中国煤炭发展PPT

但是贫穷也是会杀人的，缓慢的增长会让政治家丢掉饭碗。对环境问题的20年的 担忧只给煤炭行业带来了些微的限制。有些企业正试图离开这个行业：America Consol Energy正在出售位于西弗吉尼亚的五座煤矿以集中精力发展页岩气。燃煤 大户如American Electric Power 和Duke Energy正在关闭燃煤电厂。然而虽然美国的 页岩气正在蓬勃发展，联邦能源信息署测算说，2040年时美国将有22%的发电量 仍需要通过燃煤完成（如今这一比例是26%）.国际能源署甚至预测说，排除政治 变化，在2017年煤炭的重要性将要超过石油。国家富有之后会倾向于寻找煤炭的 替代品—中国正努力扼制它增长中的煤炭消耗。而其他国家如印度和非洲国家， 则准备继续宽松
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What more could one want? It is cheap and simple to extract, ship and burn. It is abundant: proven reserves amount to 109 years of current consumption, reckons BP, a British energy giant. They are mostly in politically stable places. There is a wide choice of dependable sellers, such as BHP Billiton (Anglo-Australian), GLENCORE (Anglo-Swiss), Peabody Energy and Arch Coal (both American)
America’s gas boom has prompted its coal miners to seek new export markets, sending prices plunging on world markets. So long as consumers do not pay for coal’s horrible side-effects, that makes it irresistibly cheap. In Germany power from coal now costs half the price of watts from a gas-fired power station. It is a paradox that coal is booming in a country that in other respects is the greenest in Europe. Its production of power from cheap, dirty brown coal (lignite) is now at 162 billion kilowatt hours, the highest since the days of the decrepit East Germany. 在美国页岩气的繁荣促使了煤炭开采企业寻找新的出口市场， 这导致了国际市场煤炭价格大跌。只要消费者不为煤炭的恐怖 副作用买单，那么煤价的低迷就不可抑制。在德国，燃煤发电 的每单位电力成本是燃油发电的一半。德国是在其它领域是欧 洲最环保的国家，可它的煤炭使用量却在激增，这实在是很矛 盾。如今德国使用廉价、肮脏的棕色煤（褐煤）发出的电量已 经达到了1620亿千瓦时，这是自东德结束以来最高的水平。
Japan, too, is turning to coal in the wake of the Fukushima nuclear disaster. On April 11th the government approved a new energy plan entrenching its role as a long-term electricity source.
本周政府间应对气候变化平台发布了一份报告，提醒所有人说，由飙 升的煤炭消耗量导致持续增加的二氧化碳排放有将地球放入油锅的危 险。二氧化碳导致海水变酸，燃煤还会产生二氧化硫和其他有毒化学 物，二氧化硫会造成建筑物倒塌和肺部刺痛。有测量显示，燃煤电厂 排放的放射性物质比核电站还要多。这些电厂会释放微小、致命的颗 粒物。平均到单位发电量上，燃煤电厂造成的死亡人数要远超核电站， 甚至也超过了燃油电厂
The increased emissions of carbon dioxide from soaring coal consumption threaten to fry the planet, as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reminded everyone in a new report this week (see article). The CO2 makes the oceans acid; burning coal also produces sculpture dioxide, which makes buildings crumble and lungs sting, and other toxic chemicals. By some counts, coal-fired power stations emit more radioactivity than nuclear ones. They release tiny, lethal particulates. Per unit generated, coal-fired stations cause far more deaths than nuclear ones, and more even than oil-fired ones
你还能要求什么呢？煤炭是这么廉价，这么容易开采、这么便 于运输又这么容易燃烧。它的储量还很丰富：按照英国能源巨 头BP的测算，按照现在的消耗速度，探明的煤炭储量足够我们 用109年。它们主要埋藏在政治稳定的区域，有若干可靠的供 应商可供选择：必和必拓公司（英国-澳大利亚联合企业）、 嘉能可斯特拉塔股份有限公司（英国-瑞士联合企业）、皮博 迪能源公司和ARCH煤炭公司（二者都是美国企业）。
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But poverty kills people too, and slow growth can cost politicians their jobs. Two decades of environmental worries are proving only a marginal constraint on the global coal industry. Some are trying to get out: in America Consol Energy is selling five mines in West Virginia to concentrate on shale gas. Big coal-burners such as American Electric Power and Duke Energy are shutting coal-fired plants. Yet despite America’s shale-gas boom, the federal Energy Information Administration reckons that by 2040 the country will still be generating 22% of its electricity from coal (compared with 26% now). The International Energy Agency has even predicted that, barring policy changes, coal may rival oil in importance by 2017. As countries get richer they tend to look for alternatives—China is scrambling to curb its rising consumption. But others, such as India and Africa, are set to take up the slack (see chart)
COAL
Past present and future
Coal
The fuel of the future, unfortunately A cheap, ubiquitous and flexible fuel, with just one problem
煤炭
很不幸，未来的燃料仍是煤炭
一种廉价、普遍而且应用范围广的燃料，只是有个问题
Other fuels are beset by state interference and cartels, but in this industry consumers—in heating, power generation and metallurgy—are firmly in charge, keeping prices low. Just as this wonder-fuel once powered the industrial revolution, it now offers the best chance for poor countries wanting to get rich 其他燃料受到政府影响和垄断企业的困扰，而在煤炭行 业，来自供暖、发电和冶金行业的消费者们则有着足够 的主导权，这使煤炭维持在一个较低的价格水平。煤炭 这种非凡的燃料曾经给工业革命提供了动力，而今它也 给那些希望富裕的穷国提供了最好的机会
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Such arguments are the basis of a new PR campaign launched by Peabody, the world’s largest private coal company (which unlike some rivals is profitable, thanks to its low-cost Australian mines). And coal would indeed be a boon, were it not for one small problem: it is devastatingly dirty. Mining, transport, storage and burning are fraught with mess, as well as danger. Deep mines put workers in intolerably filthy and dangerous conditions. But opencast mining, now the source of much of the world’s coal, rips away topsoil and gobbles water. Transporting coal brings a host of environmental problems 上述说法是皮博迪公司最近推出的公关宣传的基调，皮博迪是全球 最大的私营煤炭公司（与很多竞争对手不同，皮博迪公司是有盈利 的，这要归功于它在澳大利亚的低成本煤矿）。煤炭确实能算一种 优惠品，如果它没有这个小问题的话：它实在是太脏了。煤炭的开 采、运输、储藏和燃烧都肮脏不堪而且危机四布。深煤矿让工人置 身于一个无法忍受的肮脏和危险的环境中。而露天开采，如今世界 上很多煤炭就是这么来的，撕裂了表层土壤也让水源急剧流失。煤 炭的运输也带来了一堆环境问题。