwestern 新泽西州, overlays with 862）978：美国 - 麻萨诸塞州（Fitchburg, Peabody and northeastern 麻萨诸塞州, overlays with 351）979：美国 - 德克萨斯州（Wharton, Bryan, Bay City, College Station, Lake Jackson and southeastern 德克萨斯州）980：美国 - 北卡罗莱那州（Charlotte, Kingstown and south central 北卡罗莱那州, overlays with 704）985：美国 - 路易斯安那州（Houma, Slidell and southeastern 路易斯安那州 excluding New Orleans）989：美国 - 密歇根州（Alpena, Mt. Pleasant, Bay City, Saginaw, Midland, Owosso and central 密歇根州）。

美国HIPAA信息泄漏十大事件

美国HIPAA信息泄漏十大事件自从2009年美国HIT ECH(Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health)法案中的2009年8月数据泄漏通知法出台后，HIPAA(Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act)管辖机构和相关企业必须在发生数据外泄后上报受保护健康信息(PHI)的受侵情况。

对于这些机构报告的人数超过500的信息泄漏事件，美国卫生与公民服务部(HHS)必须公布于众。

2009年以来，共有489家HIPAA管辖机构报告了此类大规模信息泄漏事件。

根据美国卫生与公民服务部所提供的数据，美国HIPAA信息泄漏事件中的最严重的十例如下。

10、艾森豪威尔医学中心影响人数:514,330事发时间:2011年3月11日据位于加利福尼亚州兰桥米拉日市的这家医院报告，一台未加密电脑被人偷走，在这台电脑中存储着病人的姓名、年龄、出生日期、社会保障号码和住院号。

而直到2011年3月14日，院方才发现被盗的事。

9、犹他州卫生局影响人数:780,000事发时间:2012年3月10日与其他泄漏事件不同，犹他州卫生部声称，这台个人健康信息存储服务器一直受到黑客的持续攻击。

据官方报道，小偷已经开始从服务器中删除这些信息了。

这台服务器上存储着包括病人地址、出生日期、社会保障号码、疾病诊断代码、身份号码、收费单编码和纳税人识别号码等各类信息。

2012年4月2日犹他州的技术服务部门发现了信息泄漏问题后，立即关闭了服务器。

这时，信息泄漏已经超过一个月的时间了。

随后，每位受害者获得了一年的免费信用监控和身份盗窃保险作为补偿。

8、南岸医院影响人数: 800,000事发时间:2010年2月26日解决方案：向马萨诸塞州缴纳罚款750，000美元位于马萨诸塞州韦茅斯市的南岸医院，拥有318张床位。

他们原本要将装在三个集装箱的500台未加密并带有病人信息的备用计算机磁盘运往归档数据处理中心。

美国“海狼”级、“洛杉矶”级、“弗吉尼亚”级攻击核潜艇

美国“海狼”级、“洛杉矶”级、“弗吉尼亚”级攻击核潜艇的相关资料以下是美国“海狼”级、“洛杉矶”级、“弗吉尼亚”级攻击核潜艇简表艇名英文名舷号开工时间服役时间海狼级(SEA WOLF)海狼Seawolf SSN21 1989年10月1996年5月康涅狄格Connecticut SSN22 1993年5月1999年1月吉米·卡特Jimmy Carter SSN23 1999年4月2005年2月洛杉矶级(LOS ANGELES)洛杉矶 Los Angeles SSN688 1972年2月1976年11月巴吞鲁日Baton Rouge SSN689 1972年11月1977年6月费城Philadelphia SSN690 1972年8月1977年6月孟菲斯 Memphis SSN691 1973年6月1977年12月奥马哈 Omaha SSN692 1973年1月1978年3月辛辛那提Cincinnaiti SSN693 1974年4月1978年6月格罗顿 Groton SSN694 1973年8月1978年7月伯明翰 Birmingham SSN695 1975年4月1978年10月纽约城 New York City SSN696 1973年12月1979年3月印第安纳波利斯Indianapolis SSN697 1974年10月1980年1月布雷默顿Bremerton SSN698 1976年5月1981年3月杰克逊维尔Jacksonville SSN699 1976年2月1981年5月达拉斯Dallas SSN700 1976年10月1981年7月拉霍亚LaJolla SSN701 1976年10月1981年10月菲尼克斯Phoenix SSN702 1977年7月1981年12月波士顿Boston SSN703 1978年7月1982年1月巴尔德摩Baltimore SSN704 1979年5月1982年7月科珀斯克里斯蒂城City of Corpus Christi SSN705 1979年9月1983年1月阿尔伯克基Albuquerque SSN706 1979年12月1983年5月朴次茅斯Portsmouth SSN707 1980年5月1983年10月明尼阿波利斯Minneapolis SSN708 1981年1月1984年3月海曼·G·里科弗Hyman G Rickover SSN709 1981年7月1984年7月奥古斯塔Augusta SSN710 1982年4月1985年1月旧金山San Francisco SSN711 1977年5月1981年4月休斯顿Houston SSN713 1979年1月1982年9月诺福克Norfolk SSN714 1979年8月1983年5月布法罗Buffalo SSN715 1980年1月1983年11月盐湖城Salt Lake City SSN716 1980年8月1984年5月奥林匹亚Olympia SSN717 1981年3月1984年11月火奴鲁鲁Honolulu SSN718 1981年11月1985年7月普罗维登斯Providence SSN719 1982年10月1985年8月匹兹堡Pottsburgh SSN720 1983年4月1985年11月芝加哥Chicago SSN721 1983年1月1986年9月基韦斯特Key West SSN722 1983年7月1987年9月俄克拉荷马城Oklahoma City SSN723 1984年1月1988年6月路易斯维尔Louisville SSN724 1984年9月1986年11月海伦娜Helena SSN725 1985年3月1987年7月纽波特纽斯Newport News SSN750 1984年3月1989年6月圣胡安San Juan SSN751 1985年8月1988年8月帕萨迪纳Pasadena SSN752 1985年12月1989年2月托皮卡Topeka SSN754 1986年5月1989年10月迈阿密Miami SSN755 1986年10月1990年6月斯克兰顿Scranton SSN756 1986年6月1991年1月亚历山德里亚Alexandria SSN757 1987年6月1991年6月阿什维尔Ashville SSN758 1987年1月1991年9月杰斐逊城Jefferson City SSN759 1987年9月1992年1月安纳波利斯Annapolis SSN760 1988年6月1992年4月斯普林菲尔德Springfield SSN761 1990年1月1992年11月哥伦布Columbus SSN762 1991年1月1993年6月圣塔菲Santa Fe SSN763 1991年7月1994年1月博伊西Boise SSN764 1988年8月1992年7月蒙彼利埃Montpelier SSN765 1989年5月1992年11月夏洛特Charlotte SSN766 1990年7月1994年1月汉普顿Hampton SSN767 1990年3月1993年8月哈特福德Harrford SSN768 1992年2月1994年9月托莱多Toledo SSN769 1991年4月1994年6月图森Tucson SSN770 1991年9月1994年11月哥伦比亚Columbia SSN771 1992年8月1995年3月洛林维尔Greeneville SSN772 1992年1月1995年4月夏延Cheyenne SSN773 1992年8月1996年3月弗吉尼亚级（计划建成30艘）弗吉尼亚SSN774 1999年2004年10月德克萨斯SSN775 2006年6月夏威夷SSN776 2007年1月北卡罗来纳SSN777 2008年海狼级(SEAWOLF)数量：3艘排水量：7460吨(水上)，9150吨(水下)主尺度：长99．4米，宽12，9米，吃水10．9米主机：核动力，1座通用电气公司S6W压水堆(GEPWRS6W)，2台蒸汽轮机，52000马力(38．8兆瓦)，单轴，泵喷射推进器航速：35节(水下)编制：133人(12名军官)导弹：潜射巡航导弹：12枚GDC“战斧”(Toma—hawk)导弹舰对舰导弹：“战斧”，“捕鲸叉”(Harpoon)鱼雷：8具660毫米发射管(卟径为762毫米)，MK48改进型鱼雷，总共能发射50枚导弹和鱼雷水冒：作为鱼雷的替代电子对抗：假目标：发射鱼雷诱饵。

全球法律事务所50强

全球排行前五十国际律师事务所1、Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld LLP 安庆国际法律事务所 (2)2、Allen and Overy LLP安理国际法律事务所 (3)3、Ashurst法律事务所 (5)4、Mallesons Stephen Jaques 澳大利亚万世基法律事务所 (6)5、Baker & McKenzie美国贝克.麦坚时国际律师事务所 (7)6、Bingham McCutchen LLP法律事务所 (8)7、Bird & Bird 国际法律事务所 (9)8、Chadbourne & Parke 美国查德本.派克法律事务所 (11)9、Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP 美国佳利律师事务所 (12)10、Clifford Chance英国高伟绅律师事务所 (14)11、DLA Piper律师事务所 (15)12、Davis Polk & Wardwell律师事务所 (16)13、Deacons 的近律师行 (18)14、Debevoise & Plimpton LLP美国德普律师事务所 (19)15、Denton Wilde Sapte国际律师事务所 (20)16、Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer英国富而德律师事务所 (21)17、Gibson Dunn & Crutcher 律师事务所 (22)18、Gide Loyrette Nouel 法国基德律师事务所 (23)19、Heller Ehrman LLP 海陆国际律师事务所 (25)20、Herbert Smith英国史密夫律师事务所 (26)21、Hogan & Hartson美国霍金.豪森律师事务所 (27)22、Jones Day众达律师事务所 (29)23、Kirkland & Ellis LLP律师事务所 (31)24、Latham & Watkins美国瑞生律师事务所 (32)25、Linklaters英国年利达律师事务所 (33)26、Lovells英国路伟律师事务所 (35)27、Mayer Brown Rowe & Maw律师事务所 (36)28、McDermott Will & Emery LLP律师事务所 (38)29、Milbank Tweed Hadley & McCloy美国美邦律师事务所 (39)30、Minter Ellison澳大利亚铭德律师事务所 (40)31、Morgan Lewis美国摩根路易斯律师事务所 (41)32、Morrison & Foerster美国美富律师事务所 (43)33、Norton Rose英国诺顿.罗氏律师事务所 (44)34、O'Melveny & Myers美国美迈斯律师事务所 (46)35、Orrick Herrington & Sutcliffe奥睿律师事务所 (47)36、Paul, Hastings, Janofsky & Walker LLP律师事务所 (49)37、Paul Weiss Rifkind Wharton & Garrison美国宝维斯律师事务所 (50)38、Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pttman LLP美国必百瑞律师事务所 (52)39、Salans英国胜蓝律师事务所 (53)40、Shearman & Sterling美国谢尔曼.思特灵律师事务所 (54)41、Sidley Austin LLP 盛德国际律师事务所 (56)42、Simmons & Simmons 英国西盟斯律师行 (57)43、Simpson Thacher & Bartlett (59)44、Skadden Arps Slate Meagher & Flom LLP & Affiliates (59)45、Squire Sanders & Dempsey 美国翰宇国际律师事务所 (61)46、Sullivan & Cromwell 美国苏利文.克伦威尔律师事务所 (62)47、Weil Gotshal & Manges 美国威嘉律师事务所 (63)48、White & Case 美国伟凯律师事务所 (64)49、Willkie Farr & Gallagher LLP (65)50、WilmerHale 美国威凯平和而德律师事务所 (66)1、Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld LLP 安庆国际法律事务所（一）基本情况负责人：Bruce McLean(主席)总部：美国达拉斯分支机构：此律师事务所在全球拥有15个办事处。

NBA2014-2015美职篮比赛赛程日期及时间安排表

2014-2015NBA 美国男子职业篮球比赛赛程日期及时间安排表
2014 年 10 月 29 日星期三类型客队
8:00 开始 8:00 开始 10:30 开始常规赛常规赛常规赛魔术小牛火箭
VS
VS VS VS
主队
鹈鹕马刺湖人
2014 年 10 月 30 日星期四类型客队比分主队
4:30 开始 7:00 开始 8:30 开始 10:00 开始常规赛常规赛常规赛常规赛国王猛龙山猫勇士
VS VS VS VS
快船热火尼克斯开拓者
2014 年 11 月 4 日星期二类型客队比分主队
8:00 开始 8:30 开始 9:00 开始 9:30 开始 10:00 开始 11:30 开始常规赛常规赛常规赛常规赛常规赛常规赛火箭雷霆鹈鹕凯尔特人国王爵士
VS VS VS V篮网灰熊马刺开拓者快船
2014 年 11 月 19 日星期三类型客队比分主队
8:30 开始 9:00 开始 10:00 开始 11:00 开始常规赛常规赛常规赛常规赛湖人尼克斯雷霆鹈鹕
VS VS VS VS
VS VS VS VS VS VS VS VS VS
步行者魔术老鹰凯尔特人尼克斯火箭雷霆鹈鹕太阳
11:00 开始
常规赛
马刺
VS
湖人
2014 年 11 月 16 日星期日类型客队比分主队
8:00 开始 8:30 开始 8:30 开始 9:00 开始 9:00 开始 9:30 开始 11:00 开始 11:00 开始 11:30 开始 11:30 开始常规赛常规赛常规赛常规赛常规赛常规赛常规赛常规赛常规赛常规赛魔术老鹰爵士活塞步行者森林狼马刺篮网山猫太阳

2017年美国芝加哥大学研究生申请之英语语言与文学

立思辰留学360介绍，芝加哥大学（University of Chicago,简称 UChicago 或Chicago ）成立于1890年，位于美国中西部的伊利诺伊州芝加哥市，该市是美国仅次于纽约市和洛杉矶的第三大都会区，地处北美大陆的中心地带，为美国最重要的铁路、航空枢纽，同时也是美国主要的金融，文化，制造业，期货和商品交易中心之一，其常见的别名有：“第二城”、“风城”、“芝城”等。

英语语言与文学基本信息：开设学位 PhD 、MA 是否需要GRE Yes
是否需要GRE subject No 申请人数 600 录取率 2-5%
是否接受转学生
No
TOEFL 要求 104(单项不低于26) IELTS 要求 7.0（单项不低于7.0）录取时间
秋季
申请截止日期
12月15日
留学360介绍，联系方式： Department of English University of Chicago Walker Hall, 4th Floor
1115 E. 58th St.
Chicago, IL 60637
Fax: 773-702-2495
参考资料：
(1) Department of English University of Chicago
(2) Department of English-FAQ University of Chicago。

encyclopediaofvibration

Encyclopedia of VibrationBraun, Simon GISBN-13: 9780122270857Table of ContentsAbsorbers, VibrationValder Steffen, Jr, and Domingo Rade, Federal University of Uberlandia, BrazilActive Control of Civil StructuresT T (Larry) Soong, MCEER, SUNY Buffalo, USA, and B F Spencer, Jr, USAActive Control of Vehicle VibrationMehdi Ahmadian, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, USAActive IsolationSteve Griffin, AFRL/VSSV, USA, and Dino Sciulli, Virginia, USAActive Vibration SuppressionDaniel Inman, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, USAActuators and Smart StructuresVictor Giurgiutiu, University of South Carolina, USAAdaptive FiltersStephen J Elliott, University of Southampton, UKAeroelastic ResponseJ E Cooper, University of Manchester, UKAveragingSimon Braun, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, IsraelBalancingR Bigret, Drancy, FranceBasic PrinciplesGiora Rosenhouse, Technion City, IsraelBeamsRichard A Scott, University of Michigan, USABearing DiagnosticsK McKee and C James Li, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, USABearing VibrationsR Bigret, Drancy, FranceBeltsL Zhang and J W Zu, University of Toronto, CanadaBlades and Bladed DisksR Bigret, Drancy, FranceBoundary ConditionsGiora Rosenhouse, Technion City, IsraelBoundary Element MethodsFriedel Hartmann, University of Kassel, GermanyBridgesSingiresu S Rao, University of Miami, USACablesNoel C Perkins, University of Michigan, USACepstrum AnalysisBob Randall, University of New South Wales, AustraliaChaosPhilip J Holmes, Princeton University, USAColumnsIsaac Elishakoff, Florida Atlantic University, USA, and C W Bert, University of Oklahoma, USACommercial SoftwareGuy Robert, Liege, BelgiumComparison of Vibration Properties: Comparison of Spatial PropertiesMircea Rades, University Politechnica of Bucharest, RomaniaComparison of Vibration Properties: Comparison of Modal PropertiesMircea Rades, University Politechnica of Bucharest, RomaniaComparison of Vibration Properties: Comparison of Response PropertiesMircea Rades, University Politechnica of Bucharest, RomaniaComputation for Transient and Impact DynamicsDavid J Benson, University of California, San Diego, USA, and John Hallquist, Livermore Software Technology Corporation (LSTC), USAContinuous MethodsC W Bert, University of Oklahoma, USACorrelation FunctionsSimon Braun, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, IsraelCrashVictor H Mucino, West Virginia University, USACritical DampingDaniel Inman, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, USADamping in FE ModelsGeorge A Lesieutre, Pennsylvania State University, USADamping MaterialsEric E Ungar, Acentech, Inc, USADamping MeasurementD J Ewins, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, UKDamping ModelsDaniel Inman, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, USADamping MountsJian-Qiao Sun, University of Delaware, USADamping, ActiveAmr Baz, University of Maryland, USAData AcquisitionBob Randall and M J Tordon, University of New South Wales, AustraliaDiagnostics and Condition Monitoring, Basic ConceptsM Sidahmed, UniversitÃ© de Compiegne, France, and Giorgio Dalpiaz, University of Bologna, Italy Digital FiltersTony Constantinides, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, UKDiscrete ElementsSingiresu S Rao, University of Miami, USADisksD J Ewins, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, UKDisplays of Vibration PropertiesMircea Rades, University Politechnica of Bucharest, RomaniaDynamic StabilityA Steindl, Vienna University of Technology, Austria, and Hans Troger, Vienna, Austria Earthquake Excitation and Response of BuildingsFarzad Naeim, John A Martin & Associates, Inc, USAEigenvalue AnalysisOliver Bauchau, Georgia Institute of Technology, USAElectrorheological and Magnetorheological FluidsR Stanway, The University of Sheffield, UKElectrostrictive MaterialsKenji Uchino, Pennsylvania State University, USA, and H S Tzou, University of Kentucky, USA Environmental Testing, ImplementationP S Varoto, Escola de Engenharia de Sao Carlos, USP, BrazilEnvironmental Testing, OverviewDavid Smallwood, Sandia National Laboratories, USAFatigueAlbert Kobayashi and M Ramula, University of Washington, USAFeed Forward Control of VibrationChristopher R Fuller, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, USAFinite Difference MethodsSingiresu S Rao, University of Miami, USAFinite Element MethodsSingiresu S Rao, University of Miami, USAFluid/Structure InteractionSabih Hayek, Pennsylvania State University, USAFlutterJan Wright, University of Manchester, UKFlutter, Active ControlFrank H Gern, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, USAForced ResponseN A J Lieven, Bristol University, UKFriction DampingRaouf Ibrahim, Wayne State University, USAFriction Induced VibrationsRaouf Ibrahim, Wayne State University, USAGear DiagnosticsC James Li, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, USAGround Transportation SystemsA K W Ahmed, Concordia University, CanadaHand-transmitted VibrationM Griffin, University of Southampton, UKHelicopter DampingNorman M Wereley, University of Maryland at College Park, USAHilbert TransformsM Feldman, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, IsraelHybrid ControlKon-Well Wang, Pennsylvania State University, USAHysteretic DampingH T Banks, North Carolina State University, USA and G A Pinter, North Carolina State University, USA Identification, Fourier-based MethodsSimon Braun, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, IsraelIdentification, Model Based MethodsSpilios D Fassois, University of Patras, GreeceInverse ProblemsY M Ram, Louisiana State University, USAKrylov-Lanczos MethodsRoy Craig, University of Texas, USALaser Based MeasurementsP Castellini, E P Tomasini, and G M Revel, UniversitÃ di Ancona, ItalyLinear AlgebraCharbel Farhat, University of Colorado, USA, and Daniel Rixen, Delft, BelgiumLinear Damping Matrix MethodsFai Ma, University of California, Berkeley, USALiquid SloshingRaouf Ibrahim, Wayne State University, USALocalizationChristophe Pierre, University of Michigan, USAMagnetostrictive MaterialsAlison Flatau, National Science Foundation, USAMembranesArthur W Leissa, Ohio State University, USAMEMs ApplicationsI Stiharu, Concordia University, CanadaMEMs, Dynamic ResponseI StiharuMEMs, General PropertiesI StiharuModal Analysis, Experimental: Basic PrinciplesD J Ewins, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, UKModal Analysis, Experimental: Measurement TechniquesJ M Silva, Institute Superior Technico, PortugalModal Analysis, Experimental: Parameter Extraction MethodsN M Maia, Institute Superior Technico, PortugalModal Analysis, Experimental: Construction of Models from TestsN M Maia, Institute Superior Technico, PortugalModal Analysis, Experimental: ApplicationsD J Ewins, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, UKMode of VibrationD J Ewins, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, UKModel Updating and ValidatingM Link, UniversitÃ¤t Gesamthoschule Kassel, GermanyMotion SicknessM Griffin, University of Southampton, UKNeural Networks, Diagnostic ApplicationsM Zacksenhouse, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, IsraelNeural Networks, General PrinciplesB Dubuisson, La Croix Saint Ouen, FranceNoise, Noise Radiated from Elementary SourcesMichael Peter Norton and J Pan, University of Western Australia, AustraliaNoise, Noise Radiated by Baffled PlatesMichael Peter Norton and J pan, University of Western Australia, AustraliaNondestructive Testing, SonicScott Doebling and Charles Farrar, Los Alamos National Laboratory, USANondestructive Testing, UltrasonicL W Schmerr Jr, Iowa State University, USANonlinear Normal ModesAlexander Vakakis, University of Illinois, USANonlinear System IdentificationB F Feeny, Michigan State University, USANonlinear System Resonance PhenomenaAnil Bajaj and Charles M Krousgrill, Purdue University, USANonlinear Systems AnalysisAnil Bajaj, Purdue University, USANonlinear Systems, OverviewNoel C Perkins, University of Michigan, USAObject Oriented Programming in FE AnalysisIgor Klapka, UniversitÃ© de LiÃ¨ge, Belgium, Alberto Cardona, INTEC, Argentina, and Philipee Devloo, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, BrazilOptimal FiltersStephen J Elliott, University of Southampton, UKPackagingJorge Marcondes, San Jose University, USAParallel ProcessingDaniel Rixen, Delft, BelgiumParametric ExcitationAlexandra David and Subhash Sinha, Auburn University, USAPerturbation Techniques for Non-linear SystemsSteve Shaw, Michigan State University, USAPiezoelectric MaterialsH S Tzou, University of Kentucky, USA, and M C Natori, Institute of Space & Astronautical Science, JapanPipesSingiresu S Rao, University of Miami, USAPlatesArthur W Leissa, Ohio State University, USARandom ProcessesMikhail F Dimentberg, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USARandom Vibration, Basic TheoryMikhail F Dimentberg, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USAResonance and AntiresonanceMircea Rades, University Politechnica of Bucharest, RomaniaRobot VibrationsWayne Book, Georgia Institute of Technology, USARotating Machinery, Essential FeaturesR Bigret, Drancy, FranceRotating Machinery, Model CharacteristicsR Bigret, Drancy, FranceRotating Machinery, MonitoringR Bigret, Drancy, FranceRotor DynamicsR Bigret, Drancy, FranceRotorstator InteractionsR Bigret, Drancy, FranceSeismic Instruments, Environmental FactorsKenneth McConnell, Iowa State University, USASensors and ActuatorsH S Tzou, University of Kentucky, USA, and C S Chou, National Taiwan University, Republic of ChinaShape Memory AlloysM Baz, University of Maryland, USAShellsW Soedel, Purdue University, USAShip VibrationsWilliam S Vorus, University of New Orleans, USAShockJorge Marcondes, San Jose University, USAShock Isoloation SystemsMircea Rades, University Politechnia of Bucharest, RomaniaSignal Generation Models for DiagnosticsGiorgio Dalpiaz, University of Bologna, Italy, and M Sidahmed, UniversitÃ© de Compiegne, FranceSignal Integration and DifferentiationStuart Dyne, University of Southampton, UKSignal Processing, Model Based MethodsSimon Braun, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, IsraelSpectral Analysis, Classical MethodsSimon Braun, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, IsraelStandards for Vibrations of Machines and Measurement ProceduresJohn Niemkiewicz, Maintenance and Diagnostic (M&D) LLC, USAStochastic Analysis of Nonlinear SystemsY K Lin and C Q Cai, Florida Atlantic University, USAStochastic SystemsMikhail F Dimentberg, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USAStructural Dynamic ModificationsA Sestieri, Universita Degli Studi di Roma, Italy, and W D'Amorogio, Universita Be L'Aquila, ItalyStructure-Acoustic Interaction, High FrequenciesA Sestieri, Universita Degli Studi di Roma, ItalyStructure-Acoustic Interaction, Low FrequenciesA Sestieri, Universita Degli Studi di Roma, ItalyTesting, Non-linear SystemsAlan Haddow, Michigan State University, USATheory of Vibration, FundamentalsBingen Yang, University of Southern California, USATheory of Vibration, SuperpositionM G Prasad, Stevens Institute of Technology, USATheory of Vibration, Duhamel's Principle and ConvolutionG Rosenhouse, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, IsraelTheory of Vibration, Energy MethodsSingiresu S Rao, University of Miami, USATheory of Vibration, Equations of MotionJonathan Wickert, Carnegie Mellon University, USATheory of Vibration, SubstructuringMehmet Sunar, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi ArabiaTheory of Vibration, Impulse Response FunctionRakesh Kapania, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, USATheory of Vibration, Variational MethodsSingiresu S Rao, University of Miami, USATime-Frequency MethodsPaul White, University of Southampton, UKTire VibrationsG D Shteinhauz, The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, USATool Wear MonitoringM Sidahmed, UniversitÃ© de Compiegne, FranceTransducers for Absolute MotionKenneth McConnell, Iowa State University, USATransducers for Relative MotionKenneth McConnell, Iowa State University, USA, Simon Braun, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Israel, and Gene E Maddux, Tipp City, USATransform MethodsSimon Braun, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, IsraelTransforms, WaveletsPaul White, University of Southampton, UKUltrasonicsM J S Lowe, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, UKVibration Generated Sound, FundamentalsMichael Peter Norton and S J Drew, University of Western Australia, AustraliaVibration Generated Sound, Radiation by Flexural ElementsMichael Peter Norton and S J Drew, University of Western Australia, AustraliaVibration IntensitySabih Hayek, Pennsylvania State University, USAVibration Isolation, Applications and CriteriaE Rivin, Wayne State University, USAVibration Isolation TheoryE Rivin, Wayne State University, USAVibration TransmissionSabih I Hayek, Pennsylvania State University, USAVibro-impact SystemsF Peterka, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech RepublicViscous DampingFarhan Gandhi, Pennsylvania State University, USAWave Propagation, Waves in an Unbound MediumM J S Lowe, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, UKWave Propagation, Interaction of Waves with BoundariesM J S Lowe, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, UKWave Propagation, Guided Waves in StructuresM J S Lowe, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, UKWhole-body VibrationM Griffin, University of Southampton, UKWind-Induced VibrationsAhsan Kareem, University of Notre Dame, USAWindowsSimon Braun, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Israel。

芝加哥西尔斯大厦

当这些钢材、水泥和石块以一种独特的方式被组合起来时，它们就具有了自己的生命。

伟大的建筑用冰冷和坚硬诠释了人类的伟大和野心，它们是音乐，是绘画和史诗，是人类为自己在大地上树立的纪念碑。

——谨以此纪念2010年去世的美国著名建筑师布鲁斯·格雷厄姆芝加哥西尔斯大厦一、西尔斯大厦介绍西尔斯大厦（Sears Tower），现称威利斯大厦，又称韦莱大厦，是位于美国伊利诺伊州芝加哥的一幢摩天大楼，由SOM建筑设计事务所为当时世界上最大的零售商西尔斯百货公司设计。

大厦在1974年落成，超越纽约的世界贸易中心，成为当时世界上最高的大楼。

落成至2009年7月16日前命名为“西尔斯大楼”（ Willis Tower）。

2009年7月16日正式更名为“威利斯大厦”。

威利斯大厦是由建筑师布鲁斯·格雷厄姆(Bruce Graham)和结构工程师法兹勒汗(Fazlur Khan)所设计。

西尔斯大厦楼高442.3米，共地上108层，地下3层，总建筑面积418000平方米，底部平面68.7×68.7米，由9个22.9米见方的正方形组成。

每天约的1.65万人到这里上班。

在第103层有一个供观光者俯瞰全市用的观望台。

它距地面412米，在晴朗的天气里，游客在103层处可以远眺四个州级景点和两百多个趣味点。

西尔斯大厦在1974年落成时曾一度是世界上最高的大楼，超越当时纽约的世界贸易中心，在被马来西亚的“国家石油公司双塔大厦”（双子塔）超过之前，它保持了世界上最高建筑物的纪录25年。

根据高楼与都市住宅委员会（Council on Tall Buildings and UrbanHabitat）目前所使用的四分类建筑物高度判断法，虽然希尔斯大厦在“不含塔尖顶层顶板高度”、“最高使用楼层高度”两项上输给了上海环球金融中心，在“含塔尖建筑结构高度”一项上输给了台北101大楼，但加上楼顶天线后总高527.3米的希尔斯大厦仍拥有四类头衔中的“含天线总高”世界纪录，直至2004年台北101塔建成以前，西尔斯大厦一直保持着“世界最高屋顶”和“世界最高居住层”的桂冠。

波士顿爆炸案：美国灾难应急样本观察

波士顿爆炸案：美国灾难应急样本观察文/张海波2013年4月15日，美国当地时间下午2点51分，在波士顿国际马拉松比赛的终点站、肯尼迪图书馆先后发生两起爆炸，一起位于费尔蒙科普利广场酒店终点线观礼台附近观众区，另一起位于一家体育用品店，造成三人死亡，183人受伤。

这是2001年“9·11”恐怖袭击事件之后在美国本土发生的第一起恐怖袭击，不仅在美国国内引发了一定程度的紧张，也引发了其他国家对恐怖主义的担忧。

波士顿爆炸案发生后，原定于美国时间4月16日在波士顿进行的NBA波士顿凯尔特人对印第安纳步行者的比赛暂停，波士顿交响乐团也取消了原定于周一晚上的交响乐演出，爆炸现场上空已经设立禁飞区，联邦调查机构和其他法律部门已经加强了对离境航班的检查，波士顿市区进行管制，波士顿洛根国际机场暂时停止了飞机的降落，纽约、洛杉矶、芝加哥和华盛顿也提高了警戒。

B oston Bombings: AmericanEmergency Management（图/东方IC）环球法治这并不是通过战争和定点清除就能解决的，因此美国政府也十分重视通过识别和瓦解恐怖组织网络的“看不见的手”来清除这些恐怖组织网络中的关键节点，瓦解恐怖组织的网络结构，使其陷于瘫痪。

波士顿爆炸案的发生虽不能说明美国国土安全模式的失效，但也显示国土安全模式在应对恐怖主义活动上仍有漏洞。

在很大程度上，恐怖主义考验的是应急管理的“想象力”。

2001年“9·11”事件之后，美国对原有公共安全体系的评估就认为是“想象力”的失败，中情局、联邦调查局等情报机构对可能出现的危险形式缺乏估计，墨守成规。

此次波士顿爆炸案其实也是如此，美国政府正忙于财政赤字、医疗改革、同性婚姻等议题的辩论，美国公众对“9·11”的记忆也逐渐模糊，恐怖主义活动就像悬在美国人民头上的“达摩克利斯之剑”，稍不留神就发生了，而且通常是你想象不到的形式。

此次波士顿爆炸案，实施者的动机可能并不在于造成大规模的死亡，而是要通过长时间的伤痛造成一个恐怖记忆。

2008_大都市区里那些被隔离的小城市由高速列车运行刺激的住宅发展

European Urban and Regional StudiesDOI: 10.1177/09697764080904152008; 15; 249European Urban and Regional Studies Maddi Garmendia, José M. de Ureña, Cecilia Ribalaygua, Jesús Leal and José M. CoronadoMetropolitan Areas By High Speed Train Urban Residential Development in Isolated Small Cities That Are Partially Integrated in/cgi/content/abstract/15/3/249The online version of this article can be found at:Published by:can be found at:European Urban and Regional Studies Additional services and information for /cgi/alerts Email Alerts: /subscriptions Subscriptions: /journalsReprints.nav Reprints: /journalsPermissions.nav Permissions:/cgi/content/refs/15/3/249 CitationsURBAN RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT IN ISOLATED SMALL CITIES THAT ARE PARTIALLY INTEGRATED IN METROPOLITANAREAS BY HIGH SPEED TRAINMaddi GarmendiaUniversity of Castilla – La Mancha, SpainJosé M.de UreñaUniversity of Castilla – La Mancha, SpainCecilia RibalayguaUniversity of Cantabria, SpainJesús LealComplutense University of Madrid, SpainJosé M.CoronadoUniversity of Castilla – La ManchaAbstractThe proliferation of High Speed T rains (HSTs) in European countries has caused small,isolated cities within one hour’s distance by HST to become par-tially integrated into metropolitan processes.These cities may be considered as a combination of small provincial centres and suburban metropolitan dis-tricts.Scientific literature suggests that subcentres in polycentric urban regions are becoming more numer-ous and diverse,that there are doubts whether HSTs are facilitating decentralization or concentration from/to metropolises,and that fewer HST effects are taking place in big cities than small ones,where HST contribution to accessibility amelioration is greater.The article discusses the types of urban residential processes according to temporal relations with HSTs (before and after HSTs) and spatial relations (HST station location).The conduct of household surveyand review of building permits and mortgage valua-tions was done to analyse the urban process which these cities undergo with the development of HSTs.It was found that residence location with respect to the HST station varies with the type of inhabitant (local versus immigrant,tenant versus owner,etc.)and their relation to HSTs (commuter versus non commuter,etc.).It was also shown that the HST (alongside the presence of a university) helps isolated cities to acquire territorial roles of greater impor-tance,by virtue of attracting intraprovincial immigra-tion and familial investment,as well as immigrants and investments from other provinces.KEY WORDS ★ commuting ★high speed train ★real estate market ★residential location preferences ★small citiesThe second railway revolutionHigh Speed Trains (HSTs) were originally analternative to air transport between metropolises, for example the Shinkansen line between Tokyo and Osaka in Japan or the French Paris–Lyon line. The main characteristics of this new transport system were speed (over 250 kmh), users (only passenger transport not freight) and cost (more expensive thantraditional railway but cheaper than air). This15(3): 249–26410.1177/0969776408090415Copyright © 2008 SAGE PublicationsLos Angeles, London, New Delhi and Singapore E u r o p e a n U r b a na n d R e g i o n a lS t u d i e ssystem was adopted by several European countries, resulting in different networks. The French and Spanish networks maintain the original criteria, while the Germans have more stations (Ribalaygua, 2004; Ureña and Ribalaygua, 2004).The technical progress made faster travel easier, but many small cities were forgotten along the way. The railway network, which was uniform along the territory, became polarized, favouring some cities and rubbing out many others. These polarizing effects of HSTs are difficult to assess in big metropolises; thus, the focus of the article is on intermediate small cities (fewer than 100,000 inhabitants) with HST stations. These cities can provide valuable information about the impact of HSTs, specifically when they cross very low-density territories with a weak system of cities (as in the case of Southern European countries such as Spain, Portugal or Italy).However, urban sprawl is influencing areas located farther away from the metropolitan centres, sometimes around 100 km away. The article suggests that small cities that are at an appreciable distance from the metropolis (around 200 km), and are of a certain travel time by HST (about 1 hour) and surrounded by a sparsely populated territory, are becoming a new prototype of territorial articulation; with the HST station being the new city ‘gate’. These cities can be considered a combination of an isolated city and a new type of suburban metropolitan district, more diversified than traditional ones (Mikelbank, 2004). These cities are thus related to their region, for which they are a territorial pole, and to the distant metropolis, for which they start to play a suburban role.It has been proposed that future urban forms should change from the motorized urban sprawl, to compact-cities and polycentric conurbations, with a range of suburban centres situated along high-quality transport corridors (Hall, 2003; Parr, 1987) and on old centres (Hart, 1992). These schemes are partially realized in the cities studied in this article.The 19th-century railways raised great expectations about their possible benefits, generated public clamour for construction in their respective towns, and were thought to produce important territorial developments (Nadal, 1977). At the dawn of the 21st century, in what is being called a second railway revolution (Hall and Banister, 1994), it was thought that, in ten years, HSTs would multiply these small cities’ population by three or four times. This accelerated growth has not been observed, but nevertheless the tendency of small cities towards slow decline is indeed being reversed as they become integrated into the metropolitan processes and attract new activities which were not previously associated with small cities (Ribalaygua et al., 2004; Ureña et al., 2005).Scientific frameworkStudies on the relation between transport investment and development of disadvantaged regions conclude that, independent of the type of transport investment (intra-regional or inter-regional), there will only be possibilities for less, uneven sustained development if other favourable conditions or policies are present (Hart, 1993). Transport amelioration has become a prerequisite but not a sufficient causality for regional development (Plassard, 1991b).The contribution of accessibility amelioration to regional polarization or decentralization is not clear; nevertheless, it is widely accepted that efficient transport networks are vital for economic development in the disadvantaged peripheral regions (Vickerman et al., 1999). Accessibility facilitates processes in both directions, by making it easier for firms in peripheral regions to market their products in central regions, and also for central regions to invade peripheral markets previously protected by their remoteness. Polarized accessibility may increase the disparities between cities in peripheral regions and their hinterlands. Nevertheless, several trends diminish the relevance of transport on regional development (i.e. small transport cost component of high-value products) while others increase it (i.e. new transport means may create new location advantages) (Colletis-Wahl and Pecqueur, 2001; Vickerman et al., 1999).Studies on whether HSTs contribute to spatial polarization or decentralization have been undertaken for specific transport corridors or whole networks. French lines studies conclude that decentralization from Paris does not take place, but rather firms from other big cities create offices in Paris (Burmeister and Colletis-Wahl, 1997; Plassard, 1990; 1991a). Other corridor studies argue, butEuropean Urban and Regional Studies2008 15(3)250EUROPEAN URBAN AND REGIONAL STUDIES15(3)without empirical evidence, that households increase their welfare due to the gain in freedom of choice, regarding where to work and where to live (Blumet al., 1997). Whole network studies conclude that despite the fact that the biggest absolute gains in accessibility are in peripheral regions, which start with very poor levels, the relative gap between central and peripheral European regions increases. Sasaky et al. (1997) also conclude that the degree of dispersion cannot be increased considerably, even when an extensive HST network is implemented, because existing and new lines always improve accessibility to central regions. A policy committed to narrow differences between central and peripheral regions would have to shift significantly, focusing on the transport links within and between peripheral regions (Vickerman et al., 1999).The HST facilitates different opportunities and challenges in cities depending on their size, distance to other big cities (one, two and more hours), location in the HST network (intermediate or final point), type of link to the network (bi-directional or mono-directional) and location in the other transport networks. Ureña et al. (2006) suggest that big cities at one hour HST distance from metropolises may find fewer new opportunities than small cities because they were normally located on important transport corridors and the accessibility amelioration will represent only a marginal improvement. They also suggest that the effect of HSTs in big cities will be very important when located halfway between metropolises, and at the intersections of the HST network.The effects of HSTs in the small cities that are distant but accessible from metropolises have been studied from three points of view. The literature on the links between these small cities and the metropolis describes notable increases in mobility, with tremendous growth in commuting up to a threshold of one hour travel time in HSTs (Fröidh, 2003; Klein and Claisse, 1997; Menéndez et al., 2002; Rivas, 2006). The belief that the metropolis is the greater beneficiary of these new exchanges is recognized by most authors (Auphan, 2002; Plassard, 1991a). However, the small cities also benefit by acquiring a modern image (Bertolini and Spit, 1998) and by beginning to ‘exist’ in the minds of professionals, business people and the national press.The second point of view studies public strategies related to the HST (Ribalaygua, 2004), urban renovation developments around HST central stations1(Troin, 1998) and the utility of the peripheral ones (Hannone, 1995; Troin, 1995). In France, new activities around peripheral HST stations have been production areas (De Coursonet al., 1993; Hannone, 1995), while in Spain they are housing developments (Ribalaygua, 2004).Finally, the literature describes transport reorganizations (Menerault, 1998) and subregional associations established in most French cases. The increasing disparities between small cities and their hinterlands were outlined in the discussions on the following: the HST territorial polarization effect, the need for compensating strategies, and how it has made it easier to travel from these cities to the metropolis than to important towns in their regions (Ureña et al., 2005).From a third point of view, some studies have concentrated on the urban patterns observed with their corresponding priority means of transport (Capuzzo, 1998; Hart, 1992). Some of these have considered the positive influence of toll roads (Boarnet and Chalermpong, 2001) and traditional railway stations (Diaz, 1999) for the price of the property.2The proximity of Transit Stations was found to increase the price of housing, the magnitude of which varies with the degree of accessibility and the station environment attractiveness, the greater changes being at walking distances from the stations (Monmouth County Planning Board, 1997). Anas et al. (1997) indicate that, for centuries, metropolises and urban regions have been spreading out, but decentralization has recently taken a more polycentric form with a number of employment subcentres, subsidiary from older central business districts, located in older towns or new areas at nodes of the transport network. It is suggested that these subcentres are a heterogeneous interdependent system. They suggest that heterogeneity and diverse location are increasing since interactions are also more diverse; some of them require face-to-face communications or proximity, while other routine types may be handled by telecommunications and do not require proximity or good transport. Considering that subcentres studied by Anas et al. (1997) and Giuliano and Small (1991) are located 20–100 km from the Central Business Districts, is it possible for small cities located 200 km from the core of metropolitan areas but accessible by HST to play specific roles in these polycentric urban regions?European Urban and Regional Studies2008 15(3)GARMENDIA ET AL.: URBAN RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT IN ISOLATED SMALL CITIES251Garreau (1991) considers ‘edge cities’ some of these subcentres in the outermost areas of bigmetropolitan areas (up to around 100 km), which are characterized by a large concentration of office and retail space, in conjunction with other uses including residential, at the nodes of major motorways. These edge cities are made possible by ubiquitousautomobile access, in places where nothing or only a small town existed prior to 1960, and have the advantage of further reductions intelecommunications and transport costs. Thepossibilities of travel to other parts of the urban area are retained alongside the advantages of cheap land and proximity to rural amenities. These edge cities still maintain accessibility to central and other peripheral parts of the urban area. However, the small cities studied in this article have HST accessibility which is concentrated only in theCentral Business District; nevertheless, the advantages of cheap land and proximity to rural amenities may be better.Ciudad Real:a valuable case-studyThis article describes the research undertaken in Ciudad Real (Spain), which is one of the small cities that were distant from metropolises and isolated before the arrival of HSTs. The article analyses the creation of housing and the residential location decisions, before and after the arrival of the HST , as well as the behaviour of the new long-distance commuters. This way, Ciudad Real may be a good example of new urban residential developmentslinked to HSTs that have not previously been studied from the perspective of polycentric growth patterns.Ciudad Real, in the third least developed Spanish region, is by the HST line between Madrid and the third biggest Spanish city , Seville (the capital of the second least developed Spanish region). It is closer to Madrid (51 minutes) than to Seville (104 minutes),and has twice the number of daily HST services, 20times greater passenger volume, and cheaper ticket prices to/from Madrid (20 services and 0.10 per km)than to/from Seville (0.14 per km).Twenty years ago, accessibility to Ciudad Real was very poor (Cutanda and Paricio, 1993).Commuting and participation in metropolitan processes did not exist, even as the city’s proximity to the metropolis was neither too distant nor too near (180 km). It was also 50 km from a national motorway corridor (Figure 1). The Madridmetropolitan area had spread almost throughout its entire administrative region and to some cities outside it (Guadalajara, Toledo and Segovia), but Ciudad Real was too far away to be included as part of its traditional metropolitan area (Figure 1).In Ciudad Real, the HST effect can be reasonably isolated from other processes (more difficult in cities with dynamic hinterlands or already participating in metropolitan processes), except for the University which was created six years earlier than the HST .Nevertheless, the combination of HST andUniversity consequences can be regarded as synergic,since the University has benefited from HSTs since they allow high-level professionals based in the metropolis to work at Ciudad Real, and allow itsEuropean Urban and Regional Studies 2008 15(3)252EUROPEAN URBAN AND REGIONAL STUDIES15(3)Figure 1Madrid metropolitan area and surrounding citiesresearch capability to be easily supplied by metropolitan markets (Fröidh, 2003).Ciudad Real (65.703 inhabitants in 2003) received the HST in 1992, and currently shares almost 1million passengers with Madrid. The HST station was relocated to the east of the city, in between a central and a peripheral location (Figure 2), where – given its small dimensions, the good urban bus service and abundant parking space – it is sufficiently accessible from all points of the city.The observations summarized below are drawn from the authors’ publications about their previous findings on the peculiar territorial processes in Ciudad Real facilitated by HST:•It is being transformed into a city in movement, where persons and activities consider it normalto travel with a behaviour resembling more that of big cities.•New suburbanization and commuting take place, while intermediate areas do not participate inthese metropolitan processes (tunnel effect).•The relations with the metropolis are unbalanced.The centrifugal ones are less numerous andpermanent and supply high-level professionals,while the centripetal are more numerous,permanent, and provide low-level professionals.•Often, commuters’ jobs do not require them to travel to work every day of the week.•These relations are less diverse than in normal suburbia. They are very weak with other Madrid suburban areas, because transport is fast only to and from the metropolitan centre.3They areimportant in the service sector and much weaker in the industrial sector.•It plays three metropolitan roles affecting: the residence of low-level professionals; the area for activities requiring cheap land and environment;and the areas which will develop services ofintermediate-level quality (University, hospitals, software companies, leisure activities, etc.).4•Although it has a small population and growth rate, it is becoming a more relevant provincialpole by means of concentrating amelioratedservices with higher-qualified professionals who live in the metropolis and commute by HST.•The possibility of using the HST, even if not actually used, becomes a positive asset for thelocation of new economic activities and transport infrastructures.•An increasing disparity between this city and its hinterland is building up because professionalsfind it easier to travel between Ciudad Real andthe metropolis than between important towns in the province.Other evidence still not published indicates that this semi-suburban distant small city is not becoming the residential area for high-level professionals, who tend to live in more traditional suburbia. Nevertheless, very wealthy people who use the HST to avoid weekend congestion tend to locate their recreational estates in its surroundings. It is becoming normal for one of the two adults in a couple to commute to Madrid to work, while the other (usually a woman) works locally.This article builds on these general conclusions by adding further research about the residential processes in these small isolated cities linked to distant metropolitan areas by HST.Research hypothesis and dataFrom the point of view of housing, the authors hypothesize that the HST exercises two influences in these small cities. The first is over labour, because the HST may raise three possible scenarios regarding the employee/commuter’s place of origin:•Local people who would otherwise have emigrated to the metropolis are able to continue living inthese small cities and access the metropolitan jobmarket through daily commuting.5For thesepeople, who were already living locally, thehypothesis is that they would live distributed inthe city according to the normal housing location priorities, with the proximity to the HST stationnot being their first priority.•Persons who emigrated in the past and are now deciding to return to these small cities may consider the HST station to be a housing location factor,together with the city’s services and personalpreferences (closeness to family and friends).•Non-local people are immigrating to these small cities because of the newly created commutingpossibilities and the new developments whichHSTs are facilitating. The latter require qualified professionals not normally found among the localEuropean Urban and Regional Studies2008 15(3)GARMENDIA ET AL.: URBAN RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT IN ISOLATED SMALL CITIES253population. For this group of people, living near the HST station might start to be a priority.The second influence in these small cities is over property developments, because the HST mayfacilitate them to become more profitable investments.Our hypothesis for a profitability increase is based on the fact that they were isolated provincial citiesturning into relevant territorial centres and suburban metropolitan areas, that they start to attract activities and people, and that they are becoming moreaccessible to metropolitan inhabitants and activities.The methodology used in accessibility and regional development studies generally have econometric approaches, relating accessibilityamelioration to regional economic indicators (Button et al., 1995; Sasaki et al., 1997) with simple potential models, cost–benefit analysis, or input–output tables,which are valid when the regional economic structure has incremental changes (Vickerman et al., 1999).However, when it changes qualitatively , Button et al.(1995) suggest the need for surveys.The research was based on a survey of 998households in dwellings constructed between 1986and 2003, and of two types of municipal housing data: the 1,250 building permits granted between 1986 and 2003 (equivalent to 15,800 dwellings, one-third of all city dwellings) and 847 dwelling-property valuations made between 1988 and 2002.The evolution of the number and type ofbuilding permits, before and after the HST , allows for the comparison of the housing dynamics between the small city and the national average,distinguishing the critical periods for urban and residential development. Furthermore, the analysis of these permits in space (urban scale) shows the most valued areas for each time-period and whether the evolution of urban growth is towards the HST station. The dwelling-property valuations provided the annual average value for each postal code and year, making it possible to analyse housing prices through time and in different city areas. Thecomparison of the average housing prices evolution between Ciudad Real, several isolated cities without HST , and several suburban cities near Madrid was used to debate the metropolitan integration of the city and its regional attraction potential.The household survey (November 2004) was conducted to find out the location preferences of their inhabitants, their relation to the dwelling(ownership/rental, permanent/temporal, etc.) and the influence of the HST station in different urban areas and periods of time. To obtain reliable results for all city areas and periods, a random stratified sample was used to ensure less than 10 percent error and at least 90 percent level of confidence.Four periods were established considering the HST evolution, the national economic cycles, the city Land Use Plans (1977, 1988 and 1997), the evolution of the urban shape, the relocation of the railwaystation (1992), the number of university students and the number of dwellings created each year.•1986–87: Before the existence of the HST was considered and when the number of university students was small and constant.•1988–92: When it was known that the HST would arrive but it was still not in operation and the number of university students was growing steadily and fast.•1993–96: The first years of operation of the HST and when the number of university students was growing steadily and fast.•1997–2003: The period of consolidation of the HST and when the number of universityEuropean Urban and Regional Studies 2008 15(3)254EUROPEAN URBAN AND REGIONAL STUDIES15(3)0 1 km1 University area2 City centre3 HST area4 South area5 West areaNon-residential areasUniversityHST stationFigure 2Subdivision of the urban area of Ciudad Realstudents started to grow much more slowly and then to decrease.The city was divided into five areas, considering the population’s socio-economic characteristics, the urban growth and property development processes, the areas under the influence of the city centre, the HST station and the University , and the postal codes (Figure 2).Residential processes in small HST cities HST increases the changes in the dynamics of housingResidential investment in Spain has followed various periods which are similar to those in Ciudad Real.Nevertheless, the changes in the creation of housing in Ciudad Real are more important than the national ones, and are associated with the HST evolution and only partially with the University’s growth (Figure 3).From 1980–87 – before it was known that the HST was going to exist, and the number of university students was constant – the pace ofhousing construction in Ciudad Real was clearly less than Spain’s national average. However, after the arrival of the HST became known (1988) but before it was established (1992), together with a rapid increase in the number of university students the pace of new dwellings in Ciudad Real doubled theprevious period’s. Larger developments began to emerge and the pace of local housing construction exceeded the national average. The HST effect began before its inception, responding to theimportant expectations it generated and coinciding with the growth of the University, although none of the homeowners polled, who bought their homes between 1988 and 1992, considered the University a relevant location factor.From 1993–96, coinciding with the first HST operational years, there was a new drop in housing construction on a national level, and Ciudad Real experienced a profound crisis, deeper than the national one. The city lagged behind, with smaller development sizes even as University growth remained continuous. This suggests that the expectations created by the HST were too great.From 1997–2003, corresponding to the HST’s consolidation, and coinciding with the recovery of the national economy, there was a return ofresidential investments at the local level. In Ciudad Real, this recovery was more important than the national one (with the exception of 1999).Residential investments doubled, largerdevelopments came in, while the University’s growth rate diminished and started to decrease gradually.These results suggest that the effects of HST on the number of dwellings are felt in advance of commencing operation, are postponed slightly in time of crisis whileEuropean Urban and Regional Studies 2008 15(3)GARMENDIA ET AL .: URBAN RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT IN ISOLATED SMALL CITIES2550100200300400500I n d e x 100 o f d w e l l i n g s100200300400500600700I n d e x 100 o f u n i v e r s i t y s t u d e n t sFigure 3Number of dwellings constructed per year in Spain and Ciudad Real and number of university students at Ciudad Real: Index 100.Source : National Statistics, Municipality of Ciudad Real and University of Castilla La Mancha.。

A unifying approach to left handed material design

arXiv:physics/6927v3[physics.optics]7Jul28A unifying approach to left handed material designJiangfeng Zhou,1Eleftherios N.Economon,2Thomas Koschny,3,4and Costas M.Soukoulis3,41Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and MicroelectronicsResearch Center,Iowa State University,Ames,Iowa500112Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser-FORTH,and Department of Physics,University of Crete,Greece3Ames Laboratory and Department of Physics and Astronomy,Iowa State University,Ames,Iowa500114Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser-FORTH,and Department of Materials Science and Technology,University of Crete,GreeceIn this letter we show that equivalent circuits oﬀer a qualitative and even quantitative simpleexplanation for the behavior of various types of left-handed(or negative index)meta-materials.Thisallows us to optimize design features and parameters,while avoiding trial and error simulations orfabrications.In particular we apply this unifying circuit approach in accounting for the featuresand in optimizing the structure employing parallel metallic bars on the two sides of a dielectricﬁlm.Pacs:42.70.Qs,41.20.Jb,42.25.Bs,73.20.MfLeft-handed materials exhibit a negative permeabil-ity,µ,and permittivity,ǫ,over a common frequencyrange[1].Negative permeability is the result of a strongresonance response to an external magneticﬁeld;neg-ative permittivity can appear either by a plasmonic ora resonance response(or both)to an external electricﬁeld.Negativeµand negativeǫlead to negative indexof refraction,n,and to a left-handed triad of k, E, H;hence,the names negative index materials(NIMs)orLeft-handed Materials(LHMs).Pendry[2,3]suggesteda double metallic split-ring resonator(SRR)design fornegativeµand a parallel metallic wire periodic structurefor an adjustable plasmonic response.Several variationof the initial design have been studied;among them asingle ring resonator with several cuts has been provedcapable of reaching negativeµat higher frequency[4];inFig.1(a)a two cut single ring is shown schematically.This,by a continuous transformation,can be reduced toa pair of carefully aligned metal bars separated by a di-electric spacer of thickness t s[5,6];in Figs1(b)and1(c)the view in the( E, k)and( E, H)planes of this structureis shown together with the directions of k, E, H of theincoming EMﬁeld.The design shown in Figs1(b,c),besides its simplicity,has distinct advantages over conventional SRRs.The in-cident electromagnetic wave is normal to the structureas shown in Fig.1(b),which enable us to build NIMs byonly one layer of sample and achieve relatively strong re-sponse.Conventional SRRs,although they exhibit mag-netic resonance which may produce negativeµ,they failto give negativeǫat the same frequency range and,hence,they are incapable by themselves to produce NIMs.Anextra continuous wire is needed to obtain negativeǫviaplasmonic response[2,7].In contrast,the pair of parallelmetallic plates is expected to exhibit not only a magneticresonance[Fig.2(c),antisymmetric mode],but to showan electric resonance as well[symmetric mode]properlylocated in frequency by adjusting the length,l,of thepair.The simulations were done with the CST Microwave( b)( c)( d)( e)FIG.1:(Color online)The two cut single metallic SRR(a)can be transformed to a pair of parallel metallic bars sepa-rated by a dielectric(b,view in( E, k)plane;c,view in( E, H)plane).By adding continuous wires,design d(view in( E, H)plane)results,which can be modiﬁed to a fully connectedone on both sides of the thin dielectric board(e).The dashedsquare deﬁnes the unit cells with dimension a x(parallel toH),ay(parallel toE)and az(parallel tok).Studio(Computer Simulation Technology GmbH,Darm-stadt,Germany)using the lossy metal model for copperwith a conductivityσ=5.8×107for a single unit cellwith periodic boundary in the(E,H)plane,ﬁeld distri-bution and scattering amplitudes have been calculated.Theǫ,µin Fig.6have been obtained by a retrieval pro-cedure[8].At the magnetic resonance the two platessustain anti-parallel currents producing a magneticﬁeldB conﬁned mainly in the space between the plates anddirected opposite to that shown in Fig.1(c);the electricﬁeld,because of the opposite charges accumulated at theends of the two plates,is expected to be conﬁned withinthe space between the plates and near the end points.Indeed,detailed simulations,shown in Fig.2(c),conﬁrmthis picture.At the electric resonance the currents at the two barswl,(1)where l is the length of the wire,t s is the thickness of the dielectric spacer and w is the width of the wire.Notice that at telecommunication or optical frequen-cies,where the linear dimension are in the tens or hun-dreds of nm,the kinetic energy of the drifting electrons makes a contribution comparable or larger than the mag-netic energy.Hence,anotheradditional inductancemust be addedtothe righthandside ofEq.1[4].Each of the capacitance C m must be given by a formula of the typeC m =ǫwl′ln(b/t m ),(3)where t m is the thickness of each metallic bar and b is the separation of neighboring pairs Fig.3(a,b)(b =a y −l ).The magnetic resonance frequency,ωm ,is obtained by equating the impedance Z (of L m and C e in parallel)with minus the impendence −i/C m ωof the capacitance C m .Since Z =iL m ω/(1−L m C e ω2)we obtainωm =1L m (C m +C e )≃1L m C m.(4)The last relation follows because,for the values we have used (l =7mm ,w =1mm ,t s =0.254mm ,t m =10µm and b =0.3mm),C e ≃0.1C m .Combining the Eq.1and Eq.2we ﬁnd thatf m =ωm2πl√c 1/2=1c 1ǫr /2cǫµl .FIG.4:(Color online)Linear dependence of the magnetic resonance frequency,f m ,as obtained by simulation,on the inverse length l ;this result as well as itsindependenceonw andts is in agreement with the simple formula (5).(t s =0.254mm for triangular,cross,circle;w =1mm for diamond;and for all cases,b =0.5∼5.5mm ,a x =20mm ).For frequencies near the electric resonance,because of mirror symmetry in Fig.3(d),there is no current passing through the capacitances C m .As a results the electric resonance frequency f e is given by f e =1/(2π√f m2=L mC e<1(6)This can be achieved by increasing C e either by decreas-ing b or by increasing at the ends of each bar the width w choosing a double T shape for each bar [9].Still another possibility to make the negative ǫregion wider (and more negative)is to add continuous metallic wires as in Fig.1(d)which produce a plasmonic response [5].By adjusting the width of these wires their eﬀective fre-6(b)FIG.6:(Color online)Retrieved ǫeﬀ(solid lines)and µeﬀ(dotted lines)for two cut wires.(a)and (b)correspond to points a (a y =7.3mm,a x =20mm)and b (a y =7.1mm,a x =20mm)in Fig.5.Notice that both the response are Lorentz like.Finally the width of the bars,w ,can increase until the bars join the ”inﬁnite”wires producing thus a continuous connected network which can be constructed by opening periodically placed rectangular holes on uniform metallic ﬁlms covering both sides of a dielectric sheet [10,11,12].In this letter we have shown that L,C equivalent cir-cuits can account for the EM properties of various neg-ative index artiﬁcial meta-materials (NIMs),even at a quantitative level;furthermore,this simple unifying cir-cuit approach oﬀers a clear guidance in adjusting the design and optimizing the parameters for existing and possibly,future NIMs.We gratefully acknowledge the support of Ames Lab-oratory (operated by Iowa State University under Con-tract No.W-7405-Eng-82),the AFOSR under MURI grant (FA9550-06-1-0337),EU Network of Excellence projects METAMORPHOSE and PHOREMOST,and Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)contract HR0011-05-C-0068).[1]V.Veselago,p.10,509(1968).[2]J.Pendry,A.Holden,W.Stewart,and I.Youngs,Phys-ical Review Letters76,4773(1996).[3]J.Pendry,A.Holden,D.Robbins,and W.Stewart,IEEETrans.Microwave Theroy Tech.47,2075(1999).[4]J.Zhou,T.Koschny,M.Kafesaki, E.N.Economou,J. B.Pendry,and C.M.Soukoulis,Physical Re-view Letters95,223902(pages4)(2005),URL /abstract/PRL/v95/e223902. [5]J.Zhou,L.Zhang,G.Tuttle,T.Koschny,and C.M.Soukoulis,Physical Review B(Condensed Matter and Materials Physics)73,041101(pages4)(2006),URL /abstract/PRB/v73/e041101.[6]V.M.Shalaev,W.S.Cai,U.K.Chettiar,H.K.Yuan,A.K.Sarychev,V.P.Drachev,and A.V.Kildishev,Optics Letters30,3356(2005).[7]D.Smith,W.Padilla, D.Vier,S.Nemat-Nasser,andS.Schultz,Physical Review Letters84,4184(2000). [8]D.R.Smith,S.Schultz,P.Markos,and C.M.Souk-oulis,Physical Review B(Condensed Matter and Ma-terials Physics)65,195104(pages5)(2002),URL /abstract/PRB/v65/e195104. [9]J.Zhou,T.Koschny,L.Zhang,G.Tut-tle,and C.M.Soukoulis,Applied Physics Letters88,221103(pages3)(2006),URL /link/?APL/88/221103/1. [10]G.Dolling,C.Enkrich,M.Wegener,C.M.Soukoulis,and S.Linden,Science312,892(2006).[11]S.Zhang,W.Fan, B.K.Minhas, A.Frauenglass,K.J.Malloy,and S.R.J.Brueck,Physical Re-view Letters94,037402(pages4)(2005),URL /abstract/PRL/v94/e037402. [12]S.Zhang,W.Fan,N. C.Panoiu,K.J.Malloy,R.M.Osgood,and S.R.J.Brueck,Physical Re-view Letters95,137404(pages4)(2005),URL /abstract/PRL/v95/e137404.。

2015年11月美国移民排期表

2015年11月美国移民排期表
移民排期表从2015年10月起分为两个表格，将原本移民排期表上的“优先日期”(Priority Dates)一分为二，A表格为“移民签证的最后批准日期(移民排期)”(Application Final Action Dates )，B表格则是“可以递交申请的最早日期(递件排期)”(Dates for Filing Applications)。

美国国务院公布最新的2015年11月签证排期表格:
1.就业类别移民表格A“移民排期"：
EB-5: 中国投资移民申请人如优先日期（priority date，即申请递交日期)早于公告上的2013年11月22日，并已获得I-526通过，即可进入广领馆面试环节获得移民签证，或在美国递交的I-485可获批。

此日期较上个月公布的日期前进了1.5个月。

EB-2 &3: 在美工作签证（H1-B, L1)转换绿卡的中国申请人排期约为3.6-3.8个月，其中一般本科毕业生符合申请绿卡的的“EB-3 Other W orkers”类别需要排期9.5年。

c)EB-1:杰出人才或跨国管理人才类别中国申请人无需排期，可快速获得绿卡
2.就业类别移民表格B"递件排期"（Dates for Filing Applications)-：
EB-5: I-526获批后，优先日期（priority date)在2015年5月01日前的在美国拥有合法居留身份的申请人（F1留学生，H1-B或L1工作签证，J1交流学者等）可递交I-485表格，可以获得工卡和/或回美证延续其在美国的合法身份（意味着可提前换工作、家属可以提前就业，可短期离境美国）。

不过，提前递交的I-485申请，不会被提前批准，申请人要等到。

巴黎11·13恐怖袭击事件及其影响

巴黎11·13恐怖袭击事件及其影响沈孝泉当地时间2015年11月13日晚，发生在法国首都巴黎的系列恐怖袭击事件，造成至少129人死亡、300余人受伤。

这是法国历史上罕见的恐怖事件，也是自2004年3月西班牙首都马德里发生的造成190多人死亡的爆炸案以来，欧洲最严重的恐怖案件。

这桩恐袭事件是活跃在叙利亚和伊拉克的极端宗教组织“伊斯兰国”一手制造的事端，引起世界各国的震惊和强烈反应。

这一事件在国际范围内也产生了广泛而深刻的影响。

巴黎系列恐袭事件具有“战争恐怖主义”特征法国政府和有关反恐专家一致认为，这次巴黎系列恐袭事件呈现了有别于以往国内外发生的恐怖事件的显著特点。

这次恐怖行动虽然发生在巴黎，但是整个行动不仅涉及法国，而且涉及其他多个国家。

根据法国警方目前公布的正式调查结果，直接参与并当场死于这场系列恐袭之中的恐怖分子，已有5人身份得到确认。

事发当晚，此人租用一辆比利时牌照的黑色大众POLO轿车前往巴黎11区的巴塔克兰音乐厅参加屠杀行动，最终自爆身亡；他31岁的哥哥布拉伊姆也参加了当晚恐袭行动，最后自杀死在伏尔泰大街枪击现场，这两人均来自比利时。

另外一名袭击者25岁的阿赫默德·穆哈默德，现场被采集的指纹与10月在希腊一个小岛上接受救助的一名叙利亚“难民”指纹相符，其随身携带一本叙利亚颁发的护照，名字不同，但照片与死者相同，这表明，阿赫默德·穆哈默德参与行动前曾在叙利亚活动。

另外两名恐怖分子为法国籍，最近两年也都先后多次去叙利亚和也门等地接受极端主义培训，与“伊斯兰国”组织有直接的联系。

从比利时警方的调查结果看，恐怖分子从比利时携带武器装备进入法国，另外一些非直接参与者留在了比利时。

2023民航客运员高级民航客运员试卷(练习题库)

民航客运员高级民航客运员试卷(练习题库)1、将如下定座状态用连线方式表示出来： SA-------已经申请定座但未获证实或列入候补 OK---2、国际客票的识读：（中译英或英译中） A、FARE BASIS： B、NOT VALID BEFOR3、列出国际航班出港时应具备的业务文件种类：4、请写出至少5种旅费证的用途。

5、什么旅客属于民航限制运输的范围？6、欲查询近期国航北京至杭州的航班每周有几班，应如何操作？请简述其显示内容.7、 CA101航班超售13人，是否可以办理非自愿提高或降低座位等级？如航班爆满，拉下已办好乘机手续客人的8、由于机械故障，航班不能按时起飞，何时能排除故障暂时不知，已经办好乘机手续的旅客反映强烈，此时应如何安9、 1名3岁的儿童与其母亲乘坐航班由北京出发去，母子两人共用一本护照，请问该儿童能否成行？为什么10、旅客刘明丽乘坐CA929前往，欲交运她的宠物狗，一切手续具备，宠物狗加狗笼共计9公斤，交运随身行11、一位旅客持有效证件到值班经理柜台，声明当天的北京巴黎经济舱客票丢失，值班经理在电脑中找到了该旅客的定12、请写出以下特殊旅客的姓名栏：有押送人员随机同行的被遣返的旅客：商业信使：半价儿童：占用一个座位以13、请写出“误机”的基本概念及误机后的操作。

14、请列举国际航班随机文件中的旅客舱单的主要内容（包括中英文）15、请写出CA985/28OCT的登机控制操作格式，找出一名叫张兵的未登机旅客详细记录，其座位号为19A16、用离港系统查询PEK全称。

（两种方式任选其一）17、写出用离港系统查找CA101/20SEP旅客冯静的行李重量及件数的操作指令。

（两种方式任选其一）18、写出用离港系统提取CA931/10NOV的婴儿、摇篮、轮椅、担架、无人陪伴儿童及重要旅客信息的指令。

19、持国航填开客票的旅客赵永康误机，未能乘座国航CA174前往悉尼，当天还有一班快达航空公司的飞机去悉尼20、在客票上“NOT VALID AFTER”和“NOT VALID BEFORE”是什么意思？这两行字21、请写出在定座系统中下列功能指令的操作格式： 1、查询三字代码LAX 的全称： 2、查询JAPAN的国22、持东方航空公司填开客票的旅客赵永康误机，未能乘座国航CA925前往悉尼，当天还有一班日航的飞机去悉尼23、旅客赵丽丽欲乘坐CA985航班由北京飞往旧金山，在值机柜台交运了2件行李，重量分别为28公斤和31公24、旅客赵明丽欲乘坐CA991航班由北京飞往温哥华，在值机柜台交运了2件行李，重量分别为28公斤和34公25、旅客王丽雪欲乘坐CA981航班由北京飞往纽约，在值机柜台交运了3件行李，重量分别为28公斤、31公斤26、旅客倪平持已定妥座位的回程客票，她将在到达地点哈尔滨停留5天，请问她是否应该办理座位再证实手续？有何27、当天CA1403航班有一名犯人旅客在柜台上办理乘机手续，你作为值机员应怎样办理？28、 2023年11月20日CA1405航班上有一名轮椅旅客在柜台上办理乘机手续，你作为值机员应如何办理？29、 2023年10月20日，CA109航班由北京至香港，舱位等级：Y舱，旅客王可时携带两名婴儿及11岁的30、 10月10日，CA1621航班上有一盲人旅客有托运行李20公斤，并要求将一只10公斤重的导盲犬带入客31、旅客赵威5月4日乘UA052航班从西雅图到旧金山中转CA986航班到京，其托运的一件行李丢失，重量32、旅客赵威5月4日乘UA052航班从西雅图到旧金山中转CA986航班到京，其托运的一件行李丢失，重量33、旅客李倩10月8日乘DL052航班从亚特兰大到洛杉矶中转CA984航班到京，其托运的一件行李丢失，34、旅客王英10月8日乘AZ052航班从罗马到巴黎中转CA934航班到京，其托运的一件行李丢失，重量235、旅客李枚9月6日乘LH052航班从开罗到法兰克福中转CA932航班到36、旅客王英12月5日乘LH052航班从巴黎到法兰克福中转CA932航班到京，其托运的一件行李丢失，重37、旅客李威6月5日乘UA052航班从西雅图到旧金山中转CA986航班到京，其托运的一件行李丢失，重量38、旅客杨阳8月5日乘UA752航班从纽约到旧金山中转CA986航班到京，其托运的一件行李丢失，重量339、旅客李刚10月9日乘AZ052航班从罗马到巴黎中转CA950航班到京，其托运的一件行李丢失，重量240、旅客郭林7月4日乘UA052航班从西雅图到旧金山中转CA986航班到京，其托运的两件行李丢失，总重41、旅客陈佳树6月5日乘IB052航班从马德里到苏黎世中转CA196航班到京，其托运的一件行李丢失，重42、旅客张凯越8月10日乘UA052航班从芝加哥到旧金山中转CA986航班到京，其托运的两件行李丢失，43、旅客李静11月10日乘DL052航班从波特兰到洛杉矶中转CA984航班到京，其托运的一件行李丢失，44、旅客张10月8日乘AZ052航班从罗马到巴黎中转CA934航班到京，其托运的一件行李丢失，重量145、旅客王枚9月6日乘LH052航班从开罗到法兰克福中转CA932航班到京，其托运的一件行李丢失，重量46、旅客王虹12月5日乘LH052航班从巴黎到法兰克福中转CA932航班到47、旅客李6月5日乘UA052航班从西雅图到旧金山中转CA986航班到京，其托运的一件行李丢失，重量48、旅客李阳8月5日乘UA752航班从纽约到旧金山中转CA986航班到京，其托运的一件行李丢失，重量349、旅客__10月9日乘AZ052航班从罗马到巴黎中转CA950航班到京，其托运的一件行李丢失，重量150、旅客王林7月4日乘UA052航班从西雅图到旧金山中转CA986航班到京，其托运的两件行李丢失，总重51、旅客陈佳树6月5日乘IB052航班从马德里到苏黎世中转CA196航班到京，其托运的一件行李丢失，重52、请论述公差型旅客的心理特点？53、旅游型旅客的有何心理特点，航班不正常时，如何做好服务工作？54、航班不正常时，如何根据特殊旅客（在此指VIP）的心理特点做好服务工作？55、航班不正常时，如何根据特殊旅客（在此指老年人）的心理特点做好服务工作？56、航班不正常时，如何根据特殊旅客（在此指身体不好的旅客）的心理特点做好服务工作？57、航班不正常时，如何根据特殊旅客（在此指无人陪伴儿童）的心理特点做好服务工作？58、举例说明在旅客投诉时，如何发挥自己的劝说能力？59、在旅客投诉时如何进行劝说？请举例说明。

2015年DI全球决赛实录

2015年DI全球决赛实录2015年5月2025日，2015年DI创新思维全球总决赛在美国田纳西州立大学举行，在5月25日晚闭幕式上，五星红旗一次又一次地飘扬在美国田纳西州立大学体育馆内。

中国代表团共派出84支参赛团队700多名师生参加本届赛事，经过与来自17个国家和地区的1468支队伍17000多名选手的较量，最终获得8个前3名、5个特别奖、14个前10名。

其中北京史家小学、北京中关村一小、北京人大附小和上海汇贤中学获得各自组别的第1名。

中国代表团的总成绩仅次于东道主美国队（见表1）。

DI全球赛是一项培养青少年创新思维及创造力的国际性全新赛事。

5～7人1队，比赛分为未来之星组（小学2年级及以下）、小学组、初中组、高中组、大学组5个组别，参加挑战A技术类、挑战B科技类、挑战C艺术类、挑战D 即兴类、挑战E结构类5类赛题其中一个。

每个参赛队要完成团队挑战（上一年度9月公布各个挑战赛题）和即时挑战（现场公布赛题）2部分，团队挑战满分300分，即时挑战满分100分，2个分数相加，分数高者获胜。

本届比赛团队挑战的赛题如下。

挑战A-生物风云要求选手制作1个生物，并以该生物为主角表演1次冒险，使用技术性方法展示故事发生所在世界的特点。

必须在8分钟内完成，且使用材料总花费不超过175美元。

挑战B-制造声波要求设计1个可以产生2种不同声音的神奇发声机；创作出2种可视的声波展示，并融入在表演里；创作并表演1个故事，其中必须包括1次改变故事叙述的速度，加快或是减慢；创作并展示2个能展现队员们的爱好、技能、强项和天赋的参赛队自选项目。

必须在8分钟内完成，且使用材料总花费不超过150美元。

挑战C--恐怖童话要求设计并制作1个假象，将不可能变成似乎可能；创作并表演1个恐怖童话故事，故事发生的地点、年代、真实性都不限；必须有1位患有恐惧症的角色，恐惧症可以是参赛队自创的或实际存在的；表演中有恐惧症的角色必须面对并处理恐惧。

美国凯悦酒店工程坍塌事故回顾

美国凯悦酒店工程坍塌事故回顾今天重温一个低级错误，造成的重大安全事故。

上个世纪，美国密苏里州的堪萨斯城的凯悦酒店，吊着的空中走廊突然坍塌，共造成114人死亡216人受伤。

1981年7月17日，美国堪萨斯城凯悦酒店天桥坍塌事故共造成114人死亡、216人受伤，是为当时全美死亡人数最多的工程事故，直至被2001年911事件所超越。

其影响之深，在27年后的7月27日，堪萨斯日报仍以‘for many， a memorial long over due”为标题悼念该事件中的受害者。

而由堪萨斯城市星报主导的对事故原因的调查更获得了美国新闻界最高荣誉奖项—普利策新闻奖。

△堪萨斯城凯悦酒店坍塌事故现场犹如蜜蜂选择复杂的六角形结构建造蜂巢，鸟类会被颜色鲜艳的异性吸引，经济发达的社会下，人们更喜欢挑战更大、更高、更复杂的东西。

与昆虫相比，所有这些超出工程学范围的考虑因素也许会使工程师的任务更令人兴奋，但同时也一定没有那么多的经验可供借鉴。

开业于1980年7月1日的堪萨斯城凯悦酒店由三部分组成：1个40层高的塔楼部分，一个功能区，还有一个中庭。

中庭是一个大型的开放空间，长44m，宽36m，高15m。

3条悬空的人行天桥分别位于中庭的二，三，四层用于连接功能区和塔楼部分。

这一精巧的布局使得中庭享有开阔的空间，而人们又能够自如地穿梭于酒店各区域之中。

△中庭截面图△中庭示意图二层人行天桥和四层天桥通过吊杆相连，三层走道在另一边与之相望。

当中庭聚集了大多数来客欢快地跳舞庆祝，无缘参入其中的客人仍可以在人行天桥上驻足观看，分享这热闹的气氛。

这正是1981年7月17日事故当天的场景。

当地时间7点零5分，大约1600名民众正聚集在一层中庭兴高采烈地享受一场茶舞舞会，另有约20人在二楼，21人在三楼观看。

突然，连接四楼天桥的钢质吊杆爆裂，整个四楼走道失去支撑，连同在上面观看舞会的16人一齐坠落至二层走道，并与二楼走道一起跌到一楼中庭。