语言学why do we need a global language
为什么要学习外语英语作文
为什么要学习外语英语作文The Importance of Learning Foreign Languages.In the ever-evolving global landscape, the significance of learning foreign languages cannot be overstated. The ability to communicate across cultures and borders is a critical skill that opens doors to a wide range of opportunities and enhances personal growth. This essay delves into the reasons why learning foreign languages is essential, exploring various aspects such as cultural understanding, cognitive benefits, educational advantages, and professional opportunities.Cultural Understanding and Empathy.Foreign language learning is first and foremost a cultural immersion experience. It involves understanding the history, traditions, values, and perspectives of a different society. Language is not just a tool for communication; it is a reflection of a culture's identity,thoughts, and emotions. By mastering a foreign language, individuals gain access to a rich tapestry of ideas, perspectives, and stories that shape a deeper understanding and empathy for other cultures. This cultural understanding is crucial in today's interconnected world, where cross-cultural communication and collaboration are becoming increasingly important.Cognitive Benefits.Learning a foreign language has numerous cognitive benefits that enhance cognitive functioning and brain health. Studies have shown that multilingualism improves cognitive flexibility, problem-solving abilities, and decision-making skills. It also enhances memory and attention span, as well as improves executive functionslike multitasking and planning. Additionally, learning a new language stimulates the brain, promoting neural plasticity and delaying cognitive decline in older adults.Educational Advantages.In an educational context, learning foreign languages provides students with a competitive edge. It broadenstheir academic horizons, exposes them to diverse perspectives, and cultivates a global mindset. Foreign language skills are highly valued in universities and colleges, often serving as a prerequisite for certain courses or programs. They are also an asset in competitive scholarship and fellowship applications, as well as in graduate school admissions.Moreover, learning foreign languages enhances students' language and literacy skills in their native language. It improves vocabulary, grammar, and writing abilities, making them more effective communicators in all languages.Professional Opportunities.In the workplace, proficiency in a foreign language can open up a world of opportunities. Multilingual employeesare often preferred in international businesses, diplomatic missions, and nongovernmental organizations that require cross-cultural communication. They can serve as translators,interpreters, or cultural liaisons, bridging the communication gap and facilitating understanding between different parties.Even in domestic settings, foreign language skills can be leveraged in various industries such as tourism, entertainment, and education. The ability to speak a foreign language can enhance career prospects in these fields, as it enables individuals to connect with a wider audience and offer a unique perspective.Conclusion.In summary, learning foreign languages is a valuable investment that pays dividends in multiple areas of life. It fosters cultural understanding and empathy, enhances cognitive abilities, confers educational advantages, and expands professional opportunities. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, the importance of foreign language learning is only going to grow. By embracing this challenge and investing in language acquisition, individuals can empower themselves with a skill that willopen up a world of possibilities and enrich their lives in countless ways.。
语言学第一章
语言学第一章Chapter 1 Invitation to linguistics1.1 Why study language?1. Language is very essential to human beings.2. In language there are many things we should know.3. For further understanding, we need to study language scientifically.1.2 What is language?Language is a means of verbal communication. It is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.1.3 Design features of languageThe features that define our human languages can be called design features which can distinguish human language from any animal system of communication.1.3.1 ArbitrarinessArbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meanings.1.3.2 DualityDuality refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.1.3.3 CreativityCreativity means that language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness.Recursiveness refers to the rule which can be applied repeatedly without any definite limit. The recursive nature of language provides a theoretical basis for the possibility of creating endless sentences.1.3.4 DisplacementDisplacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of conversation.1.4 Origin of language1. The bow-wow theoryIn primitive times people imitated the sounds of the animal calls in the wild environment they lived and speech developed from that.2. The pooh-pooh theoryIn the hard life of our primitive ancestors, they utter instinctive sounds of pains, anger and joy which gradually developed into language.3. The “yo-he-ho” theoryAs primitive people worked together, they produced some rhythmic grunts which gradually developed into chants and then into language.1.5 Functions of languageJacobson——language has six functions:1. Referential指称功能: to convey message and information;2. Poetic: to indulge in language for its own sake;3. Emotive: to express attitudes, feelings and emotions;4. Conative意动功能: to persuade and influence others through commands and entreaties;5. Phatic寒暄功能: to establish communion with others;6. Metalingual元语功能: to clear up intentions, words and meanings.Halliday ——that language has three metafunctions:1. Ideational function: to convey new information, to communicate a content that is unknown to thehearer;2. Interpersonal function: embodying all use of language to express social and personal relationships;3. Textual function: referring to the fact that language has mechanisms to make any stretch of spokenand written discourse into a coherent and unified text and make a living passage different from a random list of sentences.Hu Zhuanglin——language has at least seven functions:1.5.1 InformativeThe informative function means language is the instrument of thought and people often use it to communicate new information.1.5.2 Interpersonal functionThe interpersonal function means people can use language to establish and maintain their status in a society.1.5.3 Performative施为功能The performative function of language is primarily to change the social status of persons, as in marriage ceremonies, the sentencing of criminals, the blessing of children, the naming of a ship at a launching ceremony, and the cursing of enemies.1.5.4 Emotive functionThe emotive function is one of the most powerful uses of language because it is so crucial in changing the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something.1.5.5 Phatic communionThe phatic communion means people always use some small, seemingly meaningless expressions such as Good morning, God bless you, Nice day,etc., to maintain a comfortable relationship between people without any factual content.1.5.6 Recreational functionThe recreational function means people use language for the sheer joy of using it, suc h as a baby’s babbling or a chanter’s chanting.1.5.7 Metalingual functionThe metalingual function means people can use language to talk about itself. E.g. I can use the word “book” to talk about a book, and I can also use the expression “the word book” t o talk about the sign “b-o-o-k” itself.1.6 What is linguistics?Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It studies not just one language of any one community, but the language of all human beings.1.7 Main branches of linguistics1.7.1 PhoneticsPhonetics is the study of speech sounds, it includes three main areas: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, and auditory phonetics.1.7.2 PhonologyPhonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.1.7.3 MorphologyMorphology studies the minimal units of meaning –morphemes and word-formation processes.1.7.4 SyntaxSyntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.1.7.5 SemanticsSemantics examines how meaning is encoded in a language.1.7.6 PragmaticsPragmatics is the study of meaning in context.1.8 MacrolinguisticsMacrolinguistics is the study of language in all aspects, distinct from microlinguistics, which dealtsolely with the formal aspect of language system.1.8.1 Psycholinguistics心理语言学Psycholinguistics investigates the interrelation of language and mind, in processing and producing utterances (and in language acquisition for example).1.8.2 Sociolinguistics社会语言学Sociolinguistics is the study of the characteristics of language varieties1, the characteristics of their functions2, and the characteristics of their speakers3. (123相互作用构成一个speech community 语言社团)1.8.3 Anthropological linguistics人类语言学Anthropological linguistics studies the history and structure of formerly unwritten language, the emergence of language and the divergence of languages.1.8.4 Computational linguistics计算语言学Computational linguistics is an interdisciplinary field which centers around the use of computers to process or produce human language.1.9 Important distinctions in linguistics1.9.1 Descriptive描写vs. Prescriptive规定A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses the facts observed.It is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for the “correct” use of language.1.9.2 Synchronic共时vs. Diachronic历时The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study.The description of a language as it changes through the time is a diachronic study.The distinction between synchronic and dischronic studies is only theoretically clear.原因：①Languages are in a constant state of changing.②The language of any speech community is never uniform.③When a language changes, one set o f features are not suddenly replaced by another set of features.1.9.3 Langue 语言& parole言语Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics as langue and parole.Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.Parole refers to the actualized language, or realization of langue.区别：①Langue is abstract but parole is specific to the situation in which it occurs.②Langue is not actually spoken by anyone; parole is alwaysa naturally occurring event.③Langue is relatively stable and systematic; parole is subject to personal and situational constraints.1.9.4 Competence and performanceAccording to Chomsky, a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called the linguistic competence, and the actual use of language in concretesituations is called performance.Competence is the ideal language user`s knowledge of the rules of his language.Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances.。
Why_English_Become_a_Global_Language
Why English Become a Global Language?1. IntroductionWorld-wide globalization has spread English into a “global language”. It is spoken all over the world. Many countries use it as the primary language of business, navigation science and technology, and academia.2. The Cause of English’s Becoming A Global Language2.1. English is a global language because of many kinds of powerFirstly, it is the historical power. During the time of Roman Empire, when the Roman military power declines, Latin remained as the international language due to a different sort of power: the ecclesiastical power of Roman Catholicism. Secondly, it is the political, military and economic power. In the 19th century, England expanded worldwide, this made English advance into the world and become an international language. In the 20th century, the U. S. replaced Britain as the guardian of the West, it became a superpower that owned the great strength of politics, economy, science, technology and military, the status of English as an international language has been consolidated and strengthened.2.2. English speaker can find a good job and have a better lifeTake China for example. As China joins WTO, it marks the reform and openness has entered a new stage. Today, the openness is gradually strengthened, a large number of multinational companies has poured into China, they have brought in funds and advanced technologies at the same time, these companies can also bring some production technologies and advanced management personnel.For those university graduates who are in need of applying for job, the amount of strong rivals have really increased. “Sea turtles”in China have strong core competitiveness in fierce competition. They not only have strong language skills, but also be familiar with the world economic operation rules and the national legal system, their home employment is a big challenge for the college graduates. In order to stand out in the fierce competition, learning English well has become more and more urgent for employees. Because English is a common language in the world today, masteringit can easily communicate with people around the world, and obtain the necessary information at any time, also enrich spiritual life. People who can speak fluent English can be more competitive and successful, undoubtedly, will have a better life. Under such circumstances, the status of English has become increasingly important, more and more people around the world begin to learn English, English becomes a global language.3. The Effects of English’s Becoming A Global Language3.1. Positive effectsEnglish makes it easy to access and understand other cultures. Speaking English immediately opens up opportunities regardless of your ethnicity, color, or background.Firstly, English is the most commonly used language among foreign language speakers. Throughout the world, when people with different languages come together they commonly use English to communicate. Secondly, despite China, the United States is still a leader in technical innovation and economic development. English is used in the United States and in each of its fields. Thirdly, knowing English will make you bilingual and more employable in every country in the world. Fourthly, English speakers in the United States earn more money than non-English speakers. Learning English will open your job prospects and increase your standard of living. The last reason why you should learn English is English is commonly spoken throughout much of the world due to Great Britain’s expansion during the colonial age. People in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, parts of Africa, India, and many smaller island nations speak English. English is the commonly adopted second language in Germany, Norway, Sweden, Denmark and the Netherlands. Speaking English opens these countries and cultures up to you.3.2. Negative effectsFrom the point of view of national identity and language maintenance, this kind of English globalization will inevitably bring the “homogeneity” of western culture, namely “americanized”“westernization”. Western culture is spreaded through language teaching to a great extent, it also could be seen as an effective way of“cultural invasion”, it will directly affect the learners’values, outlooks on life and world views.A global language will cultivate an elite monolingual linguistic class. Those who have such a language as a mother tongue will be more able to think and work quickly in the language and to manipulate to their advantage at the expense of those who do not have it. And the presence of a global language may make people lazy about learning other languages, or reduce the opportunities to do so.In addition, a global language will hasten the disappearance of minority languages; the danger that some people will celebrate on e language’s success at the expense of others. The globalization of English will cause the demise of other languages. In 1992, a prominent US linguist stunned the academic world by predicting that by the year 2100, 90% of the world’s languages would have ceased to exist. These languages and cultures are equally part of our heritage and merit preservation.4. ConclusionThe world needs a global language and it is English. In order to make the world to develop at the same speed, a common language is needed to communicate with each other. It has been a long history before English as the global language. So it can’t be changed easily. What’s more, the strong power of America has caused English spread around the world. Besides, so many countries treat English as a second language. So English as the global language is convenient for many people. English is good to be a global language and people can use the language to be their skill so that they will be more successful in all kinds of fields in the future. But the most important point that we should be aware of is English is a tool that only used to communicate with the people of the world and obtain more information, the purpose is to promote our culture and awareness in the international stage.。
语言学导论第一章答案
Chapter one Invitations to languageReference keysI 1. verbal 2. productivity.3 metalingual function 4. yo-he-ho 5. Pooh-pooh 6. contact 7. language 8. descriptive 10. diachronic linguistic 11. langue 12. competence 13. arbitrary vocal 14. scientific ,language 15. descriptive, prescriptive 16. Synchronic, diachronic 17. abstract, realization 18. knowledge, realization 19. arbitrariness 20. displacement 21 sounds, meaning 22. transmittedII. 1. B 2.B 3. C 4. A 5. C. 6.C 7.C 8.C 9.B 10.D 11. A 12.C III. 1.T 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.T 6.T 7.T 8.F 9.T 10.F 11.F 12.T 13.F 14.T 15.F 16.F 17.T18.T19.F20.TVI. Questions1.What are the attributes of language that must be included in thedefinition of language?Language is a means of verbal communication. It includes the following attributes: language has system; it is vocal and arbitrary; it is a human and social activity; it is non-instinctive and is related to culture; language changes with time.2. If language is partially defined as communication, can we all say the voices that dogs make are languages? Why or why not?No.It is observed that dogs may use barking to express anxiety, submission and threats, but it is very different from human language inmany aspects. Firstly, human language has two systems: the system of sound and the system of meaning. So language is a system by which sounds and meanings are related. But dogs’ voice has not the two sets of structures. Second, The creative use language is unique to human beings. But dogs can not segment speech sounds, nor can they form an infinite set of utterance from a finite set of units by use of limited rules. Third, Dogs’ voice is only emotional response to particular stimuli, and have no way to express their feelings yesterday or their imaginations tomorrow. But human beings can talk about things at present, in the past or in the future, and things real or imagined.3. Point our three major differences between linguistics and traditional grammar.略4.What kind of evidence supports the idea that language is culturally transmitted.略5.One of he main features of our human language is arbitrariness. Can you briefly explain what feature it refers to? Support your argument with examples.Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the sounds that people use and the objects to which these sounds refer. The fact that different languages have different words for the sameobject is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language,. It is only our tacit agreement of utterance and concept at work and not any innate relationship bound up in the utterance. A typical example to illustrate the “arbitrariness” of language is “ a rose by any name would smell as sweet”。
为什么要保护濒危语言英语作文
为什么要保护濒危语言英语作文英文回答：The preservation of endangered languages is a pressing issue with profound implications for cultural diversity, linguistic heritage, and scientific understanding. Here are several compelling reasons why we should make concerted efforts to protect these languages:1. Cultural Diversity and Heritage:Endangered languages are inextricably linked to the unique cultural identities of the communities that speak them. They embody the history, traditions, beliefs, and worldview of a people. By preserving these languages, we safeguard the rich tapestry of human cultural diversity and prevent the irreparable loss of irreplaceable cultural treasures.2. Linguistic Heritage:Each language is a unique and complex system of communication that reflects the cognitive processes and cultural experiences of its speakers. Endangered languages represent invaluable repositories of linguistic diversity, providing insights into the evolution of human language and the nature of communication itself. Preserving them contributes to our understanding of the intricate tapestry of human linguistic diversity.3. Scientific Understanding:Endangered languages can shed light on evolutionary processes, human migration patterns, and the origins of human language. By studying the structures, vocabulary, and grammar of these languages, linguists gain valuable clues about the history of human communication and the development of language itself.4. Community Empowerment:Revitalizing endangered languages can empowerindigenous communities by fostering cultural pride andself-determination. It allows them to reconnect with their cultural roots, assert their identities, and participate more fully in society. Furthermore, it promotes intergenerational transmission of knowledge and cultural practices, ensuring that these traditions are not lost.5. Sustainable Development:Endangered languages are often associated with traditional knowledge and practices that are essential for sustainable development. For example, indigenous languages contain vast repositories of ecological knowledge that can inform conservation efforts, climate adaptation strategies, and the development of sustainable resource management practices.6. Loss Prevention:Once a language is lost, it is irrecoverable. The extinction of every endangered language represents a profound loss for humanity. By proactively protecting theselanguages, we prevent the irreversible erosion of our linguistic heritage and safeguard the diversity of human knowledge.7. Global Responsibility:Preserving endangered languages is a global responsibility. It is our collective duty to ensure that future generations have the opportunity to experience the richness and diversity of human languages and cultures. By supporting language preservation initiatives, we contribute to a more inclusive and equitable world.中文回答：为什么要保护濒危语言。
基于英语学习活动观的高中生思维品质提升途径探究
基于英语学习活动观的高中生思维品质提升途径探究作者：侯延东郭杭琪来源：《校园英语·月末》2022年第01期摘要：《普通高中英语课程标准（2017年版2020年修订）》倡导学生在英语学习活动中发展学科核心素养，思维品质是英语学科核心素养中的必备品格，它指独立思考、辩证质疑、批判和创新的能力。
本文以“The World After Coronavirus”阅读教学为例，设计学习理解、应用实践、迁移创新等层层递进的英语学习活动，旨在探究如何在高中英语阅读教学中促进学生思维品质的发展。
关键词：高中英语;阅读教学;思维品质;学习活动观作者简介：侯延东，郭杭琪，杭州市塘栖中学。
一、引言教育部颁布的《普通高中英语课程标准（2017年版2020年修订）》（以下简称“课标”）强调对学生思维品质的培养，指提高思维在逻辑性、批判性、创新性等方面所表现的能力和水平。
思维品质作为英语学科核心素养中的必备品格，指独立思考、辩证质疑、批判和创新的能力;思维品质的发展有助于提升分析和解决问题能力，通过分析，推断信息的逻辑关系，梳理、概括并建构新概念以提高逻辑思维和推理能力，用批判性的眼光看待事物，并能创造性地表达观点。
本文从思维品质出发，阐述其定义、内涵和发展途径，并以“The World After Coronavirus”教学设计为例，探讨如何在高中英语阅读课中发展学生的思维品质。
二、思维品质的定义及教学意义教育的重要目的之一便是“培养学生的思维能力”。
逻辑思维培养的重要性也正如赞可夫所言，各学科的实际教学过程中“要注意培养学生的逻辑思维，培养学生思维的灵活性和创造性”。
杜威所主张的“反省的思维的分析”这一概念同时也着重强调教师应当在教学中通过思维提出问题和解决问题，并在“做”中验证效果。
综合以上语言学家和教育学家的理论概述与普遍认知，课堂教学中师生思维活动的核心地位得以凸显出来。
黄远振等提出，思维品质包含了一个以逻辑性为起点、批判性为过渡、创新性为终点的三维立体化结构体系，思维品质的内涵主要包括深刻性、灵活性、创造性、批判性、敏捷性五个方面。
语言学简答题
语言学简答题第1章一．1. Fill in the blanks(1) Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality of language makes learning a language laborious. For learners of a foreign language, it is this feature of language that is more worth noticing than its arbitrariness. (大连外院2008）(2) Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with. (人大2007）(3) The features that define our human language can be called __design____ features. （北二外2006）(4) human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present at the moment of communication. This quality is labeled as ____displacement________ .（北二外2006）(5) Halliday proposes a theory of metafunctions of language, that is, language has ________ideational__, interpersonal and textual functions. （中山大学2008）(6) Our language can be used to talk about itself. This is the ____metalingual_______ function of language. （中山大学2005）(7) when language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than exchanging information or ideas, its function is __phatic_____ function. (北二外2005）(8) linguistics is usually defined as the ___scientific_____ study of language. （北二外2003）(9) __pragmatics________ can be defined as the study oflanguage in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relationship between language and society.(10) ___Descriptive________ grammars attempt to tell what is in the language, while _______prescriptive_____grammars tell people what should be in the language. Most contemporary linguists believe that whatever occurs naturally in the language should be described. (人大2006）(11) Chomsky initiated the distinction between _____competence_______ and performances. （北二外2007）（12) The description of a language as it changes through time is a _______Diachronic Linguistic___________ study.3. Short answer questions(1) briefly explain what phonetics and phonology are concerned with and what kind of relationships hold between the two. （北外2002）(2) why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human language? Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature? （南开2004）(2)Duality makes language productive. A large number of different units can be formed out of a small number of elements(Sounds-words, words-sentences). Most animal communication systems do not have this design feature of human language.If language had no such design feature, then it would be like animal communicational system which consists of only a number of basic sounds and this would be highly limited. Then we would not be able to produce a very large number of sound combinations, which are distinct in meaning. In other words, the number of messages one can send would be restricted to the number of basic sounds.第2章Ⅲ. Explain the following termsAssimilation （南大，武大，上大）2. Distinctive features of speech sounds（中山，北师，北交大，浙江大学）3. Syllable （川大）4. Cardinal vowel （川大，大连外院）2. The distinctive feature is a property which distinguishes one phoneme from another. For example, “voicing” is a distinctive feature, since it plays an important role in distinguishing obstruents in English.4. The cardinal vowels are a set vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging, intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages.5. Minimal pairs （武大，浙大，川大，…)6. Coarticulation（武大，川大，南大）7. Voiceless （西安交大）8. Broad and narrow transcription （中山）9. Complementary distribution（武大，南开）What are phonemes, phones, and allophones? Explain their relationship with examples from English.（北外2005）2. What are suprasegmental features?（西外2006）第3章1. Stem2. inflectional morpheme3. Allomorph1. What is the distinction between inflectional affixes andderivational affixes? （四川大学2007）2. Illustrate the ways of lexical change. （武汉大学2005）第5章Ⅲ. True or false1. In the sentence “Money is often said to be the root of all evil”, “root”is used in its conceptual meaning. （北二外2007）2. Reference is one of the rarely used cohesive devices. （南开2005）3. “Tulip”, “rose”and “violet”are all included in the notion of “flower”. Th erefore they are superordinates of “flower”. （北二外2006）4. The idea that the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent wordsand the way they are combined is usually known as the principle of COMPOSITIONALIT. （大连外院2008）Ⅳ. Explain the following terms1. Conceptual meaning （川大，武大，上交大）2. Semantic Triangle （上外2008）3. Homonymy （上海交大2007）4. Relational opposites （武大2005）5. Synonymy （西安交大2008）6. Componential analysis (浙大2005，北航2008）1.According to Leech , conceptual meaning refers to the logical, cognitive, or denotativecontent of the meaning of a word. It is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it refers to. For example, the conceptual meaning of “human” is any person such as John and Mary.2.Ogden and Richard pr esented the classic “semantic Triangle” as manifes ted in the followingdiagram, in which the “symbol” or “form” refers to the linguistic elements (word, sentence, ect.), the “referent” refers to the object in the world of experience, and “thought” or “reference” refers to concept or notion. According to t his view, there is no direct link between symbol and referent, that is, between language and the world. The link is via thought, the concept in our minds.Ⅴ. Short answer questions1. What is the referential theory of meaning? （北交大2005）2. How would you describe the oddness of the following sentences, using semanticfeatures? （浙大2004）(a) The television drank my water.(b) His dog writes poetry.3. Do you think there are true synonyms in English? why? (厦大2010）2. (a) the verb drink represents a behavior of the animate beings, therefore, it is requiredthat the subject of this verb should have a semantic feature as (+ANIMATE), however, the word television, which is in position of subject, has an opposite feature (-ANIMATE). That is why sucha collocation results in oddness.2.(b) the action of writing poetry is normally one which only human beings could do,therefore, the subject is required to have a semantic feature as (+HUMAN); however, the word dog in the subject position is featured as (-HUMAN). Therefore, the sentence is odd.3. Synonymy is the technical name for the sameness relation. It is used to meansameness or close similarity. Total synonymy is rare. The so-called synonyms are all context dependent. They all differ in one way or another.There are no real synonyms, because two or more words named synonyms are expected without exception to differ from one another in one of the following aspects:In stylistic meaning (buy, purchase)in emotive meaning (economical, stingy)in range of use or collocative meaning (accuse, charge)in British and American English usages (autumn, fall)第7章Ⅲ. Explain the following terms1. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis （武大2004）2. linguistic relativity （川大2010，人大2006）3. Linguistic determinism （上海交大2007）4. Diglossia（南开2010）5. Register （南开2010）6. sociolect（首师2011）7. Creole （上海交大2006）Ⅳ. Answer the following questions1. How does language relate to culture?（中山大学2010）2. How could you understand “register” in systematic functional linguistics?（北航2010）3.why do you think that, all other things being equal, women use more standard variants ofstable sociolinguistic variables than men? （北外2006）2. Register is important in systemic linguistics because it is seen as the linguisticconsequence of interacting aspec ts of context, whichHalliday calls “field, tenor, and mode.”…By understanding the values for field, tenor, and mode, language users can predict the meanings that are likely to be exchanged and the language likely to be used.3. The main causes of these differences are more of social ones rather than biologicalones.Women are more status-conscious than men and they are aware of their low status in society and as a result, use more standard speech forms in their attempt to claim equality or even achieve higher social status.Another reason might be attributed to the education. Women are educated to behaved “like a lady” when they are little girls. They realize it is more socially acceptable for them to speak more politely, and gently than it is for men.The differences are brought about by women’s place in society. If we want to reform the language, the first thing we need to do is to try to change the society.4.Explain briefly bilingualism and diglossia.（北航2007）5. Eskimos have many different words for different types of snow, Aborigines fordifferent types of sand, and in Arabic one must choose from a whole range of words which are subsumed under the western category CAMEL. Can you explain these phenomena with you linguistic knowledge?（北航2008）5. (1) Language can reflect the social environment of a society.(2) Language system forms thought or is necessary for thought.According to Sapir, Whorf,….Eskimos have many different words for different types of snow. A child who grows up speaking such a language will develop more cognitive categories for snow than will an English speaking child. When the former looks out at a snowy environment, he will, in some sense, sees it differently from a child who has but one word snow.第8章Ⅲ. Explain the following terms1. Locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act （北航2010，北交大）2. Performatives（中山2008）3. Conversational implicature（川大，武大，北交，北航…)4. Cooperative principle （北二外，北师大）5. Violation of maxims （北交大2006）Ⅳ. Short ans wer questions1.Based on the Cooperative principle, analyze the implicature of the utterance “well, boysare boys” and discuss the reasoning process of the implicature.（北二外2011）“Boys are boys” seem to violate the first quantity maxim. At the superficial level, the sentence is totally uninformative. But when people hear this sentence, he will think that the speaker is implying something and think about it at a deeper level. It conveys the meaning that “ boys are naughty and mischievous by nature”.2.If you ask somebody “can you open the door?”and heanswered “Yes”but does notactually do it, what would be your reaction? Why? Try to explain it in the light of speech act theory. （南开2010）2. According to Austin, speech acts can be analyzed on three levels:….In this context, locutionary act is the literal meaning: whether he has the ability to open the door. Illocutionary act:….In this case, it is misunderstood as a question to ask whether the hearer has the ability to open the door, so he answered yes. If you want to realize his intention, you have to use more direct request, “I would like you to open the door, please.”…3. How do you understand the cancellability of conversational implicature?（南开2010）4. How do you understand the CP postulated by Grice? What are the four maxims ?（北二外2010）3. It is known that the presence of a conventional implicature relies on a number offactors: the conventional meaning of words used, the CP, the linguistic and situational contexts, ect. So if any of them changes, the implicature will also change.。
英语为什么能成为世界语言英语作文
英语为什么能成为世界语言英语作文Why English has become a global languageEnglish is the most widely spoken language in the world and has become a global language with over 1.5 billion speakers. There are several reasons why English has achieved this status and why it is considered a global language.Firstly, the historical reasons for English becoming a global language are rooted in the British Empire's colonization efforts. During the 18th and 19th centuries, the British Empire spread across the globe, taking English to different continents and countries. As a result, English became the language of communication among the British colonies and with the people they interacted with. This helped establish English as a global language.Secondly, English has become the language of international business and communication. In today's globalized world, English is the language of choice for business transactions, international trade, diplomacy, and communication among people from different countries. It is also the dominant language in science, technology, and academia, with a large majority of research papers and articles being published in English. Thiswidespread use of English in various fields has contributed to its status as a global language.Furthermore, the influence of the United States, a major English-speaking country, has played a significant role in the global spread of English. American culture, media, and entertainment have a huge impact on people around the world, and many people learn English to access American movies, music, TV shows, and literature. This has further popularized English and made it a global language.Additionally, English is a relatively easy language to learn compared to other languages, which makes it appealing to people who want to learn a new language for travel, work, or personal reasons. The global popularity of English language courses, textbooks, and online resources also make it easier for people to learn English and improve their fluency.In conclusion, English has become a global language due to historical, economic, cultural, and linguistic reasons. Its widespread use in commerce, communication, and media, as well as its accessibility and ease of learning, have all contributed to its status as the world's dominant language. As a result, English is likely to remain a global language for many years to come.。
英语语言学
Unit 1.The Origin of LanguageTo learn a language, we must learn from its origin. The first unit of the book, Towards a Good Understanding of the English Language, is the origin of language. Taking about the western culture, the Bible is the most important stuff. The Bible has a so important influence on the western culture that the origin of language also can be related to the Bible.I want to devide the text A into three parts. The first part is about three stories of the origin of language. And the second and the third parts are all talking about the various theories of the origin of language.There are totally three stories of the Bible mentioned in the first part of the textbook which are about the origin of the language.The first one is the story of the Tower of Bable. It tells us why there are so many different languages in the world.The second one may be the ealiest to tell the origin of language. According to the Christian beliefs, the language was God‟s gift to mankind.The third one is about some conjectures. Andreas Kemke, a swede, has his conjecturing that in the gadern of Eden Adam spoke in Danish, the serpent in French, and the deity in Swedish, but it more ahout the Kemke than the origin og language. And there are two experiments of recreating the conditions which the theorists consider necessary for the origin of language. The ancient Egyptian king Psammetichus was one of the theosists. Accoring to his analysis, he dediceded that children would naturaly speak Phrygian and that Phrygian was an “older”language than Egyptian.Another one who wanted to study the origin of the language is James IV of Scotland in the early sixteenth century. And the result was that his children reportedly spoke “good Hebrew”.Human beings always want to explore the unknown things and miraculous world, and the origin of language is one of them. In China, there is a peison named Cang Jie who is the invebtor of Chinese charactors in legend. In the Bible, there is a story that language is a God‟s gift to mankind. However, what is the truth that how language began and arise?Scientific interpretations hold that language is human invention, and language originated in the process of labor. There are four steps of the labor which is the Bow-wow theory, the Pooh-pooh theory, the Yo-he-ho theory and the evolution theory. Language together with labor makes us human.In the third part of the text A, some people‟s research results have been listed who contributed to the studies of the origin of language.There are two theories impressed me the most. The first is Merlin Donald‟s coevolution. I am very interested in his theory. The reason that language appeared is that people needed a way to communitate to others and let the civilization pass by. I totally agree with the words he writes that “A shared communitative culture, with sharing of mental representations to some degree, must have come first, before language, creating a social environment in which language would have been usefuland adaptive.”And also a theory named mirror neurons is very important. This is from the aspect of biology. “Mirror neurons will do for psychology what DNA did for biology: they will provide a unifying framenwork and help explain a host of mental abilities that have hitherto remained mysterious and inaccessible to experiments”. To be honest, I don‟t understand this sentence‟s meaning. But I am also interested in this theory. The development of human beings from ape men is because the evolution of the cerebrum and the appearance of language is the reflection of the development of the original society. I have always been interested in the origination of life, and also the origins of civilization. If there will be a changce to know more about this theory of mirror neurons, it would be perfect.I learned the Bible in this semaster and knew that every aspect in the western culture can be related to the Bible. And the origin of language also has the relationship with the Bible. We don‟t need to find evidence to support whether this theoty is true. This is their religious belief, and this is a part of their culture. Though learning of these bibilical stories, I can understand the Jewish culture deeeper and remember more background knowledge.However, there is also something that I can‟t remember, including those people who are named Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Terrence Deacon, and Merlin Donald and thoeries mentioned in the third parts. Although I am interested in the theory of mirror neurons, it is also very difficult for me to understand. But this part really let me feel very professional and feel like a major in language‟ student. However, these may be too professional to understand and to remember.The origin of language in the western culture is very attractive, and it is very different from Chinese culture. This lesson gives me a changce to be close to the original world and a more professional space.Unit 2 English as a Globle LanguageWe are a group of students who are major in English, and some of us will be a translator or interpreter in the future. According to the biblical story which is named the Tower of Bable, there are so many languages that people who speak two types of languages cannot understand each other. Therefore, thanslation has played a central role in human interaction for thousands of years. However, if there is a global language and everyone in the world can understand it, there is no need for translating or interpreting and people can communicate fluently with all the people. So this unit 2 is talking about the global language.The text A is about “Why do we need a global language?” and there is a phrase called “lingua franca”. Lingua franca is a language systematically used to make communication possible between people not sharing a mother tongue, in particular when it is a third language, distinct from both mother tongues. Lingua francas have arisen around the globe throughout human history, sometimes for commercial reasons but also for diplomatic and administrative convenience, and as a means of exchanging information between scientists and other scholars of different nationalities.There are some reasons the text A has given that why we need a global language.In communities where only two or three languages are in contact, bilingualism (or trilingualism) is a possible solution, for most young people can acquire more than one language with unselfconscious ease. But in communities where there are many languages in contact, as in muvh of Africa and South-east Asia, such a natural solution does not readily apply. The problem has traditionally been solved by finding a language to act as a lingua franca, or “common language”.The geographical extent to which a lingua franca can be used is entirely governed by political factors. Many Lingua Franca extend over quite small domains-between a few ethnic groups in one part of a single country, or linking the trading populations of just a few countries, as in the West African case.The prospect that a lingua franca might be needed for the whole world is something which has emerged strongly only in the twentieth century, and since the 1950s in particular. The chief international forum for political communication-the United Nations dates only from 1945. At a more restricted level, multinational regional or political grounpings have come into being. The pressure to adopt a single langua franca, to facilitate communication in such contexts, is considerable, the alternative being expensive and impracticable multi-way translation facilities.The need for a global language is particularly appreciated by the international academic and business communities, and it is here that the adoption of a single lingua franca is most in evidence, both in contacts being made daily all over the global.Language choice is always one of the most sensitive issues facing a planning committee. Usually a small number of languagea have been designated official languages for an organization‟s activities: for example, the UN was established with five official languages -English, French, Spanish, Russian and Chinese. The common situation is one where a committee does not have to be involved-where all the participants at an international meeting automatically use a single language, as autilitarian measure (a “working language”), because it is one which they all have come to learn for separate reasons. This situation seems to be slowly becoming a reality in meetings around the world, as general competence in English now.“Could anything stop a language, once it achieves a global status?‟. The short answer must be “yes”. If language dominance is a matter of political and especially economic influence, then a revolution in the balance of global language. The accuracy and speed of real-time automatic translation is undoutedly going to improve dramatically in the next twenty-five to fifty years, but it is going to take much longer before this medium becomes so globally widespread and so economically accessible to all, that is poses a threat to the current availability and appeal of a global language. And during this time frame, all the evidence suggests that the position of English as a global language is going to become stronger. By the time automatic translation matures as a popular communicative. It will be very interesting to see what happens then-whether the presence of a global language will eliminate the demand for world translation services, or whether the economics of automatic translation will so undercut the cost of global language learning that the later will become otiose. It will be an interesting battle 100 years from now.As an English major student, I feel proud but also have a lot of pressure. In the future, English may be lingua franca, and is used widely. It is a wonderful changce for me. In contract, that means all of people who live in the earth can speak English, and my major skill becomes a common sense. I have no superiority.After learning the unit 2, I feel that it gives me confidence and also pressure. I need not only to continue working hard, but to enrich my knowledge. Maybe I cannot live until the English becoming the lingua franca, but just do as the saying: “Grap the opportunity, and face the challenge”.Unit 3 Sound in the English LanguageFor languages learners, there are four basic skills which are listening, speaking, reading and unit 1 and unit 2, there is a specific introduction of the origin of language and the importance of English which has been becoming the global language. Therefore, the unit 3 introduces an aspect of English and the foru basic skills are also based on this aspect. That is sounds in the English language.First of all, it is the importance of sounds. All of the languages in the world are a tool to communicate. In China, there is Chinese for people who speak Chinese to communicate, and so English, French, and Italian are. The point is speaking. A language is not only written on the book, but also and more important for talking to others and expressing people‟s thoughts. Therefore, at the very beginning of learning a language, learning how to pronunce is the first step. And the text A of the unit 3 has introduced some concept of the sounds in the English language.Let‟s first take a look at the basic mechanism that is used to produce speech sound in English and in most Indo-European language. The first phase in the process of articulation is called pulmotic egressive mechanism, meaning that source of the air to be used in speech is the lungs and that the direction of the airflow is outward. It is important to note as other certain speech sounds.As the air leaves the lungs it continues upward in the windpipe, and enters the so-called vocal tract, where it is modified in various ways by the movements of the speech organs called articulators. All speech sounds can be classified according to where in the vocal tract this modification takes place and how exactly this modification is carried out. As a third term in the description of speech sounds, we can specify how active the vocal cords are: whether they vibrate (in voiced sounds) or not (in the voiceless sounds).There are some concepts. What are segmental features of speech? The features mentioned above characterize individual segments, that is, speech sounds-manner; place and voicing are the so-called segmental features of speech. Larger chunks of pronunciation also have characteristics of their own- theses are the so-called suprasegmental features.The title of the text A is Phonetics and Phonology. Let‟s take a look at the conceptions of Phometics and Phonology. The scientific study of the segmental and suprasegmental features of speech is called phnonetics. And a different point of view is taken by the branch of linguistics called phonology. The phonology is deals with speech and sounds, and it borrows the terms and notions of phonetica, but it only uses them as tools to achieve the ultimate objective: describe the functions the segments have in speech, the relationships they contract with each other and the various systems and patterns they constitute.The title of text C is Pronunciation for international intelligibility. Until very recently few teachers or learners really questioned the idea that in order to be understood when speaking English, students would need to get as close as possible in their pronnciation to one of the dominant native-speaker accents,such as Received Pronunciation, the standard British accent, or GA, the USA equivalent.There is a paragraph which the professor asked us to remember. “Joanne Kenworthy, in Teaching English Pronunciation, puts forward the concept of comfortableintelligibility as a suitable goal for the majority of learners. The term is slef-explanatory, but does not actually pin down which features of English pronunciation need to be learned in order to attain this intelligibility. With this problem in mind, perhaps, Bryan Jenner attempted to determine …what all native speakers of all varietied aheb in common which enables them to communicate effectively with native speakers of varieties other than their own‟. The results of his analyisis were brought together in the Common Core, which is a list of the features of English pronunciation Jenner considered essential for intelligibility anywhere in the world.”For the unit 3, I think it is too difficult for me to understand. Because there are too many professional words in this unit that I cannot really understand. Like the phonetics and phonology, I may remember their meanings this semester, but one year later I can‟t make sure whether they will still in my mind.Just from the aspect of academic, this unit is wonderful. There are many new concepts for me, and gives me a system of what I have learned about the sounds in college. In class, the teacher used many time to explain the text B. It is very useful, because our class didn‟t have the class of pronunciation and my pronunciation is not very good. The exlanatory of the text B not only provides us some spcific knowledge of English pronunciation, but also gives me a chance to improve my pronunciation.As I said above, learing sounds is very important. However, I don‟t really understand this unit, so I may study this unit again in this winter vacation.Unit 5 Sentence Structures in the English Language As a student who is major in English, the speaking, listening, reading and writing are the basic skills. The grammar is the basis of these skills, and the unit 5 is about the sentence structure in the English language.The text A is talking about the syntax. First, what is the meaning of syntax? The part of the grammar that represents a speaker‟s knowledge of sentences and their structures is called syntax. Part of what we mean by syntactic structure is word order. The meaning of a sentence depends largely on the order in which words occur in a sentence. Howeverm sometimes, a change of word order has no effect on meaning. The grammars of all languages include rules of syntax that reflect speakers‟knowledge of these facts.The text A also introduces the “grammatical or ungrammatical”. In English and in every language, every sentence is a sequence of words, but not every sentence of words is a sentence. Sequences of words that conform to the rules of syntax are well-formed or grammatical, and those that violate the syntactic rules are lii formed or ungrammatical.There is a question in the textA which is “What grammaticality is not based on”. The ability to make grammaticality judgements does not depend on having heard the sentence before. But you syntactic knowledge tells you that it is grammatical. Grammaticality judgements do not depend on whether the sentence is meaningful or not. Although thses sentences do not make sense, they are syntactically well formed. You may understand ungrammatical sequences even though you know they are not well formed. On the other hand, grammatical sentences may be uninterpretable if they include nonsense strings, that is, words with no agreed-on meaing. Some sentences are amusing because they comply with syntactic rules and sound like good English. Grammaticality does not depend on the truth of sentences, if it did, lying would be impossible. Nor does it depend on whether real objects are being discussed, nor on whether something is possible. Untrue sentences can be grammatical, sentences discussing unicorns can be grammatical, and sentences referring to pregnant fathers can be grammartical.Accordng to the text B, there is a theory of the sentence structure which can be performed by a tree convey. I feel this part is both easy and dificult. It is eacy because the professor explained the contents specificly in the class. The professor used the “S”to represent the sentence, the “NP”to represent the noun phrase, “VP”to the verb phrase and so on. In this way, the tree conveys are much easier. However, it is also difficult for our students, because this theory is still under study, and this tree conveys are the basic one and the simplest one. If there is not a teacher who can explain this theory for me, it is difficult to understand and master the basic tree conveys just depended on the textbook. But there are many examples in the text B and it is very helpful for me to understand. For example, the example sentence is “The child found the puppy”, and the exlanatory words are “the …tree‟is upside down with its …root‟being the entire sentence, The child found the puppy, and its …leaves‟being the individual words, the , child, found, the puppy. The tree conveys the same informationas the nested parentheses, but more clearly. The groupings and subgroupings reflect the hierachical structure of the tree. The tree diagram shows among other things that the phrase found the pippy divides naturally into branches, one for the verb found and the other for the direct object the puppy. A different division, say f ound the and puppy, is unnatural”. If there is no the tree diagram, I can‟t understand these exlanatory words. Therefore, I think this is the best point of this unit. Not onlt the text B, but also the text A also has a lot of examples to help us to understand these concepts and theories.Some students feel that it is useless for us to learn the structure of sentences, because we all know how to write a sentence and know the grammar. In contract, I feel it is necessery for us who are the major in English. I have two reasons. The first one is based on the academic aspect. We learn a language, not only need to learn how to use it, but also need to know why we use it in that way. Through this book “Towards a Good Understanding of the English Language”, we learned the origin of language, the global language, the sounds in the English language and the words in the English language, the final one is the sentence structures in the English language. This is a process which progresses step by step, and to study a language deeply. The second reason is realier. Nowadays, there are more and more people who can speak English as second language, even speak another language as their third language. So what is our superiority as an English major student? We must study English deeply and more professional than them. Therefore, to learn more professional aspects of English, not only those basic skills, is the important weapon for us to fight with them in the workplaces in the future.。
为什么要学习外国语言英语作文
为什么要学习外国语言英语作文英文回答：Learning a foreign language, such as English, offers a myriad of benefits that extend far beyond the ability to communicate with people from different cultures. Here are several compelling reasons why studying English is a worthwhile endeavor:Enhanced Cognitive Function: Studies have shown that learning a second language improves cognitive function, including memory, attention, and problem-solving skills. It challenges the brain to adapt and process information differently, leading to increased cognitive flexibility and mental acuity.Improved Communication Skills: English is the lingua franca of international communication, spoken by nearly 1.5 billion people worldwide. By learning English, you gain access to a vast network of individuals from diversebackgrounds and perspectives, fostering intercultural understanding and collaboration.Career Advancement: In today's globalized job market, proficiency in English is a highly sought-after skill. Employers value employees who can effectively communicate with clients, colleagues, and partners across borders. It opens doors to international job opportunities and career advancement.Cultural Enrichment: Language is inextricably linked to culture. By learning English, you not only acquire a new mode of communication but also gain insights into the values, customs, and traditions of English-speaking societies. It deepens your understanding of the world and broadens your cultural horizons.Increased Travel Opportunities: As a widely spoken language, English is essential for seamless travel to many countries. Whether you're navigating airports, asking for directions, or interacting with locals, knowing English empowers you to fully experience foreign cultures and makethe most of your travel adventures.Academic and Research Advantages: English is the primary language of research and academia. By mastering English, you gain access to a vast body of scholarly literature, scientific advancements, and educational resources that would otherwise be inaccessible. It empowers you to pursue higher education and engage in intellectual discourse with experts from around the world.In conclusion, learning a foreign language, such as English, offers numerous cognitive, communicative, career, cultural, and academic benefits. It enhances your mental abilities, fosters intercultural understanding, expands your career prospects, enriches your cultural experiences, facilitates travel, and empowers you to engage in global conversations and access knowledge. Embracing the challenge of learning English is an investment in your personal and professional growth, opening doors to a world of opportunities.中文回答：学习外语，例如英语，除了能够与不同文化的人沟通之外，还提供了许多好处。
大学语言学考试1-7章-试题和答案
12 maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant. it is put into the onset rather than the coda. . The correct syllabification of the word country should be第一章，填空1.The study of the meaning of lingustic words, phrases is callesde mantics.2.Displacement is a design feature of human language that enables speakers to talk about a wild range of things free from barriers caused by4.Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.5.If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive.6.Chomsky defines “ competencaes ”the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language.nguage is a means of verbal communication. It is informative in that communicating by speaking or writing is a purposeful act.8.The link between a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter ofnguage is distinguished from traffic lights in that the former has the designing feature of duality.10.In linguistics research, bothq uantity and quality approaches are preferred. 判断：11.The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech, thus there are still many languages in today's have no √12.According to Chomsky, the word compentoetn lcime it”ed itso the ability of an ideal native speaker to construct and recognize. ×13.Duality and cultural transmission are two most important design features of human language.×14.Chomsky's competence' and performance are similar in meaning to Saussure 's langue and parole.√15,An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the “bestauthors ”√for languag16.In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a of reasons. √17.Modern linguistics is mainly diachronic.× chochronic共时的ngue and parole is the fundamental distinction discussed by Chomsky in his Aspects of the Theory ofdistinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics as Parole and language√.20. According to Chomsky, the task of a linguist is to determine from the data of performance the underlying system of rules that has been √选择:1.As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyse the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for correct linguistic behavior, it is said to bed escriptive2.I can refer to Confucius even though he was dead 2000 years ago. This shows thatlanguage has the design feature of displacement.3.“ Don' t end a sentence with a preposition.thisp irse sacnr iepxtiavme rpulele os.f4.Which of the following is most referred to as a branch of the study of meaning in5.The synchronic study of language takes a fixed instant as its point of observation.6.The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentencesis calledp ragmatics.7.The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is A 没照下图片arbitrary8.The descriptive of a language as it changes through time is dai achronic study.9.题目没照下来。
英语成为国际通用语的原因英语作文
英语成为国际通用语的原因英语作文The reasons why English has become an international lingua franca:from the perspective of language itself, it is easy to learn and has a highrate of use; Historically, Britain has many colonies around the world, andEnglish is one of the common or official languages in many countries andregions.How did English become the lingua franca of the world?Since the Second World War, English has taken the place of French asthe common language of diplomacy (the common language of diplomacyis usually a simplified language, which is the medium of communication between people speaking different languages). The status of English in the diplomatic field began to stand out in 1919, that is, after the first World War, the attributes of the Versailles treaty were English andFrench. Until then, French still occupied a dominant position in the diplomatic field.Shortly after the Second World War, especially during the founding and organization of the United Nations, the use of Englishwas once againpromoted by virtue of the important role played by English speakingcountries (Britain and the Commonwealth).When Britain became a colonial country, English became the common language of communication in the colonies of the British Empire. During the colonial period, some emerging countries and some countries with several local languages chose t continue to use English as the common language for communication, so as to avoid some policy difficulties in promoting an indigenous language for other places.The British Empire established the use of English in the world, such as North America, India, Africa and New Zealand. In the past, English finally became the universal language in the late 19th century.In the first half of the 20th century, English speaking countries especially Britain, were in an advantageous position in economy, finance, science and technology, military and culture, which further consolidated the use of International English. Today, more than half of science and technology magazines are published in English, andalmost one third of natural science research in France is written in English. English is also used in air traffic control.English, a "simple" language Nowadays, the world is in the age of mass media, and the concept of international lingua franca is becoming more and more important.Before this period, Greek, Latin and French were all international languages to some extent, especially for Europe.It is a lucky coincidence that English is one of the most easy to understand languages in the world. Of course, this ease is relative. It depends on what you know. However, the simplicity of English is beyond doubt: English is a language that is easy to learn, understand and speak. It is very unlikely that a complex language like Hungarian will become a universal language.First of all, the Latin alphabet used in English is the most common,shortest and simplest. Secondly, the Latin alphabet in English is the most "pure" form, which is only based on 26 letters and has no diacritic symbols.Verb modification is easy to understand. Even irregular verbs change little among different names (except for the third person singular form of the present tense).Can you find another language that can replace English?Other languages, such as Asian (Thai or Chinese), which have few verbvariants and no sex number coordination, are simple and comprehensiveenough. However, these languages are written in ideograms with tones.However, if the Chinese can write in Latin, Chinese may become theuniversal language.In view of the geographical and economic advantages, there are alsosome other influential languages that can become the universal language, but they often have certain defects.Give some examples:Although Japanese verbs are very regular, they have complex ideographs.Chinese has no verb change and sex number change, but its ideographiccharacters are too complex, and tone should be considered.German has much more tonal variations than English.Major Roman languages, such as French and Spanish, have fewer tonalchanges than most languages, but their verb changes are too complex.There are two kinds of complex verb changes and numerous nouncategory number changes in Russian.If French, as a common language for communication, retains too muchcomplexity, then as one of the most beautiful languages in the world, itcannot retain too little complexity. Even for people whose mothertongue is French, it is a difficult language to master.Perhaps you have noticed the phenomenon that there are always someFrench words in American and British films.We should be proud to be able to speak a language that is bothcomplexand difficult to understand and has a reputation in the world.。
为什么要学习外国语言英语作文
为什么要学习外国语言英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Why We Should Learn Foreign LanguagesAs students, we are constantly encouraged to learn foreign languages, especially English. From an early age, we are exposed to the importance of being multilingual in today's globalized world. However, many of us often question the rationale behind investing significant time and effort into learning a new language. In this essay, I will explore the compelling reasons why we should embrace the opportunity to learn foreign languages, focusing primarily on the numerous benefits it offers.First and foremost, learning a foreign language broadens our horizons and expands our understanding of different cultures. Language is deeply intertwined with a society's customs, beliefs, and way of life. By learning a new language, we gain invaluable insights into the rich tapestry of diverse cultures that exist around the world. This exposure not only fosters greater appreciation and respect for cultural diversity but also equips uswith the ability to communicate and connect with people from different backgrounds more effectively.Moreover, in an increasingly interconnected world, proficiency in foreign languages can provide a competitive edge in the job market. Businesses and organizations are constantly seeking individuals who can navigate cross-cultural environments and facilitate communication with international clients or partners. Being multilingual enhances our employability and opens up a world of professional opportunities, both locally and globally. Employers value individuals who can bridge linguistic barriers, facilitating smooth operations and fostering strong relationships with stakeholders from various corners of the world.Learning a foreign language also has cognitive benefits that extend beyond communication. Research has shown that the process of acquiring a new language stimulates brain activity and enhances cognitive abilities such as critical thinking, problem-solving, and multitasking. As we grapple with the complexities of a new language system, our brains become more flexible and adept at processing information from multiple sources simultaneously. This cognitive flexibility can beinvaluable in various aspects of our lives, from academic pursuits to personal endeavors.Furthermore, being proficient in multiple languages allows us to access a wealth of knowledge and information that may not be readily available in our native tongue. Many literary masterpieces, scientific journals, and cultural artifacts exist in languages other than English. By learning these languages, we unlock a vast repository of knowledge that can enrich our understanding of the world and contribute to our personal growth and intellectual development.Beyond the practical and cognitive advantages, learning a foreign language can also be a deeply rewarding and enriching experience on a personal level. The process of mastering a new language requires dedication, perseverance, and a willingness to step out of our comfort zones. As we navigate the intricacies of grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation, we develop a sense of accomplishment and self-confidence that can translate into other areas of our lives.Additionally, being multilingual can open doors to new social connections and cultural experiences. When we travel to foreign countries or interact with individuals from diverse backgrounds, our ability to communicate in their languagecreates an instant bond and facilitates deeper connections. We gain a unique perspective on how others perceive the world, and our appreciation for the richness of human diversity grows exponentially.While learning a foreign language undoubtedly presents challenges, the rewards are numerous and far-reaching. In today's interconnected world, where global mobility andcross-cultural interactions are increasingly common, the ability to communicate in multiple languages is not just a valuable skill but a necessity. By embracing the opportunity to learn foreign languages, we equip ourselves with the tools to navigate diverse cultural landscapes, unlock new opportunities, and foster greater understanding and cooperation among people from all walks of life.In conclusion, as students, we should seize the opportunity to learn foreign languages with enthusiasm and determination. By doing so, we not only enhance our cognitive abilities and broaden our horizons but also open doors to a world of personal growth, professional advancement, and cross-cultural connections. Learning a new language is an investment in ourselves and our future, one that will undoubtedly yield rich dividends throughout our lives.篇2Why We Should Learn Foreign LanguagesAs students in the modern, globalized world, being multilingual is one of the most valuable skills we can possess. Learning a foreign language opens doors to new cultures, experiences, and opportunities that would otherwise remain closed. In this essay, I will explore the numerous benefits of language learning and explain why every student should make it a priority.Firstly, knowing a foreign language broadens our intellectual horizons and enhances our cognitive abilities. The process of acquiring a new language requires us to think differently, to grasp unfamiliar grammatical structures, and to approach communication from a fresh perspective. This mental exercise stimulates our brains, improving our problem-solving skills, critical thinking, and memory. Studies have shown that multilingual individuals possess better multitasking abilities and are more adept at filtering out distractions. Furthermore, learning a language at a young age can even delay the onset of cognitive aging and dementia.Beyond the cognitive advantages, language proficiency is a gateway to understanding and appreciating diverse cultures. Each language is a window into a unique way of life, a rich tapestry of history, traditions, and worldviews. By learning a new language, we gain insight into the thoughts, beliefs, and values of its speakers, fostering greater empathy, tolerance, and intercultural understanding. This exposure to different perspectives broadens our minds and challenges our preconceptions, making us more open-minded and adaptable global citizens.In today's increasingly interconnected world, the ability to communicate across linguistic barriers is invaluable, both personally and professionally. Whether traveling for leisure, conducting international business, or collaborating on global projects, speaking multiple languages allows us to forge deeper connections, navigate new environments more effectively, and seize opportunities that would otherwise be out of reach. Multilingualism is a highly sought-after skill in the job market, as companies seek employees who can facilitate cross-cultural communication and navigate diverse markets.Moreover, learning a foreign language can be a rewarding and enriching experience in itself. The sense of accomplishmentand pride that comes from mastering a new mode of expression is unparalleled. As we progress in our language studies, we gain access to a wealth of literature, films, music, and art that would otherwise be inaccessible to us, expanding our cultural horizons and deepening our appreciation for the diversity of human expression.Of course, the journey of language learning is not without its challenges. It requires dedication, perseverance, and a willingness to step out of our comfort zones. However, these obstacles are far outweighed by the lifelong benefits of multilingualism. By embracing the process of language acquisition, we not only gain a practical skill but also embark on a journey of personal growth, cross-cultural understanding, and intellectual enrichment.In conclusion, as students in an increasingly globalized world, learning foreign languages is an imperative for personal, academic, and professional success. It enhances our cognitive abilities, fo篇3Why We Should Learn Foreign LanguagesAs students, we are constantly reminded of the importance of learning foreign languages, especially English. Our teachers, parents, and even the media, emphasize the numerous benefits of being multilingual in today's globalized world. However, many of us still struggle to find the motivation to dedicate ourselves to this challenging task. In this essay, I will explore the compelling reasons why learning foreign languages, particularly English, should be a priority for us as students.Firstly, English has become the lingua franca of the modern era, serving as the universal language of communication across various domains, including business, technology, academia, and diplomacy. By mastering English, we open doors to countless opportunities that would otherwise remain closed. In an increasingly interconnected world, the ability to communicate effectively in English can be a game-changer, facilitatingcross-cultural exchanges, international collaborations, and global mobility.Moreover, learning a foreign language like English can enhance our cognitive abilities and overall intellectual development. Studies have shown that bilingual individuals possess better problem-solving skills, improved memory, and heightened creativity. The process of acquiring a new languagerequires us to constantly switch between different linguistic systems, thereby exercising our mental flexibility and enhancing our ability to multitask. This cognitive training can have profound implications for our academic performance and future career prospects.Furthermore, learning a foreign language can broaden our cultural horizons and promote empathy and understanding among diverse communities. Language is deeply intertwined with culture, and by studying a new language, we gain insights into the customs, traditions, and worldviews of different societies. This cultural awareness can foster greater appreciation for diversity and cultivate a more inclusive and tolerant mindset, which is essential in our increasingly multicultural societies.In addition to the intellectual and cultural benefits, proficiency in foreign languages can also provide practical advantages in the job market. In today's globalized economy, companies are actively seeking candidates who can communicate effectively across borders and navigate different cultural contexts. By demonstrating fluency in languages like English, we increase our competitiveness and employability, opening up opportunities for international careers, business ventures, and professional growth.However, the journey of learning a foreign language is not without its challenges. It requires dedication, perseverance, and a willingness to step out of our comfort zones. We may face frustrations, make mistakes, and experience moments of discouragement along the way. Yet, it is precisely these challenges that contribute to our personal growth and resilience. By persevering through the difficulties, we develop discipline, patience, and a growth mindset that will serve us well in all aspects of life.In conclusion, the importance of learning foreign languages, particularly English, cannot be overstated. It offers us a gateway to global opportunities, enhances our cognitive abilities, fosters cultural awareness and empathy, and increases our competitiveness in the job market. While the journey may be arduous, the rewards are invaluable. As students, we must embrace this challenge with open minds and unwavering determination, for it is through the acquisition of foreign languages that we can truly become global citizens, equipped to navigate and thrive in an increasingly interconnected world.。
我们为什么要交流英语作文
我们为什么要交流英语作文Why do we need to communicate in English?English has become a global language and is widely used in various fields such as science, technology, business, and education. It is the official language of many countries and is also used as a second language in many others. Therefore, it is essential to communicate in English in today's world.Firstly, English is the language of international communication. It is the language used in international conferences, meetings, and negotiations. If you are working in a multinational company, you need to communicate with colleagues from different countries, and English is the common language that everyone understands. Therefore, it is necessary to have a good command of English to communicate effectively with people from different cultures and backgrounds.Secondly, English is the language of science and technology. Most of the research papers, scientific journals, and technical documents are written in English. If you want to keep up with the latest developments in your field, you need to be able to read and understand these materials. Moreover, if you want to present your research to an international audience, you need to be able to communicate your ideas clearly in English.Thirdly, English is the language of business. Intoday's global economy, many companies have branches and customers all over the world. If you want to do business with international clients, you need to be able to communicate with them in English. Moreover, if you want to advance your career, you need to have good communication skills in English, as it is often a requirement for higher-level positions.Finally, English is the language of education. Many universities and colleges offer courses and programs in English. If you want to study abroad or pursue higher education in an English-speaking country, you need to beproficient in English. Moreover, even if you are studying in your own country, you will need to read and understand English textbooks and lectures.In conclusion, English is a crucial language for communication in today's world. It is the language of international communication, science and technology, business, and education. Therefore, it is essential to learn and communicate in English to succeed in today's globalized world.。
英语成为国际语言的原因英语作文
英语成为国际语言的原因英语作文全文共5篇示例，供读者参考篇1Why Did English Become the World's Language?Hi there! I'm going to tell you all about how English became the super important language that everyone uses around the world. It's a pretty cool story, and I think you'll find it really interesting!English started out as the language of just one small island - England. Not many people spoke it compared to other tongues like French, Spanish, Chinese or Arabic. But then some wild things happened that made English spread far and wide, until it became the global language we all know today.One of the first big things that helped English go places was when England started building a massive empire all over the world. The English explored and colonized lots of new lands, from America to Australia to India and more. Everywhere they went, they brought their language with them. The locals had to learn English to communicate with the rulers and traders.Speaking of trade, that was another major key to English's expansion. As the British Empire grew wealthy through sea voyages and commerce, their language became vital for international business. If you wanted to buy or sell goods around the world, you needed to speak the tongue of those prosperous English merchants and sailors.England's preeminence on the high seas meant English sailed to every corner of the globe. It became the "lingua franca" (that's a fancy term meaning a common language) for places as far away as India, Singapore, and Hong Kong. English allowed people from diverse backgrounds to communicate for trade.But the crowning moment that cemented English's dominance arrived in the 20th century with the rise of two English-speaking superpowers: The United Kingdom and the United States. After World War II, these two nations became the world's biggest economic and cultural forces.The UK was still a major player with an expansive network of territories and military bases stretching across the planet. But it was the United States that really turbocharged English through its incredible influence as an economic and entertainment juggernaut.American movies, television, music, brands, and pop culture started going mainstream worldwide after 1945. Kids from Thailand to Argentina to Norway started idolizing American stars and imitating American slang. English went viral globally thanks to Hollywood, MTV, McDonald's, Coca-Cola and other US cultural exports.At the same time, innovations like computers, the internet, and air travel emerged as new arenas where English was the universal language by default. Want to work in the global tech industry, be a pilot, or explore the world wide web? You gotta know English.That's why today English has over 1.5 billion speakers and is present nearly everywhere as an official language, a lingua franca, or a priority foreign language taught in schools. From Korean airports to Indian outsourcing firms to Venezuelan television shows, English is omnipresent.The phenomenon of English as a global lingua franca also creates some interesting situations. These days, more people use English among non-native speakers than between native speakers! For example, a Mexican person might speak English with a Swedish person even though neither is from anEnglish-speaking country.Pretty crazy when you think about how English started out as just the obscure tongue of one tiny island nation. But a perfect storm of historical events - colonialism, trade, military power, cultural influence, and technological advancement - propelled this language to amazing heights around the globe.Who could have imagined that English would become the world's common language, united people internationally, and serve as the "lingua franca" for the modern era? The success and reach of English today is just mind-boggling. Well, I hope you found this essay interesting! English is a pretty neat language with an incredible backstory.篇2Why English Became the World's LanguageHave you ever thought about how people from different countries can talk to each other? There's an amazing language that lets us communicate all around the world – the English language! English is spoken in tons of countries and is really useful when people travel or do business together. But how did English become so popular and widespread? Let me tell you all about it!One big reason English spread so much is because of the British Empire. A long time ago, Britain was a very powerful country that ruled over lots of other lands far away. Wherever the British went and made colonies, they brought their language with them. English took root in places like India, Singapore, Nigeria, and many Caribbean islands. Even after those colonies gained independence, people kept speaking English!Another important factor was the United States becoming a world superpower. After World War II ended, America was the strongest and richest nation. The U.S. also made many great inventions and discoveries in science, technology, and entertainment. People worldwide wanted to learn the language of this powerful, influential country. Before you knew it, English was spreading like wildfire all over the globe!Speaking of technology, the internet definitely helped English proliferate rapidly. When the world wide web was created, English was installed as the default language for software and websites. If you wanted to use a computer or browse online, learning English was essential. Nowadays, over half of all web content is published in English!There are also some qualities of the English language itself that made it well-suited for international use. English hasrelatively simple grammar compared to many other tongues. The vocabulary pulls from Germanic and Latin roots that are familiar to European languages. The flexibility of English also allows new words to form easily from things like textspeak and pop culture. How neat is that?Trade and business are huge factors too. As economies became more globalized, a common language for deals and transactions was desperately needed. English was the logical choice since Britain and the U.S. were such dominant economic forces. Knowing English gave you a huge career advantage in banking, advertising, and multinational corporations. It was like a global language of money!Don't forget about pop culture's major impact! American movies, television, music, and books are super popular in every corner of the Earth. When kids see their favorite stars or want to understand the lyrics of songs, learning English is pretty motivating. English became the "cool" language that everyone wanted to speak fluently.Another underrated reason is that English is one of the working languages used at the United Nations and other major international organizations. By making English an official language of diplomacy, even more people saw practical value inmastering it for meetings and translations. English really oiled the wheels of politics and cooperation worldwide.Lastly, English is now considered the language of opportunity and social mobility. Immigrants who speak English are more likely to get better jobs and higher education. Parents all over push their kids to learn English from a young age, opening doors to more successful futures. In competitive global markets, English proficiency gives you a huge advantage.There are so many reasons why English rose up to become the closest thing we have to a universal global language in the modern era. British colonization planted the earliest seeds, but factors like America's politics, trade needs, and cultural exports really supercharged its unstoppable spread. Knowing English today boosts your career, education, entertainment, and abilities to connect with people worldwide. That's why millions are still studying English every single day!篇3Sure, here is an essay in English about the reasons why English became an international language, written in a tone suitable for elementary school students. The length is around 2,000 words.Why Did English Become a Global Language?Hi there! My name is Emily, and today I'm going to tell you all about why English is spoken in so many countries around the world. It's a pretty cool story, so listen up!A long time ago, way back in the 16th century, there was a small island nation called England. The people who lived there spoke a language we now call English. At that time, England was a tiny little place compared to huge empires like Spain and France. But the English people were really good sailors and explorers.They built big ships and sailed all over the world, looking for new lands to claim as their own. Wherever they went, they brought the English language with them. They set up colonies in North America, Australia, India, and many other places. The people living in those colonies had to learn English to communicate with the English settlers.As England's power and influence grew, so did the importance of the English language. By the 19th century, the British Empire was the largest empire the world had ever seen. It controlled about a quarter of the world's land and population! Imagine how many people had to learn English just to trade, work, and live in all those British territories.But that's not the only reason English spread so far and wide. Another big factor was the United States of America. When the American colonies broke away from England, they kept using the English language. As America became a rich and powerful nation, its language and culture spread across the globe through movies, music, technology, and more.English also became super useful for international business and diplomacy. Companies that operate in multiple countries need a common language for communication. Governments and organizations like the United Nations also use English as an official language. That way, leaders and diplomats from all over can understand each other.Nowadays, over a billion people speak English as their first or second language. It's the most widely spoken language in the world! You can travel almost anywhere and find someone who knows at least a little bit of English.In places like India, Nigeria, and Singapore, English is used as one of the main official languages. People from different ethnic groups and language backgrounds use English to communicate with each other. It helps unite diverse populations within the same country.Even in countries where English isn't an official language, like China or Russia, lots of people are still learning it. They study English in school because it's so important for things like technology, science, and international business.English has also become the main language of the internet and digital world. Most websites, software, games, and digital content are created in English first before being translated into other languages. Knowing English gives you access to so much more online!So in a nutshell, that's why English went from being the language of a tiny island to a true global tongue. The rise of the British Empire, America's influence, international trade and diplomacy, and the digital world all played a huge part.Who knows, maybe in another few hundred years, a whole new language will take over as the world's common tongue. But for now, English reigns supreme as the king of international communication. Pretty cool, right? Let me know if you have any other questions!篇4Why English Became an International LanguageHi there! My name is Emma and I'm going to tell you all about why English has become the most important language in the world. It's pretty cool that one language is spoken by so many people across the globe, don't you think? Let me explain how it happened!First of all, a long time ago, way back in the 16th century, the British Empire started exploring and colonizing lots of different countries and continents. They went to places like North America, Africa, Asia, and even Australia and New Zealand. Everywhere the British settlers went, they brought their English language with them.The local people living in those colonies had to learn English to communicate with the British rulers. English then spread and took root in those faraway lands. As the decades and centuries passed, more and more folks grew up speaking English as their native tongue.Another big reason why English is so widespread today is because of the United States becoming a world superpower after World War 2. The US was very rich, powerful and influential. American culture, movies, music, businesses - you name it - went all over the planet. And of course, the language powering American culture was English. People worldwide wanted to learnEnglish to access cool American stuff and engage with this dominant global force.Speaking of global forces, the internet has massively helped English conquer the world too. Pretty much all the major tech companies, websites, and online services are based in countries where English is the main language. To use the internet and tech properly, it's almost essential to know some English these days. Even this essay is written in English so you can understand it!English is also extremely useful for international business, diplomacy and tourism. It's the main language used by huge organizations like the United Nations, NATO, the European Union and the Commonwealth of Nations. If you're a diplomat, businessperson or traveler who needs to communicate across borders, English is your best bet.There are now more people who speak English as a second language globally than there are native English speakers! About 1.5 billion people across the world use English reasonably well. In comparison, there are only around 400 million native English speakers from countries like the US, UK, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.So in conclusion, the main reasons why English is a global language are: 1) The legacy of British colonialism 2) The cultural,economic and political dominance of the United States 3) The importance of English for the internet and technology 4) Its usefulness for diplomacy, business and travel and 5) The sheer number of people who speak it as a second language around the world.English is likely going to remain the king of languages for a very long time. But who knows, maybe in a few hundred years a new global language will take over? I guess we'll have to wait and see! For now though, let's celebrate the triumph of English by reading more books, watching movies and making friends from other countries. English really does connect the whole world.篇5Why English is the International LanguageHi there! My name is Emma and I'm going to tell you all about why English is the international language that people use to communicate all around the world. It's a really cool subject and I find it super interesting to learn about.First of all, let me start by explaining what an international language is. It's a language that is spoken and understood by people from many different countries and cultures. It's acommon way for people to talk to each other even if their native languages are totally different. Kind of like a bridge connecting different language speakers!So why did English become that common international language out of all the thousands of languages in the world? There are a few really big reasons.The first big reason is because of the British Empire way back in history. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, Britain controlled lots and lots of territories and colonies all over the world. Their empire was so massive that it was said "the sun never sets on the British Empire" because it stretched from east to west across every time zone.Wherever the British went and took control, they brought the English language with them and spread it to the local people. Places like India, Singapore, Nigeria, and so many islands in the Caribbean all had English forced upon them by the British rulers. The locals had to learn it to communicate with their British bosses and do business.Even after many of those colonies gained independence from Britain in the 1900s, English stuck around and became one of the official languages in those new nations. That's how English got its start spreading worldwide beyond just Britain itself.The second big reason why English is international is because of America becoming a total superpower after World War 2. As American money, businesses, movies, music, and influence went worldwide, so did the English language. American English especially took over as the main form that people mimicked around the globe.It helped a ton that the United States got involved in lots of wars and international events in the 1900s too. The US military force was felt everywhere from Vietnam to Iraq to Afghanistan. Wherever American soldiers were stationed, that exposed new communities to the English language.Hollywood movies and TV shows also became massively popular worldwide. People around the world could suddenly understand the English dialogue with translations and subtitles. That normalised hearing English for billions of people who then wanted to start learning it themselves.Music was another huge factor, with people jamming to English songs from groups like The Beatles, Michael Jackson, and Eminem. Kids everywhere started picking up English lyrics and vocabulary from their favorite artists.On top of that, many internationally important fields like technology, science, and business run on English. You prettymuch have to know English if you want to work in those industries anywhere on Earth today.The internet also played a gigantic role in cementing English as king when it exploded in the 1990s. All the biggest websites, social media apps, and software were created by American developers in English initially. If you wanted to use any of those world-changing tools back then, English was essential.Speaking of the internet, let me talk about one last big reason that English spread worldwide - ease of learning compared to other languages. You see, English is actually relatively simple to pick up for people whose native languages use the same Latin alphabet.Languages like Chinese or Russian that use totally different writing systems are much harder for English speakers and vice versa. But English shares the same 26 letters as languages like Spanish, French, German, and Italian. That makes English more accessible to master for a huge chunk of the global population.English grammar, while having its exceptions and quirks, is also relatively straightforward compared to heavily gendered languages or those with complex cases and formality levels. That user-friendliness is ideal for a global lingua franca that needs to be easy to acquire.Those are the main drivers that allowed English to become the current international language used for communications between cultures across the planet. From the lasting impacts of British colonialism to American economic and cultural dominance, English spread far and wide in the 19th and 20th centuries especially.Today, English is estimated to be spoken by over 1 billion people worldwide, including around 379 million native speakers and 753 million who use it as a secondary language. It's one of the official languages of the United Nations, the European Union, and many other major international organizations.At this point, English is completely embedded worldwide as the common means for people to communicate across borders. Its huge head start as a global language makes it unlikely that any other single lingua franca will replace English anytime soon. English is here to stay as the world's powerful common language for businesspeople, travelers, media, technology, and just about anything involving multiple nationalities.While local languages will always be treasured and preserved within their cultures, there's no denying that English serves as the practical bridge language that brings our interconnected world closer together. It's an exciting time to bean English speaker with endless opportunities and connections across the globe!Those are my thoughts on this very interesting topic. Learning about how English became an international language was super fun for me. Let me know if you have any other questions!。
最新新编简明英语语言学教程笔记考试必备
Chapter one Introduction一、定义1.语言学LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.普通语言学General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.3.语言languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。
4.识别特征Design FeaturesIt refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。
Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性Duality双重性Displacement移位性Cultural transmission文化传递⑴arbitrarinessThere is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions⑵ProductivityAnimals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send.⑶DualityLanguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels.⑷DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.⑸Cultural transmissionHuman capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.5.语言能力CompetenceCompetence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.6.语言运用performancePerformance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。
语言学 简答题、分析题回答技巧
1. What are three categories of antonyms?Complementary antonyms 互补性反义(male—female; alive--dead); Gradable antonyms 可分等级的反义词(rich—poor; old--young); Relational antonyms 关系反义词(husband—wife; father--son)2. What are the main features of the English compounds?Orthographically a compound can be written as one word, two separate words with or without a hyphen in between. Syntactically, the part of speech of a compound is determined by the last element. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is idiomatic, not calculable from the meanings of all its components. Phonetically, the word stress of a compound usually falls on the first element.3. What is the cooperative principle and its four maxims?Cooperative principle: Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged. Its four maxims are the maxim of quality, the maxim of quantity, the maxim of relevance and the maxim of manner.4. What are the causes of language change? Give examples for illustration.1. Development of science and technology (hovercraft; CD-ROM)2. Social and political changes and needs (hot line; jungle war)3. More women taking up men’s jobs (former: fireman; chairman new: fire fighter; chairperson)4. The way children acquire a language (It’s I. It’s me.)5. The result of economy of memory (dog—dogs; cow--cows)6. Regularization of exceptional plurals (dwarfs—dwarfs (more often than dwarves))7. The result of “theory of least effort” (Cathy got it cheap. Cathy got it cheaply.)8. Others5. After World War II, neologisms (new words or new meanings for established words) swept in at any rate much faster than that of the pre-war period. Please illustrate the main reasons for the frequent appearance of neologisms.The main reasons for the frequent appearance of neologisms are three: 1. Marked progress of science and technology (e.g. overkill; fall-out); 2. Socio-economic, political and cultural changes (e.g. gay; spokeswoman); 3. The influence of other cultures and languages (e.g. karaoke)6. Why do you think speech is more basic than writing?Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as the natural or the primary medium of human language for some obvious reasons. Speech plays a greater role than writing in the amount of information conveyed. Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue.7. Why do we say language is arbitrary?Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the sounds that people use and the objects to which these sounds refer. The fact that different language has different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. (e.g. type-writer, shoe- maker)8. What is hyponym?Hyponymy is the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. It is used to refer to specific-general semantic relationship between lexical items. (Animal—dog, cat, etc.)9. Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human language? Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature?Duality makes our language productive. A large number of different units can be formed out of a small number of elements—for instance, tens of thousands of words out of a small set of sounds, around 48 in the case of the English language. And out of the huge number of words, there can be astronomical number of possible sentences and phrases, which in turn can combine to form unlimited number of texts. Most animal communication systems do not have this design feature of human language.If language has no such design feature, then it will be like animal communicational system which will be highly limited. It cannot produce a very large number of sound combinations (e.g. works), which are distinct in meaning.10. Why is it difficult to define language?It is difficult to define language, as it is such a general term that covers too many things. Thus, definitions for it all have their own special emphasis, and are not totally free from imitations.11. Is American English superior to African English? Why or why not?American English is not superior to African English. As different branches of English, African English and American English are equal. Similar as they are influenced by their respective cultural context and thus form respective systems, for pronunciation, words and even grammar.12. What is sense and what is reference? How are they related?Sense: the way people relate words to each other within the framework of their language.Reference: how language refers to this external worldRelationship: 1. sense but not reference: function words, such as and, or, never. These make connections between meanings of different units of language. 2. same reference but different sense. For example, Venus,13. How are sentence meaning and utterance meaning related, and how do they differ?The meaning if a sentence is abstract, and decontextualized. The meaning of an uttenrance is concrete, and context-dependent. The meaning of an utterance is basedon sentence meaning; it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in context. For example, my bag is heavy.14. According to Austin, what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making an utterance? Give an example.The three acts are (1) locutionary act(言内行为). It is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. (2) illocutionary act(言外行为). It is the act of expressing the speaker’s intension, it is the act performed in saying something. (3) perlocutionary act(言后行为). It is the act performed by or resulting from saying something, it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.15. How is the notion of context interpreted?The notion of context is essential to the pragmatics study of language. It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and hearer. The shared knowledge is of two types. 1. the knowledge of the language they use. 2. the knowledge about the world, including the general knowledge about the word and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.【 1 】a: Don't say X.b: People don't say X.•The first is a prescriptive command, while the second is a descriptive statement.•The distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are.【 2 】a: Boy the ball kicked the.b: The ball kicked the boy.There are syntactic conditions and semantic conditions the words must meet.Words in A violate syntactic rules and in B violate semantic conditions.【 3 】the love of God:a: God loves somebodyb: Somebody loves GodThe difference between them simply comes from the operation of relevant transformations. Sentence a, means ….. sentence b, means……【 4 】My only love sprung from my only hate!Too early seen unknown, and known too late.Antonyms can also be used as a rhetorical device to make the expressions morecontrastive and impressive.To achieve emphasis by putting contrasting ideas together, to express economically the opposite of a particular thought.【 5 】a: Let’s get the kids something.b: Okay, but I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.(违反了方式原则 the maxim of manner ，拐弯抹角，咬文嚼字，其中必有缘故.)含义：I don’t want the children to know we are talking about ice-cream.【 6 】Analyze the different thematic meaning in the following sentences.A: The young man donated the car voluntarily.B: The car was donated by the young man voluntarily.This is what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis.Sentence 1, 主题是the young manSentence 2. 主题是the car【7 】/p/=[ ph ] + [ p ] + [ p¬ ] (unreleased)Allophone 音位变体•allophone: phonic variants/realizations of a phoneme• A phoneme is realized as allophone 1+allophone 2+….【8 】A: We’ll all miss Bill and Rose, won’t we?B: Well, we’ll all miss Bill.根据Co-operative Principle B说话人违反了量的原则the maxim of quantity 只说BILL 不提ROSE .B违反了CP而Politeness Principle在起作用【9 】A: The hostess is an awful bore. Don’t you think?B: The roses in the garden a re beautiful, aren’t they?违反了关联原则 the maxim of relevance 答非所问含义：I don’t want to make any comments on the hostess in such a rude way .【10 】A: Someone has eaten the icing of the cake!B: It wasn’t me!B违反了关系原则 the maxim of relevance 暗示 it was someone else 至于是谁他不愿说出来。
我们为什么需要学习语文英语作文
我们为什么需要学习语文英语作文全文共5篇示例，供读者参考篇1Why Do We Need to Learn Chinese and English?Hi there! My name is Xiaoming and I'm in 5th grade. Today I want to talk to you about something really important – why we need to learn Chinese language arts and English writing. At first, I used to think learning these subjects was kind of boring and not very useful. But then I realized how super important they actually are! Let me explain.First up, Chinese language arts. This class teaches us how to read and write properly in our native language of Chinese. You might be thinking "But I already know how to speak Chinese, so why do I need to study it more?" Well, speaking a language and truly mastering it are two very different things.Reading and writing are not as easy as they seem! There are so many Chinese characters to learn and memorize. And the rules of grammar, punctuation, stroke order when writing characters – it can all get really confusing sometimes. But Chinese language arts class helps us understand all the littledetails that turn us from just casual speakers into true masters of the language.Knowing Chinese well is super important. It's the language we use every single day to communicate with family, friends, teachers and everyone around us. If we can't express ourselves clearly in speech and writing, we'll have a hard time being understood and taken seriously. Good Chinese skills help us make new friends, learn other school subjects better, and later on get good jobs since most workplaces in China require strong communication abilities.But it's not just about the practical reasons – language is deeply tied to our culture, history and identity. By mastering our mother tongue, we connect to the rich literary traditions and philosophical ideas that have been passed down over thousands of years. We honor our ancestors and heritage. That's a powerful thing!Okay, now let's talk about why English writing is so crucial too. English is seen as the global language nowadays. It's spoken all over the world and is the main language used in areas like international business, science, computing and more. Knowing English well can open up a ton of opportunities for us later in life.But English writing is hard – way harder than just conversational English! There's vocabulary to build, grammar rules to follow, different styles of writing for different purposes. Narrative stories have to be written differently than persuasive essays or business reports, for example. You have to organize your ideas logically, use good transitions between paragraphs, vary your sentence structures...the list goes on.English writing pushes our brains to operate at higher levels. We have to analyze, make connections, think critically and creatively all at the same time. These skills of structured communication and higher-order thinking are invaluable no matter what field of study or career we pursue later on.Plus, English writing allows us to interface with the wider world beyond our borders. We can share ideas, make our voices heard, participate in global conversations happening in academia, media, politics, social movements and more. By expressing ourselves skillfully in the international language of English, we can play a part on the world stage.So as you can see, Chinese language arts and English writing are super duper important! They help us become clear communicators and logical thinkers. They connect us to ourcultural roots while opening all kinds of future doors. They make our minds work harder in the best way possible.At times, sure, all the vocabulary lists and grammar drills can feel tedious. But I've realized that pushing through and mastering these skills is an investment in my own potential. These languages are powerful tools that will keep serving me well wherever life takes me.I can't wait to see where my journey with the Chinese and English languages leads! Maybe I'll write the next great Chinese novel. Or craft inspiring speech es that move people to action. Or negotiate major business deals across countries. Who knows? But I do know this – putting in the hard work with language arts and writing now is going to pay off in a big way. Let's do this together!篇2Why Do We Need to Learn Chinese, English and Writing?Hi friends! Today I want to talk to you about why it's really really important for us to learn Chinese, English and how to write well. These are some of the most useful things we can learn in school and they will help us a lot in life. Let me explain why!First, let's talk about Chinese. Chinese is our mother tongue, the language we speak at home with our families. It's the language that helps us understand our culture, traditions and where we come from. By learning Chinese well, we can read all the amazing stories, poems and books written in this beautiful language. We can communicate perfectly with our grandparents, parents and Chinese-speaking friends.But Chinese isn't just for us. It's also one of the most widely spoken languages in the world! There are over 1 billion Chinese speakers across the world. If we master Chinese, we can talk to people from China, Taiwan, Singapore and many other places. We can make new friends, learn about their cultures, and maybe even travel there one day. How cool is that?Okay, now let's move to English. English is like the global language. It's spoken in countries all over the world like the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and so many more. By learning English really well, we can understand people from everywhere! We can read books, watch movies, listen to songs and understand them properly.English is also super important for our future careers. Most of the big companies and best jobs these days need people who can speak, write and understand English fluently. If we work hardon our English skills now, we will have many more opportunities when we grow up. We can become doctors, engineers, scientists, teachers or anything else we dream of!But you know what's just as important as the languages? Writing! Being able to write well is a crucial skill. When we write, we can share our thoughts, feelings, ideas and stories with others. We can create wonderful novels, scripts for movies, articles for newspapers and magazines. We can write letters to our loved ones. We can even write laws and rules that keep our society working properly!Writing also helps us become better thinkers. When we write, we have to organize our thoughts clearly. We learn to express ourselves in a logical, structured way. We get better at analyzing things from different perspectives. These are abilities that will be valuable no matter what we do in the future.So those are the main reasons why Chinese, English and writing are so vital for us. By mastering them, we can understand our heritage, communicate with people everywhere, grab amazing career opportunities and unleash our creativity through the written word.I know it's not easy to learn languages and writing skills. We have to practice regularly, make mistakes and learn from them.But I promise you it will be worth it! These skills will open up a whole new world of connections, knowledge and possibilities for us. They will make us smarter, more creative and give us the freedom to make our dreams come true.What are you waiting for? Let's get started on this exciting journey of learning languages and writing today! Let's read more, write more, listen more and talk more every single day. Before we know it, we'll be language masters and writing wizards! How cool is that? I'm super duper excited to see where these skills will take us.篇3Here's an essay of around 2000 words on "Why We Need to Learn Language Arts, English, and Composition," written in the tone of an elementary school student:Why Do We Need to Learn Language Arts, English, and Writing Essays?Hi there, friends! Today, I want to talk to you about something super important – learning language arts, English, and how to write essays. You might be wondering, "Why do we need to learn all that stuff?" Well, let me tell you!Imagine you're a superhero, and your superpower is being able to talk to anyone in the world, no matter what language they speak. Wouldn't that be awesome? That's kind of what learning language arts and English is like – it gives you the power to communicate with people from all over the globe!Think about it – if you only knew one language, you'd miss out on so many amazing things. You wouldn't be able to read all those cool books and stories from other countries, watch movies and TV shows from different parts of the world, or even make friends with kids who speak another language. Learning English and other languages opens up a whole new universe of adventures and possibilities!But it's not just about being able to talk to people from different places. Learning language arts and English also helps you become a better communicator in general. It's like learning a secret code that lets you express your thoughts and feelings more clearly, whether you're talking to your best friend or writing a story for your teacher.Speaking of writing, that's another huge reason why learning these subjects is so important. Being able to write well is like having a superpower too! You can use your words to persuade people, tell amazing stories, or even change the world someday.Imagine if Martin Luther King Jr. or Malala Yousafzai couldn't write or speak well – their powerful messages might never have reached so many people.And let's not forget about essays! I know, I know, writing essays might not sound like the most fun thing in the world. But hear me out – essays are like little adventures where you get to explore all sorts of fascinating topics and share your ideas with others. Plus, learning how to write a good essay will help you in school and beyond. You might need to write essays for college applications, job applications, or even to share your brilliant ideas with the world one day.Now, I know what you might be thinking: "But learning all this stuff is hard work!" And you're right, it can be challenging sometimes. But that's what makes it so rewarding! Just like a superhero has to train and work hard to develop their powers, you have to practice and put in effort to become a language arts and English master.Imagine how proud you'll feel when you can read a book in another language or write an essay that really wows your teacher. It's like leveling up in a video game – the more you learn and practice, the more powerful your communication skills become!So, what do you say, friends? Are you ready to become language arts and English superheroes? It might take some hard work, but I promise it'll be an adventure you'll never forget. Who knows, you might even discover a hidden talent for writing or speaking that changes the world someday!Let's do this together, and let's have fun while we're at it. Because at the end of the day, that's what learning language arts, English, and writing essays is all about – exploring new worlds, expressing yourself, and maybe even changing the world with your words. So, let's get started on our language arts quest!篇4Why Do We Need to Learn Chinese, English, and Writing?Hi friends! Have you ever wondered why we have to learn Chinese, English, and how to write compositions in school? It's a super important question, and I'm going to explain it all to you. Get ready, because this is going to be an awesome adventure into the world of languages and writing!First, let's talk about Chinese. Chinese is our mother tongue, the language we speak at home with our families. It's the language that helps us understand our culture, traditions, and way of life. By learning Chinese really well, we can read all thebrilliant stories, poems, and books written by Chinese authors throughout history. That's like unlocking a treasure trove of knowledge and wisdom!But Chinese isn't just about reading and understanding. It's also about expressing ourselves clearly and beautifully. When we have a strong grasp of Chinese, we can share our thoughts, feelings, and ideas with others in a way that really connects. We can tell stories that capture people's imaginations, describe things vividly, and even persuade others to see things from our perspective.Now, let's move on to English. English is like a superhero's cape that gives us the power to communicate with people all around the world! It's one of the most widely spoken languages on the planet, which means that by learning English, we can make friends, learn about different cultures, and even travel to amazing places without feeling lost or confused.English is also the language of science, technology, and business. So many incredible discoveries, inventions, and ideas are shared in English. By mastering English, we can unlock doors to new knowledge and opportunities that can help us understand the world better and maybe even change it for the better someday.But wait, there's more! Learning to write compositions is like having a magical wand that brings our thoughts and ideas to life on paper (or on a computer screen). Writing allows us to organize our ideas, express ourselves creatively, and leave a lasting record of our thoughts and experiences.When we learn to write well, we can create stories that transport readers to fantastical worlds, craft persuasive essays that change minds, or even write inspiring speeches that move people to action. Writing is a powerful tool that can entertain, educate, and inspire others.Plus, being a good writer can help us in so many areas of life. We can write clear and effective emails, reports, or proposals that get our point across brilliantly. We can even use our writing skills to start a blog, publish a book, or create content that reaches people all over the world!So, you see, learning Chinese, English, and writing compositions isn't just about passing tests or getting good grades. It's about opening up a world of possibilities, understanding different cultures, expressing ourselves creatively, and gaining knowledge and skills that can help us succeed in whatever we dream of doing.Just imagine all the amazing adventures that await us when we become masters of language and writing. We can explore ancient civilizations through their literature, communicate with people from every corner of the globe, and share our own unique stories and ideas that might just change the world.So, let's dive into learning Chinese, English, and writing with enthusiasm and curiosity. It's going to be an epic journey filled with discovery, creativity, and endless opportunities to grow and connect with others. Who's ready to embark on this exciting adventure with me? Let's do this!篇5Why Do We Need to Learn Chinese, English, and Writing?Hi friends! Today I want to talk about something really important – learning Chinese, English, and how to write well. I know some of you might be thinking "Ugh, why do we have to learn all that stuff?" But trust me, it's super duper important! Let me explain why.First up, Chinese. Chinese is our mother tongue, the language we speak at home with our families. It's a part of our culture and history going way back. By learning Chinese well, we can better understand all the amazing stories, poems, and bookswritten by great Chinese writers and thinkers over thousands of years! That's like unlocking a treasure trove of wisdom and knowledge about our roots.But Chinese isn't just about the past – it's important for talking to people today too! There are so many Chinese speakers all around the world. If we want to make friends from other countries and learn about their cultures, knowing Chinese can really help us communicate better.Plus, China is becoming more and more important globally in things like business, science and technology. By mastering Chinese, we'll have an advantage when we grow up and enter these important fields. Companies will want to hire people who can speak and write Chinese fluently to help them grow their businesses in China and overseas Chinese communities.Now let's talk about English – the language of the world! You've probably noticed that English is used everywhere these days – in movies, games, music, websites, you name it. By learning English really well, we can understand and enjoy all this cool international entertainment and media.More importantly, English is the main language used in areas like international trade, diplomacy, tourism and technology. It's kind of like a "global language" that allows people from differentcultures to communicate and do business together. The better we get at English, the more opportunities will open up for us to work abroad, go to awesome universities in other countries, and make friends all over the world!Finally, there's writing – probably the most important skill of all. You see, being able to write clearly and eloquently is crucial no matter what field you enter later on. Scientists have to write research papers about their experiments. Business people need to write reports and proposals. Even artists and musicians write lyrics, stories and scripts!Writing lets us express our thoughts, defend our opinions, and communicate complex ideas that can't always be conveyed through speech alone. Good writers are always in demand because they can persuade and inspire others through their words. Just imagine – some of the greatest leaders, thinkers and creative minds in history were excellent writers!Plus, writing essays and stories helps us become better readers and thinkers too. It trains our brains to analyze things from different angles, organize our thoughts logically, and develop our own unique voices and perspectives. These skills are valuable not just for writing, but for pretty much any challenge in life that requires critical thinking and problem-solving abilities.So those are the main reasons why Chinese, English and writing are so vital. They connect us to our heritage while opening doors to the wider world. They let us enjoy amazing works of art and literature while becoming masters of communication ourselves. They train our minds to be sharper, more creative and better at understanding different viewpoints.I know learning a bunch of languages and writing skills can feel like a lot of work sometimes. But don't we want to grow up being talented, successful, and able to share our ideas with people everywhere? By putting in the hard work now, we'll go super far later!Just take it step-by-step, be patient with yourself, and always keep an open, curious mind. Before you know it, you'll be reading, writing and speaking like a total pro! And that's when the real fun begins – joining incredible conversations, exploring fascinating ideas, and maybe even creating something amazing yourself that impacts the whole world.What could be more awesome than that? So let's all do our best and never stop learning! Our future selves will thank us.。
词汇考试
《实用英语词汇学》一、判断15分例如：( F ) Lexicology is a branch of literature. （应为of linguistics）二、选择题，10 分三、词缀搭配。
15 分四、写出下列英语词汇学学术语和其他英语单词的中文意思15分五、名词解释。
10*1.5==15分六、Answering问答15分Writing 论述，共1题。
具体题型如下：PartⅠJudge whether the following statements are true or false.(15 points total, 1 point for each).( F ) 1. Lexicology is a branch of literature. （应为of linguistics）( T) 2. In linguistics, the word is studied as a unit of language in general, not of any particular language.( F ) 3. Words occur in isolation very often when used in actual speech. (应为do not occur)( F ) 4. The study of words has nothing to do with stylistics. (应为has something to do)( F ) 5. Angles, Saxons, and Jutes brought the English language to Scotland. (应为to Britain)( T ) 6. All the history of the British people has contributed to the making of the English language and its vocabulary what it is today.( F ) 7. The Indo-European Language Family is made up of most languages of Europe, Africa, and India. (应为of Europe, the Near East, and India)( T )8. A synthetic language is one, which shows the relation of words in a sentence largely by means of inflections. The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highlyinflected language, and so it is a synthetic language.( T ) 9. English is more closely related to German than French.（要熟悉那个语系表）( F ) 10. The Indo-European language Family has many branches. The first people known to inhabit England were Anglo-Saxon. (应为The first people known to inhabit England were Celts ,and their language is called Celtic, the earliest language.)( T )11. Now people generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as Old English. (refer…as: 把。
英语作为全球语言的原因英语作文
英语作为全球语言的原因英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1English as a Global Language: Reasons and ImplicationsEnglish is undoubtedly the most widely spoken language in the world today. It is the lingua franca of international business, diplomacy, science, technology, and entertainment. In fact, English is spoken by nearly 1.5 billion people worldwide, making it the third most spoken language after Mandarin Chinese and Spanish. But what are the reasons behind English's global dominance as a language? In this essay, we will explore the historical, cultural, economic, and political factors that have contributed to English becoming the global language that it is today.One of the main reasons for English's global supremacy is its historical roots. The rise of the British Empire in the 16th century led to the widespread adoption of English in colonies across Asia, Africa, and the Americas. As a result, English became the language of trade, administration, and education in these regions, ensuring its continued influence long after the declineof the British Empire. The spread of English was further accelerated by the rise of the United States as a superpower in the 20th century, with American English becoming the dominant form of the language in many global industries.Another factor that has contributed to English's global popularity is its versatility and adaptability. English is a rich and diverse language that has borrowed words from a wide range of other languages, including Latin, French, German, and Spanish. This makes English a highly flexible language that can easily incorporate new words and concepts from different cultures and disciplines. In addition, English has a relatively simple grammar and a large vocabulary, making it accessible to speakers of other languages who may find languages with more complex grammar systems, such as Russian or Arabic, more challenging to learn.The rise of the internet and digital communication has also played a significant role in promoting English as a global language. The majority of online content is in English, from news articles and social media posts to academic journals and e-books. This means that people around the world are constantly exposed to English in their daily lives, leading to increased proficiency and fluency in the language. In addition, many of the most popular websites and online platforms, such as Google, Facebook, andTwitter, are based in English-speaking countries, further reinforcing the dominance of English in the digital space.Furthermore, the global reach of English has been facilitated by the widespread adoption of English as a second language in schools and universities around the world. English is often a compulsory subject in many countries, and proficiency in English is seen as a valuable skill for both personal and professional development. As a result, millions of people are learning English as a second language, leading to a continuous growth in the number of English speakers worldwide.The implications of English's global dominance as a language are far-reaching and complex. On the one hand, English serves as a common language that allows people from different countries and cultures to communicate and interact with each other. This can help to promote understanding and cooperation on a global scale, as well as facilitate the exchange of ideas and information across borders. In addition, English is often used as a medium of instruction in universities, research institutions, and multinational corporations, giving those who are proficient in English a competitive advantage in the global job market.However, the widespread use of English as a global language also raises concerns about linguistic diversity and cultural homogenization. As English becomes more dominant in the world, there is a risk that other languages and dialects may be marginalized or even endangered. This can lead to the loss of unique cultural and linguistic traditions that are an important part of the world's heritage. In addition, the dominance of English can create inequalities between native English speakers and non-native speakers, as proficiency in English is often seen as a measure of intelligence or competence in many contexts.In conclusion, English has become the global language of the 21st century due to a combination of historical, cultural, economic, and political factors. Its widespread use and influence have both positive and negative consequences for global communication and interaction. While English has the power to connect people and facilitate cooperation across borders, it also has the potential to marginalize other languages and cultures. Therefore, it is important to recognize the value of linguistic diversity and to promote multilingualism in a globalized world.篇2The Reason for English as a Global LanguageEnglish is considered the global language for a number of reasons. The prominence of English as a global language can be attributed to several historical, political, economic, and cultural factors. In this essay, we will explore the reasons why English has become the universal language of the world.One of the main reasons for English to become the global language is its historical development. The British Empire, at its height, covered a large portion of the globe and brought the English language to many countries. English was adopted as the official language in these colonies and has since become the lingua franca in many regions. The spread of English through colonialism has left a lasting legacy on the world, making English a widely spoken and understood language.In addition to its historical development, English has also become the global language due to its political importance. The United States, as one of the world's superpowers, has played a significant role in promoting the use of English as the global language. English is the official language of many international organizations, such as the United Nations and the European Union, further solidifying its status as the global language of diplomacy and politics.Economics also plays a role in English's global dominance. English is the language of international business and trade, with many multinational corporations conducting their operations in English. Proficiency in English is seen as a valuable skill in the global job market, leading to an increased demand for English language education and training. As a result, English has become the language of commerce and finance, further cementing its position as the global language.Cultural factors have also contributed to the rise of English as a global language. English is the language of popular culture, with Hollywood films, British music, and American television dominating the global entertainment industry. The influence of English-language media has spread English to all corners of the world, making it a language that is widely understood and spoken by people of different cultures and backgrounds.In conclusion, English has become the global language due to its historical development, political importance, economic significance, and cultural influence. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, the importance of English as a universal language will continue to grow. In order to thrive in the globalized world, proficiency in English is essential. English is not just a language, but a tool for communication, collaboration, andunderstanding across borders. As such, it is no wonder that English has become the global language of the 21st century.篇3English as a Global LanguageEnglish is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world, with over 1.5 billion speakers across the globe. It is the official language in many countries and is used as a second language by people in countries where it is not the primary language. This phenomenon has led to English being considered the global language of communication, business, and international relations.There are several reasons why English has become the global language it is today. One of the main reasons is the historical and political influence of the British Empire. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, the British Empire had colonies in various parts of the world, including North America, India, Africa, and Australia. The British imposed English as the official language in these colonies, and it became the language of administration, education, and commerce. As a result, many people in these regions learned English as a second language, and it eventuallybecame a lingua franca for communication among different ethnic groups.Another reason for the global dominance of English is the economic power of English-speaking countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom. These countries are major players in the global economy and have a strong influence on international trade, finance, and culture. As a result, English has become the language of business and commerce, and proficiency in English is seen as a key skill for success in the global marketplace. Many multinational companies use English as their official language for communication, and employees are often required to speak English fluently in order to work for these companies.In addition, English is the language of science, technology, and academia. Many research papers, articles, and conferences are conducted in English, and scholars from around the world use English to communicate their findings and collaborate with colleagues. As a result, proficiency in English is essential for anyone working in these fields, regardless of their native language. English is also the language of the internet, with a majority of websites, social media platforms, and online content being in English. This widespread use of English in the digitalrealm has further solidified its status as the global language of communication.Furthermore, English is a highly adaptable and versatile language that has borrowed words and phrases from many other languages over the centuries. This flexibility allows English to evolve and incorporate new vocabulary and expressions, making it suitable for use in a wide variety of contexts and industries. English also has a relatively simple grammar and straightforward pronunciation, making it easier for non-native speakers to learn and communicate in the language.Despite the dominance of English as a global language, there are concerns about the potential cultural and linguistic homogenization that may result from the spread of English. Some critics argue that the dominance of English marginalizes other languages and cultures, leading to a loss of diversity and heritage. However, proponents of English as a global language argue that it promotes communication and understanding among people from different backgrounds and facilitates cooperation and collaboration on a global scale.In conclusion, English has become the global language it is today due to a combination of historical, political, economic, and cultural factors. Its widespread use in commerce, academia,technology, and the internet has solidified its status as the lingua franca of the modern world. While there are valid concerns about the impact of English dominance on other languages and cultures, it is clear that English will continue to play a crucial role in communication and interaction among people around the world in the foreseeable future.。
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Why do we need a global language
Please think deeply why do we need languages primarily instead of why do we need a global language . Do English ancestors create language to represent themselves? Do they mean to create a culture icon for later generations? Absolutely not, they created language to communicate with people within their community---share ideas through language in essence with people surrounding. And so do people live far away from English people at the moment, such as Chinese, thus Mandarin came into being.
With the development of society, an increasing number of cooperation about economy, politics and culture are needed. The chief international forum for political communication--the United Nations, and international academic and business communities were established . So the culture and ideas need to exchange. The growth in international contacts has been largely the result of inter-lingual and cross-cultural. In order to communicate with foreign people, translation came.
Translation has played a central role in international stage, there would invariably be interpreters present. But there are limits to what can done in this way. In communities where there are many languages in contact, such a natural solution does not readily apply. A conversation over the Internet between academic physicists in Sweden, Italy, and India would not be impossible, if each plugged in to a 3-way translation support system, but it would be far more complicated than the alternative, which is for each to make use of the same language, only if a common language is available. And we all know that translation costs are really expensive , half of the budget of an international organization can easily get swallowed up in translation costs.
The availability of both these facilities , provided the circumstances needed for a global language to grow.。