Chapter 8.1

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Conformal Mappings

College of Mathematics and Information Science
Chapter Ⅷ Conformal Mappings
Example 1. The mapping w e z is conformal throughout the entire z plane since (e z ) e z 0 for each z . Consider any two lines x c1 and y c2 in the z plane, the first directed upward and the second directed to the right. According to Sec. 2.3, their images under z the mapping w e are a positively oriented circle centered at the origin and a ray from the origin, respectively. As illustrated in Fig. 2-5 (Sec. 2.3), the angle between the lines at their point of intersection is a right angle in the negative direction, and the same is true of the angle between the circle and the ray at the corresponding point in the w plane. Example 2. Consider two smooth arcs which are level curves u( x, y) c1 and v( x, y) c2 of the real and imaginary components, respectively, of a function

8Chapter Eight. Quadrature Signals

As time t gets larger, the complex number's phase angle increases and our number orbits the origin of the complex plane in a CCW direction.
Figure 8-5. A snapshot, in time, of two complex numbers whose exponents change with time: (a) numbers shown as dots; (b) numbers shown as phasors.
equations into the simple algebra of exponents. Math operations on complex
numbers follow exactly the same rules as real numbers. ■It makes adding signals merely the addition of complex numbers (vector
10
Vector sum of those two phasors as they rotate in opposite directions The phasors' real parts will always add constructively, and their imaginary parts will always cancel. This means the summation of these e j 2f 0t and e j 2f 0t phasors will always be a purely real number. Consider the waveform in the three-dimensional Figure 8-8 generated by the sum of two half-magnitude complex phasors, e j 2f 0t / 2 and e j 2f 0t / 2 , rotating in opposite directions about, and moving down along, the time axis. Figure 8-8. A cosine represented by the sum of two rotating complex phasors.

instructed second language acquisition

similar in naturalistic and instructed.
• Krashen(1982): most of an SL cannot be taught, it must be acquired. • European researchers: Felix and Simmet (1981) the principles and regularities of natural language acquisition must also be considered in foreign language instruction.
Felix(1981a) found structural parallels between the IL negation, interrogation, pronouns and sentence types of German high-school EFL students and naturalistic acquirers of ESL. Possibility of manipulating and controlling the students’ verbal behavior in the classroom is in fact quite limited-
decrease with time, leaving the benefits.
• 9. Pienemann’s (1984) observed the sideeffect of instruction: delay the start of a learner’s inevitable passage through the normal sequence. • 10. Pienemann(1984): x+1-x+3;no progress; x+2-x+3; instruction can facilitate .

Chapter 8 电子传递和氧化磷酸化

磷酸二羟丙酮
NAD+
甘油-3-磷酸
磷酸二羟丙酮线粒体膜间隙
甘油-3-磷酸
FADH2
FAD
NADHFMN CoQ b c1 c aa3 O2
线粒体基质 NADH通过穿梭系统带一对电子进入线粒体，只产生2分子ATP。
（二）苹果酸-天冬氨酸穿梭系统
在哺乳动物的心脏和肝脏等组织中，存在着活跃的苹果酸-天冬氨酸穿梭系统。这一穿梭系统涉及胞液和基质中的苹果酸脱氢酶和天冬氨酸转氨酶，以及线粒体内膜中的载体。转运步骤如下： 1）NADH进入内膜 ①在苹果酸脱氢酶的催化下，胞液NADH将草酰乙酸还原为苹果酸。 ②苹果酸经二羧酸转位酶进入线粒体基质。 ③在基质中，线粒体苹果酸脱氢酶催化苹果酸重新氧化为草酰乙酸，使线粒体内的NAD＋还原为NADH ，经呼吸链氧化。
膜间隙：含许多可溶性酶、底物及辅助因子。基质：含三羧酸循环酶系、线粒体基因表达酶系等以及线粒体 DNA, RNA，核糖体。
细胞质中脱氢、产生CO2
细胞膜产H2O、产能
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
原核生物细胞
1. 呼吸链的概念生物氧化体系中的传递体所组成的电子传递体系称为呼吸链，或叫电子传递链。
2. 呼吸链的组成——电子传递体
2、氧化磷酸化抑制剂如寡霉素等直接抑制ATP的合成。ATP的合成受到抑制后，质子浓度梯度得不到释放，电子传递过程在难以泵出质子时也会慢慢停止。
氧化磷酸化的抑制和解偶联
质子浓度梯度抗霉素 A 氰化物一氧化碳
鱼藤酮寡霉素 2,4－二硝基苯酚（解偶联剂）安密妥
氧化磷酸化的抑制和解偶联
电子经由不同的呼吸链产生的P/O比值
膜间空隙

原油和液体石油产品的密度及相对密度

原油和液体石油产品的密度、相对密度〔比重〕或API比重的液体比重计试验方法此标准方法的固定编号为D 1298，跟在固定编号后面的数字代表标准最初采用，或者修订、最新修订的年限。

括号内的数字代表最新核准的年限。

上标ε代表由于最新修订或者核准而带来的编辑上的变化。

此标准经国防部相关机构核准。

1 适用范围1.1 本试验方法规定了使用玻璃液体比重计，在雷德蒸汽压≤101.325kPa〔14.696 psi〕下，测定原油、石油产品以及石油和非石油产品液体混合物的密度、相对密度和API比重。

1.2 在参考温度或其他方便的温度下，用比重计测出试验结果，并采用石油计量表，将读数修正到参考温度下的数值。

在其他参考温度下的读数仅是比重计的读数，而不是在该温度下的密度。

1.3 用石油计量表，可将密度、相对密度和API比重值，转化为其他参比温度下用其他单位表示的与此相当的值。

1.4 Annex A1中，包含本试验方法所用仪器的检验。

1.5本标准没有对与此有关的所有平安问题都提出建议。

因此，用户在使用本标准之前应建立适当的平安和防护措施，并确定适用的管理制度。

2 引用标准2.1 ASTM标准：D 97 石油产品倾点试验方法D 323 石油产品蒸汽压试验方法〔雷德法〕D 1250 石油计量表使用指南D 2500 石油浊点试验方法D 3117馏分燃料蜡出现点的试验方法D 4057 石油及石油产品手工取样操作规程〔API MPMS Chapter 8.1〕D 4177 石油及石油产品自动取样操作规程〔API MPMS Chapter 8.2〕D 5854 石油及石油产品液体试样混合和处理操作规程〔API MPMS Chapter 8.3〕E1 ASTM玻璃液体温度计规格E 100 ASTM液体比重计规格2.2 API标准MPMS Chapter 8.1 石油及石油产品手工取样方法〔ASTM Practice D 4057〕MPMS Chapter 8.2石油及石油产品自动取样方法〔ASTM Practice D 4177〕MPMS Chapter 8.3石油及石油产品混合和处理方法〔ASTM Practice D 5854〕2.3 石油学会标准IP 389 中间馏分燃料油蜡出现温度〔WAT〕的差热分析〔DTA〕和差示扫描量热〔DCS〕测定法IP Standard Methods Book，附录A，IP标准温度计规格2.4 ISO标准ISO 649-1 实验室玻璃器皿—通用密度比重计—Part 1：规格3 术语3.1此标准特指术语的定义：API比重，n—以60℉时的比重为函数的特殊方程如下：ºAPI = 141.5/〔60℉时的比重〕- 131.5〔1〕.1 Discussion—没有规定参考温度，定义中包含了60℉。

Python核心编程第二版（中文）.pdf目录整理

Python核⼼编程第⼆版（中⽂）.pdf⽬录整理python核⼼编程⽬录Chapter1：欢迎来到python世界！-页码：71.1什么是python1.2起源：罗萨姆1989底创建python1.3特点1.3.1⾼级1.3.2⾯向对象1.3.3可升级1.3.4可扩展1.3.5可移植性：python使⽤C写的。

1.3.6易学1.3.7易读1.3.8易维护1.3.9健壮性1.3.10⾼效的快速原型开发⼯具1.3.11内存管理器：内存管理由python解释器负责，开发仅仅致⼒于开发计划中的应⽤程序。

1.3.12解释性和（字节）编译性：⽆需编译，当执⾏py⽂件，会⽣成.pyc或.pyo⽂件1.4下载和安装python1.5运⾏python1.5.1命令⾏的交互式解释器1.5.2从命令⾏启动脚本1.5.3集成开发环境1.5.4其他的集成开发环境和执⾏环境1.6python⽂档1.7⽐较python（python与其他语⾔的⽐较）Chapter2：Python起步-页码：31注：语句和表达式的区别语句是使⽤关键词来组成命令，告诉解释器要做什么。

表达式没有关键词，可以使算术表达式，也可以是使⽤括号调⽤的函数。

2.1程序输出，print语句及“Hello World” ：print是关键字Print ‘%s is number %d!’%(‘python’,1) #print与字符串格式运算符（%）结合使⽤。

2.2程序输⼊和raw_input()内建函数：raw_input()是内建函数2.3注释#2.4运算符 :算数运算符+ - * / // % ** ⽐较运算符，逻辑运算符2.5变量和赋值2.6数字：int，long，bool，float，complex（复数）2.7字符串2.8列表[]和元组()2.9字典{}2.10代码块及缩进对齐2.11 if语句2.12 while循环2.13 for循环和range()内建函数： enumerate()内建函数可循环索引和元素2.14列表解析：可使⽤for循环将所有值放在⼀个列表⾥。

chapter8.1 欧拉图

8.1 欧拉图
七桥问题, 一笔画, 欧拉通(回)路, 欧拉图欧拉图的充分必要条件求欧拉回路的算法
1
七桥问题
七桥问题(Seven bridges of Königsberg problem): River Pregel, Kaliningrad,Russia
Leonhard Euler
中国邮递员问题
中国邮递员问题(Chinese postman problem): 求邮递员走遍管区所有街道的最短回路
管梅谷(Guan Mei-gu),1962,中国运筹学(Operation Research) 组合优化(Combinatorial Optimization)
总结
Leonhard Euler(1707~1783): 人类有史以来最多产的数学家. 1736年,“七桥问题”, 图论和拓扑学诞生
一笔画
欧拉图(Eulerian)
欧拉通路(Euler trail): 经过图中所有边的简单通路欧拉回路(Euler tour/circuit): 经过图中所有边的简
Fleury算法(递归形式)
算法:
(1) if d(v)>1 then e:=v关联的任意非割边
(2)
else e:=v关联的唯一边
(3) u:=e的另一个端点.
(4) 递归地求G-e的从u到w的欧拉通路
(5) 把e接续在递归地求出的通路上
Fleury算法(迭代形式)
算法:
(1) P0:=v; (2) 设Pi=v0e1v1e2…eivi已经行遍,设Gi=G-{e1,e2 ,… ,ei},
的指令可行性: 算法的指令都是可以实现的终止性: 算法工作有穷步后停止

Chapter 8 科技英语隐含的因果关系

8.3 包含定语从句的主从复合句表示因果关系

1 To make a bomb, we have to use uranium 235, in which all the atoms are available for fission. 制作原子弹,必须使用铀235,因为它的所有原子都可以裂变。 2 We cannot live on Mars, where there is no air and water. 我们不能在火星上生存,因为那里没有空气,也没有水。
8.1 形容词短语、分词短语、分词独立结构说明原因(或条件)

1 Cold and drought tolerant, the new variety is adaptable to north China. 这种新品种耐寒耐旱,适合于在中国北方生长。 2 Free from the attack of moisture, a piece of iron does not rust as fast as we would expect. 如不受潮,铁块锈蚀的速度就不会像我们想象的那样快。 3 Neutrons, having no charge, are repelled neither by the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus nor by the nucleus itself. 中子(由于)不带电,所以既不受原子核周围的电子云也不受原子核本身的排斥。 4 The moon having no atmosphere, there can be no wind nor, of course, can there be any noise, for sound is carried by the air. 因为月球上没有大气层,又没有风,当然也没有什么声响,因为声音是靠空气传播的。 5 Some alloying elements ( such as chromium and tungsten) make the grain of steel finer, thus increasing the hardness and strength of steel. 有些合金元素(如铬和钨)能细化钢的晶粒,从而增加钢的硬度和强度。 6 A fusion reaction is going on in the sun to produce almost limitless energy. 太阳内部正在进行着核聚变反应,因而产生几乎无穷无尽的能量。

8.1 冰川的形成、类型和运动

喜马拉雅山南坡雪线4400~4600m 北坡雪线5800~5900m
2. 冰川的形成过程
二、冰川的类型
根据冰川的形态、规模、大小和所处的地形条件，可将冰川分为两类：
1. 大陆冰川 2. 山岳冰川
1. 大陆冰川分布在高纬度大陆和岛上，面积巨大，冰层厚，
运动不受地形限制的冰流。
（1）冰盾（2）冰盖
南极大陆
格陵兰岛
2. 山岳冰川分布在中低纬度山区，面积小，冰层薄，形态和
分布受下伏地形的限制。
（1）冰斗冰川
雪线附近，呈围椅状的半圆形凹地。
悬冰川：冰斗冰川自冰斗流出悬挂在陡壁上。
（2）山谷冰川
冰斗冰川进一步扩大，注入山谷。
珠穆朗玛峰北坡最大的山谷冰川-绒布冰川
马拉斯平冰川阿拉斯加
一、冰川的形成
1. 雪线
年降雪量=年消融量的分界线。
喜马拉雅山中段西端雪线（阿里地区纳木那尼峰）
影响雪线高度的因素：
（1）温度（低纬度/高纬度）
（2）降水量（补给与消融的关系）
（3）地形
A
接近赤道的东非乞力马扎罗山雪线高度4570~5425m。
南纬20~25°的安第斯山雪线高度达6400m。
（3）山麓冰川
山谷冰川流出山口，到达山麓地带相互汇合形成较大的冰盖。
马拉斯平冰川阿拉斯加
三、冰川的运动
1. 冰川运动的前提条件
冰层厚度≥临界厚度（增加1大气压，融点降低0.0075℃）
2. 导致冰川运动的因素
山岳冰川 → 重力流大陆冰川 → 压力流
运动方式：
① 基底滑动：冰川借助冰与床底岩石界面上融水的润滑和浮托
第8章冰川的地质作用
Chapter 8 Geological action of glacier

船舶电磁兼容ptt

、设备之间的干扰；优化频谱，合理使用发射和接收频率，控制无效频率的耦合或发射，减少不同收发设备之间的频谱冲突；增加接收设备的抗干扰能力；对可能暴露在电磁干扰环境中的敏感物进行合理屏蔽，尽可能地消除或降低电磁干扰。
8.1.3 电磁干扰及抑制
Chapter 8.1 电磁兼容
2.电磁干扰的抑制措施： 1）接地
Chapter 8.1 电磁兼容
8.1.2 电磁兼容
Chapter 8.1 电磁兼容
1.电磁干扰（EMI）与电磁耐受（EMS）
电磁兼容（EMC）分为电磁干扰（EMI）与电磁耐受（Electro Magnetic Sensibility，EMS）。
电磁干扰（EMI）指的是电气电子系统、设备本身通电后，因电磁感应效应所产生的电磁波对周围其他电子系统或设备所造成的干扰，即指任何能使设备或系统性能降级的电磁现象。
图8.14 光纤隔离
8.1.3 电磁干扰及抑制
Chapter 8.1 电磁兼容
（2）继电器隔离继电器是常用的数字输出隔离方法，用继电器作为隔离元件简单实用，价格低廉。如图8.15所示
图8.15 继电器隔离
8.1.3 电磁干扰及抑制
Chapter 8.1 电磁兼容
（3）变压器隔离变压器隔离通过阻隔地回路的形成来抑制地回路干扰。如图8.16所示。
辐射干扰：是指由干扰源辐射引起的干扰，该干扰源通过空间中的电磁波将其信号发射到另一个电网络，因此，其他系统或本系统中其他子系统将会受到影响而不能正常运行。辐射干扰以电磁波的形式在空间环境中传播，干扰能量根据电磁场的定律辐射向周围空间。辐射耦合有三种常见类型：
①天线对天线耦合：天线甲发射的电磁波被天线乙随机接收； ②场对线的耦合：空间电磁场经过导线感应的耦合； ③线对线的电磁感应耦合：平行导线之间的高频信号感应。

信号与系统奥本海姆英文版课后答案chapter8

Let us assume that we use the synchronous demodulation system shown in the Figure S8.8. The Fourier Transform of the signal is shown in the Figure S8.8. Clearly, if we use an ideal lowpass filter with cutoff frequency and passhand gain of 2,we should recover the original signal . Therefore,
.
Clearly, is just a shifted version of . Therefore,x(t)may be recovered from y(t) simply by multiplying y(t) by . There is no constraint that needs to be placed on to ensure that is recoverable from .
Chapter8 Answers
8.1Using Table 4.1, take the inverse Fourier transform of . This gives .
Therefor Y( ) of y(t) is given by
TheFourier transformof this signal is
.
Thisimplies that is zero for . When is passed through a lowpass fiter with cutoff frequency ,the output will clearly be zero .Therefore =0.

%E7%AC%AC8%E7%AB%A0%E9%93%81%E7%A2%B3%E5%90%88%E9%87%91%E4%B8%8E%E9%93%81%E7%A2%B3%E5%90%88%E9%87%91

(Fe3C)II (%) =1−92.7% 7.3%
α(%)
室温相组成为＋Fe3C
6.69 1.2 100% 82.1% 6.69 0.0008
Fe3C (%) =1−82.1% 17.9%
22
22
T12钢退火组织组织特征：Fe3CⅡ呈网状分布于层片状P周围
Fe3C Ⅱ
2.为制定热加工工艺提供依据
（1）在铸造生产方面的应用
根据Fe-Fe3C相图可以确定铁碳合金的浇注温度，浇注温度一般在液相线以上50℃～100℃。共晶成分的铸铁凝固区间最小（为零），流动性好，分散缩孔少，可使缩孔集中在冒口内，有可能得到致密的铸件得到较广泛的应用。
36
36
8.2.4 Fe-Fe3C相图的应用
33
33
8.2.3铁碳合金的碳含量与平衡组织、力学性能之间的关系 2.碳含量对机械性能的影响
Wc≤1.0％时，随着含碳量的增加，钢的强度和硬度增加，而塑性和韧性不断下降； Wc＞1.0％时，因出现网状渗碳体而导致钢的强度下降，但硬度仍会增加。
工业上使用的钢的碳质量分数一般≤1.3～ 1.4％。
室温相组成物：＋Fe3C 6.69 3.5 α% 100% 47.7% 6.69
Fe3C%=1-47.7%=52.3%
27
27
亚共晶白口铸铁室温平衡组织
A
P
Ld′
Fe3CⅡ
28
28
8.2.2 典型合金的平衡结晶过程及室温平衡组织 7.过共晶白口铸铁 (Hypereutectic white cast iron) wC＝5.0%
F%
0.770.4 100% 48.1% 0.77 0.0218

金融市场学双语题库及答案(第八章)米什金《金融市场与机构》

Financial Markets and Institutions, 8e (Mishkin)Chapter 8 Why Do Financial Crises Occur andWhy Are They So Damaging to the Economy?8.1 Multiple Choice1) Financial crisesA) are major disruptions in financial markets that are characterized by sharp declines in asset prices and the failures of many financial and nonfinancial firms.B) occur when adverse selection and moral hazard problems in financial markets become more significant.C) frequently lead to sharp contractions in economic activity.D) are all of the above.E) are only A and B of the above.Answer: DTopic: Chapter 8.1 What Is a Financial Crisis?Question Status: Previous Edition2) Financial crisesA) cause failures of financial intermediaries and leave only securities markets to channel funds from savers to borrowers.B) are a recent phenomenon that occur only in developing countries.C) invariably lead to debt deflation.D) all of the above.E) none of the above.Answer: ETopic: Chapter 8.1 What Is a Financial Crisis?Question Status: Previous Edition3) In an advanced economy, a financial crisis can begin in several ways, includingA) mismanagement of financial liberalization or innovation.B) asset pricing booms and busts.C) an increase in uncertainty caused by failure of financial institutions.D) all of the above.Answer: DTopic: Chapter 8.2 Dynamics of Financial Crises in Advanced Economies Question Status: Previous Edition4) What is a credit boom?A) An explosion in a credit cycle, which can increase or decrease lending in the short-runB) Essentially a lending spree on the part of banks and other financial institutionsC) When credit card receivables rise due to low initial interest ratesD) The signal of the end of a credit spree, with credit contracting rapidlyAnswer: BTopic: Chapter 8.2 Dynamics of Financial Crises in Advanced Economies Question Status: Previous Edition5) The process of deleveraging refers toA) cutbacks in lending by financial institutions.B) a reduction in debt owed by banks.C) both A and B.D) none of the above.Answer: ATopic: Chapter 8.2 Dynamics of Financial Crises in Advanced Economies Question Status: Previous Edition6) When asset prices fall following a boom,A) moral hazard may increase in companies that have lost net worth in the bust.B) financial institutions may see the assets on their balance sheets deteriorate, leading to deleveraging.C) both A and B are correct.D) none of the above are correct.Answer: CTopic: Chapter 8.2 Dynamics of Financial Crises in Advanced Economies Question Status: Previous Edition7) During the 1800s, many U.S. financial crises were precipitated by an increase in ________, often originating in London.A) interest ratesB) housing pricesC) gasoline pricesD) heating oil pricesAnswer: ATopic: Chapter 8.2 Dynamics of Financial Crises in Advanced Economies Question Status: Previous Edition8) Stage Two of a financial crisis in an advanced economy usually involves a________ crisis.A) currencyB) stock marketC) bankingD) commoditiesAnswer: CTopic: Chapter 8.2 Dynamics of Financial Crises in Advanced Economies Question Status: Previous Edition9) Stage Three of a financial crisis in an advanced economy featuresA) a general increase in inflation.B) debt deflation.C) an increase in general price levels.D) a full-fledged financial crisis.Answer: BTopic: Chapter 8.2 Dynamics of Financial Crises in Advanced Economies Question Status: Previous Edition10) Debt deflation refers toA) an increase in net worth, leading to a relative fall in general debt levels.B) a decline in general debt levels due to deleveraging.C) a decline in bond prices as default rates rise.D) a decline in net worth as price levels fall while debt burden remains unchanged. Answer: DTopic: Chapter 8.2 Dynamics of Financial Crises in Advanced Economies Question Status: Previous Edition11) Factors that lead to worsening conditions in financial markets includeA) increases in interest rates.B) declining stock prices.C) increasing uncertainty in financial markets.D) all of the above.E) only A and B of the above.Answer: DTopic: Chapter 8.2 Dynamics of Financial Crises in Advanced Economies Question Status: Previous Edition12) Factors that lead to worsening conditions in financial markets includeA) declining interest rates.B) anticipated increases in the price level.C) bank panics.D) only A and C of the above.E) only B and C of the above.Answer: CTopic: Chapter 8.2 Dynamics of Financial Crises in Advanced Economies Question Status: Previous Edition13) Most financial crises in the United States have begun withA) a steep stock market decline.B) an increase in uncertainty resulting from the failure of a major firm.C) a steep decline in interest rates.D) all of the above.E) only A and B of the above.Answer: ETopic: Chapter 8.2 Dynamics of Financial Crises in Advanced Economies Question Status: Previous Edition14) In addition to having a direct effect on increasing adverse selection problems, increases in interest rates also promote financial crises by ________ firms' and households' interest payments, thereby ________ their cash flow.A) increasing; increasingB) increasing; decreasingC) decreasing; increasingD) decreasing; decreasingAnswer: BTopic: Chapter 8.2 Dynamics of Financial Crises in Advanced Economies Question Status: Previous Edition15) Adverse selection and moral hazard problems increased in magnitude during the early years of the Great Depression asA) stock prices declined to 10 percent of their levels in 1929.B) banks failed.C) the aggregate price level declined.D) a result of all of the above.E) a result of A and B of the above.Answer: DTopic: Chapter 8.2 Dynamics of Financial Crises in Advanced Economies Question Status: Previous Edition16) Stock market declines preceded a full-blown financial crisisA) in the United States in 1987.B) in the United States in 2000.C) in the United States in 1929.D) in all of the above.E) in none of the above.Answer: CTopic: Chapter 8.2 Dynamics of Financial Crises in Advanced Economies Question Status: Updated from Previous Edition17) Which of the following factors led up to the Greece debt crisis in 2009-2010?A) Speculative attacks on the euro and a rise in actual and expected inflationB) A decline in tax revenues resulting from a contraction in economic activityC) A double-digit budget deficitD) All of the aboveE) only B and C of the aboveAnswer: ETopic: Chapter 8.2 Dynamics of Financial Crises in Advanced Economies Question Status: Updated from Previous Edition18) What is a collateralized debt obligation?A) A tranche of an SPV that has been setup based on default riskB) An agreement to exchange interest payments when one party defaultsC) A type of insurance against defaultsD) A contract between credit rating agenciesAnswer: ATopic: Chapter 8.2 Dynamics of Financial Crises in Advanced Economies Question Status: New Question19) Which of the following led to the U.S. financial crisis of 2007-2009?A) Financial innovation in mortgage marketsB) Agency problems in mortgage marketsC) An increase in moral hazard at credit rating agenciesD) All of the aboveE) only A and B of the aboveAnswer: ETopic: Chapter 8.2 Dynamics of Financial Crises in Advanced Economies Question Status: Previous Edition20) Approximately how large was the U.S. subprime mortgage market in 2007?A) $100 millionB) $100 billionC) $500 billionD) $1 trillionAnswer: DTopic: Chapter 8.2 Dynamics of Financial Crises in Advanced Economies Question Status: Previous Edition21) When we refer to the shadow banking system, what are we talking about?A) Hedge funds, investment banks, and other nonbank financial firms that supply liquidityB) The "underground" banking system used for illegal activitiesC) The subsidiaries of depository institutionsD) None of the aboveAnswer: ATopic: Chapter 8.2 Dynamics of Financial Crises in Advanced Economies Question Status: Previous Edition22) The impact of the 2007-2009 financial crisis was widespread, includingA) the first major bank failure in the UK in over 100 years.B) the failure of Bear Stearns, the fifth-largest U.S. investment bank.C) the bailout of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac by the U.S. Treasury.D) all of the above.E) only B and C of the above.Answer: DTopic: Chapter 8.2 Dynamics of Financial Crises in Advanced Economies Question Status: Previous Edition8.2 True/False1) A financial crisis occurs when information flows in financial markets experience a particularly large disruption.Answer: TRUETopic: Chapter 8.1 What Is a Financial Crisis?Question Status: New Question2) Factors that can lead to worsening conditions in financial markets include increasing interest rates and asset price booms.Answer: TRUETopic: Chapter 8.2 Dynamics of Financial Crises in Advanced Economies Question Status: Previous Edition3) During a bank panic, many banks fail in a very short time period.Answer: TRUETopic: Chapter 8.2 Dynamics of Financial Crises in Advanced Economies Question Status: Previous Edition4) The failure of Ohio Life Insurance and Trust in 1857 did not signal the start of a recession due to prompt actions by the Fed.Answer: FALSETopic: Chapter 8.2 Dynamics of Financial Crises in Advanced Economies Question Status: Previous Edition5) Bank failures have been a feature of all U.S. financial crises from 1800 to 1944. Answer: TRUETopic: Chapter 8.2 Dynamics of Financial Crises in Advanced Economies Question Status: Previous Edition6) Debt deflation refers to the decline in debt values as creditors agree to lower interest rates as an alternative to defaults.Answer: FALSETopic: Chapter 8.2 Dynamics of Financial Crises in Advanced Economies Question Status: Previous Edition7) The Internet stock market bubble of the late 1990s led to one of the worst financial crises in U.S. history. Banks lost billions of dollars as Internet companies went bankrupt.Answer: FALSETopic: Chapter 8.2 Dynamics of Financial Crises in Advanced Economies Question Status: Previous Edition8) An unusual feature of the "Great Recession" in the U.S. from 2007-2009 was that the crisis did not spread to European nations.Answer: FALSETopic: Chapter 8.2 Dynamics of Financial Crises in Advanced Economies Question Status: New Question9) In Europe, Greece was the first nation to face a debt crisis.Answer: TRUETopic: Chapter 8.2 Dynamics of Financial Crises in Advanced Economies Question Status: New Question8.3 Essay1) Explain the relationship between agency theory and a financial crisis.Topic: Chapter 8.1 What Is a Financial Crisis?Question Status: New Question2) Describe the sequence of events in a financial crisis in an advanced economy and explain why they can cause economic activity to decline.Topic: Chapter 8.2 Dynamics of Financial Crises in Advanced Economies Question Status: Previous Edition3) What is the problem with government safety nets, such as deposit insurance, during the formative stages of a financial crisis?Topic: Chapter 8.2 Dynamics of Financial Crises in Advanced Economies Question Status: Previous Edition4) Discuss why some view the Fed as a culprit in the U.S. housing bubble during the 2000s.Topic: Chapter 8.2 Dynamics of Financial Crises in Advanced Economies Question Status: Previous Edition5) Describe a special purpose vehicle. How are they related to the creation of collateralized debt obligations?Topic: Chapter 8.2 Dynamics of Financial Crises in Advanced Economies Question Status: New Question6) Discuss some of the financial innovations in mortgage markets that led to the U.S. financial crisis in 2007.Topic: Chapter 8.2 Dynamics of Financial Crises in Advanced Economies Question Status: Previous Edition7) Why was the shadow banking system important during the 2007-2009 U.S. financial crisis?Topic: Chapter 8.2 Dynamics of Financial Crises in Advanced Economies Question Status: Previous Edition8) Describe how the European debt crisis evolved.Topic: Chapter 8.2 Dynamics of Financial Crises in Advanced Economies Question Status: New Question。

chapter 8 Objects and Classes (1)

{
实现对被调函数中对象数
cash = cash + amount;
据的修改。
}
void person::give ( int amount, person &somebody)
{ //给somebogy 现金amount
cash = cash - amount; //自己的现金减少
somebody.cash += amount; //对方现金增加
操作与数据之间依赖性强，每个操作都必须掌握数据结构的操作细节，数据结构发生改变时，依赖此数据的所有操作都需要修改；
模块之间耦合度高，需求变更时维护代价高昂；
数据开放，不可控的数据修改导致系统既不可靠也不安全；
优点：运行性能高。
5
哈尔滨工业大学计算机科学与技术学院
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6
只要有了本解对数象据8的存.2操储作结面构需向对象的程序设计
a.show(); b.show(); c.show(); boss.show(); waiter.show();
哈尔滨工业大学计算机科学与技术学院
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8.1.2 面向对象的程序设计
易维护、易复用、易扩展
符合我们认识客观世界的规律，降低了复杂系统分析和设计的复杂性。
只有对象操作需要了解数据存储细节，其它对象访问此数据通过调用此对象操作进行，因此不必了解数据存储的细节；
Public: 公有成员(类接口)，程序的任何部分都可以访问。
哈尔滨工业大学计算机科学与技术学院
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210418/4/26
类体的定义
class 类名称 {
public : 公有(接口)成员
private: 私有成员

chapter8.1

第八章反应工程第一节催化裂化的化学催化裂化原料中主要的烃类有烷烃、环烷烃及带取代基的芳烃。

带取代基的芳烃包括烷基芳烃及有环烷取代基的芳烃。

在重油中尚有带取代基或环烷缩合的多环芳烃。

在二次加工的原料中还有烯烃，除此之外还有杂原子化合物。

一催化裂化的化学反应在催化裂化条件下，烃类可以发生催化反应和非催化反应，非催化反应与催化反应相比是较少的。

（一）裂化裂化反应主要是C-C键的断裂。

在碳原子数相同时反应能力按烯烃>烷基芳烃（烷基取代基为C3或更高时）>环烷烃>烷烃>芳烃。

芳烃是很难裂化的。

芳核尤其稳定。

1 烷烃（正构烷及异构烷）裂化生成烯烃及较小分子的烷烃。

C n H2n+2 →C m H2m +C P C2P+2（烯）（烷）式中：n=m+p2 烯烃（正构烯及异构烯）裂化生成两个较小分子的烯烃。

C n H2n →C m H2m + C p H2P（烯）（烯）式中：n=m+p3 烷基芳烃脱烷基。

ArC n H2n+1→ArH + C n H2n（芳烃）（烯烃）4 烷基芳烃的烷基侧链断裂。

ArC n H2n+1→ArC m H2m-1+ C p H2p+2（带烯烃侧链的芳烃）（烷烃）式中：n=m+p5 环烷烃裂化生成烯烃。

C n H2n→C m H2m+ C p H2p（烯）（烯）式中：n=m+p6 环烷——芳烃裂化时可以环烷环开环断裂，或环烷环与芳烃连接处断裂。

7 不带取代基的芳烃由于芳环稳定，在典型的催化裂化条件下裂化反应很缓慢。

（二）异构化1 烷烃及环烷烃在裂化催化剂上有少量异构化反应。

2 烯烃异构化有双键转移及链异构化。

（贴图）3 芳烃异构化。

（贴图）（三）烷基转移烷基转移主要指一个芳环上的烷基取代基转移到另一个芳烃分子上去。

（贴图）（四）歧化歧化反应与烷基转移密切相关，在有些情况下歧化反应为烷基转移的逆反应。

（贴图）低分子烯烃也可进行歧化反应。

2H2C=CHCH2CH3→H2C=CHCH3+H2C=CHCH2CH2CH3（五）氢转移氢转移主要发生在有烯烃参与的反应中，氢转移的结果生成富氢的饱和烃及缺氢的产物。

Lecture 12, Chapter 8, Inference for proportions12讲,8章,推理的比例

Lecture 12, Section 8.1 & 8.2ProportionsMany statistical studies produce counts rather than measurements.Example: Did you vote in the last election? The response would be either a “Yes” or a “No”. The variable is categorical, the response is the value the variable takes on for each unit/person. If I did a survey of this class, I could accumulate the count of “Yes” responses and describe this count as a proportion of the total.Example: What academic year are you in at Purdue. The response would be either “Freshman”, “Sophomore”, “Junior”, or “Senior”. Again, I could accumulate the count of each and describe each as a proportion of the total. Population and Sample proportions:In statistical sampling we often want to estimate the proportion, p, of “successes” in a population. “Success” is when the categorical variable takes on one particular value.p = count of successes in populationsize of population= X / NWe take a sample of our population; our estimator is the sample proportion of successes:p count of successes in samplesize of sample= X/nExample:1.You flip a coin 20 times and record whether a head or a tail is tossed. Inthis sample, a head is recorded 11 times. What is the sample proportion of heads?Inference for a Single Proportion:So far we have only looked at making statistical inference on population means, a measurement of some quantitative variable of interest. Now we will look at making statistical inference on a categorical variable using the proportion of some outcome/success in a population.Examples:∙How common is it for students at Purdue to fail a class? Out of a sample of 200 students, 50 of them have failed at least one class, or25% . Based on these data, what can we say about all students atPurdue?∙What proportion of golfers in the USA have made at least one hole-in-one in their lifetime. From an SRS of 50 golfers 25 of them had madea hole-in-one. What can we say about all golfers in the USA?In both examples above we are interested in estimating the unknown proportion p from a population. The estimate of that population parameter p is the sample proportion p, a statistic.Sampling Distribution of a Sample Proportion:Choose an SRS of size n from a large population with population proportion p having some characteristic of interest. We normally call whatever characteristic we are studying a “success.” Let X be the count of successes in the sample and p be the sample proportion of success,p= X/nAlso:∙The sampling distribution of p is approximately normal for a SRS from a large population and is closer to a normal distribution when the sample size n is large.∙The mean of the sampling distribution is p.∙The standard deviation of the sampling distribution isσ=pLarge-Sample Confidence Interval for a Population Proportion: Choose an SRS of size n from a large population with unknownproportion p of successes. The sample proportion is:p = X/nThe standard error of p is:p SE =When n is large, an approximate level C confidence interval for p is:*pp z SE ±where *z is the value for the standard normal density curve with area C between *z - and *z . The margin of error is:*pm z SE =Use this interval when the number of successes and the number offailures are both at least 15 and the confidence level is 90%, 95%, or 99%.Example:1.When trying to hire managers and executives, companies sometimesverify the academic credentials described by the applicants. Onecompany that performs these checks summarized its findings for a six-month period. Of the 84 applicants whose credentials were checked,15 lied about having a degree.a.Give the estimate of the proportion of applicants who lied abouthaving a degree and give the estimate for the standard error ofp.b.Consider these data to be a random sample of credentials from alarge collection of similar applicants. Give a 95% confidenceinterval for the true proportion of applicants who lie abouthaving a degree.Large-Sample Significance Test for a Population Proportion:1. State the Null and Alternative hypothesis.00:H p p =0:a H p p >, or0:a H p p <, or0:a H p p ≠2. Find the test statistic:Draw a SRS of size n from a large population with unknown proportion p of successes. To test the hypothesis, compute the z statistic:p p z -= 3. Calculate the p -value.In terms of a standard normal random variable Z , the approximate P -value for a test of 0H against0:a H p p > is ()P Z z ≥0:a H p p < is ()P Z z ≤0:a H p p ≠ is 2(||)P Z z ≥4. State the conclusions in terms of the problem. Choose a significance level such as α = 0.05, then compare the P -value to the α level.If P-value ≤ α, then reject 0HIf P-value > α, then fail to reject 0HUse the Large-Sample Significance Test for a Population Proportion if the expected number of successes 0()np and the expected number of failures 0((1))n p - are both greater than 10. If this is not met, or if the population is less than 10 times as large as the sample, other procedures should be used.Example:1. Shereka, a starting player for a major college basketball team, made 60% of her free throws in her last three seasons. During the summer she worked hard on developing a softer shot in the hope of improving her free-throw accuracy. In the first nine games of this season Shereka made 48 free throws in 67 attempts. Let p be her probability of success, making each free throw she shoots.a. State the null hypothesis 0H that Shereka ’s free-throw probability has remained the same as the last three seasons and the alternative aH that her work in the summer resulted in a higher probability of success.b. Calculate the z statistic for testing 0H versus a H .c. Do you accept or reject 0H for α = 0.05? Find the P-value.d. Give a 90% confidence interval for Shereka ’s free-throw success probability for the new season. Are you convinced that she is now a better free-thrower shooter?e. What assumptions are needed for the validity of the test andconfidence interval calculations that you performed?Sample Size for Desired Margin of Error:The level C confidence interval for a proportion p will have a margin of error approximately equal to a specified value m when the sample size satisfies2**(1*)n z p p m =⎛⎫- ⎪⎝⎭Here z* is the critical value for confidence C, and p* is an estimated or guessed value for the proportion of successes in the future sample. The estimated value can be either based on a previous pilot study or it can be assumed to be .5, the value of p* that generates the largest sample size. The margin of error will be less than or equal to m if p* is chosen to be 0.5. The sample size required is then given by 2*2n z m =⎛⎫ ⎪⎝⎭Example:1. You want to estimate the proportion of students at your college oruniversity who are employed for 10 or more hours per week while classes are in session. You plan to present your results by a 95% confidence interval. Using the estimated value *0.40p =, find the sample size required if the interval is to have an approximate margin of error of 0.06m =.Comparing Two ProportionsAssumptions for comparing two Proportions:∙ The data consist of the two independent SRS ’s∙ The two SRS ’s are large.Typically we want to compare two proportions by giving a confidence interval for the difference,12p p -, or by testing the hypothesis of no difference, 012:0H p p -=.Confidence Intervals for Comparing Two ProportionsChoose an SRS of size 1n from a large population having proportion 1p of successes; choose a SRS of size 2n from another large population having proportion 2p of success. An approximate level C confidence interval for 12pp - is 12()*D p p z SE -±Where 111p X n = and 222p X n =are the estimates of the population proportions; the standard error of the difference isD SE =and z * is the value for the standard Normal density curve with area C between –z * and z *. The margin of error is:*D m z SE =± Use this method when the number of successes and the number of failures in both sample sizes are at least 10 and the confidence level is 90%, 95%, or 99%.Example1.Is lying about credentials by job applicants changing? From aprevious example, one company that performs these checkssummarized its findings for the first six-month period: of the 84applicants whose credentials were checked, 15 lied about having adegree. The company performed the same checks for a second period, the results for both are shown below.a)Find the 95% confidence interval for the difference of the proportionof applicants who lied about having a degree for the two periods.b)Based on this confidence interval, what can you say about the changeover time of the proportion of applicants that lied on their application for the two periods?Significance Tests for Comparing Two Proportions1. State the Null and Alternative hypothesis.012:0H p p -=12:0a H p p ->, or12:0a H p p -< or 12:0a H p p -≠2. Find the test statistic:Draw a SRS of size n from a large population with unknown proportion p of successes. To test the hypothesis, compute the z statistic:21D pz p p SE =- where 111/p Xn = and 222/p X n =and where the pooled standard error isD p SE =and where 1212()/()p X X n n =++ 3. Calculate the p -value.In terms of a standard normal random variable Z , the approximate P -value for a test of 0H against12:0a H p p -> is ()P Z z ≥12:0a H p p -< is ()P Z z ≤ 12:0a H p p -≠ is 2(||)P Z z ≥4. State the conclusions in terms of the problem. Choose a significance level such as α = 0.05, then compare the P -value to the α level. If P-value ≤ α, then reject 0HIf P-value > α, then fail to reject 0HExamples1.Data on the proportion of applicants who lied about having a degree intwo consecutive six-month periods are given in the previous example as:a.Formulate appropriate null and alternative hypotheses that can beaddressed with these data, carry out the significance test, andsummarize the results.。

Chapter-8.-Smart-Drug-Release-System

一种或多种化学物质。
例如：薄阳极膜覆在充填有固态、液态或凝胶态化学物质的存储器上，因此，
移除阳极膜会诱发化学物质从存储器的释放。施加电压于金阳极膜，数秒钟内化
学物质就会释放出来。
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8.3 智能药物控制释放体系展望
8.3.1 靶向释放体系
DDS的靶向可分为三个层次：第一个层次是药物释放至特定器官。第二个层次是将药物导向特异的细胞类型。第三个层次是将药物导向细胞内结构。
物分子分布到患者的血液系统后不能通过血脑屏障。
4
8.1.2 药物控制释放机理 Mechanism of Controlled Drug Delivery Systems 1）暂时控制释放机理
药物分子在与靶受体作用前必须溶解于患者体内的水溶液环境中，进而在介质中自由扩散。在体内环境下，暂时控制释放体系的聚合物载体应在设定时间内保护药物分子。包括： 1) 延迟药物分子的溶解、 2) 防止药物向装置外扩散 3）控制药物溶液的流动等。其机理如图所示。当用溶解速率较慢的聚合物涂覆或包载药物时，可避免药物暴露于药物体系周围的水性环境中，从而达到暂时控制释放的目的。
释放。在该体系中药物的释放速率可由ＨＰＮ组成及壳聚糖的脱乙酰度调控。
13
用三聚磷酸盐(TPP)或聚磷酸盐(PP)通过离子交联或大分子间偶联可制备壳聚糖凝胶珠。负载抗肿瘤药物6-巯基嘌呤(6-MＰ)的壳聚糖凝胶珠在模拟胃液（pH=1.2)和肠液(pH=6.8) 中的释放特性如图8-6所示。由图8-6可见药物能持续释放24h。通过调整壳聚糖-聚电解质间的pH依赖性离子相互作用可调控药物释放过程。
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2）磁场
生物相容性超顺磁纳米粒子，如磁铁石已广泛用于药物的靶向释放微载体。如

人教八年级数学教材重点例题页码

在教学数学课程中，教师常常需要依据教材中的重点例题进行教学。

而对于人教八年级数学教材的重点例题页码，教师们需要深入了解和把握。

以下是人教八年级数学教材的重点例题页码：一、《人教八年级数学上册》重点例题页码1. Chapter 11.1 页码：P11.2 页码：P51.3 页码：P102. Chapter 22.1 页码：P182.2 页码：P222.3 页码：P283. Chapter 33.1 页码：P363.2 页码：P403.3 页码：P464. Chapter 44.1 页码：P544.2 页码：P58 4.3 页码：P665. Chapter 55.1 页码：P74 5.2 页码：P78 5.3 页码：P826. Chapter 66.1 页码：P90 6.2 页码：P94 6.3 页码：P987. Chapter 77.1 页码：P106 7.2 页码：P110 7.3 页码：P1148. Chapter 88.1 页码：P122 8.2 页码：P126 8.3 页码：P1309. Chapter 99.1 页码：P1389.2 页码：P1429.3 页码：P14610. Chapter 1010.1 页码：P15410.2 页码：P15810.3 页码：P164二、《人教八年级数学下册》重点例题页码1. Chapter 11.1 页码：P11.2 页码：P51.3 页码：P102. Chapter 22.1 页码：P182.2 页码：P222.3 页码：P283. Chapter 33.1 页码：P36 3.2 页码：P40 3.3 页码：P464. Chapter 44.1 页码：P54 4.2 页码：P58 4.3 页码：P665. Chapter 55.1 页码：P74 5.2 页码：P78 5.3 页码：P826. Chapter 66.1 页码：P90 6.2 页码：P94 6.3 页码：P987. Chapter 77.1 页码：P106 7.2 页码：P110 7.3 页码：P1148. Chapter 88.1 页码：P1228.2 页码：P1268.3 页码：P1309. Chapter 99.1 页码：P1389.2 页码：P1429.3 页码：P14610. Chapter 1010.1 页码：P15410.2 页码：P15810.3 页码：P164以上是人教八年级数学教材的重点例题页码，教师们可以根据这些重点例题页码，有针对性地进行教学准备，保证课堂教学的高效性和师生互动的质量。

§8.1-电磁感应现象及电磁感应定律

（2）根据楞次定律，确定感应电流产生的磁场的方向
（3）最后根据右手螺旋定则确定感应电流的方向。
Chapter 8. 电磁感应 §作8者. 1：电杨磁茂感田应现象及电磁感应定律
P. 5 / 22 .
用楞
B
次
定律
I
v
判断
S
感
应
电
N
流
方
向
Chapter 8. 电磁感应 §作8者. 1：电杨磁茂感田应现象及电磁感应定律
P. 3 / 22 .
bB
c
v
Ii
a
d
m B dS
S
Chapter 8. 电磁感应 §作8者. 1：电杨磁茂感田应现象及电磁感应定律
楞次定律
P. 4 / 22 .
闭合回路中感应电流的方向，总是使得它所产生的磁场阻止引起感应电流的磁通量的变化。
（1）首先判明穿过闭合回路的磁力线的方向，以及磁通量发生了什么变化（增加还是减少）
Chapter 8. 电磁感应 §作8者. 1：电杨磁茂感田应现象及电磁感应定律
P. 1 / 22 .
雷达
Chapter 8. 电磁感应 §作8者. 1：电杨磁茂感田应现象及电磁感应定律
一、电磁感应现象
电流
磁效应
磁
电效应
P. 2 / 22 .
Chapter 8. 电磁感应 §作8者. 1：电杨磁茂感田应现象及电磁感应定律
2. 计算某时刻穿过该回路的磁通量：
m B dS
S
3.
由法拉第电磁感应定律计算
：E i
dm
dt
若：Ei > 0，则： Ei 指向与回路正绕向同向；
若：Ei < 0，则： Ei 指向与回路正绕向反向。