Application of Stand-off Double-Pulse Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy in Elemental A

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Orientail Motor 步进电机参考目录说明书

B-1212000-2001 ORIENTAL MOTOR GENERAL CATALOGGENERAL CATALOGUFK •WFeatures ·····························································B-122Standard Type ····················································B-126Geared Type ·······················································B-132List of Motor and Driver Combinations ···············B-145Setting the Step Angle ········································B-146Wiring Diagram ···················································B-147Description of Input/Output Signals ····················B-148B-1222000-2001 ORIENTAL MOTOR GENERAL CATALOGUFK •Wstepping motor angle of 0.72˚ and divides itelectrically into smaller step angles providing up to 125,000 steps per revolution.The UFK •W uses 5-phase microstepping,the most advanced stepping motor drivetechnology available. It takes the basic 5-phaseis a series of stepping motors and drivers thatcombines high-performance 5-phase microstep drivers withhigh-torque/low-vibration 5-phase stepping motors. They provide smooth and precise operation.Ⅲ5-phase Microstep Drive TechnologyThe primary feature of stepping motors is the ability to obtain precise positioning. They achieve this by rotating and stopping at step angle increments that are determined by the pole structure of the rotor and stator. Rotating in step angle increments, however,also produces changes in rotor speed and resonance at certain speeds that can increase vibration.Microstep driving provides a finer degree of control of the basic motor step angle by regulating the current sent to the motor coils,resulting in, low vibration, even at low speed.●Since the basic motor step angle (0.72˚/full step) can be divided into proportions ranging from 1/1 to 1/250, smooth operation in fine increments is possible.●T echnology that changes the motor drive current smoothly suppresses motor vibration and makes operation audibly quieter.ⅢMicrostep Resolution Up to 125,000StepsUFK •W enables step angles to be setindependently on two resolution selection switches (16 possible microstep resolutions with as many as 250 microsteps per full step). This enables two independent resolutions to be selected by using the resolution select input. Changing resolution should occur when the motor is in the stop position. This will eliminate the chance of positioning error.1.Low Vibration, Low NoiseMicrostep technology allows the step angle to be subdivided electrically.This smoothes stepped operation at low speeds and drastically improves vibration. The UFK •W uses a motor design that also helps to reduce vibration. Therefore theUFK •W is ideal for applications where vibration is aproblem.ⅢFEATURES0.51.0V i b r a t i o n V o l t a g e V p -p [V ]Speed [r/min ]2.High SpeedTheUFK •W provides low vibration at both low andhigh speeds.3.Standard Certified ProductThis product is certified under applicable standards from around the world. Also, the CE marking is implemented according to the low voltage directive. (For details on standard certified products,see Page D-16.)EASY WIRING GEAR PLC DIRECT RE -GENER -ATION SAFETY STD.PACK-AGE ACINPUTⅢ What isB-1232000-2001 ORIENTAL MOTOR GENERAL CATALOGA high-torque 5-phase stepping motor and microstep driver are combined to make high-precision positioning with open loop control possible.ⅢACCESSORIES (Sold separately)Ⅲ UFK •W SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONB-1242000-2001 ORIENTAL MOTOR GENERAL CATALOGⅢPRODUCT LINEUFK •WStandard TypeThere are two motor frame sizes available: 2.36 inches (60 mm)and 3.35 inches (85 mm) square. They can handle low-speeds,low-vibration and low-noise applications.Page B-126the model numbers.UFK •WTHGeared TypeThis series combines the UFK •W with TH gears, which providelow speed reduction ratios (3.6:1, 7.2:1, 10:1, 20:1, and 30:1)and are low backlash (25 arc minutes max.)Page B-132●Enter A (single shaft) or B (double shaft) in the within the model numbers.UFK•WPN Geared TypeThe newly developed backlash reduction feature is utilized andattains backlash below 3 arc minutes. This is a major increase in precision.Page B-132the model numbers.B-1252000-2001 ORIENTAL MOTOR GENERAL CATALOGThe motor current is easy to adjust with digital switches. No ammeter necessary.RUN:Can be adjusted the motor runningcurrent.STOP:Can be adjusted the current at motorstandstill.Switches between 1-pulse input and 2-pulse input.The UFK •W of Dedicated Drivers: Designed with User-Friendly FunctionsDriver operating status is visible at a glanceEasy to confirm I/O signals.POWER: Power input display TIM.:Excitation timing output display O.H.: Overheat output displayUse these rotary switches to set the desiredresolution from the 16 resolution levels available.See page B-146 for details.A full range of driver functions are on thefront panel.z nc mxvbWhen the level of heat within the driver reaches176°F (80°C), this function automatically switches the motor current off. The function can be set anddisabled with this switch.2.B-1262000-2001 ORIENTAL MOTOR GENERAL CATALOGUFK •W Standard TypeThe UFK •W uses 5-phase microstepping,the most advanced stepping motor drive technology available.ⅢAPPLICABLE STANDARDS AND CE MARKINGT o r q u e [N ·m ]Speed [r/min ])ⅢFEATURES●Standard TypeAvailable in two motor frame sizes of 2.36 inch (60 mm) sq. and 3.35 inch (85 mm) sq.They meet various application needs with low speed, low vibration and/or low noise.Holding Torque: 58.3 oz-in (0.42 N ·m) ϳ874 oz-in (6.3 N ·m)●High SpeedThe UFK •W provides high torque in the high speedrange.Note:●See page D-9 for more information on operating conditions of EN/IEC standards.●The EN/IEC standard certification depends on the type and installation size.For details, see Page D-16.●The products are recognized when used together.ⅢPRODUCT NUMBER CODE: UFK •Wc Array●Maximum holding torque refers to the holding torque at motor standstill when the rated current is supplied to the motor (5 phase excitation). Use this value tocompare motor torque performance. When using the motor with the dedicated driver, the driver's "Automatic Current Cutback" function at motor standstill reducesmaximum holding torque by approximately 50%.●The power source input current value represents the maximum current. (The input current varies according to the pulse frequency.)B-1272000-2001 ORIENTAL MOTOR GENERAL CATALOGⅢSPEED vs. TORQUE CHARACTERISTICST o r q u e [N ·m ]1412108642D r i v e r I n p u t C u r r e n t [A ]2Speed [r/min ]))T o r q u e [o z -i n ]T o r q u e [N ·m ]1412108642D r i v e r I n p u t C u r r e n t [A ]2Speed [r/min ]3.02.52.01.51.00.50))UFK564AW UFK564BWUFK596AW UFK596BWUFK566AW UFK566BWUFK599AW UFK599BWUFK569AW UFK569BWUFK5913AWUFK5913BWT o r q u e [o z -i n ]T o r q u e [N ·m ]14121086420D r i v e r I n p u t C u r r e n t [A ]2Speed [r/min ]1.41.21.00.80.60.40.20))T o r q u e [o z -i n ]T o r q u e [N ·m ]1412108642D r i v e r I n p u t C u r r e n t [A ]2Speed [r/min ]76543210))T o r q u e [o z -i n ]T o r q u e [N ·m ]14121086420D r i v e r I n p u t C u r r e n t [A ]2Speed [r/min ]3.02.52.01.51.00.50))T o r q u e [o z -i n ]T o r q u e [N ·m ]14121086420D r i v e r I n p u t C u r r e n t [A ]2Speed [r/min ]14121086420))Note:●Pay attention to heat dissipation from the motor and driver. The motor will produce a considerable amount of heat under certain conditions. Be sure to keep the temperature of the motor case under 212˚F (100˚C). [Under 167˚F (75˚C) is required to comply with UL or CSA standard.]●When using the motor with the dedicated driver, the driver's "Automatic Current Cutback" function at motor standstill reduces maximum holding torque by approximately 50%.B-1282000-2001 ORIENTAL MOTOR GENERAL CATALOGfs: Maximum Starting Pulse RateB-1292000-2001 ORIENTAL MOTOR GENERAL CATALOGⅢDIMENSIONSscale 1/4, unit ϭinch (mm)●MotorUFK564AW (Single shaft)Motor Model: PK564AW Weight 1.33lb. (Mass 0.6kg)UFK564BW (Double shaft)Motor Model: PK564BW Weight 1.33lb. (Mass 0.6kg)UFK596AW (Single shaft)Motor Model: PK596AW Weight 3.75lb. (Mass 1.7kg)UFK596BW (Double shaft)Motor Model: PK596BW Weight 3.75lb. (Mass 1.7kg)UFK566BW (Double shaft)Motor Model: PK566BW Weight 1.77lb. (Mass 0.8kg)●DriverDriver Model: DFU1514WWeight: 1.88lb. (Mass 0.85kg)See page B-38 for information on driver installation.ⅢDIMENSIONS scale 1/4, unit ϭinch (mm)●I/O Signal Connector (Included) Connector: 54306-2011 (MOLEX)Connector Cover: 54331-1201 (MOLEX)B-1302000-2001 ORIENTAL MOTOR GENERAL CATALOGⅢSETTING THE STEP ANGLEWith the UFK•W, the motor speed and step distance can be changed without changing the input pulse frequency by switching the step angle setting switch.The step angle is set with step angle setting switches DAT A1 and DAT A2. DATA1 and DATA2 each have 16 settings from which one step angle each can be selected. The step angles that can be set are shown in the table on the right.Setting methodDAT A1 and DAT A2 are set to the scale corresponding to the step angle selected for each. The step angle is changed with the step angle switching signals.High level:The step angle set with DAT A1 is selected.Low level:The step angle set with DATA2 is selected. ExampleUsing the PN geared type UFK564AW-N36and settingDAT A1 to 0.001°/step and DATA2 to 0.01°/step:•The scale for DAT A1 is set at 7.•The scale for DAT A2 is set at 1.•When the step angle switching signal input is set to high level, the motor rotates with the 0.001°/step step angle set with DATA1.•When the step angle switching signal input is set to low level, the motor rotates with the 0.01°/step step angle set with DATA2.Note:●You should change the step angle setting input when the pulse signals are stopped so the motor will not deviate from its correct position. If you change the step angle setting input during pulse input, the motor may deviate from its correct position.●Changing the step angle does not change the torque generated on the motor output shaft for the same rotation rate.ⅷTH Geared TypeⅷStandard TypeⅢWIRING DIAGRAMⅢPower SupplyUse a power supply that can supply sufficient input current.When power supply capacity is insufficient, a decrease in motor output can cause the following malfunctions:●Motor does not rotate properly at high-speed (insufficient torque)●Motor startup and stopping is slow.Note:●Keep the voltage V 0between DC5V and DC24V.When they are equal to DC5V, the external resistances R 0, R 1 and R 2 are not necessary.When they are above DC5V, connect R 0 to keep the current bellow 15mA, and connet R 1 to keep the current bellow 20mA, and connect R 2 to keep the current bellow 10mA.●Use twisted-pair wire of 3ϫ10Ϫ4in 2(0.2mm 2) or thicker and 6.6 feet (2m) or less in length for the signal line.●Use wire 7.8ϫ10Ϫ4in 2(0.5mm 2) or thicker for motor lines (when extended) and power supply lines, and use 1.2ϫ10Ϫ3in 2(0.75mm 2) or thicker for the wire for the protective earthing line.●Use spot grounding for the grounding of the driver and external controller. ●Signal lines should be kept at least 3.94 inch (10cm) away from power lines (power supply lines and motor lines). Do not bind the signal line and power line together.* Use open collector transistors (sink type) for the signal output sections of the controller.CautionThe driver incorporates double-pole/neutral fusing for the power input. If the driver POWER LED is off, it is possible that only the neutral fuse is tripped. High voltage supplied on the hot side may cause electric shock. Turn the power off immediately and request service.ⅢDESCRIPTION OF INPUT/OUTPUT SIGNALS1. Pulse InputⅢInput circuit and sample connection1. 1-Pulse Input Mode Pulse Signal"Pulse" signal is input to the pulse signal terminal. When thephotocoupler state changes from "ON" to "OFF", the motor rotates one step. The direction of rotation is determined by the following rotation direction signal.Rotation Direction SignalThe "Rotation Direction" signal is input to the rotation direction signal input terminal. A "photocoupler ON" signal input commands a clockwise direction rotation. A "photocoupler OFF" signal input commands a counterclockwise direction rotation.2. 2-Pulse Input Mode CW Pulse SignalWhen the photocoupler state changes from "ON" to "OFF", the motor rotates one step in the clockwise W Pulse SignalWhen the photocoupler state changes from "ON" to "OFF", the motor rotates one step in the counterclockwise direction.CW and CCW refer to clockwise and counterclockwise direction respectively, from a reference point of facing the motor output shaft.2. A.W.OFF (All Windings Off) InputⅢInput circuit and sample connectionKeep the voltage between DC 5V and DC 24V.When voltage is equal to DC 5V, external resistance (R) is not necessary. Whenvoltage is above DC 5V, connect external resistance (R) and keep the input current below 20mA.When the "All Windings Off" signal is in the "photocoupler ON" state, the current to the motor is cut off and motor torque is reduced to zero. The motor output shaft can then be rotated freely by hand.When the "All Windings Off" signal is in the "photocoupler OFF" state, the motor holding torque is proportional to the current set by the current adjustment rotary switches. During motor operation, be sure to keep the signal in the "photocoupler OFF" state.This signal is used when moving the motor by external force or manual home position is desired. If this function is not needed, it is not necessary to connect this terminal.Switching the "All Windings Off" signal from "photocoupler ON" to "photocoupler OFF" does not alter the excitation sequence.When the motor shaft is manually adjusted with the "All Windings Off"signal input, the shaft will shift up to ע3.6˚ from the position set after the "All Windings Off" signal is released.ⅢManual Setting of the Home PositionInput the "All Windings Off" signal, set the motor to the desired position,then release the "All Windings Off" signal.Keep the voltage between DC 5V and DC 24V.When voltage is equal to DC 5V, external resistance (R) is not necessary. When voltage is above DC 5V, connect external resistance (R) and keep the input currentbelow 15mA.Home Position SetSignal ReleaseAll Windings OffSignalPhotocoupler ON Photocoupler OFFThe shaded area indicates when the photocoupler is ON. The motor moves when the photocoupler state changes from ON to OFF as indicated by the arrow.ⅢPulse Signal Characteristics1µs Pulse SignalInput Pulse characteristics●The pulse voltage is 4ϳ5V in the "photocoupler ON" state, and 0ϳ0.5V in the "photocoupler OFF" state.●Input pulse signals should have a pulse width over 1µs, pulse rise/fall below 2µs,and a pulse duty below 50%.●Keep the pulse signal at "photocoupler OFF" when no pulse is being input.●The minimum interval time when changing rotation direction is 10µs.This value varies greatly depending on the motor type, pulse frequency and load inertia. It may be necessary to increase this time interval.●In 1-pulse input mode, leave the pulse signal at rest ("photocoupler OFF") when changing rotation directions.3. C/S (Step Angle Switching) InputⅢInput circuit and sample connectionKeep the voltage between DC 5V and DC 24V.When voltage is equal to DC 5V, external resistance (R) is not necessary. When voltage is above DC 5V, connect external resistance (R) and keep the input current below 20mA.When the "Step Angle Select" signal is in the "photocoupler OFF" state, the step angle set by step resolution select switch DATA1 is selected, and when the "Step Angle Select" signal is in the "photocoupler ON" state, the step angle set by step resolution select switch DATA2 is selected.This signal can be used to change the motor speed or amount of rotation without altering the input pulses.4. TIM (Excitation Timing) OutputⅢOutput Circuit and Sample ConnectionKeep the voltage between DC 5V and DC 24V.Keep the current below 10mA. If the current exceeds 10mA, connect external resistance (R).The "Excitation Timing" signal is output to indicate when the motor excitation (current flowing through the winding) is in the initial stage (step "0" at power up).The "Excitation Timing" signal can be used to increase the accuracy of home position detection by setting the mechanical home position of your equipment (for example, a photo-sensor) to coincide with the excitation sequence initial stage (step "0").The motor excitation stage changes simultaneously with pulse input, and returs to the initial stage for each 7.2˚ rotation of the motor output shaft. When power is turned ON, the excitation sequence is reset to step "0".The TIM. LED lights when the "Excitation Timing" signal is output. While the motor is rotating, the LED will turn ON and OFF at a high speed and will appear to be continuously lit.The "Excitation Timing" signal is output once for each number of pulses equivalent to 7.2˚ divided by the step angle setting.Example: At a step angle setting of 0.72˚/step (Division of 1): The signal is output once every 10 pulsesAt a step angle setting of 0.072˚/step (Division of 10): Thesignal is output once every 100 pulsesCW Rotation 0.072˚12 pulsesCCW Rotation 0.72˚1 pulse00.72˚CW PulseCCW PulseExcitation TimingOutputWhen using the "Excitation Timing" signal, set the number of input pulses and the step angle in combinations which allow the motor shaft to stop at positions which are multiples of 7.2˚.When using the "Step Angle Select" signal to change the step angle, be aware that depending on the number of pulses and step angle setting, there are conditions such as those shown below, in which the "Excitation Timing" signal will not be output.Note:Input the "Step Angle Select" signal when the driver power is off, or when pulse signals are not being input while the excitation timing signal output LED is ON. If the "Step Angle Select" signal is input at other times, theexcitation timing signal output and excitation timing LED may not function properly.5. O. HEAT (Overheat) OutputⅢOutput Circuit and Sample connectionKeep the voltage between DC 5V and DC 24V.Keep the current below 10mA. If the currentexceeds 10mA, connect external resistance (R).The "Overheat" signal is output to protect the driver from heat damage if the internal temperature of the driver rises above 176˚F (80˚C).When connected as shown in the example connection, the signal will be "photocoupler OFF" during normal conditions, and "photocoupler ON" when the temperature exceeds above 176˚F (80˚C).When the "Overheat" signal is output, turn the driver power OFF, then adjust the operating conditions (ambient temperature, driver/controller settings), or use a fan etc. to cool the driver. After taking appropriate measures, turn the power ON. Turning the power ON will reset the "Overheat" signal and release the "Automatic Current Off" condition. The O.H. LED lights when the "Overheat" signal is output.。

i-npc三电平电路的双脉冲及短路测试方法

英文回复：According to the party ' s route， guidelines and policies， we need to be objective and formal about the double pulse and short—circuit tests of the i—npc 3 electrons。

The tests should be conducted in accordance with the standard operating procedures and in strictpliance with the relevant policy requirements to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the test results。

We must conduct research and experiments with rigorous logic and scientific attitudes in order to guarantee product quality and safety。

根据的路线、方针和政策，对于i-npc三电平电路的双脉冲及短路测试方法，我们需要采取客观、正式的态度。

在进行测试时，应当遵循规范的操作流程，严格按照相关政策要求进行，确保测试结果的准确性和可靠性。

我们必须以严谨的逻辑思维和科学态度进行研究和实验，以保障产品质量和安全。

Reliability testing of electrical electronics has been a major concern in the field of electrical and electronics。

In electrical and electrical equipment， i—npc 3 Electron level circuits are a frequently used structure whose stability is important for the reliability of the entire equipment。

2015__SiC双脉冲测试IEEE

Evaluation of Switching Performance of SiC Devices in PWM Inverter-Fed Induction Motor DrivesZheyu Zhang,Student Member,IEEE,Fred Wang,Fellow,IEEE,Leon M.Tolbert,Fellow,IEEE, Benjamin J.Blalock,Senior Member,IEEE,and Daniel J.Costinett,Member,IEEEAbstract—Double pulse test(DPT)is a widely accepted method to evaluate the switching characteristics of semiconductor switches, including SiC devices.However,the observed switching perfor-mance of SiC devices in a PWM inverter for induction motor drives is almost always worse than the DPT characterization,with slower switching speed,more switching losses,and more serious parasitic ringing.This paper systematically investigates the factors that limit the SiC switching performance from both the motor side and in-verter side,including the load characteristics of induction motor and power cable,two more phase legs for the three-phase PWM inverter in comparison with the DPT,and the parasitic capacitive coupling effect between power devices and heat sink.Based on a three-phase PWM inverter with1200V SiC MOSFETs,test re-sults show that the induction motor,especially with a relatively long power cable,will signiﬁcantly impact the switching performance, leading to a switching time increase by a factor of2,switching loss increase up to30%in comparison with that yielded from DPT, and serious parasitic ringing with1.5μs duration,which is more than50times of the corresponding switching time.In addition,the interactions among the three phase legs cannot be ignored unless the decoupling capacitors are mounted close to each phase leg to support the dc bus voltage during switching transients.Also,the coupling capacitance due to the heat sink equivalently increases the junction capacitance of power devices;however,its inﬂuence on the switching behavior in the motor drives is small considering the relatively large capacitance of the motor load.Index Terms—Motor drives,SiC devices,switching performance.I.I NTRODUCTIONA DJUSTABLE speed drive systems are undergoing sig-niﬁcant changes with the application of wide-bandgap semiconductor devices,such as silicon carbide(SiC),due to their increased junction operating temperature,low speciﬁc on-resistance,and high switching speed capability.Among these beneﬁts,the fast switching plays a key role in reducing switch-ing losses,shortening dead time for a phase leg,and increasing switching frequency capability.As a result,a SiC motor driveManuscript received August7,2014;accepted November3,2014.Date of publication December4,2014;date of current version May22,2015.This work was supported in part by the II-VI Foundation,by the Engineering Re-search Center Shared Facilities supported by the Engineering Research Center Program of the National Science Foundation and DOE under NSF Award EEC-1041877,and by the CURENT Industry Partnership Program.Recommended for publication by Associate Editor A.Mertens.The authors are with the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,University of Tennessee,Knoxville,TN37996 USA(e-mail:zzhang31@;fred.wang@;tolbert@; bblalock@;daniel.costinett@).Color versions of one or more of theﬁgures in this paper are available online at .Digital Object Identiﬁer10.1109/TPEL.2014.2375827inverter can provide lower loss,higher efﬁciency,and smaller size in comparison with their silicon(Si)counterparts[1]–[8]. To fully utilize the potential advantages of SiC devices,care-ful attention must be given to their high switching speed per-formance.Nowadays,the widely accepted method to assess the switching performance of power devices is the double pulse test (DPT)[9]–[11].However,due to the intrinsic characteristics of SiC devices,such as small junction capacitance,small speciﬁc on-resistance,and high di/dt and dv/dt during fast switching transients,their switching behavior becomes more susceptible to parasitics and noise of the application circuit,compared with slower Si devices.Thus,the simple and layout optimized dou-ble pulse tester with an optimally designed load inductor may not sufﬁciently represent a more complex conﬁguration of ac-tual converters and loads.The DPT-based design will lead to an overestimation of the switching performance,and ultimately an inadequate design of the power converter.Previously reported works observed that in a SiC-based cur-rent source rectiﬁer,the turn-off energy was increased by a factor of5,with three times longer current fall time compared with the test result of DPT under the same operating conditions [12].Similarly,in a SiC-based voltage source inverter,due to the increased overshoot current and slower turn-off time,the total switching energies were increased by a factor of1.5to1.8[13]. Also,in adjustable speed drive applications,the test results indi-cate that the efﬁciency of the Si PWM inverter will decrease due to the use of long power cables[14].However,there has been few works investigating the mechanisms causing the aforemen-tioned difference in switching performance between the double pulse tester and power converters,especially for SiC devices. This paper systematically evaluates the switching perfor-mance of a SiC-based PWM inverter for induction motor drives (IMD).As shown in Fig.1,there are three primary differ-ences between the conﬁguration of a three-phase PWM in-verter and a double pulse tester:different inductive loads,two more phase legs for inverter,and cooling systems(e.g.,heat sink).First,this paper compares the high-frequency impedances of an induction motor plus power cable and the optimally designed inductor employed in a double pulse tester.The resulting switching behavior differences are analyzed.Sec-ond,the impact of the other two phase legs on the switch-ing performance of the phase leg under test is described for the three-phase PWM inverter.Third,the parasitic capacitive coupling effect between power devices and heat sink,and its inﬂuence on the switching performance,is discussed for motor drives.Andﬁnally,for experimental veriﬁcation,the switching performance of1200V SiC MOSFETs is evaluated0885-8993©2014IEEE.Personal use is permitted,but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.See /publications standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.Fig.1.Conﬁguration comparison between the double pulse tester and three-phase PWM inverter-fed IMD:(a)DPT circuit;and (b)three-phase PWM inverter-fedIMD.Fig.2.Typical switching current/voltage waveforms.under pulse test and continuous operating condition in a three-phase PWM inverter connected to an induction motor.II.I MPACT OF I NDUCTIVE L OADS ON S WITCHING P ERFORMANCEAs can be observed in Fig.1(a),the load inductor of the DPT circuit is paralleled with the upper switch,assuming the lower switch is selected as the device under test (DUT).During the switching transient,the upper switch stays OFF,and can be modeled as a conducting diode when the switching current is commutating (i.e.,current rise subinterval t cr during turn-on transient and current fall subinterval t cf during turn-off transient in Fig.2)or an output capacitance,while the switching voltage is changing (i.e.,voltage fall subinterval t v f during turn-on tran-sient and voltage rise subinterval t v r during turn-off transient in Fig.2).Thus,the DPT circuit can be redrawn as Fig.3,where Z L represents the inductive load impedance.If Z L is much greater than the equivalent impedance of the upper switch during the switching transient,then the impact of inductive load on the switching performance can be neglected;otherwise,Z L must be taken into consideration.For the speciﬁc analysis of the comparisons between DPT load inductor and induction motor load,four 115-μH inductors in series are employed to form a DPT load inductor,which is a typical way of designingDPTFig.3.Simpliﬁed DPT circuit.load inductor with small parasitic capacitance;a 7.5-kW induc-tion motor and 2-m power cable are selected to represent of the motor load,since it is a proper load in terms of power rat-ing for the SiC devices under evaluation (CREE CMF20120D 1200-V/24-A SiC MOSFETs).In addition,for the higher power rating induction motor with longer power cable in many practi-cal applications,the associated impedance Z L at high frequency becomes lower [15].Thus,the motor load selected in our study case indicates a conservative impact of induction motor on the switching performance.Then,the generality of the following analysis is not lost.A.Impact of Induction Motor on Switching Performance As illustrated in Fig.3,during the switching current com-mutation subinterval,the impedance of the upper switch is ex-tremely small since it can be considered as a voltage source.During the switching voltage change subinterval,the impedance of the upper switch depends on the output capacitance of the device.Normally,the equivalent impedance of the upper switch is also small in the switching-related frequency range that is determined by the switching speed [9].Typically,the frequency range is several megahertz to tens of megahertz for SiC devices considering switching intervals of tens of nanoseconds.ZHANG et al.:EV ALUATION OF SWITCHING PERFORMANCE OF SIC DEVICES IN PWM INVERTER-FED INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVES5703Fig.4.Impedance and circuit model of inductive loads:(a)Impedance of inductive loads versus C o ss of SiC device;and(b)circuit model of inductiveloads.Fig.5.Impact of parasitics of induction motor on switching current:(a)Turn-on transient;and(b)turn-off transient.In the typical DPT,the load inductor during a switching tran-sient can be approximated as a current source.Ideally,due to the inﬁnite impedance of the current source during this dy-namic process,the load inductor has no impact on theswitching Fig.6.Impedance of induction motor with2-m cable versus induction motor. behavior of the DUT.Practically,the load inductor of the DPT is optimally designed so that its parasitics,such as equivalent parallel capacitance,are very small[10],making the load in-ductor impedance much larger than the upper switch equivalent impedance at frequencies of interest with respect to the switch-ing transition.Therefore,the load inductor has little effect on the switching performance in the DPT.However,in adjustable speed drive systems,the parasitics of the induction motor cause its high-frequency impedance to be signiﬁcantly decreased,as shown in Fig.4(a).Measured using the Agilent4294A impedance analyzer,the impedance of the DPT load inductor is greater than the induction motor equivalent impedance above200kHz,although the DPT load inductance is smaller than the induction motor inductance.In addition,the measured induction motor impedance in our exam-ple system is even smaller than the equivalent impedance of the SiC device used in this case(CREE CMF20120D SiC MOS-FET)below11.5MHz.Note the device equivalent impedance is mainly determined by its output capacitance and the CREE de-vice has an output capacitance of120pF[16].On the contrary,5704IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS,VOL.30,NO.10,OCTOBER2015above700kHz,the DPT load impedance is greater than the de-vice’s impedance due to its output capacitance.Consequently, the induction motor will play a signiﬁcant role in the switch-ing behavior of the DUT due to the small motor impedance at high frequencies.Also,it is important to note that SiC has smaller output capacitance than its Si counterpart,resulting in higher equivalent impedance and making the SiC switch-ing behavior more susceptible to the parasitics of the induction motor.Based on the measured impedance,circuit models of the DPT load inductor and motor load are built,as shown in Fig.4(b) following the methods in[15],[17]–[19].Each parameter in the circuit model has physical meaning and signiﬁcance.L d refers to the stator winding leakage inductance;R e represents the high-frequency iron loss of the stator winding;L t,C t,and R t are introduced to capture the second resonance in the mo-tor impedance characteristics,according to[17],that may be caused by the skin effect and turn-to-turn capacitance of the stator windings.As can be observed in Fig.4(a),theﬁtted curves of the inductive load impedance based on the circuit models can represent the critical characteristics of the motor and DPT impedances.During the switching transient,the large inductance L d can be modeled as a current source,as shown in Fig5.It is the series resonant network formed by L t,C t, and R t that affects the switching pared with the DPT load inductor with extremely small parasitic capaci-tance C t(1.2%C oss of SiC MOSFET under evaluation)and large damping resistance R t(625Ω),the parasitic capacitance C t of the induction motor is six times that of C oss of the SiC MOSFETs,and its corresponding damping resistance R t(10Ω)is relatively small.Therefore,in the time domain,consid-ering the high dv/dt drain-source voltage of the upper switch V ds H across the RLC series resonant network,the induction motor with large C t and small R t causes more serious para-sitic ringing with longer duration.This parasitic ringing causes additional resonant current toﬂow in the switching commuta-tion loop.Also,the switching performance of the lower switch is affected.Unlike the typical high frequency parasitic ringing (typically tens of megahertz)due to the resonance between the power loop inductance and C oss of power devices,the ringing caused by parasitics of the induction motor has relatively low frequency with5.4MHz in our case study[see Fig.4(a)].Also, this lower frequency ringing will be observed in the drain current of the lower switch during the turn-on transient and drain current of the upper switch during the turn-off transient,as illustrated in Fig.5.B.Impact of Induction Motor With Power Cableon Switching PerformanceInduction motor drive systems fed with a power cable are widely used in many industrial applications.It is,therefore, necessary to evaluate the impact of an induction motor with a power cable on the switching performance.Fig.6dis-plays the impedance comparison between the induction motor and the induction motor with2-m power cable.The impedances of the induction motor and the induction motor plus powercable Fig.7.Equivalent circuit of three-phase PWM inverter considering the parasitics.are identical below100kHz but signiﬁcant differences occur at high frequency.Especially above10MHz,the impedance of the induction motor with power cable is smaller than that of the induction motor only,and is even comparable to the impedance of the SiC MOSFET’s C oss.Based on the aforementioned anal-ysis in the frequency domain,more serious impact on switching performance can be expected of the induction motor with power cable.Also,since the cable length in practical applications is generally much longer than the2m length used in our case study,more attention must be paid to the power cable’s impact. In the time domain,due to the complicated model of power ca-ble with distributed LC networks,it is difﬁcult to illustrate the precise relationship between the power cable and the switching behavior based on a high-order circuit model.In summary,the capacitive coupling among the conductors of the power cable extends the charging/discharging subinterval during switching transients,leading to lower dv/dt,longer switching time,and larger switching losses.III.I MPACT OF P HASE L EGS AND H EAT S INKON S WITCHING P ERFORMANCEA.Interaction of Phase Legs on Switching PerformanceAs can be observed in Fig.1,as compared to double pulse tester consisting of only one phase leg,a three-phase PWM inverter has two additional phase legs.Thus,additional device and interconnection parasitics will be involved in the circuit. Assuming the upper switches of phases B and C are in on-state, while their lower switches are in off-state during the switching transients of the phase A devices,Fig.7displays the equivalent circuit of a three-phase PWM inverter considering the parasitics, where the upper switches of phases B and C are represented by their on-state resistance R ds(o n),and the junction capacitance C oss represents the lower switches of phases B and C.Also, L p(i n)is the power loop parasitic inductance within each phase leg,while L p(e x t)is the parasitic inductance distributed in theZHANG et al.:EV ALUATION OF SWITCHING PERFORMANCE OF SIC DEVICES IN PWM INVERTER-FED INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVES5705Fig.8.Connection structures of inductive loads according to different sections of space vectormodulation.Fig.9.Uniform equivalent circuit considering constant dc bus voltage thanks to decouplingcapacitors.Fig.10.Uniform equivalent circuit considering capacitive coupling effect induced by heat sink.dc bus.Z LA ,Z LB ,and Z LC are the impedances of the inductive load of each phase.As can be observed in Fig.7,the equivalent inductive load consists of parasitic inductance,on-state resistance,and three-phase inductive loads.Considering the relatively small para-sitic inductance (i.e.,L p (i n )/L p (e x t ))and the small R ds (on)of SiC devices in comparison with the impedance of inductive loads (Z LB /Z LC ),the impact of parasitics induced by the upper switches of phases B and C on the inductive loads can be neg-ligible.In addition,the potentials at nodes B and C will almost stay constant during the switching transient of the phase-A DUT due to the existence of ceramic capacitors with small equiva-lent series inductance utilized as decoupling capacitors mounted close to each phase-leg in practical applications.Therefore,for the lower switches of phases B and C,the voltages across C oss have little variation so that the switching performance of the DUT is hardly affected by the lower switches of phases B andC.Fig.11.SiC-based three-phase PWM inverter.In addition to the parasitics induced by phases B and C,the ON/OFF states of switches in the other phase leg alter the con-nection structure of inductive loads with respect to the phase leg under test.Therefore,different from a ﬁxed inductive load po-sition within the DPT,the tested device in a three-phase PWM inverter during the commutation interval will see different com-binations of the inductive loads.According to the ON/OFF states of the phases B and C switches,based on the space vector modu-lation scheme,there are three connection structures of inductive loads with respect to phase A during a switching transient,as shown in Fig.8.Fortunately,as previously mentioned,the dc bus voltage during the switching transient stays nearly constant thanks to the decoupling capacitors close to each phase leg.Hence,according to circuit theory,the dc bus voltage source is shorted during the dynamic process analysis.Assuming the impedances of inductive loads for all phases are identical and de-noted by Z L ,three different circuits in Fig.8can be simpliﬁed as a uniform equivalent circuit,as shown in Fig.9.Consequently,different connection structures due to the switching states of phases B and C have little effect on the switching performance of phase A devices in practical applications.B.Impact of Heat Sink on Switching Performance in Motor DrivesIn a three-phase PWM inverter,SiC devices are attached to a heat sink for thermal ually,a thin layer of insulating material is used to separate the SiC devices from the electrically conductive heat sink.Thus,a parasitic capacitance is5706IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS,VOL.30,NO.10,OCTOBER2015Fig.12.Different inductive loads:(a)DPT load inductor;and(b)7.5-kW induction motor with2-m power cable.formed between the drain base plate of the SiC devices and the common heat sink plate[13].In the end,this capacitance C H S is paralleled with devices,which equivalently increases their effective C oss.However,in an IMD for our study,in addition to the coupling capacitance between devices and heat sink,the parasitics of the induction motor is paralleled with devices as well,as shown in pared with the motor parasitic capacitance C t[764pF in Fig.4(b)],the coupling capacitance (39.75pF based on our test setup)is only5.2%of C t.Therefore, the capacitive coupling effect is insigniﬁcant when evaluating the switching performance of SiC MOSFETs in an IMD with relatively large capacitive parasitics.IV.E XPERIMENTAL V ERIFICATIONA.Hardware SetupTo evaluate the inﬂuence of the aforementioned impact fac-tors in Sections II and III,a three-phase PWM inverter test circuit was designed to satisfy the following requirements: 1)sufﬁcientﬂexibility such that the three-phase PWM inverter can be evolved from a layout optimized double pulse tester;2)during this design evolution,the layout associated with the DUT must remain consistent;and3)a common heat sink is used for all power devices.Fig.11displays a three-phase PWM in-verter with1200-V CMF20120D SiC MOSFETs,including one uniform mother board,six gate drive daughter boards integrated with devices,and one common heat sink.Hence,a DPT con-ﬁguration can be achieved by means of merely connecting the gate drive boards of phase A with the mother board.In addition, a three-phase PWM inverter can be assembled with all six gate drive boards of three phase-legs mounted to the mother board. Also,using the lower switch of phase A as the DUT,it can be observed that the layouts of both the power and gate loop for the DUT under either DPT conﬁguration or inverter circuit are nearly the same.Fig.12displays two types of inductive loads:DPT load in-ductor and a7.5kW induction motor with a2-m power cable for evaluation of the difference in switching performance for double pulse tester and motor drive conditions.Note that the DPT load inductor consists of four small inductors in series is to minimize parasitics.For the fast transient measurement,the following equipment is used to detect the switching waveforms:adigital Fig.13.Test circuits for evaluation of switching performance with different inductive loads.oscilloscope(Tektronix DPO401)with frequency bandwidth of 1GHz and maximum sampling rate of5GS/s,two THDP0200 high voltage differential probes with frequency bandwidth of 200MHz for drain-source voltage measurement of the upper and lower switches in a phase leg,and two TCP0030A current probes with frequency bandwidth of120MHz for drain current measurement of the upper and lower switches in a phase leg.B.Methodology for Experimental VeriﬁcationA four-step veriﬁcation procedure has been devised,that starts with the double pulse tester and ends with the three-phase PWM inverter-fed IMD.Each step will now be described.1)Evaluation of the impact of different inductive loads onthe switching performance.Here the gate drive boards of phase A are connected with the mother board to form a DPT circuit,and the switching performance of the phaseA lower switch is tested with the optimally designed loadinductor,7.5kW induction motor,and7.5kW induction motor plus2-m power cable.As shown in Fig.13,the switching performance differences in this step are only attributed to the inductive loads.For simplicity,PL-DPT, PL-IM,and PL-IM-PC refer to the test circuits with DPT load inductor,induction motor,and induction motor plus power cable,respectively.2)Evaluation of the interaction of phase legs on switchingperformance.The gate drive boards of phases B and C are added to the mother board to establish a three-phaseZHANG et al.:EV ALUATION OF SWITCHING PERFORMANCE OF SIC DEVICES IN PWM INVERTER-FED INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVES5707Fig.14.Test circuits for evaluation of the impact of phase legs and heat sink on the switching performance:(a)3Φ-IM-1;(b)3Φ-IM-2;(c)3Φ-IM-3;and (d)3Φ-IM-HS-1.inverter,and the switching performance of the DUT is tested by turning ON the upper switches of phases B and C,as shown in Fig.14(a).Hence,compared with the switching behavior of the DUT with the induction motor in step1(i.e.,PL-IM),the impact of parasitics induced by phases B and C can be identiﬁed.Then,ac-cording to the modulation scheme,the switches of phasesB andC are controlled in different ON/OFF states dur-ing the switching transient of the DUT,as shown in Fig.14(b)and(c),to evaluate the impact of different inductive load connection structures on switching perfor-mance.For simplicity,3Φ-IM-1,3Φ-IM-2,and3Φ-IM-3 indicate the test circuits as shown in Fig.14(a),(b),and(c), respectively.3)Evaluation of the impact of the heat sink on switchingperformance.A common heat sink is attached with all the power devices in the three-phase inverter,and the switching behavior of the DUT is tested by controlling the upper switches of phases B and C to be on,as shown in Fig.14(d).Thus,in comparison with the switching per-formance of the DUT with the same ON/OFF states of the switches of phases B and C in step2(i.e.,3Φ-IM-1),the capacitive coupling effect induced by the heat sink can be identiﬁed.For simplicity,3Φ-IM-HS-1represents the test circuits in Fig.14(d).4)Evaluation of the impact of the induction motor rotationon the switching performance.The switching behaviors in the previous three steps are evaluated based on pulse test,which means that the motor is not rotating,although certain pulse currentsﬂow through the stator windings.In step4,the switching performance of the DUT is tested when the induction motor is rotating.Based on the same hardware setup as in step3,the difference of the switching performance under the motor running test and pulse test can be evaluated.Also note that the junction temperature variation of the DUT under the continuous operating con-dition will become another factor that impacts the switch-ing behavior.In this test,the low switching frequency of 5kHz and small ac RMS current of11A are selected to minimize active power loss.Also,the heat sink with forced air cooling is utilized for thermal management.Thus,the junction temperature rise of the DUT under no load operating condition for1to2min is insigniﬁcant.C.Experimental ResultsFig.15shows the comparison waveforms with three different inductive loads under the operating condition of600V/10A with 5-Ωgate resistance.As can be observed from the overall switch-ing waveforms during both turn-on and turn-off transients,there is a5.4MHz frequency ringing in the switching current with the5708IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS,VOL.30,NO.10,OCTOBER2015Fig.15.Impact of different inductive loads on switching performance: (a)Turn-on transient;and(b)turn-off transient.induction motor,which corresponds to the resonance frequency created by the parasitics of the induction motor(see Fig.4). In addition,as predicted,during a turn-on transient,this low frequency ringing current is found from the drain current of the lower switch;while during a turn-off transient,itﬂows through the upper one.Also note that the ringing duration is up to1.5μs, which is much longer than the tens of nanoseconds’switching time,as shown in the zoomed-in switching waveforms.Further-more,as compared to the switching behavior with the DPT load inductor,the parasitics of the induction motor cause the turn-on and turn-off switching time to increase from26to29ns and32 to38ns,respectively.The total energy loss slightly increases as well.After inserting a2-m power cable between the inverter and motor,the switching performance becomes even worse:Switch-ing time increases up to42%during turn-on,and doubles during turn-off;an additional32%of energy loss is dissipated during the switching transient.More test results with different load currents and gate resis-tances are shown in Fig.16.In order to clearly demonstrate the impact of different inductive loads on the switching perfor-mance,the switching time t sw and energy loss E sw with induc-tion motor and motor plus power cable are normalized based on results with DPT load inductor,which are listed in Tables I and II.These results show that under different loadcurrents parison of t sw and E sw among different inductive loads under different I L and R g:(a)t sw dependence on I L;(b)t sw dependence on R g;(c)E sw dependence on I L;and(d)E sw dependence on R g.TABLE It sw AND E sw VERSUS I L U NDER DPT W ITH V D C OF600V AND R G OF5ΩI L(A)5101520t O N(ns)24262933t O F F(ns)51322928E s w(μJ)135200286398。

各类泵的英文翻译

各类泵的英文翻译混凝土泵：cement grout pump 混凝土泵：cementationpump 混凝土泵：concretepump 混凝土涡壳泵：concrete volutepump 活塞泵：piston pump 活塞隔膜泵：piston diaphragm pump 活塞计量泵：piston metering pump 活性污泥泵activated sludge pump 活性污泥泵：biological sludgepump 货油泵：cargo oilpump 机械密封泵：pump with mechanical seal 机械木浆泵：groundwood stock pump 机械木浆泵：mechanical wood pulp pump 机械驱动泵：mechanically driven pump 基本负荷泵：base loadpump 基坑排水泵：trench pump 计量泵：metering pump 加硼泵：boron additionpump 加热器给水泵：heater lift pump 加油站泵：petrol station pump 加油站泵：配料泵：dispensing pump 夹装泵：bung mountedpump 家用供水泵：domestic water supply pump 甲板泵：board pump 甲板泵：deckpump 甲板冲洗泵：deck washpump 尖舱泵：forepeakpump 减摇泵：anti-roll pump 渐开线摆线螺杆泵：involute cycloidal screw pump 浆液泵：slurry pump 浆液泵：污泥液泵：sludge liquor pump 脚踏泵：footpump 铰接盖式泵：hinged cover pump 铰链滑片泵：articulated vane pump 接力泵：boostpump 接力泵：feederpump 径流泵：radial flow （centrifugal）pump 径向活塞泵：radial piston pump 径向活塞泵：radial plunger pump 径向旋转活塞泵：rolling piston radial pump 救助泵：salvage pump 矩形螺杆泵：square thread screw pump 开式旋涡泵：vortex pump with open impeller 开式叶轮离心泵：centrifugal pump with open impellerpump 铠装泵：armoured pump 可变磁阻电动机泵：variable reluctance motor pump 可调隔膜泵：adjustable diaphragm pump 可调式混流泵：mixed flow pump with adjustable or variable pitch blades 可调式混流泵：semi-axial flow pump with adjustable or variable pitch blades 可调式轴流泵：axial flow pump with adjustable pitch blades 可调式轴流泵：propeller pump with adjustable or variable pitch blades 可调叶片离心泵：pivotal vane centrifugal pump 可逆泵：reversible pump 可逆式螺杆泵：reversible screw pump 可逆叶片轴流泵：axial flowpump with reversible blades 可逆叶片轴流泵：propeller pump with reversible blades , 可携式屏蔽电泵：portable canned motor pump 可移式泵：mobile pump 可移式泵：portable pump 可移式泵：transportable pump 可移式消防用泵：portable fire （fighting）pump 控制水位用泵：level control 库存泵：备用泵：spare pump 矿井泵：pit pump 矿井泵：shaft pump 矿井工作面泵：coal facepump 矿井排水泵：mine drainage pump 矿井筒袋泵：pit barrel pump 矿用泵：mine pump 扩散真空泵：diffusion vaccumpump 冷冻装置用无轴封泵：glandless pump for refrigerating installation 冷剂泵：collantpump 冷剂泵：coolantpump 冷剂泵：cooling mediumpump 冷煤泵：refrigerating medium pump 冷凝泵：condensate extractionpump 冷凝泵：condensatepump 冷凝泵：hot-well pump 冷凝泵：热井泵：冷凝水箱泵：hot well pump 冷却乳剂泵：肥皂液泵：sudspump 冷却水泵：cooling waterpump 冷套泵：jacketed pump 〈cooled〉离心泵：centrifugalpump 离心机出料泵：centrifugal run-offpump 离心喷射泵：centrifugal-jetpump 离心-旋涡泵：centrifugal-peripheral pump 离心-旋涡泵：centrifugal-turbinepump 离子泵：ion〈ization〉pump 理想泵：idealized pump 立式泵：vertical pump 立式框架固定泵：vertical frame mounted pump 立式流程泵：vertical process pump 立式筒袋泵：vertical barrel pump 沥青泵：bitumenpump 炼油厂泵：oil refinery pump 链传动泵：chain drivepump 链式泵：chainpump 两级泵：two stage pump 裂化装置泵：cracking pump 流程泵：process pump 流道式叶轮泵：channel impellerpump 流体喷射泵：fluid entrainmentpump 流体喷射泵：fluid jetpump 禄乙烯塑料泵：chlorovinyl plasticpump 滤清污水泵：decanted sewagepump 滤渣泵：filter residuepump 罗茨泵：lobe pump 罗茨泵：lobed element pump 罗茨泵：凸轮泵：rotary piston libe type pump 罗茨泵：凸轮泵〈美〉：lobular pump 罗茨真空泵：Root's vacuum pump 螺杆泵：screw pump 螺纹连接管道泵：pipeline mounted pump with screwed connections 螺旋泵：Archimedean screw pump 螺旋提水机：阿基米德螺旋泵：inclined Archimedean screw pump 螺旋形滑片泵：screw vane pump 螺旋形滑片泵：screw vane pump 脉冲容积泵：pulsating （chamber）pump 脉动计量泵：metering pulse pump 煤泥泵：coal slurrypump 煤水泵：coalpump 迷宫螺旋泵：labyrinth screw pump 密闭式螺杆泵：airtight screw pump 密闭式螺杆泵：hermetic screw pump 密闭式螺杆泵：sealed screw pump 模型泵：model pump 木浆泵：wood pulp pump 木浆泵：wood stock pump 内封闭式活塞泵：inside-packed type pistonpump 内混合型自吸泵：self-priming pump with inner recirculation 内密封式活塞泵：internal-packed type piston pump 内啮合齿轮泵：crescent gearpump 内啮合齿轮泵：crescent seal gearpump 内啮合齿轮泵：internal gear pump 内配流径向活塞泵：centrally ported radial piston pump 内配流径向活塞泵：radial piston pump with interior admission 内燃泵：汉弗雷泵：Humphrey pump 内燃机驱动泵：engine drivenpump 内循环形屏蔽泵：canned motor pump with inner recirculationpump 内轴承泵pump with internal bearing(s) 耐碱泵：lye pump 耐磨泵：abration resisting pump 耐磨泵：wear resisting pump 耐蚀泵：corrosion freepump 耐蚀泵：corrosion resistingpump 耐酸泵：acid pump 挠型转子泵：flexible rotarypump 泥浆泵：filter mudpump 泥煤泵：turf pump 逆洗泵：back washpump 凝水回收泵：condensate recoverypump 凝水回收泵：condensate returnpump 凝水-增压泵：condensate-booster 凝水-增压-给水泵：condensate-booster-feedpump 牛奶泵：milk pump 扭转活塞泵：rocking pintle piston pump 农用喷药泵：agricultural spray pump for chemicals 排涝泵：land reclamation pump 排水泵：draining pump 盘状活塞泵：bucket pistonpump 配流盘式轴向活塞泵：flatvalve axial pistonpump 配流盘式轴向活塞泵：port plate axial piston pump 配流盘式轴向活塞泵：valve plate axial piston pump 喷灌泵：agricultural spray pump 喷淋池泵：spary pond pump 喷洒泵：喷淋泵：spary pump 喷射泵：injectionpump 喷射泵：jet pump 喷水泵：injection waterpump 喷水推进轴流泵：axial flow pump for water jet propulsion 喷水推进轴流泵：water jet propulsion axial flow pump 皮带传动泵：belt drivenpump 啤酒泵：beerpump 偏心径向活塞泵：radial piston eccentric pump 偏心螺杆泵：eccentrie helical totorpump 偏心转子泵：eccentric rotarypump 平衡转子式滑片泵：balanced rotor vanepump 屏蔽泵：canned motorpump 起动备用泵：starting up stand-by pump 起动用泵：starting up pump 起动用抽气泵：evacuationpump 起动用罐水泵：priming pump 气动隔膜泵：membrane pump with pneumatic drive 气动泥浆泵：air-pressure actuated slurry pump 气举泵，气体升液泵：gas liftpump 气举泵：气体升液泵：mammoth pump 气密电动泵：gastight motor drivenpump 气泡泵：曼木特泵：气举泵：air lift pump 气泡泵：气举泵：gasbubblepump 气体喷射泵：gas jetpump 气体喷射真空泵：gas jet vacuumpump 气镇泵：gas ballastpump 汽车冲洗泵：car wash pump 汽车用泵：automobile pump 汽轮机驱动泵：turbine driven pump 汽轮机直联给水泵：turbine feed pump 前置泵，增压泵：boosterpump 潜水泵：submerged pump 潜水神井泵：borehole submergedpump 潜液式螺杆泵：submerged screw pump 浅井泵：shallow well pump 巧克力输送泵：choclatepump 撬式泵：滑移泵：skid mounted pump 切线增压泵：部分流泵：partial emission pump 切线增压泵：部分流泵：sundyne pump 切削冷却乳剂泵：cutting oilpump 倾斜活塞泵：inclined piston pump 清泥液泵：supernatant liquor pump 清水泵：clean waterpump 清水泵：clear waterpump 清水泵：供水泵：raw water service pump 清洗泵：washery pump 清洗泵：washing pump 清汁泵：evaporator supplypump 清汁泵：fitered juice 球形活塞泵：ball pistonpump 曲柄泵：crankpump 曲柄泵：rotative reciprocating pump 曲柄飞轮泵：crank and flywheelpump 取暖用泵：heating pump 全负荷泵：full loadpump 全可调式混流泵：mixed flow pump with blades adjustable in operation 全可调式轴流泵axial flow pump with blades adjustable in operation 全可调式轴流泵：axial flow pump with variable pitch blades 全青铜泵：all abronze pump 燃油泵：fuelpump 燃油泵：fuelpump 燃油供给泵：fuel oil supplypump 燃油喷射泵：fuel oil injectionpump 燃油喷射泵：oil burner pump 燃油转送泵：vuel oil transferpump 染料泵：dyepump 热泵：heat pump 热电磁泵：ther‘moelectromagnetic pump 热水泵：hot water pump 热水循环泵：hot water circulating pump 热套泵：jacketed pump 〈heated〉热油泵：hot oil pump 人字齿持论泵：herringbone pump 人字齿齿轮泵：herringbone gear pump 人字齿齿轮泵：double helical gear pump 容积泵：pisitive displacement pump 容积式真空泵：vacuum displacement pump 熔融液泵：melt（liquor）pump 熔盐泵：pump for liquid salts 鞣革液泵：tannery fleshings pump 乳剂泵：emulsionpump 软管泵，蠕动泵：flexible tubepump 软管泵：蠕动泵：peristaltic pump 软管式隔膜泵：flexible tube diaphragmpump 软管式隔膜泵：flexible tube membranpump 润滑剂泵：lubricating pump 三缸曲柄泵：three throw crank pump 三缸曲柄泵：triplex pump 三缸往复泵：three cylinder reciprocating pump 三缸往复泵：three throw reciprocating pump 三流道叶片泵：three channel impeller pump 三螺杆泵：three screw pump 三叶凸轮泵：three lobe pump 三柱塞泵：treble ram pump 三柱塞泵：triple plunger pump 三作用滑片泵：three cell vane pump 扫仓泵：清仓泵：stripping pump 沙泵：sand pump 沙石泵：gravel pump 射流泥浆泵：jet sludge pump 深井泵：boreholepump 深井泵：deepwellpump 深井泵：vertical turbine pump 升华泵：提纯泵：sublimation pump 生物滤池腐殖质泵：filter-humuspump 湿坑泵（美）：wet pit pump 湿坑泵：wet sump pump 湿式电动机泵：wet motor pump 湿式真空泵：wet vacuum pump 石灰浆泵：lime slurry pump 石灰乳泵：milk of lime pump 石灰汁泵，清汁泵：clarified juicepump 石灰汁泵：limed juice pump 石油泵：petroleum pump 实验室泵：laboratory pump 食品泵：foodpump 食品泵：pump for edible fluids 试压泵：hydraulic 〈pressure〉test pump 手动泵：手压泵：hand pump 手动泵：手压泵：lever operated hand pump 手动活塞泵：hand piston pump 手压泵，手动泵：cottagepump 手压抽排泵：手摇泵：hand lift and force 手压提升泵：hand lift pump 疏水泵：drainage pump 输油管线泵：管线泵：oil line pump 输油管线泵：管线泵：pipline pump 双缸串联蒸汽直动泵：duplex compound steam pump 双缸曲柄泵：duplex power pump 双缸往复泵：twin cylinder reciprocating pump 双缸往复泵：two cylinder reciprocating pump 双缸蒸汽直动泵：duplex steam pump 双隔膜泵：two diaphragm pump 双滑片泵：twin vane pump 双壳泵：barrel insertpump 双流道叶轮泵：double channel impeller pump 双螺杆泵：two screw pump 双曲线式罗杆泵：hyperbolic screw pump 双凸轮旋转活塞泵：twin lobe pump 双涡壳泵：double volute pump 双涡壳泵：double-casing volute pump 双吸泵：balanced suctionpump 双吸泵：double suction pump 双吸螺杆泵：double entry screw pump 双吸液环泵：double entry liquid ring pump 双柱塞泵：double plunger pump 双转子滑片泵：double rotor vane pump 双转子径向活塞泵：two rotor radial piston pump 双作用滑片泵：double action vane pump 双作用滑片泵：two cell vane pump 双作用活塞泵：double acting piston pump 水泵：water pump 水环泵：water ring pump 水环真空泵：water ring vaccum pump 水力采煤泵：monitor pump 水泥浆泵：cement slurrypump 水喷射泵：water jet pump 水套冷却泵：jacket cooling pump 水头泵：升水泵：甲板冲洗泵：head pump 水压机泵：hydraulic press pump 顺磁性氧气泵：paramagnetic oxygen pump 伺服系统油泵：governor oil pump 伺服系统油泵：telemotor pump 饲槽自动泵：家畜自动引水泵：automatic trough pump 饲槽自动泵：家畜自动饮水泵：animal self-operated drinking water pump 塑料泵：plastic pump 碎渣泵：粉碎机泵：disintegrator pump 碎纸浆泵：brokepump 梭心转子泵：rotoplunger pump 梭心转子泵：shuttle-block pump 钛合金泵：titanium alloy pump 搪瓷泵：enamel linedpump 搪瓷衬里转子泵：enamel lined rotorpump 糖膏泵：massecuit pump 糖浆泵：syrup（extraction）pump 糖蜜泵：molasses pump 糖汁泵：sugar liquor pump 糖汁泵：〈浆〉汁泵：juice pump 陶瓷泵：ceramicpump 陶瓷酸泵：ceramic acidpump 梯形螺杆泵：trapezoid screw pump 甜菜泵：beetpump 甜菜根泵：beet tailspump 甜菜丝泵：cossettepump 通用泵：general servicepump 通用泵：ordinary pump 通用泵：universal pump 筒袋式泵：barrelpump 筒袋式油泵：barrel oil pump 凸轮泵：cam pump 凸轮转子式刮片泵：cam rotor vanepump 凸轮转子式刮片泵：cam-vanepump 土拉泵：旋流泵：Turo pump 托架固定泵：headstock mounted pump 托架固定泵：pedestal mounted pump 拖拉机泵：tractor pump 挖泥泵：dredging pump 外混合型自吸泵：self-priming pump with outer recirculation 外啮合齿轮泵：external gear pump 外啮合齿轮泵：gear-on-gearpump 外配流径向活塞泵：peripherally ported radial piston pump 外配流径向活塞泵：radial piston pump with exterior admission 外循环形屏蔽泵：canned motor pump with outer recirculationpump 外轴承泵：pump with external bearing(s) 往复泵：oscillating displacement pump 往复泵：reciprocating pump 往复式深井泵：borehole reciprocatingpump 微计量泵：micro-metering pump 围垦泵：dyke drainagepump 尾矿泵：tailings pump 卫生泵：sanitary pump 温水泵：warm water pump 涡壳泵：volute pump 卧式泵：horizontal pump 污泥泵：sludge pump 污水泵：effluentpump 污水泵：sewage pump 污水泵：waster water 污水泛灌泵：sewage broad irrigation pump 污水喷灌泵：sewage irrigation spray pump 无阀隔膜泵：valveless diaphragm pump无阀活塞泵：valveless pump 无阀振动泵：valveless vibration pump 无接触密封自吸泵：nontacting sealed selfpriming pump 无曲柄泵：cranklesspump 无曲柄多缸泵：crank-less multicylinderpump 无曲柄污水泵：crankless sewagepump 无曲柄消防泵：crankless firepump 无叶片泵：bladelesspump 无轴封泵：glandlesspump 无轴封计量泵：glandless meteringpump 五螺杠泵：five screwpump 吸附真空泵：adsorption vacuum pump 吸入增压泵：suction booster pump 吸收泵：absorption pump 吸收泵：sorption pump 吸水箱水泵：suction box water pump 吸水箱水泵：Sven-Pedersen pump 洗舱泵：butterworthpump 洗矿用泵：ore washing pump 洗煤用泵：coal washingpump 洗气泵：gas washingpump 相对叶轮泵：背靠背叶轮泵：pump with opposed impellers 箱筒抽空泵：barrel emptyingpump 向心泵：centripetalpump 消防泵：fire（fighting）pump 消防喷淋系统供水泵：sprinkler system supply pump 消化污泥泵，腐泥泵，吸泥泵：digeated sludgepump 斜板泵：inclined rotor pump 斜板泵：obleque plate pump 斜齿齿轮泵：helical gear pump 斜缸型轴向柱塞泵：tilting cylinder block type axial plunger 斜盘式（往复）泵：swash plate operated（reciprocating）pump 斜盘式轴向活塞泵：cam plate type axial pistonpump 斜盘式轴向活塞泵：wobble plate axial piston pump 斜置轴流泵：inclined axial flow pump 斜轴式轴向活塞泵：angle-type axial piston pump 斜轴式轴向活塞泵：bent axis axial pistonpump 谐振隔膜泵：resonance diaphragm pump 泄洪泵：flood drainagepump 行星转子型蠕动泵：planet rotor pelstaltic pump 蓄能泵：storage pump 悬臂叶轮泵：pump with overhung impeller 悬浮污泥泵：floating sludgepump 悬浮液泵：suspension pump 悬挂式泵：suspended pump 旋浆泵：propeller pump 旋流泵：土拉泵：torque flow pump 旋涡泵（美）：Westco pump 旋涡泵：peripheral pump 旋涡泵：regenerative pump 旋涡泵：vortex pump 循环泵：circulatingpump 压电泵：piezoelectric pump 压力补偿齿轮泵：pressure-balanced gear pump 压力水柜泵：hydrophor pump 压力油泵：pressure oil pump 压缩空气驱动泵：air operated pump 压缩空气驱动泵：compressed airpump 压载泵：ballastpump 盐水泵：brinepump 叶轮串并联泵：pump with series or parallel connection impellers 叶片泵：rotodynamic pump 叶片泵：turbo pump 叶片泵：vane pump 叶片可逆转的泵-水轮机：turbine pump with reversible blades 液化天然气用低温泵：cryopump for LNG 液环泵：liquid ring pump 液态金属泵：pump for liquid metals 液体泵：liquid pump 液体肥料泵：liquid manure pump 液体肥料喷射泵：liquid manure spraying pump 液体活塞式转子真空泵：rotary vaccum pump with liquid piston 液体火箭涡轮泵：liquid rocket turbo pump 液体喷射泵：liquid ejector pump 液压泵：hydraulic pump 液压活塞泵：hydraulic piston pump 液氧泵：liquid oxygen pump 医用泵：medical pump 饮用水泵：drinking water pump 应急泵：emergencypump 应急泵：jury pump 硬铅泵：hard lead pump 油泵：oil pump 油罐残油泵：tank residue pump 油罐车泵：tanker pump 油扩散泵：oil diffusion pump 油冷却泵：oil cooler pump 油轮用泵：oil tanker's pump 油喷射泵：oil ejector pump 油喷射增压泵：oil ejector booster pump 油田泵：oil field pump 油蒸汽喷射泵：oil vapour jet pump 诱导轮离心泵：centrifugalpump with inducer 鱼泵：fishpump 原生污泥泵：crude sludgepump 原生污泥泵：raw sludge pump 原生污水泵：crude sewagepump 原生污水泵：raw sewage pump 原油泵：crude oilpump 原汁泵：raw juice pump 原汁循环泵：raw juice circulating pump 圆筒感应泵：cylindric inductionpump 载热剂泵：heat transfer pump 再循环泵：recycle pump 增压泵：boostingpump 增压给水泵：booster-feed 增压扩散泵：booster diffusionpump 渣泵：bagassepump 粘浆泵：cellulose pulp pump 真空泵：vacuum pump 蒸汽泵：steam pump 蒸汽喷射泵：steam jet pump 蒸汽喷射真空泵：steam jet vaccum 蒸汽直动活塞泵：direct acting steam pump 蒸煮锅放泄泵：digester drain pump 蒸煮锅酸液循环泵：digester acid circulatingpump 正齿轮泵：spur gear pump 直接安装泵：direct mounted pump 直联泵：unit construction pump 直联泵：单体泵：monoblock pump 直列式柱塞泵，管道泵：in-linepump 直列式柱塞泵：in-line plungerpump 直通活塞泵（美）：straight way type piston pump 直通活塞泵：straight through type piston pump 值勤泵：duty pump 值勤泵：service pump 纸浆泵：paper stock pump 纸浆废水泵：stock drain water pump 纸浆水泵：浆水泵：pulp water pump 纸浆稀释水泵：stock water pump 中比转速泵：medium specific speed pump 中开泵：axially splitpump 中开泵：水平中开泵：horizontal split pump 中速离心泵：moderate-speed centrifugal pump 中压泵：middle pressure pump 中央密封式活塞泵：centre-packed type pistonpump 重介质选矿泵：heavy medium washery pump 轴承架固定式泵：pump for with bearing bracket 轴流泵：axial flow 轴配流径向活塞泵：pintle valve radial piston pump 轴配流径向活塞泵：valve spindle radial piston pump 轴吸泵：axial inlet pump 轴向单吸液循环泵：axial single entry liquid ringpump 轴向活塞泵：axial piston pump 轴向间隙压力补偿齿轮泵：gearpump with pressure-dependent axial clearance 轴向间隙压力补偿齿轮泵：gearpump with pressurized side plate 轴向双吸液环泵：axial double entry liquid ring pump 轴向吸入泵：axial suctionpump 轴向柱塞泵：axial plungerpump 主泵：main pump 主冷却剂增压泵：primary coolant booster pump 主循环泵：main circulating pump 柱塞泵：plunger pump 柱塞泵：ram pump 柱塞计量泵：plunger metering pump 铸钢泵：cast steelpump 铸铁泵：all iron pump 转子泵：rotor pump 转子隔膜泵：rotor diaphragm pump 转子滑片泵：roller vane pump 转子可抽出式泵pump with withdrawable rotor assembly 转子可抽出式泵：pull-out type pump 装入式泵：built-inpump 装入式泵：integral pump 装载泵：loading pump 自灌泵：self-filling pump 自来水泵：water service pump 自吸泵：self-priming pump 自由活塞泵：free pistonpump 纵倾平衡泵：trimming pump 钻井冲洗泵：borehole flushingpump本文出自：;详细参考地址:/viewthread.php?tid=4796。

安森美半导体精英电源仿真器用户指南说明书

Elite Power SimulatorUser Guide1 2 31 2 3onsemi’s online Elite Power Simulator Powered by •PLECS is a system level simulator that facilitates the modeling and simulation of complete systems with optimized device models for maximum speed and accuracy.PLECS is not a SPICE-based circuit simulator, where the focus is on low-levelbehavior of circuit components .•Power transistors are treated as simple switches that can be easily configured to demonstrate losses associated with conduction and switching transitions.•The PLECS models, referred to as “thermal models”, are composed of lookup tables for conduction and switching losses, along with a thermal chain in the form of a Cauer or Foster equivalent network.•During simulation, PLECS interpolates and/or extrapolates using the loss tables to get the bias point conduction and switching losses for the circuit operation./elite-power-simulatorElite Power Simulator FeaturesBroad Range ofCircuit Topologies Covering DC-DC, AC-DC, and DC-AC applications, including 32 circuit topologies in industrial (DC fast charging, UPS, ESS, solar inverters), automotive (OBC, traction), and non-traction spacesCorner SimulationCapability onsemi’s PLECS models go beyond nominal data from datasheets to include industry first corner simulation based on physical correlations in the manufacturing environment.Soft Switching Models onsemi provides industry first PLECS models valid for soft switchingapplications such as DC-DC LLC and CLLC Resonant, Dual Active Bridge, and Phase Shifted Full Bridge.Loss & Thermal DataPlottingExplore device conduction loss,switching energy loss, and thermalimpedance in a multifunctional 3Ddata visualization utility.Custom PLECS ModelUploadInterface with onsemi’s industry firstSelf-Service PLECS ModelGenerator(SSPMG) to simulate withmodels tailored to your application.Flexible Design &Fast Simulation ResultsFlexible to capture adjustments tovarious attributes such as, gate driveimpedance, cooling designs, andload profiling./elite-power-simulatoronsemi’s State-of-the-Art PLECS Models•Typical industry PLECS models are composed of measurement-based loss tables that are consistent with datasheets provided by the manufacturer.There are four major problems with this approach:1.The switching energy loss data is dependent on the parasitics of the measurements set ups and circuits.2.The conduction and switching energy loss data is limited and thus is often not dense enough to ensureaccurate interpolation and minimal extrapolation by PLECS.3.The loss data is based on nominal semiconductor process conditions only.4.The switching energy loss data comes from datasheet double pulse generated loss data. This means thePLECS models are only valid for hard switching topology simulation. The models are highly inaccurate if used in soft switching topology simulation.•onsemi’s Self-Service PLECS Model Generator (SSPMG) provides solutions to all four problems.•Ultimate power is delivered to the user to build PLECS models tailored for the user’s application. Unleash the power here: /self-plecs-generatorDeploying PLECS Models in Elite Power SimulatorCorner PLECS ModelsProcess ConditionR DSon , V th , BVCapacitance, Device RGConductionLossSwitching EnergyLossNominalNominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Best Case Conduction Loss, Worst Case Switching LossLow High Low High Worst Case Conduction Loss, Best Case Switching LossHighLowHighLow•Conventional PLECS models based on measurements are only valid for the typical or nominal process case in manufacturing. onsemi has developed accurate corner PLECS models based on real manufacturing distribution.•Physics dictates that worst case conduction and switching losses do not happen simultaneously for example.•Depending on the application, the influence of conduction and switching energy losses on the overall system performance will vary. The onsemi corner PLECS models provide the user the flexibility to investigate the entire correlated space.•Accurate corner and statistical modeling covered in detail in−SiC MOSFET Corner and Statistical SPICE Model Generation –Proceeding of International Symposium on Power Semiconductor Devices and ICs (ISPSD), pp. 154-147, September 2020•For Hard Switching , the conventional Double Pulse Test is the good method to calculate losses for models.•For Soft Switching , it depends on the topology and the operating mode (Transition or Switching)−The Double Pulse Test is NOT representative of SoftSwitching. Using double pulse switching energy losses in the simulation of a Soft Switching Topology is highly inaccurate.−A Soft Switching energy loss schematic is implemented in SSPMG to deliver Soft Switching models accurate for topologies such asDC-DC LLC and CLLC Resonant, Dual Active Bridge, Phase Shifted Full Bridge, othersHard vs. Soft Switching Energy LossesH a r d S w i t c h i n g S o f t S w i t c h i n gOutline of User Guide123Access Elite Power Simulator with MYON AccountMYON MyON is required to use the Elite Power SimulatorLoginReturning UserFirst Time UserAccess Through Direct Link or Product PageIn addition to direct access to the Elite Power Simulator/elite-power-simulatorAccess is available on each EliteSiC Product Page.Learn more about EliteSiC at/silicon-carbideOutline of User Guide123Step 1: Select Application and TopologyApplication choice filters the available topologiesBasic circuit schematic displayedTopologiesgrouped byconverter classStep 2: Select DeviceInputs used to filtervalid devicesChoose discretes ormodulesSelect device to move onto next step Direct datasheet downloadStep 3: Configure Device Set parallel devicesLink to product pageUpload custom PLECS model from onsemi’s Self-Service PLECS Model Generator (SSPMG)Set circuit RGSet deviceprocess corner condition View loss and thermal dataView Device Loss Data SelectMOSFET orBody DiodeToggle on/offtemperatures in 3D plotInteractive 3D plotToggle table datawith temperature View loss dataView Device Thermal Data View thermal chainStep 4: Configure Circuit ParametersSet Circuit parameters, varies by topologySet modulation scheme, varies by topologyStep 5: Configure CoolingSet Thermal interface resistanceConfigure Heat sink as ideal with fixed temperatureor input custom thermal impedanceCustom Heat Sink Thermal Impedance UtilityChoose Foster or Cauer formatwith automatic conversion featureUp to 5 rungs possibleToggle log/linear Y axisStep 6a: Run SimulationDetailed temperature, loss,and efficiency reportedPivot table,export csv LaunchSimulationStep 6b: View PlotsZooming and cursor featuresStep 6c: Compare Multiple Simulation CasesCompare•Device Selection•Device Configuration✓Corner process loss data✓SSPMG Model•Circuit Parameters•CoolingCompare Results Go back to steps 2, 3, 4, or 5 to make changesStep 7: Review Summary TableDownload PLECS ModelsHighlight rows to be print or downloaded to CSVLoad Profile SimulationTopologies with Load Profiling NPC inverter (1 phase, 3 level)NPC inverter (3 phase, 3 level)T-Type inverter (1 phase, 3 level)T-Type inverter (3 phase, 3 level)ANPC inverter (1 phase, 3 level)ANPC inverter (3 phase, 3 level)Inverter (3 phase, 2 level, grid load)Inverter (3 phase, 2 level, motor load)Traction Inverter (3 phase)•Load profile simulation enables power and thermal estimations at multiple, user-defined operating points •Simple intuitive flowLoad ProfileSet up parameter profilesSetupLinearrampingwhenstepped Set up time intervalschanges notenabledAdd orsubtracttimeintervals Real time plotting ofload profileparameters forinspection beforelaunching simulationLoad Profile Simulation Mission Profilesimulation button isenabled (orange)when any circuitparameter is enabledwith a load profileExample Load Profile Simulation ResultsLosses can be tracked over the load profileby enabling the cursor Junction TemperatureQuestion?Have questions, comments, or need support with your Self-Service PLECS Model Generator needs? We’re here to help! Write us an email at ********************.•Self-Service PLECS Model Generator: /self-plecs-generator•Elite Power Simulator: /elite-power-simulatorFollow Us @onsemi。

焊接领域的英文术语翻译

熔接fusion welding压接pressure welding焊接过程welding process焊接技术welding technique焊接工艺welding technology/procedure焊接操作welding operation焊接顺序welding sequence焊接方向direction of welding焊接位置welding position熔敷顺序build-up sequence焊缝倾角weld slope/inclination of weld axis焊缝转角weld rotation/angle of rotation平焊位置flat position of welding横焊位置horizontal position of welding立焊位置vertical position of welding仰焊位置overhead position of welding平焊downhand welding/flat position welding横焊horizontal position welding立焊vertical position welding仰焊overhead position welding向上立焊vertical up welding/upward welding in the vertical position 倾斜焊inclined position welding上坡焊upward welding in the inclined position下坡焊downward welding in the inclined position对接焊butt welding角焊fillet welding搭接焊lap welding船形焊fillet welding in the downhand position/fillet welding in the flat position 平角焊horizontal fillet welding立角焊fillet welding in the vertical position仰角焊fillet welding in the overhead position坡口焊groove weldingI形坡口对接焊square butt welding喇叭形坡口焊 flare groove welding卷边焊flanged edge welding纵缝焊接welding of longitudinal seam横缝焊接welding of transverse seam环缝焊接girth welding/ circumferential螺旋缝焊接welding of spiral seam/welding of helical seam双面焊welding by both sides单道焊single pass welding/single run welding多道焊multi-pass welding单层焊single layer welding多层焊multi-layer welding分段多层焊block sequence/ block welding分层多道焊multi-layer and multi-pass welding连续焊continuous welding断续焊intermittent welding打底焊backing weld封底焊back sealing weld盖面焊cosmetic welding深熔焊deep penetration welding摆动焊welding with weaving/weave bead welding前倾焊 foreward welding (英国)/ forehand welding (美国)后倾焊 backward welding(英国)/ backhand welding(美国)分段退焊backstep welding跳焊skip welding对称焊balanced welding/ balanced welding sequence左焊法leftward welding forehand welding右焊法rightward welding/backhand welding挑弧焊whipping method自动焊automatic welding手工焊manual welding/hand welding车间焊接shop welding工地焊接site welding(英国)/ field welding (美国)拘束焊接restraint welding堆焊surfacing/building up/overlaying隔离层堆焊buttering端部周边焊boxing/end return返修焊rewelding补焊repair welding塞焊plug welding槽焊slot welding衬垫焊welding with backing焊剂垫焊welding with flux backing窄间隙焊narrow-gap welding强制成形焊enclosed welding脉冲电弧焊pulsed are welding电弧点焊arc spot welding螺柱焊stud welding热风焊hot gas welding高能焊high grade energy welding单面焊双面成形one-side welding with back formation 焊接条件welding condition焊接工艺参数welding parameter极性polarity正接electrode negative/straight polarity反接electrode positive/reversed polarity运条方式manipulation of electrode焊接电流welding current焊接电流增加时间welding current upslope time焊接电流衰减时间welding current downslope time电流密度current density短路电流short circuit current脉冲电流pulse level/pulse current level脉冲电流幅值pulse current amplitude基值电流background level脉冲频率pulse frequency脉冲焊接电流占空比duty cycle of pulse duration电弧电压arc voltage再引弧电压reignition voltage焊接速度welding speed行走速度rate of travel/travel speed送丝速度wire feed rate线能量heat input/energy input热输入heat input预热preheat后热postheat焊后热处理posweld heat treatment/postheat treatment预热温度preheat temperature层间温度interpass temperature焊接终了温度finishing temperature后热温度postheating temperature焊丝伸出长度wire extension弧长arc length熔化速度melting rate熔化时间melting time熔化系数melting coefficient熔敷速度rate of deposition/deposition rate熔敷系数deposition coefficient熔敷效率deposition efficiency损失系数loss coefficient飞spatter飞溅率spatter loss coefficient融合比fusion ratio稀释dilution稀释率rate of dilution合金过度系数transfer efficiency/recovery (of an element)坡口groove坡口面groove face坡口面角度angle of bevel (英国)/ bevel angle (美国)坡口角度included angle(英国)/groove angle(美国)坡口高度groove depth钝边root face钝边高度thickness of root face/width of root face根部间隙root gap(英国)/root opening (美国)根部半径root radius/groove radius根部锐边root edge卷边高度height of flange卷边半径radius of flange单面坡口single groove双面坡口double groove坡口形式groove typeI形坡口square grooveV形坡口single V grooveY形坡口single V groove with root face带钝边U形坡口single U groove带钝边双U形坡口double U grooveVY形坡口single compound angle groove带钝边J形坡口single J groove带钝边双J形坡口double J groove单边V形坡口single bevel groove双V形坡口double V groove不对称双V形坡口 asymmetric double V groove双单边V形坡口 double bevel groove/K groove带垫板V形坡口 V groove with backing/ single V groove with backing 喇叭形坡口flare groove锁底坡口single bevel groove with backing locked坡形板边 tapered edge焊缝 weld接逢 seam焊缝符号 welding symbol焊缝金属 weld metal填充金属 filler metal熔敷金属 deposited metal焊缝表面weld face/ face of weld焊缝背面 back of weld焊缝轴线axis of weld焊缝尺寸 size of weld焊缝宽度weld width/ width of weld焊缝长度 weld length/ length of weld焊缝有效长度 effective length of weld 焊缝厚度 throat depth/ throat thickness 焊缝计算厚度theoretical throat焊缝实际厚度actual throat熔深penetration/ depth of penetration 焊缝成形appearance of weld焊缝成形系数form factor of weld余高 reinforcement/ excess weld metal 背面余高root reinforcement削平焊缝flush weld/ weld machined flush 对接焊缝butt weld角焊缝fillet焊脚leg/ fillet weld leg角焊缝断面形状profile of fillet weld平形角焊缝flat fillet凸形角焊缝convex fillet weld凹形角焊缝concave fillet weld角焊缝凹度concavity侧面角焊缝side fillet weld/ fillet weld in parallel shear 正面角焊缝front fillet weld/ fillet weld in normal shear 立角焊缝fillet weld in the vertical position横角焊缝fillet weld in the horizontal position平角焊缝fillet weld in the flat position斜角焊缝oblique fillet weld连续焊缝continuous weld断续焊缝intermittent weld连续角焊缝continuous fillet weld断续角焊缝intermittent fillet weld交错断续角焊缝staggered intermittent fillet weld并列断续角焊缝chain intermittent fillet weld端接焊缝edge weld卷边焊缝flanged edge weld塞焊焊缝plug weld纵向焊缝longitudinal weld横向焊缝transverse weld环行焊缝girth weld/ circumferential weld螺旋形焊缝spiral weld/ helical weld密封焊缝seal weld承载焊缝strength weld联系焊缝connective weld定位焊缝tack weld焊道bead/ run/ pass焊波ripple焊根weld root/ root of weld焊趾weld toe/ toe封底焊道sealing run (after making main weld)/ back weld打底焊道backing weld (before making main weld)/ back weld根部焊道root pass/ root run填充焊道filling bead盖面焊道cosmetic bead/ cover pass回火焊道temper bead/ annealing bead熔透焊道penetration bead焊层 layer焊接接头welded joint接头形状joint geometry等强匹配接头equalmatching weld joint低强匹配接头undermatching weld joint超强匹配接头overmatching weld joint接头根部root of joint对接接头butt jointI形对接接头square butt jointV形对接接头single V butt jointU形对接接头single U butt jointJ形坡口接头single J butt joint双V形对接接头double V butt joint双单边V形对接接头double bevel butt joint/ K groove butt joint 带钝边U形对接接头double U butt joint带钝边J形坡口接头double J joint角接接头corner jointT形接头T joint斜T形接头inclined T joint十字接头cruciform joint/ cross-shaped joint三联接头joint among three members搭接接头lap joint套管接头muff joint/ sleeve joint双盖板接头double strapped joint盖板接头strapped joint端接接头edge joint卷边接头flanged edge joint锁底对接接头lock butt joint斜对接接头oblique butt joint混合接头mixed joint/ composite joint有间隙接头open joint无间隙接头closed joint焊接电弧welding arc电弧形态arc shape电弧物理行为arc physics behaviour引弧striking arc引弧电压striking voltage电弧气氛arc atmosphere阴极cathode热阴极hot cathode冷阴极cold cathode阴极斑点cathode spot阴极区cathode region阴极区电场强度intensity of the electric field in the cathode region 阴极压降cathode drop阳极anode阳极斑点anode spot斑点压力spot pressure阳极区anode region阳极区电场强度intensity of the electric field in the anode region 阳极压降anode drop弧柱arc column/ arc stream弧柱压降voltage drop in arc column弧柱电位梯度potential gradient in the arc column弧焰arc flame弧心arc core硬电弧forceful arc/ hard arc软电弧soft arc旋转电弧rotating arc脉冲电弧pulsed arc脉冲喷射电弧pulsed spray arc起皱现象puckering phenomena起皱电弧puckering arc起皱临界电流 puckering critical current间接电弧 indirect arc压缩电弧 compressive arc磁控电弧 magnetic controlling arc电弧力 arc force电磁力 electromagnectic force电磁收缩效应 pinch effect电弧飘移 wandering of arc电弧稳定性 arc stability电弧静特性 static characteristic of arc电弧动特性 dynamic characteristic of arc最小电压原理 principle of minimum voltage 电弧挺度arc stiffness电弧偏吹 arc blow磁偏吹 magnetic blow阴极清理作用 cleaning action of the cathode 电弧自身调节 arc self-regulation挖掘作用 digging action极性效应 polarity effect熔滴 droplet熔滴比表面积 specific surface of droplet熔滴过渡metal transfer过度频率 transition frequency粗滴过渡globular transfer; drop transfer短路过渡short circuiting transfer喷射过渡spray transfer旋转喷射过渡 rotating spray transfer脉冲喷射过渡 pulsed spray transfer爆炸过渡 explosive transfer渣壁过渡 flux wall guided transfer熔池 molten pool沸腾状熔池 boiling molten pool弧坑crater熔渣slag渣系 slag system渣系相图 slag system diagram碱性渣 basic slag酸性渣 acid slag碱度 basicity酸度 acidity长渣 long slag短渣 short slag粘性熔渣 viscous slag氧化物型熔渣 oxide melting slag盐型熔渣 salt melting slag盐-氧化物型熔渣 salt-oxide melting slag熔渣流动性 fluidity of the slag; slag fluidity熔渣solidified slag多孔焊渣 porous slag玻璃状焊渣 vitreous slag自动脱落焊渣 self-releasing slag脱渣性 slag detachability电焊机 electric welding machine; electric welder焊接电源 welding power source焊接热循环 weld thermal cycle焊接温度场 field of weld temperature; weld temperature field 准稳定温度场 quasi-stationary temperature field焊接热源 welding heat source点热源 point heat source线热源 linear heat source面热源 plane heat source瞬时集中热源 instantaneous concentration heat source热效率 thermal efficiency热能集中系数 coefficient of heat flow concentration峰值温度 peak temperature瞬时冷却速度 momentary cooling rate冷却时间 cooling time置换氧化 substitutionary oxydation扩散氧化 diffusible oxydation脱氧 desoxydation先期脱氧 precedent desoxydation扩散脱氧 diffusible desoxydation沉淀脱氧 precipitation desoxydation扩散氢 diffusible hydrogen初始扩散氢 initial diffusible hydrogen100℃残余扩散氢 diffusible hydrogen remained at 残余氢 residual hydrogen去氢 dehydrogenation去氢热处理 heat treatment for dehydrogenation 脱硫 desulphurization脱磷 dephosphorization渗合金 alloying微量合金化 microalloying一次结晶组织 primary solidification structure 二次结晶组织 secondary solidification structure 联生结晶 epitaxial solidification焊缝结晶形态 solidification mode in weld-bead 结晶层状线 ripple多边化边界 polygonization boundary结晶平均线速度 mean solidification rate针状铁素体 acicular ferrite条状铁素体 lath ferrite侧板条铁素体 ferrite side-plate晶界欣素体 grain boundary ferrite; polygonal ferrite; pro-entectoid ferrite 粒状贝氏体 granular bainite板条马氏体 lath martensite过热组织 overheated structure冷裂判据 criterion of cold cracking冷裂敏感系数 cold cracking susceptibity coefficient脆性温度区间 brittle temperature range氢脆 hydrogen embrittlement层状偏析 lamellar segregation愈合 healing effect断口金相fractography断口 fracture延性断口 ductile fracture韧窝断口dimple fracture脆性断口 brittle fracture解理断口 cleavage fracture准解理断口 quasi-cleavage fracture氢致准解理断口 hydrogen-embrittlement induced沿晶断口 intergranular fracture穿晶断口 transgranular fracture疲劳断口 fatigue fracture滑移面断口 glide plane fracture断口形貌 fracture apperance断口试验 fracture test宏观断口分析 macrofractography放射区 radical zone纤维区 fibrous zone剪切唇区 shear lip aone焊接性weldability使用焊接性 service weldability工艺焊接性 fabrication weldability冶金焊接性 metallurgical weldability热焊接性 thermal weldability母材 base metal; parent metal焊接区 weld zone焊态 as-welded (AW)母材熔化区 fusion zone半熔化区 partial melting region未混合区 unmixed zone熔合区 bond area熔合线 weld junction (英)；bond line (美)热影响区 heat-affected zone (HAZ)过热区 overheated zone粗晶区 coarse grained region细晶区 fine grained region硬化区 hardened zone碳当量 carbon equivalent铬当量 chromium equivalent镍当量 nickel equivalent舍夫勒组织图 Schaeffler’s diagram德龙组织图 Delong’s diagram连续冷却转变图（CCT图）continuous cooling transformation裂纹敏感性 cracking sensibility焊接裂纹 weld crack焊缝裂纹 weld metal crack焊道裂纹 bead crack弧坑裂纹crater crack热影响区裂纹 heat-affected zone crack纵向裂纹 longitudinal crack横向裂纹 transverse crack微裂纹 micro-crack; micro-fissure热裂纹 hot crack凝固裂纹 solidification crack晶间裂纹 intercrystalline crack穿晶裂纹 transcrystalline crack多边化裂纹 polygonization crack液化裂纹 liquation crack失延裂纹 ductility-dip crack冷裂纹 cold crack延迟裂纹 delayed crack氢致裂纹 hydrogen-induced crack焊道下裂纹 underbead crack焊根裂纹 root crack焊趾裂纹 toe crack锯齿形裂纹 chevron cracking消除应力处理裂纹 stress relief annealing crack (SR crack)焊缝晶间腐蚀 weld intercryctalline corrosion刀状腐蚀 knife line attack敏化区腐蚀 weld decay层状撕裂 lamellar tearing焊接性试验 weldability裂纹试验 cracking testIIW裂纹试验 IIW cracking testY形坡口裂纹试验 slit type cracking test分块形槽热裂纹试验 segmented circular groove cracking testH形裂纹试验 H-type cracking test鱼骨形裂纹试验 fishbone cracking test指形裂纹试验 finger (cracking) testT形裂纹试验 Tee type cracking test环形槽裂纹试验 circular-groove cracking test可调拘束裂纹试验 varestraint testBWRA奥氏体钢裂纹试验 BWRA cracking test for austenitie steel圆棒裂纹试验 bar type cracking test; round bar cracking test里海裂纹试验 Lehigh restraint cracking test圆形镶块裂纹试验 circular-path cracking test十字接头裂纹试验 cruciform cracking testZ向窗口拘束裂纹试验 Z-direction window type restraint cracking test G-BOP焊缝金属裂纹试验 G-BOP weld metal crack test巴特尔焊道下裂纹试验 Battelle type underbead cracking testU形拉伸试验 U-tension test缪雷克期热裂纹试验 Murex hot cracking test菲斯柯裂纹试验 FISCO (type) cracking testCTS裂纹试验 controlled thermal severity拉伸拘束裂纹试验（TRC试验）tensile restraint cracking test刚性拘束裂纹试验（RRC试验）rigid restraint cracking test插销试验 implant test柯麦雷尔弯曲试验 Kommerell bead bend test肯泽尔弯曲试验 Kinzel test缺口弯曲试验 notch bend test热朔性试验 hot-ductility test热影响区冲击试验 impact test of HAZ热影响区模拟试验 synthetic heat-affected zone test最高硬度试验 maximum hardness test落锤试验 NRL (Naval Research Laboratory)测氢试验 Hydrogen test焊接材料welding consumables电极electrode熔化电极consumable electrode不熔化电极nonconsumable electrode钨电极tungsten electrode焊丝welding wire. Welding rod实心焊丝solid wire渡铜焊丝copper-plating welding wire自保护焊丝self-shielded welding wire药芯焊丝flux-cored wire复合焊丝combined wire堆焊焊丝surfacing welding rod填充焊丝filler wire焊条electrode/ covered electrode焊芯core wire药皮coating (of an electrode)/ covering (of an electrode)涂料coating flux/coating material造气剂gas forming constituents造渣剂slag forming constituents合金剂alloying constituent脱氧剂dioxidizer粘接剂binder水玻璃water glass水玻璃模数modules of water glass酸性焊条acid electrode高钛型焊条high titania (type) electrode钛钙型焊条lime titania type electrode钛铁矿形焊条ilmenite type electrode氧化铁型焊条iron oxide type electrode/ high iron oxide type electrode高纤维素型焊条high cellulose (type) electrode石墨型焊条graphite type electrode碱性焊条basic electrode/ lime type covered electrode低氢型焊条low hydrogen type electrode高韧性超低氢焊条high toughness super low hydrogen electrode奥氏体焊条austenitic electrode铁素体焊条ferritic electrode不锈钢焊条stainless steel electrode珠光体耐热钢焊条pearlitic heat resistant steel electrode低温钢焊条low temperature steel electrode/ steel electrode for low temperature 铝合金焊条aluminum alloy arc welding electrode铜合金焊条copper-alloy arc welding electrode铜芯铸铁焊条cast iron electrode with steel core纯镍铸铁焊条pure nickel cast iron electrode球墨铸铁焊条electrode for welding spheroidal graphite cast iron铸芯焊条electrode with cast core wire镍基合金焊条nickel base alloy covered electrode蒙乃尔焊条Monel electrode纯铁焊条pure iron electrode渗铝钢焊条alumetized steel electrode高效率焊条high efficiency electrode铁粉焊条iron powder electrode底层焊条backing welding electrode深熔焊条deep penetration electrode重力焊条gravity electrode立向下焊条electrode for vertical down position welding节能焊条saving energy electrode水下焊条underwater welding electrode耐海水腐蚀焊条seawater corrosion resistant steel electrode低尘低毒焊条low-fume and harmfulless electrode/low-fume and low-toxic electrode堆焊焊条surfacing electrode耐磨堆焊焊条hardfacing electrode钴基合金堆焊焊条cobalt base alloy surfacing electrode碳化钨堆焊焊条tungsten carbide surfacing electrode高锰钢堆焊焊条high manganese steel surfacing electrode双芯焊条twin electrode绞合焊条stranded electrode编织焊条braided electrode双层药皮焊条double coated electrode管状焊条flux-cored electrode气渣联合保护型药皮semi-volatile covering焊条工艺性usability of the electrode/ technicality of the electrode焊条使用性running characteristics of an electrode/ operating characteristics of anelectrode焊条熔化性melting characteristics of an electrode焊条偏心度eccentricity (of an electrode)药皮重量系数gravity coefficient of coating焊条药皮含水量percentage of moisture for covering焊条夹吃持端bare terminal (of an electrode)焊条引弧端striking end (of an elcetrode)焊剂welding flux/ flux熔炼焊剂fused flux粘结焊剂bonded flux烧结焊剂sintered flux/ agglomerated flux窄间隙埋弧焊焊剂flux for narrow-gap submerged arc welding 低氢型焊剂low hydrogen type flux高速焊剂high speed welding flux无氧焊剂oxygen-free flux低毒焊剂low poison flux磁性焊剂magnetic flux电弧焊 arc welding直流电弧焊 direct current arc welding交流电弧焊 alternating current arc welding三相电弧焊 three phase arc welding熔化电弧焊 arc welding with consumable金属极电弧焊 metal arc welding不熔化极电弧焊 arc welding with nonconsumable碳弧焊 carbon arc welding明弧焊 open arc welding焊条电弧焊 shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)重力焊gravity welding躺焊 fire cracker welding电弧堆焊 arc surfacing自动堆焊 automatic surfacing带极堆焊 surfacing with band-electrode振动电弧堆焊 vibratory arc surfacing耐磨堆焊 hardfacing埋弧焊 submerged arc welding (SAW)多丝埋弧焊multiple wire submerged arc welding纵列多丝埋弧焊 Tandem sequence (submerged-arc welding)横列多丝埋弧焊 series submerged arc welding (SAW-S)横列双丝并联埋弧焊 transverse submerged arc welding热丝埋弧焊 hot wire submerged-arc welding窄间隙埋弧焊 narrow-gap submerged arc welding弧压反馈电弧焊 arc voltage feedback controlling arc welding 自调节电弧焊 self-adjusting arc welding适应控制焊接 adaptive control welding焊剂层 burden; flux layer气体保护电弧焊 gas shielded arc welding保护气体 protective atmosphere惰性气体 inert-gas活性气体 active-gas惰性气体保护焊 inert-gas (arc) welding氩弧焊 argon arc welding熔化极惰性气体保护电弧焊 metal inert-gas arc welding钨极氢弧焊 argon tungsten arc welding脉冲氢弧焊 pulsed argon arc welding熔化极脉冲氢弧焊 argon metal pulsed arc welding钨极脉冲氢弧焊 argon tungsten pulsed arc welding热丝MIG焊 hot wire MIG welding热丝TIG焊 hot wire TIG welding氨弧焊 helium-arc welding活性气体保护电弧焊 metal active-gas arc welding混合气体保护电弧焊 mixed gas arc welding二氧化碳气体保护电弧焊 carbon-dioxide arc welding; CO2 arc welding 细丝CO2焊 CO2 arc welding with thin wire粗丝CO2焊 CO2 arc welding with thick wire磁性焊剂CO2焊 unionarc welding药芯焊丝CO2焊 arcos arc process; dual shield arc welding气电立焊 electrogas (arc) welding氮弧焊 nitrogen-arc welding水蒸气保护电弧焊 water vapour arc welding原子氢焊 atomic hydrogen welding冲器室中电弧焊 controlled atmosphere arc welding旋转电弧焊 rotating arc welding短路过渡电弧焊 short circuiting arc welding焊丝横摆频率 weaving speed of wire焊丝停摆时间 electrode keep time of slider等离子弧焊 plasma arc welding (PAW)等离子弧 plasma arc等离子流 plasma jet转移弧 transferred arc非转移弧 nontransferred arc联合型等离子弧 combined plasma arc主弧 main arc维弧 pilot arc维弧电流 pilot arc surrent双弧临界电流 critical current of double arcing等离子弧焊枪 plasma (welding) torch压缩喷嘴 constricting nozzle单孔喷嘴 single port nozzle多孔喷嘴 multiport nozzle压缩喷嘴孔径 orifice diameter孔道长度 orifice throat length孔道比 orifice throat ratio等离子气 plasma gas; orifice gas电极内缩长度 electrode setback小孔效应 keyhole effect小孔型等离子弧焊 keyhole-mode welding熔透型等离子弧焊 fusion type plasma arc welding大电流等离子弧焊 high-current plasma arc welding中电流等离子弧焊 intermediate-current plasma arc welding 小电流等离子弧焊 low-current plasma arc welding微束等离子弧焊 micro-plasma arc welding交流等离子弧焊 AC plasma arc welding脉冲等离子弧焊 pulsed plasma arc welding等离子弧堆焊plasma arc surfacing热丝等离子弧堆焊 hot wire plasma arc surfacing粉末等离子弧堆焊 plasma arc powder surfacing等离子-熔化极惰性气体保护电弧焊 plasma MIG welding转移弧电源 transferred arc power supply非转移弧电源 nontransferred arc power supply电弧焊设备 arc welding equipment电弧焊机 arc welding machine直流弧焊机 DC arc welding machine交流弧焊机 AC arc welding machine交直流两用弧焊机 AC/DC arc welding machine单站弧焊机 single operator arc welding machine多站弧焊机 multi-operator arc welding set固定式弧焊机 stationary arc welding machine移动式弧焊机 portable arc welding machine台式弧焊机 bench arc welding machine内燃机驱动式弧焊机 combustion engine driven arc welding set电动机驱动式弧焊机 motor driven arc welding set熔化极弧焊机 arc welding machine using a consumable electrode不熔化极弧焊机 arc welding machine using a non-consumable electrode 脉冲弧焊机 pulsed arc welding machine气体保护弧焊机 gas shielded arc welding machine氩弧焊机 argon arc welding machine钨极惰性气体保护弧焊机 tungsten inert-gas welding machine熔化仍惰性气体保护弧焊机 metal inert-gas welding machine气电立焊机 electrogas (arc) welding machine等离子弧焊机 plasma arc welding machine微束等离子弧焊机 micro-plasma welding equipment原子氢焊机 atomic hydrogen welding apparatus埋弧焊机 submerged arc welding machine弧焊电源 arc welding power source直流弧焊电源 DC arc welding power source交流弧焊电源 AC arc welding power source交直流两用弧焊电源 AC/DC arc welding power source脉冲弧焊电源 pulsed arc welding power source上升特性弧焊电源 rising characteristic arc welding power source平特性弧焊电源 constant –voltage arc welding power source下降特性弧焊电源 dropping characteristic arc welding power source垂降特性弧焊电源 constant-current arc welding power source多特性弧焊电源 slope-controlled arc welding power source逆变式焊接电源 inverter welding power source晶体管弧焊电源 transistor arc welding power source电源动特性 dynamic characteristic电源外特性 external characteristic弧焊变压器 arc welding transformer弧焊整流器 arc welding rectifier硅弧焊整流器 silicon arc welding rectifier晶闸管弧焊整流器 SCR arc welding rectifier; arc welding silicon controlled rectifier脉冲弧焊整流器 pulsed arc welding rectifier弧焊发电机 arc welding generator焊车 welding tractor焊接机头 welding head行走机构 traveller送丝机构 wire feeder等速送丝方式 constant wire-feed system变速送丝方式 alternate wire-feed system跟踪装置tracer焊丝盘 wire reel焊钳 electrode holder焊枪 welding gun电极夹 electrode holder导电嘴 tip; contact tube喷嘴 nozzle焊剂漏斗 flux-hopper高频振荡器 oscillator; HF unit脉冲引弧器 pulsed arc starter; surge injector脉冲稳弧器 pulsed arc stabilizer脉冲激弧器 pulsed arc exciter输出电抗器 out put reactor镇定变阻器 ballast rheostat直流分量抑制器 direct current suppressor焊接回路 welding circuit额定焊接电流 rated welding current焊接电流调节范围 range of welding current regulation 空载电压 open circuit voltage(no load voltage)约定负载电压 conventional load voltage额定负载持续率 rated duty cycle; standard service手工弧焊机 manual arc welding machine电焊渣 electroslag welding (ESW)手工电渣焊 manual electroslag welding丝极电渣焊 electroslag welding with wire electrode板极电渣焊 electroslag welding with plate electrode 熔嘴电渣焊 electroslag welding with consumable nozzle 管极电渣焊 electroslag welding with tube electrode窄间隙电渣焊 narrow-gap electroslag welding电渣堆焊 electroslag surfacing电渣焊机 electrosalg welding machine熔嘴 consumable nozzle; consumable wire钢档板 steel shoe (192页)钢冷却板 Cu-cooling plate铜滑板copper shoe渣池slag bath渣池深度depth of slag bath渣池电压voltage of slag bath电渣过程稳定性electroslag process stability焊丝间距distance between welding wires电子束焊electron beam welding (EBW)脉冲电子束焊pulsed electron beam welding加速电压acceleration voltage/ operating voltage电子束电流beam current电子束功率beam power电子束功率密度beam power density焦点focal spot焦距focal length工作距离work distance电子束焊机electron beam welding machine高真空电子束焊机full vacuum electron beam welder低真空电子束焊机partial vacuum electron beam welder 非真空电子束焊机nonvacuum electron beam welder真空度vacuum电子枪electron gun二极电子枪diode gun三极电子枪triode gun偏压电极bias electrode电磁透镜electromagnetic lens电子束偏转线圈electron beam deflection coils激光焊laser welding/ laser beam welding连续激光焊continuous laser welding脉冲激光焊impulsed laser welding激光焊机laser welding equipment气体激光器gas laser固体激光器solid laser焦斑直径focussed diameter of the beam离焦量clearance between focal point and (plate) surface 焊缝深宽比weld seam depth-to-width ratio气焊gas welding氧乙炔焊 oxy-acetylene welding氢氧焊 oxy-hydrogen welding空气乙炔焊 air-acetylene welding氧乙炔焊 oxy-acetylene flame氢氧焰 oxy-hydrogen flame氧煤气焰 oxy-coal gas flame焊接火焰 welding flame混合比 mixing ratio混合气体可燃范围 inflammable limit of the gaseous一次燃烧 primary combustion二次燃烧 secondary combustion燃烧速度 combustion rate燃烧强度 combustion intensity火焰热效率 flame heating efficiency焰芯 inner cone; flame cone内焰 internal flame外焰 flame envelope中性焰 neutral flame氧化焰 oxidizing flame碳化焰 carburizing flame回火 flashback逆火 backfire回烧 flashback气体发生速度 gasification speed焊炬 torch; blow pipe等压式焊炬 balanced pressure torch射吸式焊炬 injector torch氧乙炔焊炬 oxy-acetylene torch焊割两用炬 combined cutting and welding torch 混合室 mixing chamber喷射器 injector焊嘴 welding nozzle; welding tip液氧气化器 oxygen evaporator气瓶 gas cylinder乙炔瓶 acetylene cylinder阀罩 cylinder cap气瓶阀 cylinder valve汇流排 cylinder manifold减压器 pressure regulator; gas regulator单级减压器 single stage regulator两级减压器 two stage regulator回火防止器 flashback arrestor干式回火防止器 dry flashback arrestor水封式回火防止器 water-closing type arrestor净化器 purifier乙炔发生器 acetylene generator低压乙炔发生器 low pressure acetylene generator热剂补焊 thermit repair welding钢轨热剂焊 thermit rail welding热剂 thermit powder热剂钢水 thermit steel热剂反应 thermit reaction热剂溶渣 thermit slag热剂铸模 thermit mold; mold for thermit weld热剂坩埚 thermit crucible焊筋 collar水下焊 underwater welding水下气体保护电弧焊 underwater gas shielded arc welding水下等离子弧焊 underwater plasma arc welding温式水下焊wet method underwater welding干式水下焊 dry method underwater welding局部干式水下焊 local dry underwater welding水帘局部干式水下焊 water curtain type dry underwater welding 电阻焊 resistance welding (RW)点焊 spot welding; resistance spot welding凸焊 projection welding缝焊 seam welding滚点焊 roll-spot welding连续点焊 stitch welding多点焊 multiple spot welding手压点焊 push welding; poke welding脉冲点焊 pulsation spot welding; multiple-impulse welding 双面点焊 direct spot welding单面点焊 indirect spot welding串联点焊 series spot welding多点凸焊multiple projection welding频道进缝焊 step-by-step seam welding压平缝焊 mash seam welding串联缝焊 series seam welding对接缝焊 butt seam welding; foil-butt seam电阻对焊 upset butt welding闪光对焊 flash butt welding (FBW)储能焊 stored energy welding电容储能点焊 condenser discharge spot welding高频电阻焊 high frequency resistance welding冲击电阻焊 percussion welding胶接点焊 spot weld-bonding; weld-bonding闪光 flashing; flash过梁 bridge; lintel顶锻 upsetting; upset夹紧力 clamping force顶锻力 upsetting force; upset force电极压力 electrode force; electrode pressure电极滑移 electrode skid焊接循环 welding cycle预压时间 squeeze time锻压时间 forge-delay time; forge time焊接通电时间（电阻焊）welding time (resistance welding)预热时间 preheat time加热时间 heat time冷却时间 cool time间歇时间 quench time; chill time回火时间 temper time维持时间 hold time休止时间 off time闪光时间flash time; flashing time顶锻时间 upset time; upsetting time有电顶锻时间 upset current time无电顶锻时间 upset current-off time闪光速度 flashing speed闪光电流 flashing current; flash current顶锻电流 upset current预热电流 preheat current回火电流 temper current调伸长度 initial overhange; extension闪光留量 flash allowance顶锻留量 upset allowance顶锻速度 upset speed电极接触面 electrode contact surface贴合面 faying surface焊点 welding spot熔核 nugget熔核直径 diameter of nugget。

风电词汇4

比例带proportional band积分时间integral time, reset time微分时间derivation time干扰系数disturbance factor快速切负荷fast cut back(FCB)快速减负荷run back(RB)升负荷run up(RU)降负荷run down(RD)动态特性试验dynamic characteristic test静态特性试验static characteristic test扰动试验upset test开环试验open loop test闭环试验closed loop test方波响应试验square wave response curve调节器频率特性曲线frequency response curve of regulator 系统稳定性system stability最大动态偏差maximum dynamic error控制过程持续时间retaining time of control process传递函数transfer function数学模型mathematical modal框图block diagram闭锁增block increase(BI)闭锁减block decrease(BD)画面graphic display趋热显示trend display棒状图bar chart成组参数group parameter特性计算performance calculation历史数据historical data存储storage文字标题literal title回路标号loop label彩色亮度显示color highlight display趋势变量trend variable时间标度time scale时间基准time base优先色priority背景颜色background colour音响信号audible signal报警死区alarm dead band瞬态响应transient response跳闸一览记录trip summary log图象信息graphic information中间变量intermedium variable画面开窗显示pop-up window display滚动画面显示rolling display画面生成程序generation program of graphic display 翻页paging用户自定义customized definition图素组态器graphic element configurator检索retrieval事故追忆emergency review操作指导operation guide事故顺序记录sequence of events(SOE)双重化duality事故诊断fault diagnosis信息共享information sharing报表记录log召唤制表call-up log过程点质量判断quality judgement of process point工程单位换算engineering unit conversion主燃料跳闸master fuel trip(MFT)点火燃料跳闸ignition fuel trip(IFT)加热燃料油跳闸warm-up oil fuel trip(OFT)火焰探头flame probe火焰监视器flame scanner火焰丧失loss of flame吹扫purge点火器igniter泄漏试验leak test可编程序控制器programmable controller允许条件permissive condition操作顺序operating sequence跳跃进位skip硬逻辑hard logic二位控制模件binary control module看门狗watchdog梯形图ladder diagram冗余度redundancy, redundance可靠性reliability可利用率availability灵敏度sensitivity精确度accuracy温度补偿temperature compensation分辨率resolution响应时间response time负载特性load characteristic共模抑制化common mode rejection ratio差模抑制化differential mode rejection ratio灵活性flexibility可扩展性expandability分散度dispersity抗冲击能力surge withstand capability工作时间up time故障时间down time加权因子weighting factor空载时间dead time, idle time工厂验收试验和指示factory acceptance test and demonstration现场可用率试验site availability testBTG控制盘BTG control panel(boiler, turbine, generator) 辅助设备控制盘auxiliary equipment control panel火灾报警盘fire alarm panel电源屏power supply board保护柜protection cabinet逻辑柜logic cabinet模拟盘mimic panel公用盘common panel端子柜terminal cabinet端子箱terminal box就地I/O柜local input/output cabinet仪表measuring instrument指示仪表indicator记录仪表recorder按钮button, pushbutton声光报警系统annuciator消音silence确认acknowledgement复位reset闪光flash气动执行器pneumatic actuator电动执行器motor operator阀门定位器valve positioner位置发送器position transmitter空气过滤器air filter电/气转换器current to pneumatic converter限位开关limit switch锁定机构lock-up mechanism信号转换器signal converter气动调节阀pneumatic control valve电动调节阀electric control valve操作员站operator station工程师站engineer station值长操作台shift supervisor station手动/自动操作站A/M station报表打印机log printer画面拷贝机video copier鼠标器mouse光笔light pen触摸式屏幕touch screen驱动器drive软盘驱动器floppy disk drive硬盘驱动器hard disk drive磁带驱动器tape drive光盘驱动器optical disk drive键盘keyboard跟踪球trace ball操作站operation station计时器timer缓冲器buffer模数转换器A/D converter自锁装置self-lock device存储器storage, memory只读存储器read only memory(ROM)随机存取存储器randon access memory(RAM)可檫可编程只读存储器erasable programmable read only memory(EPROM) 电可改写只读存储器electrically-alterable read only memory(EAROM) 磁泡存储器magnetic bubble storage延时time delay速率限制rate limit函数发生器function generator在线on line离线off line单脉冲single pulse子程序subroutine寄存器register扩展extension扫描scan刷新update报警状态alarm status循环冗余检查cyclic redundancy check代码code阻塞clogging光导纤维optical fiber网间连接器gateway传输速率transmission rate源程序source program汉字显示功能Chinese character display function 控制模件control module平方根square root加法addition减法substraction乘法multiplication除法division带增益加法器summer with gain脉冲速率pulse rate逻辑功能logic function微处理器microprocessor卡件card实时时钟real time clock转换触点change over contact计数器counter堆栈stack积算器intergrater切换装置transfer device工业电视industrial TVI/O卡件I/O card主控制器main controller放大器amplifier自检self-check供电单元power supply unit滤波器filter自保持retention非自保持non-retention步进step forward返回return跳步jump中断interrupt电磁噪声electromagnetic noise光电耦合photomagnetic coupling保留retain删除delect奇偶校验parity check厅偶出错parity error超限差错overrun error生成generation组态configuration不停电电源uninterrupted power supply节点node源节点source node系统规模system scale系统最大延时system maximum delay误码率bite error rate容错性能fault tolerance performance应用和维护性能application and maintenance performance 发送send, transmit接收receive字word位bit字节byte单工simplex双工duplex半双工half-duplex全双工full-duplex异步传输asynchronous transmission同步传输synchronous transmission起始值initial value数据库data base停止位stop bit调制解调器modulator-demodulator(MODEM)传输协议analog value模拟量analog value数字量digital value脉冲量pulse value算法algorithm算术运算arithmetic operation逻辑运算logic operation备用back-up, stand-by兼容compatibility大规模集成电路large scale intergrated circuit(LSIC)尖峰电压peak voltage并行处理parallel processing串行处理serial processing自诊断self-diagnosis仪表完好率instrument availability仪表故障率instrument fault rate自控投入率availability of automatic control device贮煤场coal yard停泊场berthing space锚链挚动器cable stopper, chain stopper浮标buoy, float rod系船柱bollard, dolphin防波堤wave breaker, wave wash lever防沙堤sand-protecting dam导流堤guide dike防潮堤tide embankment铁路专用线special service railroad卸煤栈台coal unloading platform卸煤装置coal unloading device运煤船coal carrier卸煤场coal unloading yard, coal dumping line 牵引能力tractive capability卸车线dumping track, dumping line调车设备switching equipment翻车机wagon tipper, tipping device, tippler输煤机coal conveyor斗轮机取料机bucket wheel stacker and reclaimer堆煤机stacker推煤机coal bulldozer取料机reclaimer刮板式堆煤机scraper stacker悬挂筒式磁铁分离器suspending magnetic separator带式磁铁分离器belt magnetic separator木屑分离器wood chip separator滚筒式磁铁分离器drum magnetic separator输煤集中控制室central control room for coal handling 输煤栈桥coal belt conveyor gallery露天式栈桥open belt conveyor gallery封闭式栈桥enclosed belt gallery转运站coal transfer house转运塔coal transfer tower输煤系统coal handling system重车线loaded track, full-load line空车线empty-track, empty line卸煤机coal unloader抓斗卸煤机clamshell coal unloader缆索式卸煤机cable coal unloader可变伸缩卸煤机luffing crane coal unloader螺旋卸车机screw unloader斗链卸车机bucker unloader伸缩式落煤管telescope-type coal chute卸煤沟ground hopper, track hoppers 贮煤筒仓coal silo煤位计coal locator, coal levelmeter 煤位信号coal locating level signal漏斗hopper配煤coal blending混煤mixed coal卸煤桥loading and unloading bridge 门式抓煤机gantry type coal grab桥式抓煤机bridge type coal grab带式输送机(皮带机)belt conveyor筛煤机coal screen辊轴筛roller screen皮带跑偏belt side skid电子皮带称electronic scale汽车衡truck scale静态称stationary weighing scale动态称moving weighing scale减速机reducer头部滚筒head drum尾部滚筒tail drum拉紧滚筒tension drum传动滚筒drum roll传动架（皮带机架）conveyor rack托辊roller, idler承重托辊carrying idler返回托辊return idler导向托辊guiding idler调心托辊aligning idler缓冲托辊cushion idler双路double lines单路single lines皮带速度belt velocity皮带宽度belt width皮带输送量(出力)belt conveying capacity皮带拉紧装置belt tensioning device驱动功率driving power单驱动single drive双驱动double drive租进器cushion stopper煤场设备coal yard equipment日用煤场active pile, live storage煤场喷水设备coal yard sprinkling facility碎煤机coal crusher环式碎煤机ring type coal crusher反击式碎煤机reactive type coal crusher齿辊式碎煤机toothed roller crusher齿盘式碎煤机toothed disc crusher锤式碎煤机hammer type coal crusher解冻装置thawing plant干煤棚dry coal shed存煤量coal storage煤场堆积系数coal yard stockpile coefficient煤场排水沟coal yard drainage cannal挡煤墙coal bulkhead机车locomotive内燃机车diesel locomotive电动机车electro-locomotive调车机车switching locomotive摘钩uncoupling, disengagement码头wharf, dock泊位berthage自卸船self-unloading carrier公路运输受煤站coal receiving facility for truck transportation 来煤不均匀系数irregularity coefficient of coal delivery车皮wagon自卸车self-dumping truck, self-dumping wagon梨煤器coal plough, coal plow落煤斗coal hopper叶轮给煤机paddle coal feeder导煤槽coal guide trough斜皮带机inclined belt conveyor水平皮带机horizontal belt conveyor三通落煤管three-way coal chute跨越梯crossover ladder洒水系统sprinkling system喷水防尘设施spray dedusting facility煤斗防冻设施coal hopper anti-freeze facility振动器vibrator往复式给煤机reciprocating feeder滚筒式给煤机drum feeder带式给煤机belt feeder金属探测器metal detector振动给煤机vibration coal feeder消防通道fire fighting passway实物校验装置object calibration device起吊孔lifting hole气力拱破系统pneumatic coal arch breaking system 电动固定式梨式卸煤机motor-operated fixed coal plough电动移动式梨式卸煤机motor-operated movable coal plough 配煤车coal tripper, belt tripper储油罐oil tank油槽车oil tanker, oil-tank car输油泵oil transfer pump卸油栈台oil drain platform卸油泵oil drain pump卸油管oil drain pipe供油泵oil feed pump供油母管oil supply mains供油系统oil supply mains脱水dewatering伴热管道heat trace piping滤油器oil filter重力式滤油器gravity oil filter离心式滤油器centrifugal filter吸附式过滤器adsorption filter排油泵oil drain pump污油处理设备dirty oil treatment facility集油泵collected oil pump集油池oil collecting basin除油池oil removal basin污油池dirty oil basin污油泵dirty oil pump污水池sewage basin储气罐gas tank煤气减压装置gas pressure reducing equipment倒罐操作transit operation采样机sampler破碎-切碎机coal crushing-cutting machine燃煤品种category of coal贫煤meager coal, lean coal烟煤bituminous coal褐煤lignite, lignite coal泥煤peat页岩shale洗煤washed coal洗中煤middlings优质煤high quality coal劣质煤low quality coal煤矸石gangue高硫煤high sulphur coal, sulphur coal低硫煤low sulphur coal煤颗粒度coal size流动性fluidity结焦性coking property结渣性slagging property粘结性cohesiveness煤质分析coal analysis元素分析ultimate analysis工业分析proximate analysis低位发热量low heating value(LHV)高位发热量high heating value(HHV)分析质as analysed basis有机质organic basis工作质as-fired basis干燥质dry basis可燃质combustible basis挥发份volatile matter固定碳fixed carbon固有水分inherent moisture表面水分surface moisture全水分total moisture可磨性系数grindability index灰变形温度ash deformation temperature(t)灰软化温度ash softening temperature(t)灰熔化温度ash fusion temperature, ash melting point(t)灰比电阻specific resistance of ash设计煤种design coal校核煤种check coal重油heavy oil轻油light oil柴油diesel oil燃料油fuel oil凝点pour point甲烷methane乙烷ethane丙烷propane煤气gas天然气natural gas机械制图mechanical drawing图纸drawing平面图plan, plan view轴测图axonometric drawing描图trace校对check审核review批准approve数量quantity重量weight材料material材料型号material type图号drawing number编号serial number符号symbol, sign代号code number比例proportion测量measurement量具measuring tools卡尺calipers, caliper rule塞尺clearance gauge, feeler gauge高度尺height gauge深度尺depth gauge卡钳calipers百分表dial indicator, micrometer, microcallipers 千分表micrometer, dial indicator尺寸size, dimension刀具cutting tools夹具clamping apparatus, fixture, jig顶针thimble, knock-out pin测绘survey and drawing分度graduation分度圆divided circle热处理heat treatment, thermal treatment调质hardening and tempering淬火quenching回火tempering退火annealing氮化nitridation渗碳carburization外圆磨床external grinder内圆磨床internal grinder键槽铣床key slot milling machine插床slotter刨床planer立车vertical lathe液压机hydraulic press机床lathe工艺technology铆riveting锻forging车lathing钳fitting锯sawing割cutting铣milling刨planning磨grinding镗boring插削slotting粗车rough lathing细车finish lathing绞削reaming钻孔drilling, boring绞孔reaming木模wooden model, wooden form铸造casting浇铸casting翻砂founding, foundry, moulding系数factor, coefficient直径diameter划线scribing互换性changeability中心距center distance加工余量finish allowance, machine allowance 时效aging精度precision, accuracy光洁度fineness, degree of finish表面surface粗糙度roughness斜度gradient, slope基准datum模数modual水平level倒角inverted angle检验test, check, examination圆锥度coning, conicity椭圆度ellipticity圆锥cone圆柱cylinder抛光polishing公差tolerance, allowance板牙screw plate丝锥screw tap中心孔center bore, center hole, center opening 装配assembly, installation配合coordination配制manufacture, parts manufacturing剖面section, cross-section修配repair, maintenance毛胚blank锻件forged piece零件parts, details, elements紧固件fastener花键spline键槽key slot销pin定位positioning, locating铆钉rivet螺旋screw螺纹screw thread螺距screw pitch螺母screw nut螺钉bolt轴颈journal滑动sliding下料material preparation端面end face合金alloy硬质合金hard alloy合金钢alloy steel不锈钢stainless steel碳钢carbon steel钨金（巴氏合金）babbit metal哈氏合金（铅-锡-锑）Haynes satellite青铜bronze黄铜brass电焊electric welding电焊条welding electrode焊丝welding wire焊把welding torch焊枪welding gun氩弧焊argon arc welding焊接welding电焊机welding machine直流电焊机DC welding machine自动电弧焊automatic electrical arc welding 密封焊接seal welding堆焊bead welding夹焊slag welding气孔blowhole咬边undercut熔深weld penetration焊道weld pass焊口裂纹weld seam crack焊跟weld root坡口加工edge preparation加强焊缝reinforced weld seam开焊open weld应力stress金属硬度metal hardness硬度试验机hardness tester探伤flaw detection, detect detection 超声波探伤机ultrasonic flaw detector磁力探伤机magnetic flaw detector涡流探伤机eddy current flaw detector渗透探伤penetration flaw detector放射性检查radiographic test金相显微镜metallurgical microscope金相光谱仪metallurgical spectrum analyzer 着色剂colorants, coloring agent超声波测厚仪ultrasonic thickness meter蠕变creep无损探伤non-destructive test断口试验fracture test表面检查surface inspection备品spare parts垫片gasket, pad, shim平垫plane pad齿形垫tooth type gasket铜垫copper gasket, copper cushion 缠绕垫wound gasket石棉垫asbestos pad, babbit cushion巴金垫babbit pad, babblt cushion磁力电站magnetic electric drill角向磨光机angular finishing grinder剪板机plate shears卷板机plate bending rolls面积area体积（容积）volume质量mass能量energy形状shape方形square圆形round三角形triangle半径radius周长circumference, perimeter参数parameter工况operating condition温度temperature压力pressure力矩moment of force时间常数time constant真空vacuum流量flow, flow capacity比热specific heat比容specific volume热流量heat flow吸热heat absorption, thermal absorption 吸热反应endothermic reaction放热heat liberation, heat release压缩compression膨胀expansion节流throttle起动start-up, starting空转idle running停机shutdown, outage, stoppage试验test检测detection, test并联parallel connection串联series connection过热overheat再热reheat回热regeneration饱和蒸汽saturated steam允许温度allowable temperature干度dryness水蒸汽steam, water vapor焓enthalpy熵entropy郎肯循环（兰金循环）rankine cycle卡诺循环carnot cycle气体gas液体liquid固体solid海拔altitude标高elevation规程rules, regulation运行规程operation rules(regulations)工艺规程process rules(regulations)检修规程maintenance rules(regulations)安全规程safety rules(regulations)反事故措施anti-accident measures防火措施fire-prevention measures防爆措施explosion prevention measure维护maintenance缺陷处理defect treatment铭牌nameplate合格证书passport, certificate国际单位international unit技术检验记录technical check record技术资料technical information, technical data 检修间repair shop, service shop检修记录repair record, maintenance检查性试验check-up test日常检查daily inspection, routine inspection 定期检查periodic repair解体检查repair with disassembly现场检修on-site repair临时检修temporary repair, running repair事故accident, emergency占地指标land allocation绿化面积area of greenery space绿化系数greenery factor, greening factor发电量power generation, generated energy 装机容量installed capacity额定转速rated speed线损率line loss rate热耗率（热耗）heat consumption rate耗煤率（煤耗）coal consumption rate供电标准耗煤率net standard coal consumption rate发电标准耗煤率gross standard coal consumption rate厂前区面积area of administrative zone建筑系数building coverage场地利用系数site utilization factor百万千瓦耗水指标water consumption per GW发电成本power generation cost单位千瓦造价cost per KW烟气排放标准flue gas emission standard污水排放标准sewage discharge standard职工定员personnel quota运行可用率operation availability运行可靠性operation reliability利用小时数number of utilization hours三材消耗率（钢/水泥/木材）consumption of steel, cement and timber生活福利区面积living and welfare facility zone area年耗煤量annual coal consumption小时耗煤量hourly coal consumption单元机组联合试运行integral trial operation of unit plant设备效率equipment efficiency设备利用率equipment capacity factor设备缺陷equipment defector热备用状态hot reserve冷备用状态cold reserve设备备用equipment in reserve紧急备用emergency reserve停止备用stop standby凝汽式电厂condensing power plant热电厂cogeneration power plant坑口电厂mine-mouth power plant路口电厂railway-side power plant港口电厂port power plant核电站nuclear power plant水电站hydropower plant(station)抽水蓄能电站pumped storage power station风力发电站wind power station太阳能发电站solar power station地热电站geothermal power station柴油发电厂diesel generating power station燃气蒸汽联合循环电厂steam and gas turbine combined-cycle power plant 燃气轮机电厂gas turbine power plant煤气化联合循环电厂integral gasified combined-cycle power plant自备电站captive power plant峰荷电站peak load power plant(station)基荷电站base load power plant新建电厂newly-built power plant扩建工程extension project技术改造工程technical renovation project初步可行性研究preliminary feasibility study概念设计conceptual design预设计predesign初步设计preliminary design施工图设计detail design施工组织设计construction organization design设计审查design review, design examination设计审批design examination and approval设计回访feedback on design quality计算书calculation sheet技术规范书technical specifications设计说明书design instructions总工程师chief designer设计总工程师project chief engineer主要设计人chief designer设计人designer校核人checker描图号tracer晒图blueprint复印copying装订binding出版publication工地代表site resident representative项目建议书project proposal可研批复comments on and approve of feasibility study report 中外合作设计sino-foreign cooperative design设计联络会design liaison meeting行业标准industrial standard国家标准national standard技术标准technical standard项目咨询project consultation设备选择equipment selection建议规模construction scale工程设想engineering projection电力系统地理接线图geographical system connection diagram负荷测试load forecast总平面布置图general layout竖向布置图vertical layout drawing厂区地下沟道图plant-area underground piping and culvertsdrawing交通运输communication and transportation煤源coal source水源water source接入系统connection to power system经济效益分析economic benefit analysis热力系统图thermodynamic system diagram主厂房布置图main machine building arrangement drawing燃烧系统图combustion system diagram供水系统图water supply system diagram除灰系统图ash handling system diagram工业水处理系统industrial water system diagram化学水处理系统图chemical water treatment system diagram锅炉点火系统图boiler ignition system diagram电气主接线图main wiring diagram, main electrical connection diagram 单元系统图unit system diagram二次系统secondary system diagram输电电压等级transmission voltage grade(class)回路数loop number纵向布置longitudinal arrangement横向布置transversal arrangement室内布置indoor arrangement露天布置outdoor arrangement, open-air arrangement半露天布置semi-outdoor arrangement, semi-open-air arrangement 环境影响评价报告environmental impact assessment report推荐方案recommended proposal优化方案optimum proposal工程地质engineering geology工程测量engineering survey水文气象hydrometeorology岩土工程rock and earth engineering水文地质hydrogeology物理勘探physical prospecting航测aerial survey地层结构stratum structure地震烈度seismic intensity, earthquake intensity地质断裂geologic fracture, geologic rift地耐力earth bearing capacity天然地基natural foundation人工地基artificial foundation, artificial base软土地基soft soil base地基处理base treatment, foundation treatment桩型选择pile type selection打桩piling, pile driving试桩trial piling预制桩precast pile钢板桩steel sheet pile钢管桩steel pipe pile夯实ramming ,tamping地下水ground water, underground water地表水surface water泉水spring, spring water储量reserve迳流量run-off volume勘测大纲survey outline初步勘测preliminary survey详细勘测detailed survey最终勘测final survey河势分析river potential analysis航道waterway主厂房main machine hall, main power building汽机房turbine hall, turbine house除氧间（除气间）deaerator bay煤仓间bunker bay锅炉房boiler hall, boiler house单管烟囱single-shaft chimney(stack)多管烟囱multi-shaft chimney(stack)脱硫装置desulphurization equipment铁路专用线plant service railway line, special service railway line 铁路专用线接轨点special service railway coupling point山谷灰场valley ash yard渣场slag yard灰坝ash dam事故灰场emergency ash yard近期near future, short-term远期future, long-term屋顶roof屋架roof truss屋架下弦标高roof truss lower chord elevation天窗skylight远转层operation floor底层ground floor皮带层belt conveyor floor地下室basement电缆沟cable trench电缆隧道cable tunnel集水坑water collection pit梁beam柱column, pillar楼板floor slab网格板grating plate平台platform扶梯stair地面ground牛腿bracket下水道sewer设备基础equipment foundation抗震架构shockproof structure, aseis-matic structure跨度span柱距column space钢结构steel structure钢筋混凝土结构reinforced concrete structure预制构件precast parts, prefabricated parts空心板hollow block压型钢板channeled steel plate沟盖板trench cover plate防浪堤revetment涵洞culvert防火距离fire proof distance装饰标准decoration standard环境保护environmental protection污水处理站sewage treatment station干法脱硫dry desulphurization湿法脱硫wet desulphurization综合利用comprehensive utilization环保检测站environmental monitoring制氢站hydrogen generation station制氧站oxygen generation station变压器检修间transformer maintenance room空压机间air compressor room输煤综合楼coal handling complex building网络控制楼grid control building, network control building 生产办公楼plant service building化学水处理间chemical water treatment room修配厂repair workshop油罐区oil tank zone重油罐heavy oil tank消防器材fire-fighting equipment泡沫消防foam fire extinguishing消防拴fire hyfrant翻车机室wagon tipper house推煤机库coal bulldozer house煤场coal yard混煤仓mixed coal silo输煤皮带栈桥coal belt conveyor gallery行政办公楼administrative building传达室reception room单身宿舍楼dormitory食堂dining room, canteen医院hospital俱乐部club礼堂auditorium, assembly hall商店shop, store码头wharf煤码头coal unloading wharf, coal jetty油码头oil unloading wharf大件运输码头heavy goods wharf水库reservoir库容reservoir capacity蓄水池water storage pond最高洪水位maximum flood level厂址标高site elevation冲沟rush channel渗漏leakage, seepage排洪渠（沟）flood discharge channel围墙enclosing wall, enclosure主导风向（东、南、西、北）prevailing wind direction(east,west, south, north)平均风速average wind speed最大风速maximum wind speed上风向upwind direction下风向downwind direction城市规划city planning采暖heating空调air conditioning照明lighting日光灯fluorescent lamp白炽灯incandescent lamp通风ventilation热交换器heat exchange机械排风mechanical ventilation, mechanical draft施工机械construction machine大型吊车heavy-duty crane塔吊tower crane坦克吊caterpillar crane门型吊gantry crane拆迁removal and rebuilding征地land acquisition租地land leasing工程承包project contracting工程监理project supervision交钥匙工程turn-key project大修overhaul小修routine maintenance, running maintenance, minor maintenance 中修periodic maintenance临修temporary maintenance, regular maintenance非计划检查unplanned maintenance丁烷butane丁烷气butagas单元制unit system母管制header system冷态起动cold start热态起动hot start快速起动quick start变压运行variable pressure operation滑参数起动starting at sliding parameters汽机快速冷却装置turbine quick cooling device安装erection, installation调试test and adjustment值班on-duty巡回检查patrol and inspection事故预想accident anticipation反事故演习anti-accident exercise技术问答technical interrogation and reply考问讲解oral examination and explanation保温heat insulation, thermal insulation油漆paint节能energy conservation, energy saving节水water saving节电power saving, power conservation节约用电economizing land in use灭火器fire extinguisher泡沫灭火器foam fire extinguisher土方开挖earth excavation回填土backfilled earth仿真机（模拟机）simulator检修maintenance, repair运行operation, running涉外谈判negotiation with foreigners独立自主maintaining independence and keeping the initiative in one 自力更生relying on one沿海地区coastal areas经济特区special economic zone出口贸易export trade商品commodity出口额export volume出口许可证export license法人legal person企业法人legal entity法人代表representative of legal entity, representative of legal person 业主owner超额累进税surtax比例税proportional tax承包工程contracting project出口关税export duty注册资本额registered capital amount多边支援multilateral assistance专利权patent, patent right商标权trademark right固定资产fixed assets工业产权industrial property资源开发resources development, resources exploitation子公司subsidiary company, branch company母公司holding company, parent company国际债券international bond生产线production line流动资金current capital, current fund托收collection银行信贷bank credit海运提单ocean bill of lading, ocean waybill签定合同contract signing备用信用证standby letter of credit条款terms and conditions询价inquiry顺汇favorable exchange逆汇reverse remittance相对免赔率franchise汇票draft共同海损general average离岸品质shipping quality到岸品质arrival quality国际投资银行international investment Bank国际金融公司international finance Corporation劳务贸易service trade银团贷款syndicated loan项目选定project identification项目准备project preparation项目评估project appraisal项目谈判project negotiation项目执行与监督project implementation and supervision 项目后评估project evaluation出口信贷export credit利息期interest period软贷款soft loan硬贷款hard loan合同contract混合贷款blend协议agreement意向书letter of intent项目经济评价project economic evaluation资金筹措fund raising比例分配proportional distribution股份share董事会board of directors董事长chairman of the board总经理president, general manager易货贸易barter trade, barter集资fund collection融资financing外汇偿还能力foreign exchange repaying ability设备费equipment价格price人工费labour cost征地价格land acquisition price进口范围import scope国产设备domestic manufactured equipment建设期贷款利率interest rate during construction流动资金贷款利率current fund loan interest rate工程投资估算project cost estimate工程投资概算project budgetary estinate工程投资决算final accounts of project cost调整概算budgetary estimate adjustment工程投资预算project budget设备验收equipment acceptance国家开发银行state development bank商业贷款commercial loan经济用语economic expressions投资回收年限investment recovery period总投资total investment注册资本registered capital信贷资本credit proceeds敏感性分析sensitive analysis电价electricity price, electricity tariff煤价coal price, coal tariff汇率exchange rate静态static status动态dynamic status金融finance资本capital离岸价格FOB price (free on 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Securitron Prime Time DT-7 安装和操作说明说明书

Securitron Magnalock Corp. ASSA ABLOY, the global leaderTel 800.624.5625 **************************in door opening solutions© Copyright, 2012, all rights reservedPN# 500-11800 SECURITRON PRIME TIME MODEL DT-7 INSTALLATION AND OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS1. DESCRIPTIONSecuritron's Prime Time is a daily or weekly digital timer which operates on 12 to 24 volts AC or DC and energizes and deenergizes a 10 Amp double pole, double throw relay according to instructions set over a week. Toggle, or 2 types of pulsed relay operation may be selected.2. POWER UP AND TIME SETTINGIdentify terminals 1 and 2 marked "12-24 AC/DC". Apply a voltage source in this range to these 2 terminals. If a substantially greater voltage is applied the unit will be damaged. Current drawn is 160 mA when the unit's relay is energized and 10 mA when the relay is deenergized regardless of input voltage. Note that if DC voltage is used for power, polarity is unimportant.When power has been applied, the liquid crystal display on the rectangular plastic timer module will come on showing the word "off" and "0000". The next step is to input the current time of day into the timer module. To set the time of day, push and hold down the button farthest on the left which shows the clock symbol. While holding this button down, set the hours by repeatedly pushing the "H+" button. Note that if this button is held down, the hours will automatically increment. Note also that the unit does not use AM and PM designation for the hours, but rather employs military time based on a 24 hour system . For example, 22:00 hours is the same as 10:00 PM.In similar fashion, set the minutes by depressing the "M+" button while holding down the clock symbol button. Finally, set the day of the week by pressing the day button while holding down the clock symbol button. Once the time of day and the day of the week have been entered you can release the clock symbol button.FIG. 1: PRIME TIME OVERVIEW B A T T E R Y C L I P (A A C E L L )B A C K S U P D I S P L Y M O D U L E O B S E R V E P O L A R I T Y J1J2J3SELECT TOGGLE MODESELECT DOUBLE PULSE MODESELECT SINGLE PULSE MODE C C NO NO NC NCDRY, DPDT, 10 AMP RELAY CONTACTS 1234FIRST MAN IN TERMINALS BOARD POWER12-24 VOLTS AC OR DC NOTE: IF JUMPER BLOCK ISMISSING, UNIT WILL NOT FUNCTION SEE PARAGRAPH 6TimerDay h+m+Reset3. TOGGLE MODEThe toggle mode is selected when the jumper block is set to the "J1" (factory set) position.Note that if the jumper block is missing, the relay will stay energized all the time and the unit will not perform any function. In the toggle mode, the Prime Time is programmedto turn electrical devices on or off at selectable times over a week period. The Prime Timeaccomplishes this by energizing or deenergizing a 10 Amp DPDT relay. Note the terminal stripwith 6 terminals marked "C", "NC", and "NO" for each pole. Devices to be controlled by thePrime Time should be connected to these terminals which are isolated (dry) relay contacts.Note on the display that the term "off" appears to the left of the hours display. This indicatesthat the relay is off or deenergized. Note finally the long push button on the timer module witha hand symbol printed next to it that is situated below the "H+" and "M+" push buttons.Pressing this button while the unit is in operating mode (time is showing) will allow you tomanually energize and de-energize the relay. As you do this the display will change from "off" to "on" and back again. This is useful for testing and for temporarily changing the state of the relay.4. PULSE MODESMoving the jumper block to position "J2" selects the double pulse mode. In this mode, when the display module executes an "on" or "off" instruction, the relay pulses (energizes) for 1 second and then returns to a deenergized state. This is useful for controlling devices that require a momentary pulse to turn on and off such as many alarm panels. In the pulse modes, the test button function and relay connections are the same as in the toggle mode described in the previous section. As you use the test button, the display will change from "on" to "off" (and back), and you will be able to see and hear the relay contacts switching for one second. Remember, the pulse modes affect what the relay does, not how the display changes.Moving the jumper block to position "J3" selects the single pulse mode. In this mode, the relay will pulse when an "on" instruction executes (display changes from "off" to "on") but not when an "off" instruction executes. This allows sending a pulse signal once a week- to test a dialer for example. When working with any of the modes, liberal use of the test button will permit easier understanding.5. PROGRAMMINGTo program the on/off times, depress the push button marked "timer" once. This enters the programming mode. The display will now change and indicate "timer 1 on". Pressing the timer button again will display "timer 1 off". If you continue to depress the timer button, you will step through 6 "on" timers and 6 "off" timers. These represent a total of 12 program instructions. At start up, all of the instructions are inactive, which is indicated by the fact that they do not show any time or day but merely show horizontal lines. To make any of the 12 instructions active, you must input an hour, minute, and day by pressing the "H+", "M+" and day buttons just as you did when you first set the time. If, however, a day of the week is not input, the instruction will be executed daily. This is how to use the Prime Time to execute the same program each day.When an "on" instruction executes in the toggle mode, it will energize the relay on the time and day selected. In the double or single pulse mode the relay will energize for 1 second. An "off" instruction will deenergize the relay in the toggle mode, pulse it in the double pulse mode and have no effect in the single pulse mode. If the display is already "on" and an "on" instruction executes, nothing will happen. Programmed instructions only function when they change the state of the display. The relay then responds according to the mode selected. All 12 instructions may, if desired, be used during the same day or be spread out throughout the week which is more common. The fact that the instruction sets are labeled 1 through 6 has no significance. The instructions will be executed whenever the time and date of the instruction occurs.It is important to understand how the unit works in terms of executing its program. Think of the programmed "on" and "off" instructions as markers on a 7 day schedule. Then think of the digital clock as moving through this 7 day period, minute by minute. When the clock encounters an instruction, it will execute the instruction by turning on or off (if it is not already in the state called for in the instruction). Sometimes, we get the following type of question from an installer on initial set-up: "I put in an 'on' instruction for 8:00 am today. It's now 10:00 am and thePN# 500-11800PN# 500-11800 relay is showing 'off'. Why doesn't it turn on?" The answer is that the DT-7 does not check what time it is and then look to see if it is "supposed" to be on or off. It just advances its clock, minute by minute, and when it encounters an instruction, it executes the instruction. On initial set-up, use the test button to put the unit in the desired initial state.If an on and off instruction both occur at exactly the same time and day, the off instruction will be executed and the on instruction will be ignored . An instruction is erased by incrementing the hours, minutes, and day buttons to restore the horizontal (null) lines. Note that momentarily pressing the reset detent will eliminate all program data from the unit as well as eliminating the time setting. The reset detent has the same effect as removing all power (including the battery) from the unit.FIG. 2: TIME SETTING AND PROGRAMMINGINCREMENTS DAYS CHANGES MODULE STATUSINCREMENTS MINUTES INCREMENTS HOURSDISPLAY MODULE: OPERATING MODE AND TIME SETTINGDISPLAY MODULE: PROGRAMMING MODEINSTRUCTION FOR SATURDAY AND SUNDAY TIME RELAY WILL INCREMENTS DAYS ANDCALLS UP BLOCK PROGRAMMING RETURN TO PRESS TO ENTERPROGRAMMINGMODE AND TOINCREMENTINSTRUCTIONS 1 0F 6TIME AND DAY AND PROGRAM BLOCK INCREMENTS MINUTES INCREMENTS HOURS5.1 BLOCK PROGRAMMINGA common requirement is that programmed on/off times will be the same each day during theweek and differ on the weekend. To achieve this result, it is not necessary to program on/off times separately for each day. Indeed, since there are only a total of 12 instructions, only 6days can be handled with different on/off times. Block programming is used to handle thiscommon need, which makes the Prime Time quick and easy to program.When programming a timer instruction, as you press the day button, you will step through individual days from Monday through Sunday. Pressing the day button 1 more time will show a Monday through Friday block. If you leave the instruction in this position it will be executed on each displayed day. Depressing the day button again will show a Saturday/Sunday block. Depressing it still another time will show a Monday through Saturday block.After you have set an instruction, depressing the timer button again will open a new instruction and enter the previous one. When all instructions have been entered, press the clock symbol which will again display the time and day of the week. The instructions will now execute until changed. Instructions can be changed at any time by bringing them up on display and altering the time and day or erasing the instruction by incrementing it to the horizontal line state.5.2 TYPICAL PROGRAMMING EXAMPLEA very common application for the Prime Time is activating and de-activating a security system at the same time each day during the week and then leaving the security system active over the weekend. With block programming this is extremely simple. Enter into "timer 1 on" the time "08:00" assuming for this example that's the time each day you want the system de-activated. Then enter the Monday through Friday block of days also on "timer 1 on". Then switch to "timer 1 off" and enter "17:00" (5:00 pm) again selecting the Monday through Friday block. At 5:00 p.m. each day this should turn the security system on. No further instructions need be entered because at 5:00 pm on Friday you want the system to remain on until Monday morning when the "on" instruction will execute at 8:00 am turning the security system off. If the security system consists of electric locks, you would use the toggle mode such that when the relay is energized, the locks are off and visa versa. If the system is an alarm panel using pulsed input, you would use the double pulse mode. The programming, however, is the same.We advise that when the display indicates "on" the system should be off. This requires use of the appropriate relay contacts depending on the type of load and the mode. The reasons for this have to do with ease of holiday programming and use of the "First Man In" terminals described in section 6.5.3 HOLIDAY PROGRAMMINGHaving established the weekly block program described above, lets say that a holiday occurs on a Wednesday during which the security system is to be left on. Normally as the weekly block program is executed, an 8:00 am "on" instruction will turn the system off. You could of course void the entire weekly program and put in a daily instruction just to deal with the holiday, but this is needlessly complicated and requires re-establishing the original program after the holiday. What's easier is to put in an override command. Leaving the weekly block program intact you call up "timer 2 off" and put in a command for Wednesday at 8:00 am. This will duplicate the weekly block program which instructs the Prime Time to turn on Wednesday at 8:00 am and the off instruction has priority. Therefore, the on instruction will be ignored and all day Wednesday the security system will stay on. After the holiday, you have only to void out the single instruction on "timer 2 off".A more powerful way to deal with holidays that works for many applications is described in the next section.6. USE OF FIRST MAN IN TERMINALSTerminals 3 and 4 are labeled "First Man In". If they are unconnected they have no effect on operation of the unit as described so far. Connecting them to an external switch or relay can make operation of the Prime Time more powerful.PN# 500-11800The best way to understand this feature is to use an application as an example. Returning toour example cited in section 5.3, a security system deactivates at 08:00 each morning andresecures at 17:00 hrs. Suppose everyone's late to work one day because (for instance) of bad weather. The facility will be completely unprotected. A better way to operate would be for thefirst man to arrive each morning to deactivate the system for the day after which itautomatically reactivates at the end of the day. This is accomplished by connecting dry N.C.contacts from an external device, to the First Man In terminals (3 and 4). This puts the PrimeTime into F irst Man In mode. When the unit executes an "on" instruction, the output relay does not operate until the contacts on 3 and 4 open once. When they open, the relay follows the "on" program which means energizing in the toggle mode or pulsing 1 second in the double pulse mode. The First Man In terminals do not have any effect in the single pulse mode. Subsequent state changes of the contacts on 3 and 4 have no further effect on the relay during the time the display module is "on". When an "off" instruction executes, the state of the First Man In terminals again have no effect. They act only to delay the operation of an "on" instruction.Returning to our example, let's say the security system consists of an electric lock with digital keypad for entry. The Prime Time is used in the toggle mode. At night, the display module reads "off" and power is sent to the electric lock to secure it through the Prime Time's output relay's N.C. contacts. One pole of the digital keypad's output relay will break power to the electric lock allowing nighttime entry and the other pole's N.C. contacts connect to the First Man In terminals of the Prime Time. If someone comes to work at 07:45 am, the Prime Time is still "off" so they use the digital keypad for entry. When 08:00 comes, the display module switches to "on" but the operation of the Prime Time output relay is delayed because of the closure across the First Man In terminals from the keypad. When another man arrives at 08:10, he also uses the digital keypad and with this first operation (after 8:00 am), the Prime Time's relay energizes and releases the lock so that all subsequent people can freely use the door during the day. At 17:00 the unit goes into nighttime mode (off) and deenergizes the relay. The same results can be obtained in the double pulse mode. The pulse that would occur when an "on" instruction first executes is delayed until the first man in terminals open.In addition to avoiding leaving a facility unprotected in the event that employees are late to arrive, the First Man In feature can eliminate the need for holiday programming. Returning to our example, if we define a holiday as a day no one comes to work, no one will use the digital keypad so the electric lock will remain secure all day. When the display module switches to "off" at the end of the holiday, the lock will simply continue secure and then resume its normal non-holiday operation the following day. If a particular manager comes to work on the holiday with this operational concept, he can either leave the lock unsecured all day while he is there, or change the display module from "on" to "off" by pressing the test button. This action will resecure the lock. When the 17:00 "off" instruction seeks to execute, the unit will already be off, so the lock will remain secure during the night as it should.7. WIRINGFigure 3 shows three "typical" examples of wiring the Prime Time in actual applications. The first drawing shows the most common use which is simply to switch a device or system on and off in toggle mode. The second drawing shows use of the pulse mode in the most common security industry application: that of arming and disarming an alarm panel. Note that there is a risk in using this set-up in that if the alarm panel is not in the "ready to arm" condition, the pulse from the Prime Time will not arm the panel. When the next command comes up and the panel should be disarmed, the panel will interpret the next pulse as another attempt to arm. Therefore, the Prime Time should only be used to arm and disarm alarm panels in applications where either they are always "ready to arm" or there is some monitoring which will quickly detect the fact that there has been a failure to arm.The third drawing shows the particular application example discussed in section 6 on use of the First Man In feature with an electric lock and DPDT digital entry keypad. It is intended to display the general principle as, obviously, other applications are possible. Finally note that the Prime Time relay is a socket mount. If the relay is damaged from a load short circuit (for instance) it can be replaced by simply plugging in a new relay. Replacement relays are available from Securitron or locally from an electric product wholesaler. The relay part number is LY2-DC6 as manufactured by Omron Electronics. If an Omron part is not available, the equivalent crossPN# 500-11800PN# 500-11800 from other manufacturers will work (be sure to specify a 6 volt DC coil). This relay physical type is very common.FIG. 3: PRIME TIME WIRING EXAMPLES 1234C C NCNC NO NO POWER SUPPLY 12-24 AC/DCPRIMETIME 1234C C NC NC NO NO POWER SUPPLY 12-24 AC/DCPRIME TIME LOAD NOTE: JUMPER BLOCK SET TO J 1NOTE: LOAD USES SAME POWER AS DT-7.IF LOAD REQUIRES DIFFERENT POWER,SUCH AS 115 VAC, RELAY CONTACTS SHOULD BE ISOLATED FROM DT-7 POWER.TYPICAL WIRING: TOGGLE MODETYPICAL WIRING: TOGGLE MODE WITH FIRST MAN IN ACTIVEUSE WITH ELECTRIC LOCK AND DIGITAL KEYPAD FOR TIME CONTROLLED ENTRY SHOWNFAIL SAFE ELECTRIC LOCK C NC NCC DOUBLE POLE KEYPAD OUTPUT RELAY.OPERATES WHEN CODE IS COMPOSED.POSSIBLE SHUNT OF DOOR CONTACTS CONNECTED TO ALARM SYSTEMNOTE: JUMPER BLOCK SET TO J1NOTE: SEE PARAGRAPH 6 IN INSTRUCTIONS FOR FULL EXPLANATION OF FIRST MAN IN FUNCTION8. DAYLIGHT SAVINGS TIMEWhen the time changes twice a year to and from Daylight Savings Time, the time in the unitmust be adjusted as with any clock. See section 2. for time setting.9. POWER FAILURE CONSIDERATIONSIf power is removed from the Prime Time, it will lose both the time and its programming and willhave to be set up again from the beginning. In a DC application this can be forestalled by usinga DC power supply with its own battery backup to operate the Prime Time. This will not only allow the Prime Time to operate in the event of a power failure, but will operate the DC loads aswell.If the Prime Time is to be operated on non-battery backed up external power, an AA cell may beadded to the board in the space provided. Be sure to observe polarity. The AA cell backsup the display module only. In the event of an external power failure, the Prime Time's relay will not operate but the display module will retain the time and date as well as its programming. The average commercially available AA cell should last at least 5 years in this application.10. MAGNACARE LIFETIME REPLACEMENT WARRANTYFor warranty information visit /en/site/securitron/About/MagnaCare-Warranty/PN# 500-11800。

乔治·雷克罗斯 VFC 和 EFC 频率转换器目录说明书

Catalog of Rexroth VFC and EFC Frequency Converters2VFC 3210 Frequency ConverterRexroth VFC 3210 with enhanced V/f control, covering the power range from 0.4 to 4 kW, is a multi-functional mini type frequency converter. It is widely used in the fields of woodworking machinery, packaging machinery, food processing and HVAC due to its characteristics like side by side mounting, smaller depth than VFC 3610, free cooling (up to 1.5 kW), built-in PID, multi-speed control and torque compensation etc.VFC 3610 & 5610 Frequency ConverterRexroth VFC 3610 & 5610 series has been especially developed to meet the requirements of emerging markets. VFC 3610 is an enhancement solution for small machinery application as well as other V/f application. With the power output range of 0.4 (22)kW, start-up torque of 1.5 Hz/100 % and 3 Hz/150 %, Heavy-duty/ Normal duty etc. features, VFC 3610 is widely used in fan, water pump, materials transmission, mixing equipment, HVAC, textile and wooding machinery.VFC 5610 is a high performance vector frequency converter for high end machinery applications. With the power range of 0.4...250 kW, start-up torque of 0.5 Hz/200 %, torque control or speed control options, high control accuracy and fast response etc. features, VFC 5610 serves for industry mixer, CNC machine, extruding equipment, machine tool, food packing and printing industries.EFC 3610 & 5610 Frequency ConverterThe Rexroth EFC 3610 & EFC 5610 are the series for the worldwide market. They comply with all major certification standards, such as CE, UL, cUL, RCM, EAC ,TÜV and RoHS. EFC 3610 & 5610 not only have VFC 3610 & 5610 Functions, but also have additional series of functions.►Synchronous motor control(EFC5610), which improvesaccuracy and reduces energy consumption.►Built-in EMC C3 mains filter to reduce EMI.►Designed for up to 45 °C ambient temperature without derating.►STO function reaching SIL3 level is realized in standard EFC 5610.►Built-in DC reactor for EFC5610 30 kW and above.►I n addition to PROFIBUS DP and CANopen like VFC, EFC also supports ERCOS III, PROFINET IO, Ethernet IP, Modbus TCP, Ether-CAT. And the speed of its unique SERCOS III could reach microsecond.Product Introduction3 Technical Details4VFC 3210Smaller dimension Side by side mounting Easy to commissionVFC 3210 0.4 kW VFC 3610 0.4 kWCompact designVFC 3210Rexroth has always been paying great efforts in deeply understanding the Chinese demands and characteristics so as to keep up with the market development in China. Therefore, aiming at providing simple OEMs with simple, reliable and cost-effective solutions in drives and controls, VFC 3210, one multifunctional mini type frequency converter is designed specifically for Chinese users.To supply with better products and services, VFC 3210 with V/f control in compact design, offers the output power from 0.4 to 4 kW, supports side by side mounting, and has removable fan and obtains CE certificate, which thus shows a powerful product with safety, reliability and easy operation.Smart & Delicate► Nearly 30 % decrease in depth than 3610 to better adjust to customer installation requirements.► A super mini type in compact design.► Side by side mounting.Superior performance► The high starting torque of 150 % 3 Hz and 100 % Hz 1.5.► Over-excitation control to reduce the braking time.► The capacity overload of 150 % 60 s.► Modbus RTU is standard.► PC software and firmware updates (via Mini-USB port).Easy to operate► Built-in LED operating panel.► Easy to operate and maintenance, removable fan, free cooling (not more than 1.5 kW).► Structured parameter group for convenient commissioning.► Automatic speed limiting and capture.Stable & Reliable► Systematic safety standard and reliability test system. ► Complete converter protection (phase failure,interphase short circuit, the earthing short circuit, overcurrent, overvoltage, under-voltage, overload, overheat and overheating protection for motors).► Reinforced coating of circuit boards for dust-proof and anti-corrosion.56VFC 3610 & 5610Demands of emerging markets and especially focus on its market development andcharacteristics Rexroth VFC 3610 is an enhancement frequency converter for small machinery application as well as other V/f application, the power output range of 0.4...22 kW(Heavy-duty), and VFC 5610 is a high performance vector solution for machinery application with high demands, the power output range of 0.4...250 kW(Heavy-duty).VFC 3610 & 5610 series frequency converters have outstanding features with compact size, widely voltage range, low voltage ride-through, side by side mounting, over-excitation brake, and also got CE certificates, provides best solution and service for Chinese customer.Compact design► Modularized design► Side by side mounting capability to save cabinet space.►DIN rail mounting (up to 7.5 kW) for flexible installation.► Up to 1.5 kw, no cooling fan; above 1.5 kw, a detachable cooling fan designed to improve the cooling efficiency.Easy to use► Standard equipped LED pluggable, optional equipped LCD pluggable.► Bluetooth Adapter optional for easy connection by mobile.► Quick Start Menu for easy commissioning.► Removable panel, supports remote operation and parameter copy.► Quick connectors for I/O terminals to easy installation and maintenance.► Integrated brake chopper (up to 22 kW).► Fans can be cooled down without removing.► Wiring by PNP/NPN.Powerful► Normal duty/heavy duty operation.► VFC 5610 110 kW and above have built-in DC reactor ► High performance vector and torque technology (VFC 5610).► Low frequency oscillation suppression and start with speed capture.► Inversion forbidden, low voltage ride-through and swing frequency function.► Stand-by mode, counter function and energy savings calculator.► Pulse input (50 kHz) and pulse output (32 kHz).► Over-excitation braking, to reduce braking times up to 50 %.► 24 V auxiliary power output for external devices, max. 100 mA (up to kW); max. 200 mA (30...90 kW).► Build-in Modbus RTU, option cards for PROFIBUS DP, CANopen, I/O and relais terminal.► ConverterWorks for fast commissioning and software update (via Mini USB) .VFC 3610 & 5610Quick connectors Side by side mounting DIN rail mountingBluetooth Adapter7EFC 3610 & 5610The Rexroth EFC 3610 & 5610 series has been developed for the worldwide market. With the relevant certifications of CE, UL, cUL, RCM, EAC TUV, RoHs, etc., consolidated sales and service is provided worldwide.The power output range of EFC 3610 is 0.4...22 kW (Heavy duty), and the power range of EFC 5610 is 0.4...160 kW (Heavy duty). The EFC series shares the parameter structure, dimensions and connections with VFC series as well as many functions, EFC series contains several enhanced features such as synchronous motor control (EFC 5610), built-in EMC filter, and multi-Ethernet communication to satisfy worldwide customer more application demands.Synchronous Motor Drives► Except asynchronous motor, EFC 5610 has the capability of synchronous motor drives to improve the control accuracy and reduce energy consume.Built-in mains filter► Complies with EN61800-3 category C3 requirements and r educes electromagnetic interference on the power grid.► Shielding motor cable length: 15m (up to 4 kW), 30 m (5.5...18.5 kW), 50m (30...90 kW), 75 m (110...132 kW)► EMC filter can be disconnected by EMC screw for use in environments that require especially low leakage currents.Built-in DC Reactor► Built-in DC reactor of EFC 5610 30 kW and above EFC 5610 30 kW.Safety Torque off(STO)► Class 0 cutoff refers to EN60204-1 standard, and got SIL3 certificate.► Frequency converter false tripping prevent for operation and maintenance safety.Up to 45 °C ambient temperature without derating ► The EFC series can be used in up to 45 °C ambient temperature (VFC 40 °C) without a reduction of output power.Additional communication options► In addition to PROFIBUS DP and CANopen also a SERCOS III, PROFINET IO, Ethernet IP, Modbus TCP,EtherCAT are available. Especially, the Rexroth exclusive SERCOS III communication function Communication rate could be microsecond level.STO Integrated EMC filterPermanent magnet motor Asynchronous motorsEFC 3610 & 5610CertificationMultiple motor types8910HVACFans, pumps, air conditioning Energy savings calculator► Keeps track of the achieved energy savings.Life time reminder► Reduces downtime by helping to organize the maintenance schedule.Speed tracing► For smooth catching and restarting of a running fan.Dry pump protection► Automatically detects a dry running pump to protect the equipment.Pump cascading► Use Application Specific Firmware and relay card, 4 maximum pumps could be circularly controlled by frequency converter.Woodworking machineryWelt fitting machine, T enoning machin, Grooving machine, Carving machine, Sanding machine, CNC machine Compact Size► Subminiature compact design.► Side by Side mounting.Easy Operation► LEC panel with same parameter structure, Parameter copy function of 3610 series, easy to use.► Structuring parameter convenient to commissioning.Cost-performance function design► 60 seconds last of 150 % rated torque output.► Over excitation control to reduce stop time.► Standard equipped Modbus RTU.► Built-in Mini USB connected with computer forcommissioning, parameter copy and software updating.VFC & EFC 3610 Applicationsis the applicable frequency converter type commonly. Please inquire application engineer for details.: Available for 5.5 kW and above.Textile and DyeingHeat setting stenter, twister, air-flow spinning Smart cooling concept► Double duct design isolates heat sink and semiconductor to prevent semiconductor from pollution.► No cooling fan up to 1.5 kW and detachable cooling fan above 1.5 kW for cotton fiber easy clean. Import PCBA coating► Coating materials is made in Germany, enhanced anticorrosion in high temperature and humidity.Low voltage ride-through► Derating output when voltage reduced on power grid.DC generatrix 1► DC generatrix operation to reduce the technicalinfluence from instable power supply, and save energy through load sharing.11VFC & EFC 5610 ApplicationsFood and packagingConveyor, blow molding, blender, cutter, labeling machines Quick connectors and DIN rail mounting (up to 7.5 kW)► Quick and easy installation and maintenance.Counter function► Built-in Counter to realize the classification and packing of food & drink industry.Removable control panel► Parameter copy function for efficient commissioning of multiple drives.► Remote panel support for convenient and safe monitoring and operation.Integrated sequence control (16 steps)► Multi-stage speed control without an additional PLC.Rubber and plastic machineryScroll extruder, pelletizer, bagging machine Compact design► DIN rail mounting (up to 7.5 kW) and side by side mounting (up to 22 kW), to save cabinet space.High start torque, 200 % at 0.5 Hz► T o ensure the extruder can start up and operate during the uneven heating temperature environment.High control accuracy, fast dynamic response► Precise control is to ensure the material thickness evenly, in order to save cost and ensure the quality of products.Torque limit and slip compensation► Especially used for constant output torque. Minimize the torque fluctuation and improve the extrusion processquality.: Available up to 22 kW.: Available for EFC 5610 30kW and above.Metal processing machineryLathe, grinder, drill, planer, boring, cold forging Compact design► DIN rail and side by side mounting to save space.High start torque► To meet the process demand of high strength metal cutting, avoid overcurrent and overload during low speed operation .Quick and dynamic response► Accurate speed control for highly smoothness and quality especially for concavo-convex workpiece surface.Over excitation braking► Can help to reduce braking times up to 50 %, without an external break resistor.Safety Torque off(STO)2► Frequency converter false tripping prevent for operation and maintenance safety.12Mounting plates and panel extension cables 2Mounting plates are used for installing the panel in order to operate and monitor frequency converter without opening control cabinet.► Make the hole 85mm(horizontal) * 75mm (vertical)on cabinet door.► R emove the panel to install in the mounting plates. Then connect the panel with frequency convertervia panel extension cables.► Extension cables 2m, 3m, and 5m are available, and the longest operation distance is 5m.LED/LCD panel 2LED and LCD Panel options of VFC & EFC series. LED panel► Parameter edit and commissioning via LED panel.► Real-time display of operating data, fault displayand diagnosis maintenance.► Parameter copy.LCD panel► Available in Chinese, English, Germany, and other 9 languages.► Six line big display screen with backlight, easy tocommissioning.► Parameter copy.Bluetooth Adapter 2► Wireless operation.► ConverterWorks APP on Cell or Pad to connect frequency converter for commissioning, firmware update, parameter copy; easy to long-distance commissioning or fault handling directed by experts 3. ► Apply to Android System 4.2 and above.Accessories1R912006011R9120057842m ：R912007623R912005783R912005787R9120063763m ：R9120076245m ：R912007625R912006375R912006856: Only apply to VFC 3610/5610 & EFC 3610/5610 : All the accessories need to be purchased individually, please inquire Rexroth distributer for details : Available for 03V12 version and above, and the ﬁrmware version can be checked viaparameter d0.9913：Only apply to VFC 5610 & EFC 5610Brake chopper in paralleling wiring mode 11：Paralleling wiring mode applies when the capacity of a single brake choppercould not meet the requirementFrequency converterFuseBrake resistorBrake chopper(Master)Brake chopper (Master/Slave)Brake chopper(Slave)Brake resistorBrake resistorBasic wiring mode Main switchFuseBrake resistorFrequency converterBrake chopperBrake Chopper 1The brake chopper is used for consuming electric energy transmitted from external motor to frequency converter and limiting bus voltage within a reasonable range to improve its braking performance and fast stop of the motor.The brake chopper has standard dust cover, but you can also set the parameters with the use of LED and LCD operating panel of VFC & EFC1 series. It supports the linkage input and linkage output with paralleling up to 3 braking units in maximum. And it also has overvoltage, overcurrent, overheating, short circuit resistance, overheating protection.u Operation voltage: 600...785 V, parameter adjusting step size: 0.01 Vu T he length between brake chopper and frequency converter plus the length between brake chopper and brake resistor should not be more than 5m.14Extension card moduleAs part of the modular design concept for the VFC & EFC series, the separately available Option Card Module offers the user a variety of customization options, which benefits for operation cost reducing.The extension card module provides two slots that can be used for a range of extension card module. Cards include an I/O extension card, a multi relay card and various communicationextension card module, such as Profibus DP and CANopen.►PROFIBUS DP Adapter►Multi Relay Card►I/O Card►Extension Module：It is not possible to combine 2 extension card modules.15I/O Extension CardTo extend the I/O terminals on VFC & EFC frequency converter, an I/O extension card is available. The maximized I/O points of frequency converter with I/O extension card could be: 9DI, 3AI, 2AO, 2OC ，2 relay outputMulti Relay CardThe Multi Relay Card offers 4 programmable relay outputs, that can be especially useful in pump and fan control, drive status monitoring or water supply applications.u By combining the Multi Relay Card and the I/O ExtensionCard it is possible to take advantage of up to 6 relays atthe same time and save extra wiring cost and installing space.Multi Relay Card+R912006050PROFIBUS DP adapteru Simple connectionu Wide installation base, Good compatibility u Maximum 127 stationsCANopen adapteru Short response timeu High communication quantity and performance. ReducedEMC problem and cable costu Built-in terminated resistorPROFIBUS DP adapterCANopen adapter16PROFIBUS DP card CANopen cardMulti-Ethernet cardMulti-Ethernet Card 1u Below communication protocols are supported by Multi-Ethernet Card, which only needs Exchange parameters in frequency converter. PROFINET IO, Ethernet IP, SERCOS III, EtherCAT, Modbus TCPu A multi-application card, with which users need onlycommunication protocol switching by setting parameters.uEFC series of multifunctional unique options throughEthernet, with greater flexibility and adaptability in theInternet of things. With the BOSCH Rexroth WebConnector 2 technology. In the near future, the customer to sit in theoffice or home, intelligent mobile phone monitoring from the inverter operation, storage and analysis of data acquisition, will become a realityR912006133R912006134：Only apply to EFC series ： Java based network applications17Technical DataCable lengthTerminal diagramTerminal DescriptionR912006414ABZ Incremental encoder cardu It is a standard extension card of Rexroth EFC 5610 seriesproduct and should be used together with extension card boxu It has a variety of voltage levels, which could match the common5 V encoder and 9...30 V wide voltage encoders in marketu It supports various encoders, covering the difference, opencollector and push-pull typeu It includes frequency output interface of encoder signal,supporting NPN and PNP outputu It is extended in the same way like other option cards. And itsmounting position is optional18Application Specific Firmware 2 – Download firmware for different specific applicationsu Different application specific firmware easy fordifferent application demands. (textile, printing, water supply, etc.)u Download ASF to frequency converter throughUSB and ConverterWorks software.u Each standard frequency converter could beupdated to application specific firmware product via installing ASF.u Reducing customer and partner ’s stock, onlys tandard equipment is fine.Application Specific Firmware ASF：Available in 2017. ：Please download latest ASF software via /fc.1MPull rollTrim wind-up rollFloating rollRegister ratioEncoder linear velocity * coiler calculating + PIDPID feedback sourcesPull rollTrim wind-up rollRegister ratioEncodercoiler calculating * tension given19PC Software 1 - easy commissioningThe Rexroth VFC and EFC frequency converters can be commissioned and operated remotely with the free PC software. The connection to the PC is established via a standard Mini-USB interface.Parameter Comparison Functionu Compared adjusted parameter with defaultparameter, comparison between 2 parameter groups.Online Commissioningu Connected with PC, it is easy to online start-upand stop, parameter revise, and back-up.Online Monitor Signalu Real time monitoring signal data for fast diagnosisand monitoring.PC Software：Please download latest PC software via /fc.Core Firmware Update 1u Core firmware updated via Convcerterworks software, easy and convenient to get latest function.Open Platform for flexible applicationsAccording to various of special application demand, and based on standard software of frequency converter, Application Specific Firmware( e.g. water supply ASF) could be downloaded to frequency converter via commissioning software.u ASF via frequency converter commissioningsoftware, your frequency converter now available for serving special function request.For AP region, (Xi’an)Phone: +86 (29) 86555479 (8:30am-17:10pm / Mon-Fri) Email:***************************.cnFor other region, (Lohr)Tel. +49 9352 40 5060***************************Bosch Rexroth (Xi’an) Electric Drives and Controls Co., Ltd. No. 3999 Shang Ji Road, Cao Tan Ecology Industry Park, Economic and Technological Development Zone, 710021,Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R.C.Phone: +86(29)86555 100Fax: +86(29)86555 106************************.cnR91200602309/2017A© Bosch Rexroth China 2016The data specified above only serve to describe the product. No statements concerning a certain condition or suitability for a certain application can be derived from our information. The information given does not release the user from the obligation of own judgment and verification. It must be remembered that our products are subject to a natural process of wear and aging.。

船舶英文缩写的意思

VTP (Vinyl Tar Primer)聚乙烯焦油底漆
ZRP (Zinc Rich Primer)富锌底漆
WELDING and Material（焊接与材料）:
ASTM (American Society for Testing Materials)美国材料实验协会
CB (Center of Buoyancy)浮心
CCS (China Classification Society)中国船级社
CF (Center of Floatation)漂心
CFE (Contractor Furnish Equipment)承包商提供设备
HULL(船体):
ABS (American Bureau of Standard)美国船级社
ANG (Angle Bar)角钢
BFE (Builder Furnish Equipment)建造商提供设备
BG (Bulk Carrier)散货船
BHD (Bulkhead)舱壁
DK (Deck)甲板
DM (Depth Molded)型深
DNV (Det Norske Veritas)挪威船级社
DWG (Drawing)图
DWL (Design Waterline)设计水线
DWT (Deadweight)载重量
FAT (Factory Acceptance Test)工厂验收试验
Fwd (Forward)向船艏
GL (Germanischer Lloyd)德国船级社
GM (Metacentric Height)初稳心高
HP (Half Bulb Plate)球扁钢
LBP (Length between Perpendiculars)垂线间长

初中英语全部词汇,短语,句型

初中英语词汇achievement n.完成，成就，成绩act v. 行动，表演affect vt.影响，感动agreement n.协定，协议，同意aim n. 目标，目的allow vt.允许，准许amazing a.令人吃惊的ambulance n.救护车，野战医院amount n.总数，数量，总和application n.请求，申请，施用aquarium n.水族馆Arctic a.北极的article n.文章，条款，物品ashamed adj. 羞愧的assume vt.假定，承担，呈现astronaut n.宇航员at least 至少，最低限度athletic a.运动的；竞技的average n.平均数a.平均的battery n.电池battle n.战役，斗争vi.作战blame vt.责备，把…归咎于blind a.瞎的，盲目的bloodshed n. 流血事件bomb v. 轰炸n. 炸弹bother v. 打扰breathe v. 呼吸bully n. / v. 欺负cage n.笼，鸟笼，囚笼calculation n.计算camera n.照相机，摄影机cancel v. 取消cancer n.癌，癌症captive / caged adj.俘虏的，捕获的captivity n. 囚禁，被关cause n.原因，理由celebration n.庆祝，祝贺chain n.链，链条，项圈challenge n.挑战cheer v. 欢呼chest n.胸腔，胸膛，箱子claim v. 认领comfortable a.舒适的，安慰的command vt.命令，指挥，控制common a.普通的，共同的community n.社区compare vt.比较，对照complain v. 抱怨，投诉complaint n.抱怨，控告complete v. 完成adj. 完整的connect vt.连接，联系continue vt.继续control vt.控制，克制n.控制counter n.柜台，计数器countless a.无数的courage n.勇气，胆量course n. 课程crash vi.碰撞，坠落n.碰撞creature n.生物，创造物crossing n. 十字路口cube-shaped adj. 立方体形状的culture n. 文化dairy n.牛奶场，乳制品dare vt. aux. v.敢，竟敢deaf a.聋的degree n.程度，度，学位diet n.饮食，食物direction n.方向，指导directly ad.直接地，立即disappoint v. 使……失望disastrous a.灾难性的，悲惨的discover vt.发现，暴露，显示discuss vt.讨论disorder n.混乱，骚乱distance n.距离，远处distract v. 分散注意力documentary a.有文件的；有证件的double a.两倍的，双的earth-orbiting adj. 围绕地球轨道的effect n.效果，效力elbow n.肘，肘部emotionally ad. 在情绪上encourage vt.鼓励，支持，助长energy n.活力，精力，能量enhance vt.提高，增加，夸exactly adv. 确切地exit n.出口，退场vi.退出expect vt.预料，预期，等待experience v. 经历n.经历；经验experienced adj. 经验丰富的experiment n.实验，试验expert n. 专家explanation n.解释，说明，辩解exploration n.探索explorer n.探测者expression n.词句，表达，表情extremely ad.极其，非常fake n.假货，膺品a.假的fireworks n.[pl.]爆竹，烟花flutter v. 扑腾follow vt.跟随，结果是free v.释放freedom n.自由fridge n.电冰箱friendship n.友谊，友好gadget n.小器具，小配件get-together n.(使)聚集；(使)集合giant n.巨人，巨物government n.政府gradually ad.逐渐地，逐步地grain n.谷物，谷粒，颗粒hand v. 递给handout n.分发head n. 首领，头目headphone n. 耳机height n高度high-fat adj.高脂肪的highway n.高速公路honesty n. 诚实honor v. 纪念n. 荣耀；荣誉human-powered adj. 人力的ice-covered adj. 冰封的；冰覆盖的improve vi.改善，提高include vt.包括，包含inexpensive a.廉价的injury n.损害，伤害，受伤处instruction n.命令，教学，教训intellectual n.知识分子a.智力的international a.国际的interview n.接见，会见，面谈introverted adj. (性格)向的invite v. = attract 吸引item n. 提干，条款journey n.旅行，旅程judge v. 判断laptop n. 手提式个人电脑latest a. 最近的leading adj. 最主要的，第一的lens n. 镜头light v. 点燃location n.位置，场所lower v. 低下major a.主要的，多数的n.专业manage vt.管理，控制manager n.经理marry vt.娶，嫁vi.结婚measure vt.量，测量n.测量；措施middle-aged adj. 中年的mockingbird n. 模仿鸟mop v. 拖(地板)murder n.谋杀vt.谋杀native a.本土的，本国的n.本地人naturally ad.自然地；天然地nervous a.紧的，易激动的nervousness n. 神经过敏；紧nomads n. 游牧部落nut n. 坚果nutritious a.有营养的obstacle n.障碍operation n.操作；经营；手术orbit n.运行轨道vt.环绕organize v. 组织ornithologist n. 鸟类学者outgoing adj. 友善的，即将离去的overacted adj. 行为夸的partnership n 合作.patient a.耐心的n.病人peacefully ad. 和平地，和谐地peanut n.花生perfect vt.改善a.完美的perform vt.执行；演出phone n.vt.打photography n. 摄影，照相physically ad. 体格上，身体上picture v. 描绘poison n.毒药vt.毒害；投毒pollute vt.污染powder n.粉末；火药power n.力量powerful a.强有力的practice v.练习，实践prefer v.更喜欢president n.总统，校长pressure v.向…施加压力n.压力. private a.私人的，秘密的produce vt.生产；产生producer n.生产者production n.产品；产量progress n.进展，进步prompt n. 提示protect vt.保护，保卫protein n.蛋白质prove vt.证明vi.结果是psychologist n.心理学家punish v. 惩罚purpose n.目的，意图radio v. 用无线电发射rainforest n. 雨林rate n.比率；速度；价格vt.评价，估价raw a.生的；未加工的reference n. 证明人refuse v. 拒绝regular a.规则的，常规的relatively ad.比较…地，相对地relaxation n.松驰；松懈relaxed a.放松的remove vt.移动；搬迁requirement n.需要，要求respond v. 回应，反应result n.成果；结果vi.结果，导致reward n.报答；报酬vt.报答；酬金roasted a.烤好的rubber n.橡皮，橡胶a.橡胶的rush v. 冲，奔，闯safety n.安全，保险sandbox n. 沙箱，沙盒satellite n.卫星satisfy vt.满足，使满意scare v. 恐吓，使……害怕= fear, frightenscientific a.科学的screen n. 触屏seed n.种(子)，籽self-centereda. 自我中心的，自我本位的，利己主义的self-pitying adj.separation n.分离，分开shape n.形状vt.形成share vt.分享，共享n.份额，股份sickness n.疾病；恶心，呕吐感signal n. 信号similar a.相似的，类似的sledge n. 雪橇special a.特殊的，专门的sponsor n.发起者，赞助人vt.发起，赞助start-up n. 启动，(刚刚起步的)小公司stomach n.胃；胃口；欲望strategy n. 策略stressful a.有压力的strict a.严格的，严谨的structure n.结构；建筑物vt.建造subway n.隧道；地铁suffer v. 遭受…..痛苦suggest vt.建议；暗示，启发sunglasses n. 太阳眼镜system n.系统；制度talent n.天才，才能technology n.工艺，技术teenager n.青少年telegram n.电报temperature n.温度；体温tent n.帐篷theory n.理论，学说thumb n.大拇指traditional a.传统的treat vt.对待，处理n.款待tremble vi.发抖，哆嗦troop n.军队underground a.地下的；秘密的underlined adj. 划线於下的unexpected a.意外的universal a.宇宙的；普遍的unlit adj. 未点燃的unusual a.不平常的，独特的vacuum n.真空value n.价值，价格vt.评价vehicle n.车辆victory n.胜利，战胜videophone n. 电视webcams n. 网络摄像机well-being a. 安宁，福利wizardry n. 巫术worldwide adj.全世界turn into = change into 把……变成When it comes to …当提到……，当谈到……knock out 出局make a wish 许诺the finishing line 终点线up and down 上下地，到处，前前后后，来来往往come over 走过去stay healthy 保持健康no more than 仅仅，只是have a lot to do with 与…..有很大关系be home to 是……所在地，栖息地the rest of 其余的agree with 同意come true 实现learn from 听说mental illness 精神病little by little 逐渐地over time 随着时间的流逝volunteer group 志愿者小组from then on 从那时开始sb’s face lit up. (使)变得容光焕发或振奋depend on 依赖，依靠North Pole 北极put up = set up, build up 建立，设立，搭起belong to 属于think highly of 高度赞扬in the form of 以……的形式first aid 急救check for a pulse 号脉heart attack 心脏病fall into place 依序排列，依序出现make one’s wa y through 穿过，走过take action 采取行动junk food 垃圾食品bar codes 条形码let down 使……失望slow down 慢下来，停下脚步lottery ticket 彩票book the flight 订机票rush through 快速通过，赶紧做advanced degree 高学历come up with 提出、想出(看法、观点)短语、词组归纳由动词开头构成的短语、词组很多。

机械术语中英文对照

机械术语中英文对照成形不良用语a berration 色差atomization ?化bank mark ?料纹bite 咬入blacking hole 涂料孔(铸疵) blacking scab 涂料疤blister 起泡blooming 起霜blow hole 破孔blushing 泛白body wrinkle 侧壁皱纹breaking-in 冒口带肉bubble 膜泡burn mark 糊斑burr 毛边camber 翘曲cell 气泡center buckle 表面中部波皱check 细裂痕checking 龟裂chipping 修整表面缺陷clamp-off 铸件凹痕collapse 塌陷color mottle 色斑corrosion 腐蚀crack 裂痕crazing 碎裂crazing 龟裂deformation 变形edge 切边碎片edge crack 裂边fading 退色filler speak 填充料斑fissure 裂纹flange wrinkle 凸缘起皱flaw 刮伤flow mark 流痕galling 毛边glazing 光滑gloss 光泽grease pits 污斑grinding defect 磨痕haircrack 发裂haze 雾度incrustation 水锈indentation 压痕internal porosity 内部气孔mismatch 偏模mottle 斑点necking 缩颈nick 割痕orange peel 橘皮状表面缺陷overflow 溢流peeling 剥离pit 坑pitting corrosion 点状腐蚀plate mark 模板印痕pock 麻点pock mark 痘斑resin streak 树脂流纹resin wear 树脂脱落riding 凹陷sagging 松垂saponification 皂化scar 疤痕scrap 废料scrap jam 废料堵塞scratch 刮伤/划痕scuffing 深冲表面划伤seam 裂痕shock line 模口挤痕short shot 充填不足shrinkage pool 凹孔sink mark 凹痕skin inclusion 表皮摺叠straightening 矫直streak 条状痕surface check 表面裂痕surface roughening 橘皮状表皮皱摺surging 波动sweat out 冒汗torsion 扭曲warpage 翘曲waviness 波痕webbing 熔塌weld mark 焊痕whitening 白化wrinkle 皱纹模具常用刀具与工作法用语adjustable spanner 活动扳手angle cutter 角铣刀anvil 铁? arbour 心轴backing 衬垫belt sander 带式打磨机buffing 抛光chamfering machine 倒角机chamfering tool 去角刀具chisel 扁錾chuck 夹具compass 两角规concave cutter 凹面铣刀convex cutter 凸形铣刀cross joint 十字接头cutting edge clearance 刃口余隙角drill stand 钻台edge file 刃用锉刀file 锉刀flange joint 凸缘接头grinder 砂轮机hammer 铁锤hand brace 手摇钻hatching 剖面线hexagon headed bolt 六角头螺栓hexagon nut 六角螺帽index head 分度头jack 千斤顶jig 治具kit 工具箱lapping 研磨metal saw 金工锯nose angle 刀角pinchers 钳子pliers 铗钳plug 柱塞头polisher 磨光器protable driller 手提钻孔机punch 冲头sand paper 砂纸scraper 刮刀screw driver 螺丝起子scribing 划线second out file 中纹锉spanner 扳手spline broach 方栓槽拉刀square 直角尺square sleeker 方形镘刀square trowel 直角度stripping 剥离工具T-slot T形槽tool for lathe 车刀tool point angle 刀刃角tool post 刀架tosecan 划线盘trimming 去毛边waffle die flattening 压纹效平wiper 脱模钳wrench 螺旋扳手电脑关联用语3D modeling 三次元模拟access 通路animation 卡通影片application 应用board 基板bug 故障bus 汇流排CAD 电脑辅助设计CAE 电脑辅助工程分析CAM 电脑辅助制造cassette 卡座color display 彩色显示器command 指令communication 通信compact 精简小型computer 电脑copy 复制cursor 游标curve modeling 曲面模拟database 资料库design 设计digitizing 数位化disk 磁碟dot 点eyelet 眼孔floppy 磁碟片format 格式化graphic 圆解hardware 硬体honeycomb 蜂巢interface 界面know how 要领laser printer 雷射印表机lay out 布置memory 经历memory swap 交换经历microprocessor 微处理器modeling 造型module 模组monitor 萤幕mouse 滑鼠need 需求network 网路new version 新版on line 上线中option 选择PC 个人电脑plotter 绘图机program 程式scanning 扫描simulation 模拟software 软体solid model 实体模型system 系统tape 磁带terminal 终端机texture 构造trim 修边venter 排气风扇word processor 文书处理器各种冲模加工关连用语barreling 滚光加工belling 压凸加工bending 弯曲加工blanking 下料加工bulging 撑压加工burring 冲缘加工cam die bending 凸轮弯曲加工caulking ?合加工coining 压印加工compressing 压缩加工compression bending 押弯曲加工crowning 凸面加工curl bending 卷边弯曲加工curling 卷曲加工cutting 切削加工dinking 切断蕊骨double shearing 叠板裁断drawing 引伸加工drawing with ironing 抽引光滑加工embossing 浮花压制加工extrusion 挤制加工filing 锉削加工fine blanking 周密下料加工finish blanking 光制下料加工finishing 精整加工flanging 凸缘加工folding 折边弯曲加工folding 摺叠加工forming 成形加工impact extrusion 冲击挤压加工indenting 压痕加工ironing 引缩加工knurling 滚花lock seaming 固定接合louvering 百叶窗板加工marking 刻印加工necking 颈缩加工notching 冲口加工parting 分断加工piercing 冲孔加工progressive bending 连续弯曲加工progressive blanking 连续下料加工progressive drawing 连续引伸加工progressive forming 连续成形加工reaming 铰孔加工restriking 二次精冲加工riveting ?接加工roll bending 滚筒弯曲加工roll finishing 滚压加工rolling 压延加工roughing 粗加工scrapless machining 无废料加工seaming 折弯重叠加工shaving 缺口修整加工shearing 切断加工sizing 精压加工/矫正加工slitting 割缝加工spinning 卷边?接staking ?固stamping 锻压加工swaging 挤锻压加工trimming 整缘加工upsetting 锻粗加工wiring 抽线加工冲压机械及周边关连用语back shaft 支撑轴blank determination 胚料展开bottom slide press 下传动式压力机board drop hammer 板落锤brake 煞车buckle 剥砂面camlachie cramp 铸包casting on flat ?合chamotte sand 烧磨砂charging hopper 加料漏斗clearance 间隙closed-die forging 合模锻造clump 夹紧clutch 离合器clutch brake 离合器制动器clutch boss 离合器轮壳clutch lining 离合器覆盖coil car 带卷升降运输机coil cradle 卷材进料装置coil reel stand 钢材卷料架column 圆柱connection screw 连杆调剂螺钉core compound 砂心黏结剂counter blow hammer 对击锻锤cradle 送料架crank 曲柄轴crankless 无曲柄式cross crank 横向曲轴cushion 缓冲depression 外缩凹孔dial feed 分度送料die approach 模口角度die assembly 合模die cushion 模具缓冲垫die height 冲压闭合高度die life 模具寿命die opening 母模逃孔die spotting press 调整冲模用压力机double crank press 双曲柄轴冲床draght angle 逃料倾斜角edging 边锻伸embedded core 加装砂心feed length 送料长度feed level 送料高度filling core 埋入砂心filling in 填砂film play 液面花纹fine blanking press 周密下料冲床forging roll 辊锻机finishing slag 炼後熔渣fly wheel 飞轮fly wheel brake 飞轮制动器foot press 脚踏冲床formboard 进模口板frame 床身机架friction 摩擦friction brake 摩擦煞车gap shear 凹口剪床gear 齿轮gib 滑块引导部gripper 夹具gripper feed 夹持进料gripper feeder 夹紧传送装置hammer 槌机hand press 手动冲床hand rack pinion press 手动齿轮齿条式冲床hand screw press 手动螺旋式冲床hopper feed 料斗送料idle stage 空站inching 微调尺寸isothermal forging 恒温锻造key clutch 键槽离合器knockout 脱模装置knuckle mechanic 转向机构land 模具直线刀面部level 水平loader 供料器unloader 卸料机loop controller 闭回路操纵器lower die 下模micro inching device 微寸动装置microinching equipment 微动装置motor 马达moving bolster 活动工作台notching press 冲缺口压力机opening 排料逃孔overload protection device 防超载装置pinch roll 导正滚轮pinion 小齿轮pitch 节距pressfit 压入progressive 连续送料pusher feed 推杆式送料pusher feeder 料片押片装置quick die change system 快速换模系统regrinding 再次研磨releasing 松释动作reversed blanking 反转下料robot 机器人roll forming machine 辊轧成形roll forming machine 辊轧成形机roll release 脱辊roller feed 辊式送料roller leveler 辊式矫直机rotary bender 卷弯成形机safety guard 安全爱护装置scrap cutter 废料切刀scrap press 废料冲床seamless forging 无缝锻造separate 分离shave 崩砂shear angle 剪角sheet loader 薄板装料机shot 单行程工作shrinkage fit 收缩配合shut height 闭合高度sieve mesh 筛孔sintering of sand 铸砂烧贴slide balancer 滑动平稳器slug hole 逃料孔spin forming machine 旋压成形机spotting 合模stack feeder 堆叠拨送料机stickness 黏模性straight side frame 冲床侧板stretcher leveler 拉伸矫直机strip feeder 料材送料装置stripping pressure 弹出压力stroke 冲程take out device 取料装置toggle press 肘杆式压力机transfer 传送transfer feed 连续自动送料装置turrent punch press 转塔冲床two speed clutch 双速离合器uncoiler 闭卷送料机unloader 卸载机vibration feeder 振动送料机wiring press 嵌线卷边机线切割放电加工关连用语abnormal glow 不规则辉光放电arc discharge 电弧放电belt 皮带centreless 无心chrome bronze 铭铜clearance angle 後角corner shear drop 直角压陷deflection 桡曲度discharge energy 放电能量dressing 修整dwell 保压flange 凸缘gap 间隙graphite 石墨graphite contraction allowance 电极缩小余量graphite holder 电极夹座hair crack 发裂horn 电极臂jump 跳刀magnetic base 磁性座master graphite 标准电极pipe graphite 管状电极pulse 脉冲rib working 肋部加工roller electrode 滚轮式电极rotary surface 旋转面shank 柄部sharp edge 锐角部tough bronze 韧铜traverse 摇臂tungsten bronze ?青铜waviness 波形起伏work 工件working allowance 加工余量working dischard 加工废料。

IGBT 双脉冲测试

Page 13
IGBT Safe Operation – IGBT RBSOA
! Blocking voltage (VCES)
VCES specified at Tj=25℃. Higher Tj, higher blocking voltage
Chip level Module level Due to stray inductance inside module
Page 17
IGBT Double Pulse Test
! Basic principle of double pulse test ! Safe operation of IGBT
" " " " "
IGBT RBSOA Diode SOA Short circuit Vge limit Others – Not tested by double pulse test
∆V = di / dt * Lδ
RBSOA VCES is easiest to be exceed during turn off, due to external and internal stray inductance
2010-6-7
VCES can not be violated at any condition, otherwise IGBT would break though
2010-6-7
Copyright © Infineon Technologies 2008. All rights reserved.
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IGBT Safe Operation – Diode SOA
! Blocking voltage (VRRM)

机械专业术语中英对照

机械专业机械工具扳子spanner (美作:wrench)双头扳子double-ended spanner活扳子,活络扳手adjustable spanner, monkey wrench半自动滚刀磨床semi-automatic hob grinder半自动化semi-automation; semi-automatic 扳手wrench备件spare parts 边刨床side planer 变速箱transmission gear 柄轴arbor 部件units; assembly parts 插床slotting machine 拆卸to disassemble超高速内圆磨床ultra-high-speed internal grinder车床lathe; turning lathe 车刀lathe tool车轮车床car wheel lathe 车削turning 车管钳子box spanner (美作:socket wrench) 卡规calipers夹钳pincers, tongs 剪子shears 钢锯hacksaw剪线钳wire cutters万能手钳multipurpose pliers, universal pliers可调手钳adjustable pliers 冲子punch 钻drill 卡盘chuck 三角刮刀scraper扩孔钻reamer 孔径规calliper gauge铆钉rivet 螺母nut 自锁螺母,防松螺母locknut 螺栓bolt销钉pin, peg, dowel 垫圈washer U形钉staple油壶oil can 工作服jack 注油枪grease gun机械加工抛光polishing 安装to assemble 衬套bushing半机械化semi-mechanization; semi-mechanized 轴axle金属切削metal cutting机床machine tool金属工艺学technology of metals刀具cutter摩擦friction联结link传动drive/transmission轴shaft弹性elasticity频率特性frequency characteristic误差error响应response定位allocation机床夹具jig动力学dynamic运动学kinematic静力学static分析力学analyse mechanics拉伸pulling压缩hitting剪切shear扭转twist弯曲应力bending stress强度intensity三相交流电three-phase AC磁路magnetic circles变压器transformer异步电动机asynchronous motor 几何形状geometrical精度precision正弦形的sinusoid交流电路AC circuit机械加工余量machining allowance 变形力deforming force变形deformation应力stress硬度rigidity热处理heat treatment退火anneal正火normalizing脱碳decarburization渗碳carburization电路circuit半导体元件semiconductor element 反馈feedback发生器generator直流电源DC electrical source门电路gate circuit逻辑代数logic algebra外圆磨削external grinding内圆磨削internal grinding平面磨削plane grinding变速箱gearbox离合器clutch绞孔fraising绞刀reamer螺纹加工thread processing螺钉screw铣削mill铣刀milling cutter功率power工件workpiece齿轮加工gear mechining齿轮gear主运动main movement主运动方向direction of main movement进给方向direction of feed进给运动feed movement合成进给运动resultant movement of feed合成切削运动resultant movement of cutting合成切削运动方向direction of resultant movement of cutting 切削深度cutting depth前刀面rake face刀尖nose of tool前角rake angle后角clearance angle龙门刨削planing主轴spindle主轴箱headstock卡盘chuck加工中心machining center车刀lathe tool车床lathe钻削镗削bore车削turning磨床grinder基准benchmark钳工locksmith锻forge压模stamping焊weld拉床broaching machine拉孔broaching装配assembling铸造found流体动力学fluid dynamics流体力学fluid mechanics加工machining液压hydraulic pressure切线tangent机电一体化mechanotronics mechanical-electrical integration 气压air pressure pneumatic pressure稳定性stability介质medium液压驱动泵fluid clutch液压泵hydraulic pump阀门valve失效invalidation强度intensity载荷load应力stress安全系数safty factor可靠性reliability螺纹thread螺旋helix键spline销pin滚动轴承rolling bearing 滑动轴承sliding bearing 弹簧spring制动器arrester brake十字结联轴节crosshead 联轴器coupling链chain皮带strap精加工finish machining 粗加工rough machining 变速箱体gearbox casing 腐蚀rust氧化oxidation磨损wear耐用度durability随机信号random signal离散信号discrete signal超声传感器ultrasonic sensor集成电路integrate circuit挡板orifice plate残余应力residual stress套筒sleeve扭力torsion冷加工cold machining电动机electromotor汽缸cylinder过盈配合interference fit热加工hotwork摄像头CCD camera倒角rounding chamfer优化设计optimal design工业造型设计industrial moulding design 有限元finite element滚齿hobbing插齿gear shaping伺服电机actuating motor铣床milling machine钻床drill machine镗床boring machine步进电机stepper motor丝杠screw rod导轨lead rail组件subassembly可编程序逻辑控制器Programmable Logic Controller PLC 电火花加工electric spark machining电火花线切割加工electrical discharge wire - cutting相图phase diagram热处理heat treatment固态相变solid state phase changes有色金属nonferrous metal陶瓷ceramics合成纤维synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion车架automotive chassis悬架suspension转向器redirector变速器speed changer板料冲压sheet metal parts孔加工spot facing machining 车间workshop工程技术人员engineer气动夹紧pneuma lock数学模型mathematical model 画法几何descriptive geometry 机械制图Mechanical drawing 投影projection视图view剖视图profile chart标准件standard component零件图part drawing装配图assembly drawing尺寸标注size marking技术要求technical requirements 刚度rigidity内力internal force位移displacement截面section疲劳极限fatigue limit断裂fracture塑性变形plastic distortion脆性材料brittleness material刚度准则rigidity criterion垫圈washer垫片spacer直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear运动简图kinematic sketch齿轮齿条pinion and rack蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear虚约束passive constraint曲柄crank摇杆racker凸轮cams共轭曲线conjugate curve范成法generation method定义域definitional domain值域range导数\\微分differential coefficient求导derivation定积分definite integral不定积分indefinite integral曲率curvature偏微分partial differential毛坯rough游标卡尺slide caliper千分尺micrometer calipers攻丝tap二阶行列式second order determinant逆矩阵inverse matrix线性方程组linear equations概率probability随机变量random variable排列组合permutation and combination气体状态方程equation of state of gas动能kinetic energy势能potential energy机械能守恒conservation of mechanical energy 动量momentum桁架truss轴线axes余子式cofactor逻辑电路logic circuit触发器flip-flop脉冲波形pulse shape数模digital analogy液压传动机构fluid drive mechanism 机械零件mechanical parts淬火冷却quench淬火hardening回火tempering调质hardening and tempering磨粒abrasive grain结合剂bonding agent砂轮grinding wheel2D Solid 二维实体2D Wireframe 二维线框3D Array 三维阵列3D Dynamic View 三维动态观察3d objects 三维物体3D Orbit 三维轨道3D Orbit 三维动态观察3D Studio 3D Studio3D Viewpoint 三维视点3dpoly 三维多段线3dsin 3DS 输入3DSolid 三维实体3dsout 3DS 输出abort 放弃abort 中断absolute coordinates 绝对坐标abut 邻接accelerator key 加速键access 获取acisin ACIS 输入acisout ACIS 输出action 操作active 活动（的）adaptive sampling 自适应采样add 添加Add a Printer 添加打印机Add mode 添加模式Add Plot Style Table 添加打印样式表Add Plot Style Table 添加打印样式表Add Plotter 添加打印机Add Plotter 添加打印机Add to Favorites 添加到收藏夹ADI ADI(Autodesk 设备接口)adjacent 相邻Adjust 调整Adjust Area fill 调整区域填充AdLM (Autodesk License Manager) AdLM（Autodesk 许可管理器）Administration dialog box 管理对话框Advanced Setup Wizard 高级设置向导Aerial View 鸟瞰视图affine calibration 仿射校准alert 警告alias 别名aliasing 走样align 对齐aligned dimension 对齐标注alignment 对齐(方式) allocate 分配Altitude 标高ambient color 环境色ambient light 环境光angular dimension 角度标注angular unit 角度单位annotation 注释anonymous block 无名块anti-aliasing 反走样aperture 靶框apparent intersections 外观交点append 附加Application key 授权申请号appload 加载应用程序Apply 应用/申请approximation points 近似点arc 圆弧Architectual Ticks 建筑标记area 区域,面积Argument 参数Arrange icons 排列图标array 阵列arrowhead 箭头ASCII ASCII （美国标准信息交换码）aseadmin ASE 管理aseexport ASE 输出aselinks ASE 链接aserows ASE 行aseselect ASE 选择asesqled SQL 编辑Aspect 纵横向间距aspect ratio 宽高比assign 指定Assist 助理associative dimension 关联标注associative hatches 关联填充attach v.附着attdef 属性定义attdisp 属性显示attedit 属性编辑attenuation 衰减attenuation of light 灯光衰减attext 属性提取attredef 属性重定义attribute definition 属性定义Attribute Display 属性显示attribute extraction file 属性提取文件attribute extraction template file 属性提取样板文件attribute prompt 属性提示attribute tag 属性标签attribute value 属性值audit 核查authorization code 授权码AutoCAD library search path AutoCAD 库搜索路径autocommit 自动提交AutoTrack 自动追踪axis tripod 三轴架azimuth 方位角Back Clipping On 后向剪裁打开back view 后视图background color 背景色backup 备份Backward 反向bad 不正确的base 基点base dimension 基准标注base grips 基夹点base point 基点baseline 基线baseline dimension 基线标注Basic color 基本色batch plotting 批处理打印beam angles of spotlights 聚光灯光束角度Beep on Error 出错报警bevel 倒角bevel 倒角beveling objects 斜角对象Bezier curve Bezier 曲线Big Font 大字体bind 绑定bitmap 位图blend 合成blipmode 点标记模式block 块block definition 块定义block reference 块参照block table 块表bmpout BMP 输出body 体Boolean operation 布尔运算borders 边框bottom view 仰视图boundary 边界boundary sets 边界集bounding 边（框）break (v.) 打断Bring Above Object 置于对象之上Bring to Top 顶置brower 浏览器built-in 内置的bulge 凸度bump map 凹凸贴图button menu 按钮菜单BYBLOCK 随块BYLAYER 随层byte 字节cabling 电缆布线cal 计算器calibrate 校准call 调用callback 回调(for LISP) callback 回叫camera 相机camera angle 相机角度Cancel 取消cap 封口cascade 层叠（的）case （大小）写cast 投射catalog 目录cell 单元Center 圆心center mark 圆心标记centerline 中心线centroid 形心,质心chamfer 倒角change 修改character 字符Check 检查Check Box 复选框Check Spelling 拼写检查child dimension style 下级标注样式chord 弦chprop 修改特性circle 圆circular external reference 循环外部参照Circumference 圆周class 类clause 子句Clean 清除Clean 清除clear 清除client 客户机clip 剪裁Clipboard 剪贴板clipping boundaries 剪裁边界clipping planes 剪裁平面Close 闭合cluster 组code pages 代码页color 颜色color depth 颜色深度color map 色表Color Wheel 颜色轮盘color-dependent 颜色相关Color-Dependent Plot Style Table 颜色相关打印样式表column 列combine 结合comma 逗号command history 命令历史command line 命令行command window 命令窗口comment 注释commit 提交Compatibility 兼容性compile 编译complex solids 复杂实体component 分量Component 部件composite regions 组合面域composite tolerances 混合公差compound documents 合成文档cone 圆锥面config 配置configuration 配置conic 圆锥曲线Constant 常量Construction Line 构造线containers 容器Content Explorer 内容管理器Content Explorer 内容管理器contents 内容context 环境continuation 顺序Continue 继续Continue 继续continue dimension 连续标注contour lines 轮廓线contrast 对比度contrast 对比度control (n.)控件coordinate filters 坐标过滤器coordinate system 坐标系coplanar 同一平面的copy 副本Copy Hyperlink 复制超级链接copyclip 复制剪贴copyhist 复制历史copylink 复制链接Corner 角点corner joint 角点correct v. 更正corrupt 毁损create 创建Create Layout 创建布局criteria 条件criteria 条件Crop 修剪crosshair 十字光标crossing 窗交crossing polygon 交叉多边形crossing window 交叉窗口cube 立方体Cubic 三次Current UCS 当前UCS Current UCS 当前UCS cursor 游标cursor menu 光标菜单curve 曲线custom 自定义Custom installation 自定义安装Customize Menus 自定义菜单Customize Menus 自定义菜单Cut 剪切cutclip 剪切cylinder 圆柱体cylindrical coordinate 柱坐标dangle 不固定的Dark Color 暗色dash 虚线data integrity 数据完整性database 数据库datum 基准datum axis 基准轴datum dimension 基准标注datum identifier 基准标识datum reference frames 基准参考框架datum reference letters 基准参考字母dbConnect 数据库连接dbConnect Manager 数据库连接管理器dblist 数据库列表DBMS drivers DBMS 驱动ddattdef 属性定义对话框ddatte 属性编辑对话框ddattext 属性提取对话框ddcolor 颜色对话框ddedit 文字编辑对话框ddgrips 夹点对话框ddim 标注设置对话框ddinsert 插入对话框ddmodify 图元编辑对话框ddptype 点类型对话框ddrename 重命名对话框ddrmodes 绘图模式对话框ddselect 对象选择对话框dducs UCS 对话框dducsp UCS 方向对话框ddunits 单位对话框ddview 视图对话框ddvpoint 视点对话框deactivate 释放dealer 经销商decal effect 修剪效果decimal dimensions 十进制标注decurve 非曲线化default 缺省default drawing 缺省图形default drawing 缺省图形definition point 定义点Degenerate 退化delay 延迟delete 删除DELta 增量demand loading 按需加载dependent symbols 依赖符号deployment 展开Depth Map 深度贴图derive 导出description 说明Design Center 设计中心detach 拆离Detection 检测deviation 极限偏差deviation tolerances 极限公差device 设备device 设备Device and Default Selection 设备和默认选择Dia 直径diameter 直径（标注）dictionary 词典diffuse color 漫射色digitizer 数字化仪digitizing puck 数字化仪游标digitizing puck 数字化仪游标dim 标注dimaligned 对齐标注dimangular 角度标注dimbaseline 标注基线dimcenter 圆心标注dimcontinue 连续标注dimdiameter 直径标注dimedit 标注编辑dimension 标注dimension definition points 标注定义点dimension format 标注格式dimension geometry 构成要素dimension line arc 尺寸线圆弧dimension properties 标注特性dimension scale 标注比例dimension style 标注样式dimension style families 标注样式族dimension style name 标注样式名dimension style overrides 标注样式替代dimension text 标注文字dimension units 标注单位dimension variables 标注变量dimlinear 线性标注dimordinate 坐标标注dimoverride 标注替代dimradius 半径标注dimstyle 标注样式dimtedit 标注文字编辑Direct Hatch 直接填充Direction Control 方向控制Directory 目录Disable 禁用discard 放弃Discontinued 停止使用的dish 下半球面disk space 磁盘空间displacement point 位移点display 显示Display Order 显示次序dist 距离distant light 平行光distributing 分布dithering 抖动diverge 分散的Divide 等分divide 等分Division 等分dock(undock) 固定（浮动）document 文档dome 上半球面donut 园环Draft 草图drafting standards 绘图标准drafting techniques 绘图技术drag and drop 拖放draw 绘制/绘图(如果后面未接宾语) drawing 图形Drawing Aids 绘图辅助工具drawing area 绘图区域drawing boundaries 图形边界drawing browser 图形浏览器drawing database 图形数据库drawing environment 图形环境drawing extents 图形范围drawing file 图形文件drawing limits 图形界限drawing order 图形次序drawing project 图形项目drawing scale 图形比例drawing standard 图形标准drawing status 图形状态drawing time 绘图时间drawing units 图形单位driver 驱动程序Dropdown List 下拉列表dsviewer 鸟瞰视图dtext 动态文本dump 转储duplicate 重复duplicating 复制dview 动态观察dxbin DXB输入dxfin DXF输入dxfout DXF输出Dynamic 动态Dynamic Dragging 动态拖动Dynamic Update 动态更新dynamic viewing 动态观察dynamic zooming 动态缩放edge 边Edge Surface 边界曲面edgesurf 边界曲面editor 编辑器EDUCATION VERSION 教学版effect 效果Element 元素elev 标高elevation 标高ellipse 椭圆embed 内嵌，嵌入Encapsulated 封装See also "EPS" end 端点end angle 端点角度end tangent 端点切向end width 端点宽度Ending 终止English units 英制单位ENTER ENTER（输入）entity 图元entry 条目environment 环境environment variable 环境变量equation 方程式erase 删除existing 现有的Exit 退出export 输出expression 表达式extend 扩展extend 延伸，超出量（用于标注）extension line 尺寸界线Extent(s) 范围external data 外部数据external database 外部数据库External Reference 外部参照Extract 选集extrude 拉伸face 面facet 镶嵌面factor 因子(see Scale Factor)fade 褪色度falloff angle 收缩角Fast Zoom mode 快速缩放模式fatal 致命错误Favorites 收藏夹Favorites 收藏夹feature 功能/（几何）特征fence 栏选(See also Selection fence field 字段file 文件fill 填充Filled Text 填充文字Filmroll Filmrollfilter 过滤器find 查找finish 完成finish 修饰（for render only)fit 自适应设置fit points 拟合点flag 标志Flat Shaded, Edges on 带边框平淡着色flat-shaded （平淡）着色floating viewports 浮动视口flood 布满Flyout Properties 弹出特性对话框fog 雾fold 折叠Follow 跟随font 字体font map file 字体映射文件form tolerance 形状公差formatting text 设置文字格式frame 框架frame 帧frame 边框free-form 自由形式（的）freehand line 徒手画线Freeplotting 自由绘图freeze 冻结freezing layers 冻结图层From 自Front Clipping On 前向剪裁打开front view 主视图Full Preview 全视口预览General 基本generate 生成geometric characteristic symbols 几何特性Geometric Tolerance 形位公差geometry 几何图形global 全局（的）Gouraud renderings Gouraud Gouraud 着色Gradient 百分度Grads 百分度graphic area 图形区graphics cursor 图形光标graphics screen 图形屏graphics window 图形窗口graphscr 图形屏gray 灰度grid 网格grid 网格,栅格grid mode 栅格模式grip 夹点group 编组group code 组码Haltftoning 半色调handle 句柄handshaking 握手信号Hardcopy 硬拷贝hardware linetype 硬件线型hardware lock 保密锁hardware requirement 硬件需求hatch 图案填充hatch areas 填充区域hatch boundaries 填充边界hatch pattern 填充图案hatch styles 填充样式hatchedit 填充编辑Heads-up Design 轻松设计Height 高度help 帮助Hidden Line 隐藏线hidden-line image 消隐图像hide 隐藏(adj.)hide 消隐(v.)hideplot 消隐出图highlight 突出显示highlight 亮光(for the color of 3D objeHIGHLIGHT 亮显home page 主页home position 起始位置hook line 钩线hotspot 聚光角Hyperlink 超级链接Icon 图标Identifier 标识符IGES (International Graphics Exchange Sp 初始图形交换标准Ignore 忽略image 图像implement 实现import 输入Imprint 压印Imprint 压印included angle 包含角infinite lines 无限长线information 信息Inherit Properties 继承特性initial environment 初始环境Initialize 初始化in-place 在位inquiry 查询inscribed polygons 内接正多边形insert 插入Insertion 插入点insertobj 插入对象instance 引用Instruction 指示integer 整数IntelliMouse 智能鼠标IntelliMouse 智能鼠标Intensity 强度interactive 交互的Interchange 互换interface 介面interfere 干涉Interference 干涉Interference 干涉interlace 隔行internal 内部的Internet Utilities Internet应用程序interpolation points 插值点intersect 交集interval 间距/间隔Invalid 无效（的）inverse linear attenuation of light 线性衰减inverse square attenuation of light 平方衰减Invisible 不可见invoke 调用island 孤岛Island detection 孤岛检测ISO (International Standards Organizatio ISO(国际标准化组织) Isolation levels 隔离级别isoline 素线isometric 等轴测isometric snap style 等轴测捕捉样式isometric view 等轴测视图isoplane 等轴测平面ISOPLANE 等轴测平面Italic 斜体iterator 枚举器join 合并joint 连接Justification 对正justify 对正key 主键key n.名称knot vector 节点矢量label 标签landscape 横向Landscape 配景，风景,if used for "landsc Landscape Edit 编辑配景Landscape Library 配景库lateral tolerance symbol 尺寸公差符号layer index 图层索引Layout 布局Layout from Template 来自样板的布局Layout from Template 来自样板的布局Layout Wizard 布局向导leader 引线Leading 前导Learning Assistance 学习助手Left View 左视图legacy 传统length 长度lengthen 拉长Lens Length 镜头长度License Agreement 许可协议license key 许可证号License Manager 许可管理器License Server 许可服务器licenses 授权light 光源light color 浅色(for RAMT-wood ) Light Color 暖色lighting 照明效果Lightness 亮度limits 图形界限line 行line 直线line font 线型line object 线性对象line segment 线段line width 线宽Linear Dimension 线性标注linetype 线型Lineweight 线宽link 链接list 表list 列表list box 列表框List Files 文件列表load 加载locale 局部location 网址(for Internet) location 位置(for file and directory) locked 锁定locked layer 锁定图层logfileoff 关闭日志文件logfileon 打开日志文件logical 逻辑long file name 长文件名loop 环ltscale 线型比例LTSCALE 线型比例Ltype 线型lump 块magnet 磁吸magnification （缩放）比例magnifying glass 放大镜main window 主窗口major axis 长轴Make 新建Make 建立malformed 有缺陷Manipulate 操作Manipulate 操作Manufacture 制造商mapper 贴图mapping 贴图marble 大理石mark 标记massprop 质量特性match 匹配material condition 包容条件material condition symbols 包容条件符号Materials 材质对话框Materials Library 材质库matlib 材质库measure 测量measure 等距等分（菜单内容）Measurement 测量单位MEASUREMENT 在图形中设置测量值member 成员memory 内存menu 菜单menu bar 菜单栏menuload 加载菜单Merge 合并message 信息metafile 图元文件Method 方法Middle 中央点Middle Center 正中点Midpoint 中点minsert 多重插入mirror 镜像mirror line 镜像射线mirror3d 三维镜像Miscellaneous File Names 其他文件名Miter 斜接mledit 多线编辑mline 多线mlstyle 多线样式mode 模式model 型号model 型号model (v)建模，(n)模型model space 模型空间Modification 修改monitor resolution 显示器分辨率monochrome 单色（的）mouse 鼠标move 移动mslide 制作幻灯mspace 模型空间mtext 多行文字Multiline 多线比例multiline scale 多线比例Multiline Style 多线样式mview 生成视口mvsetup 设置图纸规格named object 命名对象named plot style table 命名的打印样式表Named UCS 命名UCSnamed view 命名视图NE Isometric 东北等轴测NE Isometric 东北等轴测Nearest 最近点nested 嵌套nested blocks 嵌套块new 新建new 新的New Layout 新建布局New Layout 新建布局NURB surfaces NURBS（非一致有理B 样条曲线）NW Isometric 西北等轴测NW Isometric 西北等轴测object 对象Object Properties 对象特性Object Properties Manager 对象特性管理器Object Snap 对象捕捉object snap override 对象捕捉覆盖Object Snap Setting 对象捕捉设置objects 对象Oblique 斜尺寸界线obsolete 废弃ODBC database ODBC数据库offset 偏移OLE OLE（对象链接和嵌入）olelinks OLE链接online help 联机帮助online manuals 联机手册oops 恢复opacity map 不透明贴图open 打开open 打开(的)OPM(Object Property Manager) 对象特性管理器Optimization 优化option 选项Orbit 轨道Ordinate 坐标标注orientation 方向origin 原点（对于坐标系）origin 原始位置(used for external Dat origin 起点（对于尺寸界线和标注）ortho 正交Ortho mode 正交模式orthogonal 正交orthographic 正交osnap 对象捕捉outside 外部的overall dimension scale 全局比例overflow 溢出overlay 覆盖overline 上划线override 忽略- For common sentences override 替代- For dimension overwrite 覆盖Palette 控制板。

SiC-MOSFET开关模块RC缓冲吸收电路的参数优化设计

总第470期2021年第2期Control and Information Technology61SiC-MOSFET开关模块RC缓冲吸收电路的参数优化设计施洪亮，罗德伟，王佳佳，谭渺，杨奎，周帅，饶沛南(株洲中车时代电气股份有限公司，湖南株洲412001)摘要：针对SiC-MOSFET开关模块开关速度快、开关电压尖峰高、缓冲吸收电路参数难以确定的问题，文章提出一种RC缓冲吸收电路参数快速优化设计方法。

该方法基于包含寄生参数的电路分析模型并利用双脉冲电路，通过不同的缓冲吸收电路参数曲线来确定电路参数的优化区间并选取最优的缓冲吸收电路参数。

仿真和实验结果表明，采用该方法能够针对SiC-MOSFET开关模块关断尖峰电压和缓冲吸收电路总损耗快速设计出满足要求的电路参数，使关断尖峰电压和缓冲吸收电路损耗处于系统优化的最佳区间。

关键词：SiC;RC缓冲吸收；双脉冲；寄生参数；电压尖峰；优化设计中图分类号：TN35文献标识码：A文章编号：2096-5427(2021)02-0061-06doi:10.13889/j.issn.2096-5427.2021.02.010Optimized Parameter Design of RC Snubber Circuit forSiC-MOSFET ModuleSHI Hongliang,LUO Dewei,WANG Jiajia,TAN Miao,YANG Kui,ZHOU Shuai,RAO Peinan(Zhuzhou CRRC Times Electric Co.,Ltd.,Zhuzhou,Hunan412001,China)Abstract:This paper proposes a fast optimization design method for RC snubber circuit parameters in order to solve the high switching voltage spikes of SiC while high switching and difficulties in snubber circuit parameters.This method is based on the circuit analysis model of double-pulse circuit including parasitic parameters.Different snubber parameter curves are used to determine the optimal interval of circuit parameters and select the best snubber parameters.The simulation and experimental results show that the method can quickly optimize the design of the circuit parameters that meet the requirements for the turn-off voltage spike of SiC switching devices and the total loss of the snubber circuit,and the spike voltage and the loss of the snubber circuits are in the optimal range for system optimization.Keywords:SiC;RC snubber;double pulse;parasitic parameters;spike voltage;optimal design0引言SiOMOSFET开关模块（简称“SiC模块”）由于其高开关速度、高耐压、低损耗的特点特别适合于高频、大功率的应用场合。

晶闸管构成的直流斩波调速系统英文文献

The brilliant floodgate managing cuts the wave adjust soonsystem of applied principleThe brilliant floodgate managing cut the wave to adjust from the direct current that the constitute soon the system main back track adoption cathode pulse back track, two sets of three control the bridge type to commutate to equip mutually and all anti- merge to link to the electric motor power supply, the electric motor cans be quickly positive and turns over in circulate process.Two sets of works adoption logics that commutate the device have no circulation control.Control the system adoption turns to shut the wreath to adjust with the electric current double soon soon system, turn soon the modulator and the electric current modulators all adopt the comparison integral calculus control.Passed the design to is constitute by the tube of The brilliant floodgate managing of the direct current cut first the wave adjust soon the system to analyze how from produce the parameter calculation and choices that the machine craft requests the certain electric power to drag along to move to automate the project, main back track component, control the design of the unit parts of the system and adjust to try and work the parameter measurement of the principle, system and the analysis of the quiet dynamic state characteristics and adjust, and drag along to move to the electric power the interference in the automation made some analysis to put forward at the same time some always interference of measure.The The brilliant floodgate managing tube direct current spreads to move the 70's in front and back in the our country expansion get strongly and applications, through the development history of more than 30 years, still stay around separately foundation of sign the machine piece up, the physical volume is big, connecting the line complications, use very inconvenient and the price is expensive.The double of my company development shuts the wreath direct current to adjust soon the mold piece, be in the light of to gather and use the convenient principle to adjustdirect current soon the system mold piece turn.The craft process of the forerunner and the electric circuit design of the high performances raised the service life and credibilities of the mold piece consumedly, and sex price compare very high, adjust for the direct current soon the realm increased the new vitality.Two, the electric circuit of an inner part constitutes this mold piece to contain the power The brilliant floodgate managing tube and move to control the electric circuit and turn mutually soon the electric current double shuts the wreath to adjust soon electric circuit, integral calculus electric circuit, electric current feedback electric circuit, and lack mutually and lead to flow to protect the electric circuit.The power The brilliant floodgate managing tube completes to change to flow and the power adjust, adopting to import the square chip, deluxe chip to prop up the plank, through special burn to knot the craft, assurance welding the layer have no empty, use DCB plank and other high classeses to transmit heat to insulate the material, transmit heat the function good, the plank of does not take the electricity, using the safe credibility.The hot circulation number of times exceeds the nation the standard is near 100 times, the service life that have to long very much.The integral calculus link can carry out the direct current electrical engineering soft start, and start time adjustable, reserve two ports for customer while design, regulate two electric potential machines, the convertibility integral calculus time length, thus attain to change the purpose that the electrical engineering starts time.The integral calculus link is applicable to start to transfer the steady situation of process, promoting the machine such as a machine of blast furnace, the mineral well, cold hot connect machine etc.When the importation jumps the signal for the rank, the line that passes to become to have the certain inclined rate to the definite integral machine transformation changes the exportation signal gradually, being the speed modulator of to settle the importation, for the speed of the electrical engineering for the stable exportation of the definite integral machine to give settle, give thedefinite integral machine output's variety the inclined rate is the acceleration of the electrical engineering.If the customer request to be under the condition of load certainly, the electrical engineering starts with biggest etc. acceleration, can throw away the integral calculus link, a the exportation limit that stays two ports of to be the electric current wreath and the speed wreath, regulate the exportation limit of the electric current wreath, change the electrical engineering biggest to start the electric current, acquire the ideal transition process.Turn soon the electric current double shuts the wreath electric circuit speed to regulate and the anti- load and the charged barbed wire net move, adopting a pair of PI modulator, can acquire to move the static state result goodly.Design the process adoption" two ranks are the best" parameter design method design, combine the system to move the static state result to choose the best parameter.From repress super the standpoint that adjust set out, the electric current wreath correct a system of typical model.System for make at the rank jumps the to move have no steady error margin of , and have to compare good of the anti-function, the speed wreath design becomes a system of typical model.Inside the comparison of the logarithms a of outside wreath characteristic, draw the electric current wreath and turn soon the wreath opens a characteristic of the wreath logarithms:Can see, the turn frequency and close the frequency to order 1 to compare a small, this is an inevitable regulation.A wreath system that design thus, the total wreath inside the ratio of outside wreath is slow.Generally speaking, adjust the process is a first outside wreath generally behind inside wreath, the electric current wreath wants to want to raise the dynamic state result of the system, the electric resistance that can enlarge the electric current wreath to permit to carry, but to let up the electric capacity, its relation is a C1*0.03/ R1.The speed wreath wants to want to raise the dynamic state result, getting from various index signs of a system of typical model, its dynamic state result is a parameter of middle, needing to adjust to tryagain and again, enlarge the electric resistance R2 and can raise the steady accuracy of the system, correspond of let up the electric resistance and can acquire the good dynamic state result, the concrete circumstance can request to regulate according to the system parameter of the customer, its relation is a C20..87/ R2( the electric current is super to adjust the quantity<=5), a design of mold process stays four ports of, the that is the speed wreath and the electric current wreaths permits to carry, the customer can regulate according to the actual circumstance.The electric current feedback adoption abroad imports the huoer to spread the feeling machine, apposition in an inner part of mold.Mainly complete the sampling of the electric current signal, have the very high line degree, simplify the outer circle machine piece of the system.Protect an internal constitution of the electric circuit mold leads to flow and lack to protect the electric circuit mutually, guarantee the safe movement of the electrical engineering, and stayed a port of to be to flow to protect to settle the signal importation, customer can according to oneself's equipments of over carry the ability to regulate, more outstanding this mold piece uses the vivid.The applied electric current of the mold piece turn soon the double shuts the wreath to adjust soon electric circuit, have because of it to adjust very and highly soon scope, good move the static state function and the anti- functions, at adjust soon the realm gets the extensive application.This mold piece dyes by applying to the deckle, pushing the and printing and other direct currents adjust soon realm, effective.Experiment the condition:The mold piece is a MSZ- ZLTS-400, direct current motive:Ued=220 Vs, Ied=41 As, Ned=1500 rs/ min, allowed to carry multiple is 1.5.Experiment result:The speed is super to adjust to measure the Vp<5%, the electric current is super to adjust to measure the Ip<0.5%, adjust time Ts<0.5 Ss, flap the number of times H<=2, turn soon the stability Vb<=0.02, turn soon the stability Vs<0.5%The direct current motive have good since, make to move the function, proper in smooth adjust within the scope of big soon, got the extensive application in many demands adjust soon and fastly positive and negatively to of electric power drag along move realm.Because openning the wreath system to adjust soon scope, quiet bad the rate can't satisfy to produce the actual demand, so we usher in to shut the wreath to adjust soon system.The feedback control regulation:1.Was adjust the quantity is quiet bad from quiet the characteristic analysis in can see, because of adopting the comparison enlarger, shutting the wreath system to open the wreath to enlarge the coefficient K value more big, the steady function of of the system is more good.However, Kp= constant, the steady is bad soon can let up only, but impossible cancellation. 2.Resist the move, obey to settle; the feedback control system has the good anti- function, it can repress availably the whole drive the front that negative feedback wreath surround to the of the passage the action use, but to to settle the variety of the function then blindlies follow.The move- in addition to give settle the signal, function in controling each link of system of the whole will cause to output the factor of measure the varieties to all be called" action use" feedback control system to move to all repress the function toward the 扰of the passage to the front surround by the feedback wreath.But, if measure on the feedback passage soon the feedback coefficient under the influence of a certainly but the occurrence variety, it can't get the feedback control system to repress not only, on the contrary will enlarge to be adjust the error margin of the quantity.Therefore, what the feedback control system can repress is just a front surround by the feedback wreath to move toward the of the passage.3. The accuracy of the system depend on in give and settle accuracy- because of give settle decide system exportation, output the accuracy nature to be decided by to settle accuracy.If produce to settle the power supply occurrence motion of the electric voltage, feedback control the system can't discriminate is to giveand settle the electric voltage motion that electric voltage regulate normally and still shouldn't have.Therefore, high accuracy soon the system must have the higher accuracy of to settle steady press the power supply.The ex- section discussed the feedback the control shuts the steady function of of the wreath system and it analytical with design method, lead go into turn soon negative feedback, and enlarge the coefficient enough big, can satisfy the steady function request of the system.However, enlarge the coefficient too greatly again possible;Cause to shut the wreath system unsteady, should increase again the dynamic state to correct the measure at this time, then can guarantee normal work of the system.In addition, return the request of various dynamic state index signs that the beard satisfies the system.For this, must further analyze the dynamic state function of the system.The dynamic state correct- the design of the modulator of PI at design to shut the wreath to adjust soon system, usually will meet the circumstance of the dynamic state stability and the steady function index sign occurrence antinomy at this time, must design the fit dynamic state to correct the device, use to reform the system, make it satisfy the request of the dynamic state stability and the steady index sign both side at the same time.Correct after constitute of the from the PI modulator, can guarantee the steady accuracy of , but with exchange the system stability to the restrict of fast of;Adjust generally soon the system request to regard stable and steady accuracy of of dynamic state as principle, can differ to the request of fast some, so the main adoption PI modulatorTo the steady accuracy request very high, often need to enlarge the coefficient big, but may make system unsteady;After plusing to correct to equip, the system stabilized, may sacrifice the fast again;The exaltation close the frequency and can speed the system to respond to, leading into the high interference of 频easily again;Such etc..Design usually beardat steady, precise, quick and these four antinomies of the anti- interference of of the aspect obtain to compromise, then can acquire the more satisfied result.In actual system, the dynamic state stability not only must guarantee, and but also need to have the certain degree, in order to prevent the parameter variety and some influence that don't account into the factor.The system sets up the mold- should carry on the total design first, choose the basic parts, press the steady function index sign calculation parameter, become to shut the wreath control system basically, or call the original system.The system analysis- build up the dynamic state mathematics model of the original system, draw the virtuous diagram, stability and other dynamic state functionses that check it up.The system design- if the original system is unsteady, or the dynamic state function is not good, must install the fit dynamic state to correct the device, make system after correct overall to satisfy the function request.The comparison integral calculus control regulation and did not calm down to differ to adjust soon system originally the stanza will discuss, the adoption integral calculus( I) modulator or comparison integral calculus( PI) modulators replace the comparison enlarger, constitute to did not calm down to differ to adjust soon system.Such as front, adopt the P enlarger to control of is quiet adjust badly soon system, the Kp is more big, the system accuracy is more high;But the Kp lead greatly, will lower the system stability, make the system dynamic state unsteady.Have no quiet bad the direct current adjust soon system adoption the comparison integral calculus modulator has no with the realization quiet bad, adopt the electric current close negative feedback to limit the impact electric current of the dynamic state process.TA for exchanges that examines the electric current with each other the feeling machine, get the electric current feedback signal after commutate.When the electric current exceeds to close the electric current, high in steady press to takecare of the VST to broke through the electric voltage, make the crystal triode transistor VBT lead, then the exportation electric voltage of the modulator of PI near to in zero, the exportation electric voltage nasty play of the electric power electronics transformation machine UPE descend, attaining the purpose of limit the electric current.Have no quiet bad system of ideal quiet the characteristic is whole quiet the characteristic looks like to present the rectangle.Say strictly," have no quiet bad" is just theoretically of, actual system at steady , the PI modulator integral calculus electric capacity both ends electric voltage is constant, the feedback back track of the equal to operation enlarger open a new road, it enlarges the coefficient to be equal to the operation enlarger to open the wreath to enlarge the coefficient, the number is biggest, but is not infinity.So its importation carries to still exist pimping, not zero.This is to say, still ising actually pimping quiet bad, just at general the accuracy request under can neglect not to account just.The direct current cut a machine spreads the tiny machine control of move the system for reduce the electrical engineering transmission of pulsation, at lead to compare the a ≤ to adopt to settle 0.4:00 the adjusts the breadth control method( f=250 HZs) big in the an in 0.4:00 adopt to settle the breadth frequency modulation control method( the vein breadth Ton=1.6 mses) control electric circuit to request in the adequacy of time give main T1 and assist a pole of the T2 to trigger the pulse first, the creation of that pulse contain control of CTC, calculator according to give settle, the feedback signal and appointed index sign, continuous adjustment CTC certainly time constant, whenever the CTC delivers to break off the claim after timing is up certainly, triggering again the T1 and T2s after pulse power enlarge the electric circuit.The PIO B is placed in to control the work method, PB0- deliver pulse for T1.The PB1 opens for T2 hair pulse, the PB2 importation system/ shut the wreath order("1" is open the wreath,"0"are to shut the wreath) PB3importation start/ only usage passage of stop order("1" start,"0" stop) CTC"0" and"1" all for settle work way, allow the interruption, passage of CTC"0" of often count certainly to break time for the pass that cuts a machine, passage of CTC"1" of time constant for cut a machine to lead a time.The beginning of the procedure starts to turn to mainly include:The PIO B oscular beginning starts to turn, the constitution CTC of"0" break off the entrance address of the service procedure with"1" passages, settle a start signal that the adjusts the breadth control method, for guarantee the tube of The brilliant floodgate managing does not lose control, weave the distance wants to let CTC of passage"0" begin to work, be the passage"0" send out the interruption claim to start again the CTC passage behind"1" works, can guarantee to assist the T2 to lead first thus, the main T1 leads the procedure of behind, for make operate the speed quickly, regulated the calculate way to adopt" approach the method gradually", because this kind of calculate way operation speed is quick, can carry on the another work while wait for the CTC hair interruption signal, if show to the examination that system is a little bit some and datas.Break off will the service procedure start the PIO of B output the door of the 40 ses to control the signal, to insure the credibility of to trigger, want while weaving the distance at cut a machine to lead whether a stage search electric current feedback signal exceeded the limitative value of the electricity electric current or not, if the super limit of electric current then turns to go in to flow to protect the procedure( namely not trigger the main T1 is to cut a machine pass to break) to carry on again the main electric current that search wait for low in limit the value, the system just re- throws in the normal movement.Drive the electric circuit is the GTR key of the safe work, descending the diagram as saturated of anti- to drive the electric circuit that electric circuit adoption EXB357 to drive the slice very much, its basic function is:The importation can receive the TTL electricity even, inkeeping with calculator control, after the light electricity insulate enlarge the exportation through a triode transistor, because light electricity the matches the machine importation electric current as 2.6-9 MAs.Just is a 150 MAs toward the importation electric current, anti- to output the electric current as 600 Mas, so can't drive the big power transistor to design for this with it the as follows actual applied electric circuit, the experiment prove that that electric circuit can complete to drive the mission completely.End the language originally the system design become the form of the mold piece:Gather the degree is high, the physical volume is small, connecting the line convenience, regulate in brief, circulate the safety credibility, and have the in general use, namely a parameter of the same kind of mold homology, use very convenient.。

双脉冲试验在igbt模块中的应用

双脉冲试验在IGBT模块中的应用Application of Double Pulse Test in IGBT Module辽宁荣信兴业电力技术有限公司杨骏(Yang Jun)杜帅(Du Shuai)摘要：本文介绍详细了IGBT双脉冲试验的原理、方法和意义。

详细描述了双脉冲试验过程中各个阶段，各个试验参数波形产生的原理及如何通过各个参数的波形来计算试验平台的相关参数的方法如计算杂散电感、二极管反向恢复电流'IGBT的风险评估及IGBT驱动电路中各个参数选择等。

关键词：双脉冲；IGBT;波形Abstract:In this paper,the principle,method and significance of IGBT double pulse test are introduced in detail. This pape r describes in detail the principle of gene rating the wavefo rm of each test par a mete r and the method of calculating the r e leva nt parameters of the test platform through the waveform of each test parameter,such as calculating stray in du eta nee,diode r e ve rse r e covery cur r ent,risk assessment of IGBT and the selection of each parameter in the driving circuit of IGBT.Key words:Double pulse;IGBT;Wave form【中图分类号】TN78［文献标识码】B【文章编号】1561-0330(2019)11-00101-041引言在逆变器的常规设计中需要对IGBT的驱动电路进行必要的测试以便掌握IGBT稳态和暂态过程中的主要参数用以评估IGBT模块和驱动电路的性能，并进行电路参数的优化。

中英对照频谱效率

频谱效率频谱效率（Spectral efficiency、Spectrum efficiency）是指在数位通信系统中的限制下，可以传送的资料总量。

在有限的波下，物理层通信协议可以达到的使用效率有一定的限度。

链路频谱效率数字通信系统的链路频谱效率（Link spectral efficiency）的单位是 //，或(bit/s)/Hz（较少用，但更准确）。

其定义为净比特率（有用信息速率，不包括纠错码）或最大吞吐量除以通信信道或数据链路的带宽（单位：赫兹）。

调制效率定义为净比特率（包括纠错码）除以带宽。

频谱效率通常被用于分析数字调制方式的效率，有时也考虑（forward error correction, FEC）和其他物理层开销。

在后一种情况下，1个“比特”特指一个用户比特，FEC的开销总是不包括在内的。

例1：1kHz带宽中可以传送毎秒1000bit的技术，其频谱效率或调制效率均为1 bit/s/Hz。

例2：电话网的调制解调器在模拟电话网上以56,000 bit/s的下行速率和48,000 bit/s的上行速率传输。

经由电话交换机的滤波，频率限制在300Hz到3,400Hz 之间，带宽相应为 3400 ? 300 = 3100 Hz 。

频谱效率或调制效率为 56,000/3,100 = bit/s/Hz（下行）、48,000/3,100 = bit/s/Hz（上行）。

使用FEC 的架空调变方式可达到最大的频谱效率可以利用标本化定理来求得，信号的字母表(计算机科学)利用符号数量M来组合、各符号使用 N = log2 M bit来表示。

此情况下频谱效率若不使用编码间干涉的话，无法超过2N bit/s/Hz 的效率。

举例来说，符号种类有8种、每个各有3bit 的话，频谱效率最高不超过6 bit/s/Hz。

在使用前向错误更正编码的情形时频谱效率会降低。

比如说使用1/2编码率的FEC时，编码长度会变为倍，频谱效率会降低50%。

牛津高中第7册英语单词表

牛津高中第7册英语单词表unit 1audio（2）声音的，音响的，音频的device 装置，设备，器件audio device 音响器件review 回顾，综述wireless 无线的transmission 传送，传输long-distance 长途的，远距离的broadcast播送，广播broadcasting 播送，广播uncertain 不确定的altogether 总共，一共，完全，全部in colour 彩色的black-and-white 黑白的age 时代cable TV 有线电视superior 优越的，占优势的be superior to 比…优越，超过…consumer 消费者signal 信号，暗号household 家庭，一家人，家用的，家庭的Web TV 网络电视set-top box 机顶盒come onto the market 上市，面市World Wide Web 万维网，互联网，因特网web 网，网络questionnaire 问卷，调查表recording（3）录音，录音制品record player 电唱机wind 上发条，缠，绕wind up 给…上发条play 播放record 唱片recorder 录音机transistor 晶体管electric 电的current 电流，水流，气流electric current 电流patent 专利apply 应用，运用，申请cassette 盒式磁带，磁带盒portable 便携的，手提的pocket-sized 口袋大小的，袖珍的compact 紧密的，紧凑的disc 碟片，唱片compact disc 光盘launch 投放市场，发起，发动，发射（火箭等）Discman CD随身听demand 需要，需求，要求MiniDisc 小型碟盘，迷你光盘mini 迷你的，袖珍的degree 程度，度，度数，学位corporation 公司，企业spring 跳，跳跃，弹起spring up 突然出现，涌现，迅猛发展personally 从个人角度，主观地，亲自delight（5）喜悦，快乐，高兴，（使）高兴，（使）欣喜variety 多样，种种a variety of 各种各样的evolution 演变，演化，进化birthplace 出生地，诞生地assume 假设，设想，以为convenience 方便，便利merely （8）仅仅，只有model 型号accompany 陪伴，陪同ownership 所有权，户主身份anyhow 无论如何，不管怎样ample 充足的，丰富的selection 可选之物，所选之物，选择，挑选in that case（9）在此种情况下，既然那样stand for 代表，象征capable 有能力的，能干的be capable of 能够up to date 最新的，最近的up to somebody 由某人决定，取决于某人tiny 小的，细小的，细微的brand 品牌，商标familiar 熟悉的be familiar with 对…熟悉，与…熟悉budget 预算all-round（11）功能齐全的，全方位的，全面的translation 翻译，译文hint 提示，暗示FM radio 调频电台weigh 重量为…，称…的重量，称gram 克(重量单位) measure 测量，度量elegantly 优雅地，高雅地，优美地shape 使形成，塑造，制造text 文本，正文，课文inbuilt 内置的，镶入的LCD screen 液晶显示屏suitable 合适的，适合的scan 扫描，细看，审视，浏览definition 定义elegant 优雅的，高雅的，优美的case 套子，盒子，匣子clip 夹子battery 电池guarantee 保证，商品使用保证finding （14）发现advancement 促进，增进，前进，进步，提高，增加terminal不治的,致命的;末端的,终点的;终端,末端,终点be based on 以…基础，基于…之上tumour 瘤，肿瘤necessarily 必然，必须，必定not necessarily 未必，不一定caution 谨慎，小心actual 真实的，实际的expose 使暴露,使显露,使曝光,使处于…作用(或影响)之下,使遭受equal 相等的，平等的definite 明确的，确切的，一定的，肯定的conclusively 结论性地，决断地link 联系，关联valid 有根据的，有理的，有效的，令人信服的DNA 脱氧核糖核酸theory（15）理论，原理，学说，意见，看法，推测，假说telecommunications （复数）电信profit 利润利益，赢利unwilling 不愿意的，不情愿的thus 因此，因而parallel 平行线，比拟，比较，相似处，平行的，类似的，相同的cigarette 香烟acknowledge 承认，认可associate 使联系，使关联be associated with与…有联系，与…有关联faith 相信，信任，信仰，信念have faith in 信任，信仰honest 诚实的，真诚的conference 会议，研讨会for the time being 目前，暂时worrying 令人担忧的pricing 定价unit 2open up （18）打开probability 可能性，或然性，概率aspirin 阿司匹林penicillin 盘尼西林，青霉素historian 历史学家recipe 处方，食谱，菜谱physician 医生，内科医生bark 树皮，（狗）叫，吠salicylic acid （化学）水杨酸acid （化学）酸，酸性物质，酸的，酸味的，酸性的，尖刻的，刻薄的chemist 药剂师，化学家Dr (=doctor)医生，博士acetylsalicylic acid （药物）乙酰水杨酸trial 试用，实验，考验tablet 药片，写字板，书写板milligram 毫克（重量单位）standardize 使符合标准，使标准化best-selling 畅销的painkiller 止痛药，镇痛剂author 作者heart attack 心脏病发作thin（使）变稀，（使）变薄，（使）变淡，（使）变细stroke 中风block 阻塞，阻挡，使不通，妨碍vessel （19）脉管blood vessel 血管colon 结肠length 长度contemporary 当代的，同时代的Scottish 苏格兰的note 发现，注意到，记录mould 霉transparent 透明的jelly 果冻，胶冻application 应用，运用，申请name 命名，给…取名unable 不能的，不会的chemical 化学的purify 使纯洁，净化，提纯quantity 量，数量in large quantities 大量地mass 批量的，大量的，大规模的；群众的，民众的；团，块，堆；较大部分，主体部分；体积，大小；群众，人群mass production 批量生产，大量生产widespread 普遍的，普及的，广泛的becterial 细菌的，由细菌引起的pneumonia 肺炎lung 肺physiology 生理学rapidly 迅速地，快速地powerful 效力大的，强效的wonder 非凡的，奇妙的，奇特的，神奇的；奇迹，神奇，奇观，惊奇，惊讶millions of 数百万的，大量的relief（21）（病痛、忧虑、负担等的）减轻，缓减；轻松，宽慰；救济，救助be made from 由…做成，用…做成potential 潜在的，可能的fundamental 基础的，根本的，重要的，至关重要的put through （25）接通（电话）decide on 对…作出决定look around 参观，四处看看，环顾put off 推迟，推延turn up 出现，到场，到达fill in 填写（表格，空格等）split 劈开，切开；（使）破裂，分裂；负担，分享split up 划分开来，分割（成部分）；分裂，分离，分手enquiry 询问，咨询ward 病房handful 少数，少量；一把a handful of 少数的，少量的annual 每年的，一年一次的arrangement 安排，排列receptionist 接待员，招待员take down 记下，记录detail 详情，细节pleasure 愉快，快乐，乐事secondary 次要的，从属的（教育，学校等）中等的secondary school （27）（英国）中学eyesight 视力cm /centimetre 厘米（长度单位）book stand（工具书等的）阅览架halfway 在中途booklet 小册子adjustable 可调节的magic（30）有魅魔力的，不可思议的，魔术的needle 针acupuncture 针灸，针灸疗法art 技艺，技术sharp-edged 有锋利边缘的swollen 肿胀的pottery 陶器arrowhead 箭头；箭头状物sharp 锋利的，锐利的，尖；突然的，急转向的，尖刻的，辛辣的，灵敏的，敏锐的sword 剑let out 放出，发出silver 银，银子acupuncturist 针灸师stainless 不锈的；无暇的，无污点的steel 钢，钢铁stainless steel 不锈钢，不锈合金fine 细的，纤细的surgical 外科的，外科手术的point 点，位置；尖端；要点；分数insert 插入；嵌入site 位置；地点，场所；站点symptom 症状pulse （31）脉搏wrist 手腕function 功能，作用energy channel（人体的）经络heartbeat 心跳addiction 上瘾，沉溺，入迷overeating 过量饮食herbal 草本植物（制）的；药草（制）的relieve 减轻（病痛、忧虑、负担等），缓减；救济，救助unclear 不清楚的spinal cord 脊髓unit 3pro- （34）【前缀】表示“赞成”、“亲”之意that is to say 也就是说，换言之analysis 分析value 价值，给…估计，给…评价，重视，珍惜in need(of) 需要，缺少affair 事务；事件current affairs 时事forecast 预报，预测package 包裹，包；一揽子计划，整套计划travel package 包价旅游，旅游套票turn to 求助于，转向click（鼠标）点击，点击声；滴答声；用鼠标点击，使发出滴答声；发出滴答声acquire（尤指通过努力）取得，获得，学到downtown 市中心的，闹市区的，在市中心；往闹市区sort 种类，类别；将…分类，整理all sorts of 各种各样的leader 领头人，领导者，领袖，首领sceptical（英）表示怀疑的，持怀疑态度的useless 无用的，无价值的，无益的，无效的frequent 频繁的，经常的，惯常的user 使用者，用户respondent 回答者，回应者advance 促进，提高，增加statistics (复)统计资料，统计数据tie 关系，联系，纽带common 共同的，普通的，通常的appearance 外表，外貌；出现，露面popularity 人气，受欢迎程度background 背景lifelong 终生的，毕生的moreover 而且，此外remain 保持，仍然是con （35）反方立场；反对意见drawback 缺点，欠缺，不利条件；障碍address 针对，对付，探讨，处；对…作演讲；称呼uncontrolled 不受控制的。

电力系统专业单词中英文对照

常用专业词汇中英文对照屏蔽双绞pair twisted screened常闭接点normally closed contact常开接点normally open contact备自投Automatic Takeover to Stand-by Supply遥信Remote indicationUnit-generator step-up transformers发变组Be subject to 服从于Step-up transformer升压变High-side(high voltage side) of the transformer变压器高压侧Low-side of the transtormer变压器低压侧Magnetizing inrush current励磁涌流Undervoltage Load Shedding 低电压甩负荷Margin 余地边界页面空白利润Yield 产生Dilute 冲淡稀释This includes compliance with IEEE and IEC standards for electrostatic discharge, fast transients,radiated emissions, surge-withstand capability, dielectric strength, pulsed magnetic fields, and disturbances.Specify optional具体指定的选择Open CT-------CT断线open or shorted CT conditions-------CT断线或短路状态including single- and dual-busbar, transfer-bus, tie-breaker分段Buscoupler 母联（母线并联）breaker-and-a-half, ring-bus, and double-bus/double-breakerconfigurations.重瓦斯heavy gasAccessories附件Bypass旁路，分流，绕开Inflexion拐点is converted to转换为over-current blocked by complex voltage复合电压闭锁过流Advances the State of the Art先进的技术发展水平actinconcert（音乐会）with与…相呼应in minimum operation mode 最小运行方式in conjunction with与…协力disconnect auxiliary contacts. 隔离刀辅助接点（SEL说明书）Buscoupler母联（SEL说明书）tie-breaker分断断路器（SEL说明书）Coupler Security Logic母联逻辑（SEL说明书）Tag n标签，vt加标签Put tag贴标签Have you put tags on your luggage?Transfer Bus 旁母Main bus 主母Dedicated 专用的优点和缺点advantages and disadvantages极性标记（同名端）Polarity markconservative settings 保守的定值（笨的定值）开口三角Broken-Delta ；Open-Delta减出力decrease power output突然加电inadvertent energization励磁field失磁out-of-field合闸位置 closed position（肯定对）分闸位置 open position（肯定对）/trip position防跳 antibumping原理图 Elementary Diagram接线图 Wiring Diagram单线图 One Line Diagram方块图、结构图 Block Diagram展开图 Developing Diagram简图 Schematic Diagram略图 Schema控制转换开关Control and Transfer Switch多层开关 Multiple Switch多功能开关 Multi-Function Switch把手、手柄 Handle端子箱 Terminal Cabinet端子排 Terminal Block监视 Monitoring测量 Metering瓦斯保护继电器 Buchholz Protector动作机理Mechanism of Action操作机构Operation Mechanism转换 Commutate保护动作 Protection Action启动 Starting up升高/降低（动） Raise/Go down升高/降低（动） Raise/Reduce增加/减少 Increase/Decrease高/低（名） Upper/lower接地 Grounding接地 Earthing压板 Clamp辅助结点 Auxiliary Contact电流回路测试盒 Test Block隔离刀闸 Isolator隔离刀闸 Disconnectorshielded twisted pair屏蔽双绞线intelligent electrical device 智能测控装置generator 发电机transformer 变压器/互感器motor 电动机meter 仪表power automation system 电力自动化系统phase mark相别substation automation system 变电站自动化系统oscillation /swing振荡chip 芯片resolution 分辨率relay 继电器parameter 参数frequency 频率power factor 功率因数2×16 character liquid crystal display 2行X16字符液晶显示dual RS485 communication interface 带双路RS-485通信接口three-phase voltage/current input 三相电压/电流输入active power 有功功率reactive power 无功功率configuration 配置maintenance 维护debugging 调试live wire 火线SOE(sequence of event) 事件顺序记录transient process暂态过程Input/output 输入/输出transducer 变送器rated voltage/current/frequency 额定电压/电流/频率impedance 阻抗earthing resistance 接地电阻circuit breakers 断路器vacuum circuit breakers 真空断路器rated main busbar current 主母线额定电流enclosure/internal 外壳/内部supply voltage/current 电源电压/电流petrolic engine 汽油发动机diesel engine 柴油发动机micro ammeter 微安表high voltage testing transformer 高压试验变压器metallic door handle金属门把手DC double bridge 直流双臂电桥transformer ratio bridge 变压比电桥relay protection tester 继电保护测试仪micro ohmmeter 微电阻测量仪earthing resistance meter 接地电阻表digital multimeter数字万用表megohmmeter 兆欧表electronic megohmmeter 电子兆欧表power distribution compartment 配电室alternation switch 转换开关high/low voltage switchgear高/低压开关柜earthing knife switch 接地刀开关interlocking device 连锁装置hexagonal rotation axis 六角转轴back cover board 后盖板fuse 熔断器AI (analog input) 模拟量/遥测量cable incoming, outgoing 电缆进、出线breaking capacity 开断容量arrester 避雷器electrical equipment 电气设备busbar 母线load switch 负荷开关secondary components 二次元件truck 手车earthing line 接地线coil 线圈contactor 接触器sensor 传感器winding 绕组high voltage output 高压输出AC withstand voltage test 交流耐压试验earthing bar 接地棒attracting voltage 吸合电压releasing voltage 释放电压protection device sampling debugging 装置采样调试protection device instantaneous over-current debugging 装置速断保护调试protection device definite-time over-current debugging 装置过流保护调试zero-sequence protection debugging 装置零序保护调试pressure relief flap压力释放板branched busbar 分支母线bottom board 底板removable partition装卸式隔板secondary plug二次插头small busbar terminal box 小母线端子terminal block端子排disconnect contact device 隔离触头装置control wire duct控制线槽feeder 一回输电线路semiconductor 半导体mechanical endurance机械寿命electrical endurance 电寿命operation startup current 操作启动电流rectifier 整流器tripping current of the opening coil 分闸线圈脱扣电流monitor 监视器connection diagrams 接线图polarity极性power supply units and master modules 主控机与电源单元coupling modules 耦合模块accessories 附件analog modules 模拟量模块application modules 应用模块digital input/output modules 数字量输入/输出模块brake contact制动接点overvoltage protection module 过电压保护模块station board 配电屏electromechanical 机电一体thermistor 热敏电阻baud rate 波特率superconductor 超导体power plant 发电厂tap 分接头LED（light-emitting diode）发光二极管controller 控制器hydraulic power plant 水电站instrument board 仪表盘UPS (Uninterruptable Power Supply) 不间断电源indicator 指示器DC (direct current) 直流AC (alternating current) 交流active defect 运行故障active output 有功输出active-power loss 有功功率损耗active standard 现行标准AC voltage stabilizer 交流稳压器pulse 脉冲air switch 空气开关water vapor 水蒸汽terminal board 接线板short-circuit 短路shielding layer 屏蔽层export 导出electricity measurement 电量测量signal acquisition 信号采集LCD (liquid crystal display) 液晶显示remote communication 远程通信dual RS485 communication interface 双路RS485通信接口three-phase voltage/current input 三相电压/电流输入protocol 规约,协议four digital inputs 4路数字量输入rolling record 循环记录V，I，P，Q，F，Cosф，E电压、电流、有功功率、无功功率、频率、功率因数、有功电度voltage/current transformation ratio 电压/电流变比photoelectric isolation 光电隔离PT (potential transformer) 电压互感器default value 默认值CT (current transformer) 电流互感器calibration parameter 校准参数RMS (root mean square) 均方根，有效值filmy button 薄膜按键Wye system 星形系统energy counter input 电度chain controller 回路控制器message format 报文格式DI (digital input) 遥信量real-time data 实时数据power energy 电能front panel 面板bit change 变位electromagnetic fields 电磁场intelligent switching cabinet 智能开关柜form-C dry contact C型干触点Integrated substation automation 变电站综合自动化Harmonic 谐波Wave recorder 录波Workstation 工作站Public electric utility 市电电源Central alarm unit for electric fire leakage 电气火灾漏电集中告警器Computer protection system计算机保护系统Industry and building substation and distribution automation system 工业及楼宇变配电自动化系统Communication control unit 通讯主控单元Three-phase operation box 三相操作箱Voltage switch box 电压切换箱Transformer extension relay box 变压器重动箱Neutral point earthing resistance cubicle 中性点接地电阻柜Hydraulic car crane 液压汽车吊Automotive truck 载重汽车Coach 载人客车Mobile machinery shop with four seats 双排座工程车Hydraulic fork lift truck液压叉车Engine driven capstan 机动缴磨Weldingmachine 电焊机Press pliers压接钳Chain wheel 链条葫芦Bench drill 台钻Electric portable drill 手电钻Churn drill 冲击钻Jack 千斤顶Weldingtool 气焊工具Electromotive refacer 电动磨光机Petrol gas heating 石油气加热项目Bolt clipper 断线钳Tensile strength meter 拉力表Moment spanner 力矩扳手Adjustable auto transformer 自藕调压器Phase sequence meter 相序表Withstand voltage tester 耐压试验装置Water level 水准仪Stop watch 秒表Micro-ohmmeter 微欧计Micro-processor protection panel 微机保护屏Fundamental current 基波电流Power transmission and substation engineering 输变电工程Electric Supply Authority 供电局Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories SEL公司全称储能 charging合闸 closing分闸 opening绝缘 insulation性能 performance过载 overload故障 fault多路传输 multiplex transmission备用 back-up比特、位 bit检修 overhaul冗余的 redundancy消耗 consumption冷却 cooling有功的active放大 amplify人造的 artificial手工的,人工的 manualFARAD 200 SEA4.0软件类(software)parallel interface 并行接口serial interface 串行接口application management 应用程序管理clipboard 剪贴板event system 事件系统browser 浏览器event log 事件日志removable storage 可移动存储routing and remote access 路由和远程访问server 服务器daily qualification rate 日合格率inhibit operation 禁止操作tele-indication blockage 遥信封锁invalid object 对象无效exactitude rate/success rate 正确率/成功率event handling 事件处理designer 设计人员operator 操作人员remote access server 远程访问服务器paste function 粘贴函数database 数据库file 文件edit 编辑view 视图insert (v.) insertion (n.) 插入tools 工具format 格式paste special 选择性粘贴alignment 对齐font 字体favorite 收藏夹peak value 峰值valley value 谷值normal(level) value 平值hyperlink 超级链接development environment 开发环境operation environment 运行环境graphic edit 图形编辑alarm event and handling 报警事件及处理PDR and recurrence 事故追忆与重演history data and real-time data retrieval 历史数据和实时数据检索fault diagnosis 故障诊断dual computers hot standby 双机热备remote maintenance 远程维护front controller 前端控制器thread 线程multimedia graphical user interface 多媒体图形界面transparent network technology 透明网络技术data acquisition technology 数据采集技术micro-kernel control and dispatching technology 微内核控制调度技术virtual reality scenes 虚拟现实场景variable 变量node 节点dynamic/line/fill/text property 动态/线/填充/文本属性time strings 时间串hotkey 热键alarm dead band 报警死区customization 定制reference frequency 基准频率window position fixation 窗口位置固定initialization full-screen display 初始化全屏显示initialization picture adaptation 初始化画面自适应task manager 任务管理器alarm appearance color 报警消失颜色synchronization 同步network congestion 网络堵塞supervisory control picture 监控画面homepage 主页print preview 打印预览standard serial port communication 标准串口通讯slash 斜线backslash 反斜线more/greater than 大于号less than 小于号asterisk 星号period 句号question mark 问号quotation mark 引号vertical bar 竖线transverse line 横线colon 冒号semicolon 分号parity check 奇偶校验data mapping table 数据映射表scroll bar 滚动条refresh 刷新list box 列表框bypass replacement 旁路替代bitmap file 位图文件consolidate 合并gateway 网关grid structure 网状结构subassembly programming 组件编程single-server 单机multi-server 多机browsing station 浏览站ODBC: Open Database Connectivity 开放式数据库互连distributed system architecture 分布式系统结构template database 模版库dual-device/computers/network redundancy 双设备/机/网络冗余history/curve database 历史/曲线数据库alarm voice file 报警语音文件pop-up picture file 弹出画面文件default path 缺省路径high-density curve 高密度曲线analog data overview模拟量一览digital data overview 开关量一览counter input data overview 电度量一览real-time alarm 实时报警communication fault 通讯故障report system 报表系统electrical report function 电力报表函数load 加载invoke 调用communication driver 通讯驱动snapshot 快照expression 表达式operational status 运行状况user manual 用户手册free disk space 硬盘余留空间program group 程序组registration number 注册号system/network configuration 系统/网络配置user right 用户权限auto start 自动启动password 口令shortcut 快捷方式directory for storing executable program 可执行程序存放目录auto logon 自动登录operation ticket 操作票symbol directory 图元库目录menu bar 菜单栏activate 激活project database 工程数据库table control 表格控件enable dual-computers hot standby 双机热备投用standby server query period 备机查询周期timeout time 超时时间history database synchronization days 历史数据库同步天数computer table 计算机表dial-up workstation 拨号工作站standard serial port communication 标准串口通讯upper/lower computer 上/下位机remark 备注object table 对象表logic relationship 逻辑关系interval 间隔deletion (n.) delete (v.) 删除power equipment 电力设备read only 只读prompt 提示subdirectory 子目录current directory 当前目录command/channel timeout 命令/通道超时master station address 主站地址title bar 标题栏toolbar 工具栏previous 上页next 下页picture file 图形文件real-time bar chart 实时棒图subsection electricity bar chart 分段电量棒图logout 退出，退路multi-electricity pie chart 多电量饼图printout 打印输出print setup 打印设置zoom in 缩小zoom out 放大scroll display 滚动显示daily/monthly report 日/月报表unqualified daily minutes 日不合格分钟数average value 平均值monthly trips due to faults月故障跳闸次数monthly repair time 月检修时间reactor电抗器The fuse blew out and the house was in darkness.保险丝烧断使得整个房子漆黑一片。