外文翻译——基于注塑模具钢研磨和抛光工序的自动化表面处理
机械加工毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献附录附录1：英文原文Selection of optimum tool geometry and cutting conditionsusing a surface roughness prediction model for end milling Abstract Influence of tool geometry on the quality of surface produced is well known and hence any attempt to assess the performance of end milling should include the tool geometry. In the present work, experimental studies have been conducted to see the effect of tool geometry (radial rake angle and nose radius) and cutting conditions (cutting speed and feed rate) on the machining performance during end milling of medium carbon steel. The first and second order mathematical models, in terms of machining parameters, were developed for surface roughness prediction using response surface methodology (RSM) on the basis of experimental results. The model selected for optimization has been validated with the Chi square test. The significance of these parameters on surface roughness has been established with analysis of variance. An attempt has also been made to optimize the surface roughness prediction model using genetic algorithms (GA). The GA program gives minimum values of surface roughness and their respective optimal conditions.1 IntroductionEnd milling is one of the most commonly used metal removal operations in industry because of its ability to remove material faster giving reasonably good surface quality. It is used in a variety of manufacturing industries including aerospace and automotive sectors, where quality is an important factor in the production of slots, pockets, precision moulds and dies. Greater attention is given to dimensional accuracy and surface roughness of products by the industry these days. Moreover, surface finish influences mechanical properties such as fatigue behaviour, wear, corrosion, lubrication and electrical conductivity. Thus, measuring and characterizing surface finish can be considered for predicting machining performance.Surface finish resulting from turning operations has traditionally received considerable research attention, where as that of machining processes using multipoint cutters, requires attention by researchers. As these processes involve large number of parameters, it would bedifficult to correlate surface finish with other parameters just by conducting experiments. Modelling helps to understand this kind of process better. Though some amount of work has been carried out to develop surface finish prediction models in the past, the effect of tool geometry has received little attention. However, the radial rake angle has a major affect on the power consumption apart from tangential and radial forces. It also influences chip curling and modifies chip flow direction. In addition to this, researchers [1] have also observed that the nose radius plays a significant role in affecting the surface finish. Therefore the development of a good model should involve the radial rake angle and nose radius along with other relevant factors.Establishment of efficient machining parameters has been a problem that has confronted manufacturing industries for nearly a century, and is still the subject of many studies. Obtaining optimum machining parameters is of great concern in manufacturing industries, where the economy of machining operation plays a key role in the competitive market. In material removal processes, an improper selection of cutting conditions cause surfaces with high roughness and dimensional errors, and it is even possible that dynamic phenomena due to auto excited vibrations may set in [2]. In view of the significant role that the milling operation plays in today’s manufacturing world, there is a need to optimize the machining parameters for this operation. So, an effort has been made in this paper to see the influence of tool geometry(radial rake angle and nose radius) and cutting conditions(cutting speed and feed rate) on the surface finish produced during end milling of medium carbon steel. The experimental results of this work will be used to relate cutting speed, feed rate, radial rake angle and nose radius with the machining response i.e. surface roughness by modelling. The mathematical models thus developed are further utilized to find the optimum process parameters using genetic algorithms.2 ReviewProcess modelling and optimization are two important issues in manufacturing. The manufacturing processes are characterized by a multiplicity of dynamically interacting process variables. Surface finish has been an important factor of machining in predicting performance of any machining operation. In order to develop and optimize a surface roughness model, it is essential to understand the current status of work in this area.Davis et al. [3] have investigated the cutting performance of five end mills having various helix angles. Cutting tests were performed on aluminium alloy L 65 for three milling processes (face, slot and side), in which cutting force, surface roughness and concavity of a machined plane surface were measured. The central composite design was used to decide on the number of experiments to be conducted. The cutting performance of the end mills was assessed usingvariance analysis. The affects of spindle speed, depth of cut and feed rate on the cutting force and surface roughness were studied. The investigation showed that end mills with left hand helix angles are generally less cost effective than those with right hand helix angles. There is no significant difference between up milling and down milling with regard tothe cutting force, although the difference between them regarding the surface roughness was large. Bayoumi et al.[4] have studied the affect of the tool rotation angle, feed rate and cutting speed on the mechanistic process parameters (pressure, friction parameter) for end milling operation with three commercially available workpiece materials, 11 L 17 free machining steel, 62- 35-3 free machining brass and 2024 aluminium using a single fluted HSS milling cutter. It has been found that pressure and friction act on the chip – tool interface decrease with the increase of feed rate and with the decrease of the flow angle, while the cutting speed has a negligible effect on some of the material dependent parameters. Process parameters are summarized into empirical equations as functions of feed rate and tool rotation angle for each work material. However, researchers have not taken into account the effects of cutting conditions and tool geometry simultaneously; besides these studies have not considered the optimization of the cutting process.As end milling is a process which involves a large number f parameters, combined influence of the significant parameters an only be obtained by modelling. Mansour and Abdallaet al. [5] have developed a surface roughness model for the end milling of EN32M (a semi-free cutting carbon case hardening steel with improved merchantability). The mathematical model has been developed in terms of cutting speed, feed rate and axial depth of cut. The affect of these parameters on the surface roughness has been carried out using response surface methodology (RSM). A first order equation covering the speed range of 30–35 m/min and a second order equation covering the speed range of 24–38 m/min were developed under dry machining conditions. Alauddin et al. [6] developed a surface roughness model using RSM for the end milling of 190 BHN steel. First and second order models were constructed along with contour graphs for the selection of the proper combination of cutting speed and feed to increase the metal removal rate without sacrificing surface quality. Hasmi et al. [7] also used the RSM model for assessing the influence of the workpiece material on the surface roughness of the machined surfaces. The model was developed for milling operation by conducting experiments on steel specimens. The expression shows, the relationship between the surface roughness and the various parameters; namely, the cutting speed, feed and depth of cut. The above models have not considered the affect of tool geometry on surface roughness.Since the turn of the century quite a large number of attempts have been made to find optimum values of machining parameters. Uses of many methods have been reported in the literature to solve optimization problems for machining parameters. Jain and Jain [8] have usedneural networks for modeling and optimizing the machining conditions. The results have been validated by comparing the optimized machining conditions obtained using genetic algorithms. Suresh et al. [9] have developed a surface roughness prediction model for turning mild steel using a response surface methodology to produce the factor affects of the individual process parameters. They have also optimized the turning process using the surface roughness prediction model as the objective function. Considering the above, an attempt has been made in this work to develop a surface roughness model with tool geometry and cutting conditions on the basis of experimental results and then optimize it for the selection of these parameters within the given constraints in the end milling operation.3 MethodologyIn this work, mathematical models have been developed using experimental results with the help of response surface methodolog y. The purpose of developing mathematical models relating the machining responses and their factors is to facilitate the optimization of the machining process. This mathematical model has been used as an objective function and the optimization was carried out with the help of genetic algorithms.3.1 Mathematical formulationResponse surface methodology(RSM) is a combination of mathematical and statistical techniques useful for modelling and analyzing the problems in which several independent variables influence a dependent variable or response. The mathematical models commonly used are represented by:where Y is the machining response, ϕ is the response function and S, f , α, r are milling variables and ∈is the error which is normally distributed about the observed response Y with zero mean.The relationship between surface roughness and other independent variables can be represented as follows，where C is a constant and a, b, c and d are exponents.To facilitate the determination of constants and exponents, this mathematical model will have to be linearized by performing a logarithmic transformation as follows:The constants and exponents C, a, b, c and d can be determined by the method of least squares. The first order linear model, developed from the above functional relationship using least squares method, can be represented as follows:where Y1 is the estimated response based on the first-order equation, Y is the measured surface roughness on a logarithmic scale, x0 = 1 (dummy variable), x1, x2, x3 and x4 are logarithmic transformations of cutting speed, feed rate, radial rake angle and nose radiusrespectively, ∈is the experimental error and b values are the estimates of corresponding parameters.The general second order polynomial response is as given below:where Y2 is the estimated response based on the second order equation. The parameters, i.e. b0, b1, b2, b3, b4, b12, b23, b14, etc. are to be estimated by the method of least squares. Validity of the selected model used for optimizing the process parameters has been tested with the help of statistical tests, such as F-test, chi square test, etc. [10].3.2 Optimization using genetic algorithmsMost of the researchers have used traditional optimization techniques for solving machining problems. The traditional methods of optimization and search do not fare well over a broad spectrum of problem domains. Traditional techniques are not efficient when the practical search space is too large. These algorithms are not robust. They are inclined to obtain a local optimal solution. Numerous constraints and number of passes make the machining optimization problem more complicated. So, it was decided to employ genetic algorithms as an optimization technique. GA come under the class of non-traditional search and optimization techniques. GA are different from traditional optimization techniques in the following ways:1.GA work with a coding of the parameter set, not the parameter themselves.2.GA search from a population of points and not a single point.3.GA use information of fitness function, not derivatives or other auxiliary knowledge.4.GA use probabilistic transition rules not deterministic rules.5.It is very likely that the expected GA solution will be the global solution.Genetic algorithms (GA) form a class of adaptive heuristics based on principles derived from the dynamics of natural population genetics. The searching process simulates the natural evaluation of biological creatures and turns out to be an intelligent exploitation of a random search. The mechanics of a GA is simple, involving copying of binary strings. Simplicity of operation and computational efficiency are the two main attractions of the genetic algorithmic approach. The computations are carried out in three stages to get a result in one generation or iteration. The three stages are reproduction, crossover and mutation.In order to use GA to solve any problem, the variable is typically encoded into a string (binary coding) or chromosome structure which represents a possible solution to the given problem. GA begin with a population of strings (individuals) created at random. The fitness of each individual string is evaluated with respect to the given objective function. Then this initial population is operated on by three main operators – reproduction cross over and mutation– to create, hopefully, a better population. Highly fit individuals or solutions are given theopportunity to reproduce by exchanging pieces of their genetic information, in the crossover procedure, with other highly fit individuals. This produces new “offspring” solutions, which share some characteristics taken from both the parents. Mutation is often applied after crossover by altering some genes (i.e. bits) in the offspring. The offspring can either replace the whole population (generational approach) or replace less fit individuals (steady state approach). This new population is further evaluated and tested for some termination criteria. The reproduction-cross over mutation- evaluation cycle is repeated until the termination criteria are met.4 Experimental detailsFor developing models on the basis of experimental data, careful planning of experimentation is essential. The factors considered for experimentation and analysis were cutting speed, feed rate, radial rake angle and nose radius.4.1 Experimental designThe design of experimentation has a major affect on the number of experiments needed. Therefore it is essential to have a well designed set of experiments. The range of values of each factor was set at three different levels, namely low, medium and high as shown in Table 1. Based on this, a total number of 81 experiments (full factorial design), each having a combination of different levels of factors, as shown in Table 2, were carried out.The variables were coded by taking into account the capacity and limiting cutting conditions of the milling machine. The coded values of variables, to be used in Eqs. 3 and 4, were obtained from the following transforming equations:where x1 is the coded value of cutting speed (S), x2 is the coded value of the feed rate ( f ), x3 is the coded value of radial rake angle(α) and x4 is the coded value of nose radius (r).4.2 ExperimentationA high precision ‘Rambaudi Rammatic 500’ CNC milling machine, with a vertical milling head, was used for experimentation. The control system is a CNC FIDIA-12 compact. The cutting tools, used for the experimentation, were solid coated carbide end mill cutters of different radial rake angles and nose radii (WIDIA: DIA20 X FL38 X OAL 102 MM). The tools are coated with TiAlN coating. The hardness, density and transverse rupture strength are 1570 HV 30, 14.5 gm/cm3 and 3800 N/mm2 respectively.AISI 1045 steel specimens of 100×75 mm and 20 mm thickness were used in the present study. All the specimens were annealed, by holding them at 850 ◦C for one hour and then cooling them in a furnace. The chemical analysis of specimens is presented in Table 3. Thehardness of the workpiece material is 170 BHN. All the experiments were carried out at a constant axial depth of cut of 20 mm and a radial depth of cut of 1 mm. The surface roughness (response) was measured with Talysurf-6 at a 0.8 mm cut-off value. An average of four measurements was used as a response value.5 Results and discussionThe influences of cutting speed, feed rate, radial rake angle and nose radius have been assessed by conducting experiments. The variation of machining response with respect to the variables was shown graphically in Fig. 1. It is seen from these figures that of the four dependent parameters, radial rake angle has definite influence on the roughness of the surface machined using an end mill cutter. It is felt that the prominent influence of radial rake angle on the surface generation could be due to the fact that any change in the radial rake angle changes the sharpness of the cutting edge on the periphery, i.e changes the contact length between the chip and workpiece surface. Also it is evident from the plots that as the radial rake angle changes from 4◦to 16◦, the surface roughness decreases and then increases. Therefore, it may be concluded here that the radial rake angle in the range of 4◦to 10◦would give a better surface finish. Figure 1 also shows that the surface roughness decreases first and then increases with the increase in the nose radius. This shows that there is a scope for finding the optimum value of the radial rake angle and nose radius for obtaining the best possible quality of the surface. It was also found that the surface roughness decreases with an increase in cutting speed and increases as feed rate increases. It could also be observed that the surface roughness was a minimum at the 250 m/min speed, 200 mm/min feed rate, 10◦radial rake angle and 0.8 mm nose radius. In order to understand the process better, the experimental results can be used to develop mathematical models using RSM. In this work, a commercially available mathematical software package (MATLAB) was used for the computation of the regression of constants and exponents.5.1 The roughness modelUsing experimental results, empirical equations have been obtained to estimate surface roughness with the significant parameters considered for the experimentation i.e. cutting speed, feed rate, radial rake angle and nose radius. The first order model obtained from the above functional relationship using the RSM method is as follows:The transformed equation of surface roughness prediction is as follows:Equation 10 is derived from Eq. 9 by substituting the coded values of x1, x2, x3 and x4 in termsof ln s, ln f , lnαand ln r. The analysis of the variance (ANOV A) and the F-ratio test have been performed to justify the accuracy of the fit for the mathematical model. Since the calculated values of the F-ratio are less than the standard values of the F-ratio for surface roughness as shown in Table 4, the model is adequate at 99% confidence level to represent the relationship between the machining response and the considered machining parameters of the end milling process.The multiple regression coefficient of the first order model was found to be 0.5839. This shows that the first order model can explain the variation in surface roughness to the extent of 58.39%. As the first order model has low predictability, the second order model has been developed to see whether it can represent better or not.The second order surface roughness model thus developed is as given below:where Y2 is the estimated response of the surface roughness on a logarithmic scale, x1, x2, x3 and x4 are the logarithmic transformation of speed, feed, radial rake angle and nose radius. The data of analysis of variance for the second order surface roughness model is shown in Table 5.Since F cal is greater than F0.01, there is a definite relationship between the response variable and independent variable at 99% confidence level. The multiple regression coefficient of the second order model was found to be 0.9596. On the basis of the multiple regression coefficient (R2), it can be concluded that the second order model was adequate to represent this process. Hence the second order model was considered as an objective function for optimization using genetic algorithms. This second order model was also validated using the chi square test. The calculated chi square value of the model was 0.1493 and them tabulated value at χ2 0.005 is 52.34, as shown in Table 6, which indicates that 99.5% of the variability in surface roughness was explained by this model.Using the second order model, the surface roughness of the components produced by end milling can be estimated with reasonable accuracy. This model would be optimized using genetic algorithms (GA).5.2 The optimization of end millingOptimization of machining parameters not only increases the utility for machining economics, but also the product quality toa great extent. In this context an effort has been made to estimate the optimum tool geometry and machining conditions to produce the best possible surface quality within the constraints.The constrained optimization problem is stated as follows: Minimize Ra using the model given here:where xil and xiu are the upper and lower bounds of process variables xi and x1, x2, x3, x4 are logarithmic transformation of cutting speed, feed, radial rake angle and nose radius.The GA code was developed using MATLAB. This approach makes a binary coding system to represent the variables cutting speed (S), feed rate ( f ), radial rake angle (α) and nose radius (r), i.e. each of these variables is represented by a ten bit binary equivalent, limiting the total string length to 40. It is known as a chromosome. The variables are represented as genes (substrings) in the chromosome. The randomly generated 20 such chromosomes (population size is 20), fulfilling the constraints on the variables, are taken in each generation. The first generation is called the initial population. Once the coding of the variables has been done, then the actual decoded values for the variables are estimated using the following formula: where xi is the actual decoded value of the cutting speed, feed rate, radial rake angle and nose radius, x(L) i is the lower limit and x(U) i is the upper limit and li is the substring length, which is equal to ten in this case.Using the present generation of 20 chromosomes, fitness values are calculated by the following transformation:where f(x) is the fitness function and Ra is the objective function.Out of these 20 fitness values, four are chosen using the roulette-wheel selection scheme. The chromosomes corresponding to these four fitness values are taken as parents. Then the crossover and mutation reproduction methods are applied to generate 20 new chromosomes for the next generation. This processof generating the new population from the old population is called one generation. Many such generations are run till the maximum number of generations is met or the average of four selected fitness values in each generation becomes steady. This ensures that the optimization of all the variables (cutting speed, feed rate, radial rake angle and nose radius) is carried out simultaneously. The final statistics are displayed at the end of all iterations. In order to optimize the present problem using GA, the following parameters have been selected to obtain the best possible solution with the least computational effort: Table 7 shows some of the minimum values of the surface roughness predicted by the GA program with respect to input machining ranges, and Table 8 shows the optimum machining conditions for the corresponding minimum values of the surface roughness shown in Table 7. The MRR given in Table 8 was calculated bywhere f is the table feed (mm/min), aa is the axial depth of cut (20 mm) and ar is the radial depth of cut (1 mm).It can be concluded from the optimization results of the GA program that it is possible toselect a combination of cutting speed, feed rate, radial rake angle and nose radius for achieving the best possible surface finish giving a reasonably good material removal rate. This GA program provides optimum machining conditions for the corresponding given minimum values of the surface roughness. The application of the genetic algorithmic approach to obtain optimal machining conditions will be quite useful at the computer aided process planning (CAPP) stage in the production of high quality goods with tight tolerances by a variety of machining operations, and in the adaptive control of automated machine tools. With the known boundaries of surface roughness and machining conditions, machining could be performed with a relatively high rate of success with the selected machining conditions.6 ConclusionsThe investigations of this study indicate that the parameters cutting speed, feed, radial rake angle and nose radius are the primary actors influencing the surface roughness of medium carbon steel uring end milling. The approach presented in this paper provides n impetus to develop analytical models, based on experimental results for obtaining a surface roughness model using the response surface methodology. By incorporating the cutter geometry in the model, the validity of the model has been enhanced. The optimization of this model using genetic algorithms has resulted in a fairly useful method of obtaining machining parameters in order to obtain the best possible surface quality.中文翻译选择最佳工具，几何形状和切削条件利用表面粗糙度预测模型端铣摘要：刀具几何形状对工件表面质量产生的影响是人所共知的，因此，任何成型面端铣设计应包括刀具的几何形状。
表面处理、模具等常用机械英语对照
表面处理、热处理关连用语英汉对照age hardening 时效硬化 ageing 老化处理air hardening 气体硬化 air patenting 空气韧化annealing 退火 anode effect 阳极效应anodizing 阳极氧化处理 atomloy treatment 阿托木洛伊表面austempering 奥氏体等温淬火 austenite 奥斯田体/奥氏体bainite 贝氏体 banded structure 条纹状组织barrel plating 滚镀 barrel tumbling 滚筒打光blackening 染黑法 blue shortness 青熟脆性bonderizing 磷酸盐皮膜处理 box annealing 箱型退火box carburizing 封箱渗碳 bright electroplating 辉面电镀bright heat treatment 光辉热处理 bypass heat treatment 旁路热处理carbide 炭化物 carburized case depth 浸碳硬化深层carburizing 渗碳 cementite 炭化铁chemical plating 化学电镀 chemical vapor deposition 化学蒸镀coarsening 结晶粒粗大化 coating 涂布被覆cold shortness 低温脆性 comemtite 渗碳体controlled atmosphere 大气热处理 corner effect 锐角效应creeping discharge 蠕缓放电 decarburization 脱碳处理decarburizing 脱碳退火 depth of hardening 硬化深层diffusion 扩散 diffusion annealing 扩散退火electrolytic hardening 电解淬火 embossing 压花etching 表面蚀刻 ferrite 肥粒铁first stage annealing 第一段退火 flame hardening 火焰硬化flame treatment 火焰处理 full annealing 完全退火gaseous cyaniding 气体氧化法 globular cementite 球状炭化铁grain size 结晶粒度 granolite treatment 磷酸溶液热处理graphitizing 石墨退火 hardenability 硬化性hardenability curve 硬化性曲线 hardening 硬化heat treatment 热处理 hot bath quenching 热浴淬火hot dipping 热浸镀 induction hardening 高周波硬化ion carbonitriding 离子渗碳氮化 ion carburizing 离子渗碳处理ion plating 离子电镀 isothermal annealing 等温退火liquid honing 液体喷砂法 low temperature annealing 低温退火malleablizing 可锻化退火 martempering 麻回火处理martensite 马氏体/硬化铁炭 metallikon 金属喷镀法metallizing 真空涂膜 nitriding 氮化处理nitrocarburizing 软氮化 normalizing 正常化oil quenching 油淬化 overageing 过老化overheating 过热 pearlite 针尖组织phosphating 磷酸盐皮膜处理 physical vapor deposition 物理蒸镀plasma nitriding 离子氮化 pre-annealing 预备退火precipitation 析出 precipitation hardening 析出硬化press quenching 加压硬化 process annealing 制程退火quench ageing 淬火老化 quench hardening 淬火quenching crack 淬火裂痕 quenching distortion 淬火变形quenching stress 淬火应力 reconditioning 再调质recrystallization 再结晶 red shortness 红热脆性residual stress 残留应力 retained austenite 残留奥rust prevention 防蚀 salt bath quenching 盐浴淬火sand blast 喷砂处理 seasoning 时效处理second stage annealing 第二段退火 secular distortion 经年变形segregation 偏析 selective hardening 部分淬火shot blast 喷丸处理 shot peening 珠击法single stage nitriding 等温渗氮 sintering 烧结处理soaking 均热处理 softening 软化退火solution treatment 固溶化热处理 spheroidizing 球状化退火stabilizing treatment 安定化处理 straightening annealing 矫直退火strain ageing 应变老化 stress relieving annealing 应力消除退火subzero treatment 生冷处理 supercooling 过冷surface hardening 表面硬化处理 temper brittleness 回火脆性temper colour 回火颜色 tempering 回火tempering crack 回火裂痕 texture 咬花thermal refining 调质处理 thermoechanical treatment 加工热处理time quenching 时间淬火 transformation 变态tufftride process 软氮化处理 under annealing 不完全退火vacuum carbonitriding 真空渗碳氮化 vacuum carburizing 真空渗碳处理vacuum hardening 真空淬火 vacuum heat treatment 真空热处理vacuum nitriding 真空氮化 water quenching 水淬火wetout 浸润处理模具厂常用之标准零配件英汉对照air vent vale 通气阀 anchor pin 锚梢angular pin 角梢 baffle 调节阻板angular pin 倾斜梢 baffle plate 折流档板ball button 球塞套 ball plunger 定位球塞ball slider 球塞滑块 binder plate 压板blank holder 防皱压板 blanking die 落料冲头bolster 上下模板 bottom board 浇注底板bolster 垫板 bottom plate 下固定板bracket 托架 bumper block 缓冲块buster 堵口 casting ladle 浇注包casting lug 铸耳 cavity 模穴(模仁)cavity retainer plate 模穴托板 center pin 中心梢clamping block 锁定块 coil spring 螺旋弹簧cold punched nut 冷冲螺母 cooling spiral 螺旋冷却栓core 心型 core pin 心型梢cotter 开口梢 cross 十字接头cushion pin 缓冲梢 diaphragm gate 盘形浇口die approach 模头料道 die bed 型底die block 块形模体 die body 铸模座die bush 合模衬套 die button 冲模母模die clamper 夹模器 die fastener 模具固定用零件die holder 母模固定板 die lip 模唇die plate 冲模板 die set 冲压模座direct gate 直接浇口 dog chuck 爪牙夹头dowel 定位梢 dowel hole 导套孔dowel pin 合模梢 dozzle 辅助浇口dowel pin 定位梢 draft 拔模锥度draw bead 张力调整杆 drive bearing 传动轴承ejection pad 顶出衬垫 ejector 脱模器ejector guide pin 顶出导梢 ejector leader busher 顶出导梢衬套ejector pad 顶出垫 ejector pin 顶出梢ejector plate 顶出板 ejector rod 顶出杆ejector sleeve 顶出衬套 ejector valve 顶出阀机械类常用英语：生产类PCS Pieces 个(根,块等) PRS Pairs 双(对等)CTN Carton 卡通箱 PAL Pallet/skid 栈板PO Purchasing Order 采购订单 MO Manufacture Order 生产单D/C Date Code 生产日期码 ID/C Identification Code (供应商)识别码SWR Special Work Request 特殊工作需求L/N Lot Number 批号 P/N Part Number 料号机械专业英语词汇（很全）金属切削 metal cutting 机床 machine tool金属工艺学 technology of metals 刀具 cutter摩擦 friction 联结 link传动 drive/transmission 轴 shaft弹性 elasticity 频率特性 frequency characteristic误差 error 响应 response定位 allocation 机床夹具 jig动力学 dynamic 运动学 kinematic静力学 static 分析力学 analyse mechanics拉伸 pulling 压缩 hitting剪切 shear 扭转 twist弯曲应力 bending stress 强度 intensity三相交流电 three-phase AC 磁路 magnetic circles变压器 transformer 异步电动机 asynchronous motor几何形状 geometrical 精度 precision正弦形的 sinusoid 交流电路 AC circuit机械加工余量 machining allowance 变形力 deforming force变形 deformation 应力 stress硬度 rigidity 热处理 heat treatment退火 anneal 正火 normalizing脱碳 decarburization 渗碳 carburization电路 circuit 半导体元件 semiconductor element反馈 feedback 发生器 generator直流电源 DC electrical source 门电路 gate circuit逻辑代数 logic algebra 外圆磨削 external grinding内圆磨削 internal grinding 平面磨削 plane grinding变速箱 gearbox 离合器 clutch绞孔 fraising 绞刀 reamer螺纹加工 thread processing 螺钉 screw铣削 mill 铣刀 milling cutter功率 power 工件 workpiece齿轮加工 gear mechining 齿轮 gear主运动 main movement 主运动方向 direction of main movement 进给方向 direction of feed 进给运动 feed movement合成进给运动 resultant movement of feed合成切削运动 resultant movement of cutting合成切削运动方向 direction of resultant movement of cutting切削深度 cutting depth 前刀面 rake face刀尖 nose of tool 前角 rake angle后角 clearance angle 龙门刨削 planing主轴 spindle 主轴箱 headstock卡盘 chuck 加工中心 machining center车刀 lathe tool 车床 lathe钻削镗削 bore 车削 turning磨床 grinder 基准 benchmark钳工 locksmith 锻 forge压模 stamping 焊 weld拉床 broaching machine 拉孔 broaching装配 assembling 铸造 found流体动力学 fluid dynamics 流体力学 fluid mechanics加工 machining 液压 hydraulic pressure切线 tangent 机电一体化 mechanotronics mechanical-electrical integration 气压 air pressure pneumatic pressure 稳定性 stability介质 medium 液压驱动泵 fluid clutch液压泵 hydraulic pump 阀门 valve失效 invalidation 强度 intensity载荷 load 应力 stress安全系数 safty factor 可靠性 reliability螺纹 thread 螺旋 helix键 spline 销 pin滚动轴承 rolling bearing 滑动轴承 sliding bearing弹簧 spring 制动器 arrester brake十字结联轴节 crosshead 联轴器 coupling链 chain 皮带 strap精加工 finish machining 粗加工 rough machining变速箱体 gearbox casing 腐蚀 rust氧化 oxidation 磨损 wear耐用度 durability 随机信号 random signal离散信号 discrete signal 超声传感器 ultrasonic sensor集成电路 integrate circuit 挡板 orifice plate残余应力 residual stress 套筒 sleeve扭力 torsion 冷加工 cold machining电动机 electromotor 汽缸 cylinder过盈配合 interference fit 热加工 hotwork摄像头 CCD camera 倒角 rounding chamfer优化设计 optimal design 工业造型设计 industrial moulding design 有限元 finite element 滚齿 hobbing插齿 gear shaping 伺服电机 actuating motor铣床 milling machine 钻床 drill machine镗床 boring machine 步进电机 stepper motor丝杠 screw rod 导轨 lead rail组件 subassembly 可编程序逻辑控制器 Programmable Logic Controller PLC 电火花加工 electric spark machining电火花线切割加工 electrical discharge wire - cutting相图 phase diagram 热处理 heat treatment固态相变 solid state phase changes 有色金属 nonferrous metal陶瓷 ceramics 合成纤维 synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀 electrochemical corrosion 车架 automotive chassis悬架 suspension 转向器 redirector变速器 speed changer 板料冲压 sheet metal parts孔加工 spot facing machining 车间 workshop工程技术人员 engineer 气动夹紧 pneuma lock数学模型 mathematical model 画法几何 descriptive geometry机械制图 Mechanical drawing 投影 projection视图 view 剖视图 profile chart标准件 standard component 零件图 part drawing装配图 assembly drawing 尺寸标注 size marking技术要求 technical requirements 刚度 rigidity内力 internal force 位移 displacement截面 section 疲劳极限 fatigue limit断裂 fracture 塑性变形 plastic distortion脆性材料 brittleness material 刚度准则 rigidity criterion垫圈 washer 垫片 spacer直齿圆柱齿轮 straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮 helical-spur gear 直齿锥齿轮 straight bevel gear 运动简图 kinematic sketch齿轮齿条 pinion and rack 蜗杆蜗轮 worm and worm gear虚约束 passive constraint 曲柄 crank摇杆 racker 凸轮 cams共轭曲线 conjugate curve 范成法 generation method定义域 definitional domain 值域 range导数\\微分 differential coefficient 求导 derivation定积分 definite integral 不定积分 indefinite integral曲率 curvature 偏微分 partial differential毛坯 rough 游标卡尺 slide caliper千分尺 micrometer calipers 攻丝 tap二阶行列式 second order determinant 逆矩阵 inverse matrix线性方程组 linear equations 概率 probability随机变量 random variable 排列组合 permutation and combination 气体状态方程 equation of state of gas 动能 kinetic energy势能 potential energy 机械能守恒 conservation of mechanical energy 动量 momentum 桁架 truss轴线 axes 余子式 cofactor逻辑电路 logic circuit 触发器 flip-flop脉冲波形 pulse shape 数模 digital analogy液压传动机构 fluid drive mechanism 机械零件 mechanical parts淬火冷却 quench 淬火 hardening回火 tempering 调质 hardening and tempering磨粒 abrasive grain 结合剂 bonding agent砂轮 grinding wheel机械类常用英语：常用加工机械3D coordinate measurement 三次元量床 boring machine 搪孔机cnc milling machine CNC铣床 contouring machine 轮廓锯床copy grinding machine 仿形磨床 copy lathe 仿形车床copy milling machine 仿形铣床 copy shaping machine 仿形刨床cylindrical grinding machine 外圆磨床 die spotting machine 合模机drilling machine 钻孔机 engraving machine 雕刻机engraving E.D.M. 雕模放置加工机 form grinding machine 成形磨床graphite machine 石墨加工机 horizontal boring machine 卧式搪孔机horizontal machine center 卧式加工制造中心internal cylindrical machine 内圆磨床jig boring machine 冶具搪孔机 jig grinding machine 冶具磨床lap machine 研磨机 machine center 加工制造中心multi model miller 靠磨铣床 NC drilling machine NC钻床NC grinding machine NC磨床 NC lathe NC车床NC programming system NC程式制作系统 planer 龙门刨床profile grinding machine 投影磨床 projection grinder 投影磨床radial drilling machine 旋臂钻床 shaper 牛头刨床surface grinder 平面磨床 try machine 试模机turret lathe 转塔车床 universal tool grinding machine 万能工具磨床vertical machine center 立式加工制造中心 wire E.D.M. 线割放电加工机机械类常用英语：钢材类alloy tool steel 合金工具钢 aluminium alloy 铝合金钢bearing alloy 轴承合金 blister steel 浸碳钢bonderized steel sheet 邦德防蚀钢板 carbon tool steel 碳素工具钢clad sheet 被覆板 clod work die steel 冷锻模用钢emery 金钢砂 ferrostatic pressure 钢铁水静压力forging die steel 锻造模用钢 galvanized steel sheet 镀锌铁板hard alloy steel 超硬合金钢 high speed tool steel 高速度工具钢hot work die steel 热锻模用钢 low alloy tool steel 特殊工具钢low manganese casting steel 低锰铸钢 marging steel 马式体高强度热处理钢martrix alloy 马特里斯合金 meehanite cast iron 米汉纳铸钢meehanite metal 米汉纳铁 merchant iron 市售钢材molybdenum high speed steel 钼系高速钢 molybdenum steel 钼钢nickel chromium steel 镍铬钢 prehardened steel 顶硬钢silicon steel sheet 矽钢板 stainless steel 不锈钢tin plated steel sheet 镀锡铁板 ough pitch copper 韧铜troostite 吐粒散铁 tungsten steel 钨钢vinyl tapped steel sheet 塑胶覆面钢板外贸常用机械英语大全Assembly line 组装线 Layout 布置图Conveyer 流水线物料板 Rivet table 拉钉机Rivet gun 拉钉枪 Screw driver 起子Pneumatic screw driver 气动起子 worktable 工作桌OOBA 开箱检查 fit together 组装在一起fasten 锁紧(螺丝) fixture 夹具(治具)pallet 栈板 barcode 条码barcode scanner 条码扫描器 fuse together 熔合fuse machine热熔机 repair修理operator作业员 QC品管supervisor 课长 ME 制造工程师MT 制造生技 cosmetic inspect 外观检查inner parts inspect 内部检查 thumb screw 大头螺丝lbs. inch 镑、英寸 EMI gasket 导电条front plate 前板 rear plate 后板chassis 基座 bezel panel 面板power button 电源按键 reset button 重置键Hi-pot test of SPS 高源高压测试 Voltage switch of SPS 电源电压接拉键sheet metal parts 冲件 plastic parts 塑胶件SOP 制造作业程序 material check list 物料检查表work cell 工作间 trolley 台车carton 纸箱 sub-line 支线left fork 叉车 personnel resource department 人力资源部production department生产部门 planning department企划部QC Section品管科 stamping factory冲压厂painting factory烤漆厂 molding factory成型厂common equipment常用设备 uncoiler and straightener整平机punching machine 冲床 robot机械手hydraulic machine油压机 lathe车床planer |plein|刨床 miller铣床grinder磨床 linear cutting线切割electrical sparkle电火花 welder电焊机staker=reviting machine铆合机 position职务president董事长 general manager总经理special assistant manager特助 factory director厂长department director部长 deputy manager | =vice manager副理section supervisor课长 deputy section supervisor =vice section superisor副课长group leader/supervisor组长 line supervisor线长assistant manager助理 to move, to carry, to handle搬运be put in storage入库 pack packing包装to apply oil擦油 to file burr 锉毛刺final inspection终检 to connect material接料to reverse material 翻料 wet station沾湿台Tiana天那水 cleaning cloth抹布to load material上料 to unload material卸料to return material/stock to退料 scraped报废scrape ..v.刮;削 deficient purchase来料不良manufacture procedure制程 deficient manufacturing procedure制程不良oxidation氧化 scratch刮伤dents压痕 defective upsiding down抽芽不良defective to staking铆合不良 embedded lump镶块feeding is not in place送料不到位 stamping-missing漏冲production capacity生产力 education and training教育与训练proposal improvement提案改善 spare parts=buffer备件forklift叉车 trailer=long vehicle拖板车compound die合模 die locker锁模器pressure plate=plate pinch压板 bolt螺栓administration/general affairs dept总务部 automatic screwdriver电动启子thickness gauge厚薄规 gauge(or jig)治具power wire电源线 buzzle蜂鸣器defective product label不良标签 identifying sheet list标示单location地点 present members出席人员subject主题 conclusion结论decision items决议事项 responsible department负责单位pre-fixed finishing date预定完成日approved by / checked by / prepared by核准/审核/承办PCE assembly production schedule sheet PCE组装厂生产排配表model机锺 work order工令revision版次 remark备注production control confirmation生产确认 checked by初审approved by核准 department部门stock age analysis sheet 库存货龄分析表 on-hand inventory现有库存available material良品可使用 obsolete material良品已呆滞to be inspected or reworked 待验或重工 total合计cause description原因说明 part number/ P/N 料号type形态 item/group/class类别quality品质 prepared by制表notes说明year-end physical inventory difference analysis sheet 年终盘点差异分析表physical inventory盘点数量 physical count quantity帐面数量difference quantity差异量 cause analysis原因分析raw materials原料 materials物料finished product成品 semi-finished product半成品packing materials包材good product/accepted goods/ accepted parts/good parts良品defective product/non-good parts不良品disposed goods处理品 warehouse/hub仓库on way location在途仓 oversea location海外仓spare parts physical inventory list备品盘点清单spare molds location模具备品仓skid/pallet栈板 tox machine自铆机wire EDM线割 EDM放电机coil stock卷料 sheet stock片料tolerance工差 score=groove压线cam block滑块 pilot导正筒trim剪外边 pierce剪内边drag form压锻差 pocket for the punch head挂钩槽slug hole废料孔 feature die公母模expansion dwg展开图 radius半径shim(wedge)楔子 torch-flame cut火焰切割set screw止付螺丝 form block折刀stop pin定位销 round pierce punch=die button圆冲子shape punch=die insert异形子 stock locater block定位块under cut=scrap chopper清角 active plate活动板baffle plate挡块 cover plate盖板male die公模 female die母模groove punch压线冲子 air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆spring-box eject-plate弹簧箱顶板 bushing block衬套insert 入块 club car高尔夫球车capability能力 parameter参数factor系数 phosphate皮膜化成viscosity涂料粘度 alkalidipping脱脂main manifold主集流脉 bezel斜视规blanking穿落模 dejecting顶固模demagnetization去磁;消磁 high-speed transmission高速传递heat dissipation热传 rack上料degrease脱脂 rinse水洗alkaline etch龄咬 desmut剥黑膜D.I. rinse纯水次 Chromate铬酸处理Anodize阳性处理 seal封孔revision版次 part number/P/N料号barcode条码 flow chart流程表单assembly组装 stamping冲压molding成型 spare parts=buffer备品coordinate座标 dismantle the die折模auxiliary fuction辅助功能 poly-line多义线heater band 加热片 thermocouple热电偶sand blasting喷沙 grit 砂砾derusting machine除锈机 degate打浇口dryer烘干机 induction感应induction light感应光 response=reaction=interaction感应ram连杆 edge finder巡边器concave凸 convex凹short射料不足 nick缺口speck瑕疵 shine亮班splay 银纹 gas mark焦痕delamination起鳞 cold slug冷块blush 导色 gouge沟槽;凿槽satin texture段面咬花 witness line证示线patent专利 grit沙砾granule=peuet=grain细粒 grit maker抽粒机cushion缓冲 magnalium镁铝合金magnesium镁金 metal plate钣金blinster气泡 fillet镶;嵌边through-hole form通孔形式 voller pin formality滚针形式cam driver铡楔 shank摸柄crank shaft曲柄轴 augular offset角度偏差velocity速度 production tempo生产进度现状torque扭矩 spline=the multiple keys花键quenching淬火 tempering回火annealing退火 carbonization碳化tungsten high speed steel钨高速的 moly high speed steel钼高速的organic solvent有机溶剂 bracket小磁导liaison联络单 volatile挥发性resistance电阻 ion离子titrator滴定仪 beacon警示灯coolant冷却液 crusher破碎机机械工具英语spanner 扳子 (美作:wrench) double-ended spanner 双头扳子adjustable spanner, monkey wrench 活扳子,活络扳手box spanner 管钳子 (美作:socket wrench) calipers 卡规pincers, tongs 夹钳 shears 剪子hacksaw 钢锯 wire cutters 剪线钳multipurpose pliers, universal pliers 万能手钳 adjustable pliers 可调手钳punch 冲子 chuck 卡盘scraper 三角刮刀 reamer 扩孔钻calliper gauge 孔径规 rivet 铆钉nut 螺母 locknut 自锁螺母,防松螺母bolt 螺栓 pin, peg, dowel 销钉staple U形钉 oil can 油壶jack 工作服 grease gun 注油枪抛光 polishing 衬套 bushing半机械化 semi-mechanization; semi-mechanized半自动滚刀磨床 semi-automatic hob grinder半自动化 semi-automation; semi-automatic备件 spare parts 边刨床 side planer变速箱 transmission gear 柄轴 arbor部件 units; assembly parts 插床 slotting machine拆卸 to disassemble 超高速内圆磨床 ultra-high-speed internal grinder。
模具制造专业外文翻译--注射成型应用
外文原文Injection Molding ApplicationsIntroductionThe use of plastic tooling in injection molding occurs within the field of Rapid Tooling (RT), which provides processes that are capable of producing injection mold tooling for low volume manufacturing at reduced costs and lead times. Such tooling allows the injection molding of parts in the end-use materials for functional prototype evaluation, short series production, and the validation of designs prior to hard tooling commitment. The term Rapid Tooling is somewhat ambiguous – its name suggests a tooling method that is simply produced quickly. However, the term is generically associated with a tooling method that in some form involves rapid prototyping technologies.Investigation and application of Stereo lithography (SL) to produce mold cavities for plastic injection molding primarily began in the 1990s. Initially the process was promoted as a quick route to soft tooling for injection molding (a tool to produce a relative low number of parts). The advantages of this have been somewhat diluted as other mold production technologies, such as high speed machining, have progressed,but other unique capabilities of the process have also been demonstrated.Stereo lithography has several process capabilities that are particularly advantageous for injection mold tooling, but we should also appreciate that is accompanied by some significant restrictions. This chapter introduces several aspects of the process accompanied by a discussion of its pros and cons, along with examples of work by different parties (Fig. 1).Fig. 1 Injection molding insert generated by stereo lithography, shown with part1. Mold ProductionIn order to discuss the main topic; the direct production of mold cavities, it is first necessary to differentiate this from the indirect route. This is not a significant topic since SL merely provides the master pattern which, irrespective of the process used to produce this, has little influence on the subsequent injection molding.1.1 Indirect Mold ProductionThe indirect methods involve the use of an initial geometry that has been produced by SL. This geometry is utilized as a pattern in a sequence of process steps that translate into a tool which may be made of a material different to that of the pattern.Cast epoxy tooling represents a common indirect plastic RT method for injection molding. The process begins with a 3D model (i.e. CAD) of the part to be molded.Subsequently this model is produced by SL to provide a master pattern around which the mold will be formed. Traditionally, the part is produced solely without provision for parting lines, gating, etc. Such ancillaries are generated by manual methods (i.e. by fixing additional features to the part). However, the advent of easier CAD manipulation allows the model to be produced including such features.Once the complete master pattern has been produced, the mold halves are created by casting epoxy around the pattern, thus recreating a negative profile of the pattern.The epoxy may include fillers in attempts to improve strength and thermal properties of the mold. Such fillers include metal and ceramic particles in various forms.1.2 Direct Mold ProductionThe direct methods involve a SL system directly generating the tooling cavityinserts in its native material. The accuracy of the SL RP process results in insertsthat require few further operations prior to their use in injection molding. Like allRP related techniques the process is dependent on a 3D CAD model of the intended geometry. Unlike indirect techniques, the whole tool insert is generated by SL and so a 3D CAD representation of the whole tool insert is required. This involves creating negatives of the part to form the mold insert bodies, plus the provisions for gating, part ejection, etc. Previously, this extra CAD work would have represented more work required in the preparation. Such input is now minimized as modern CAD manipulation packages (e.g. Materialise’s Magics software) allow the automation of such activities. Once generated, the cavity inserts need to be secured in a bolster to withstand clamping forces and to provide alignment to the mold halves.It should also be mentioned that direct SL tooling for injection molding has also been referred to as Direct AIM. This term was given to the process by 3D Systems(SL system manufacturers) and refers to Direct ACES Injection Molding. (ACES stands for “Accurate Clear Epoxy Solid,” which is a SL build style).2. The Requirement of the ProcessThe introduction of rapid prototyping has allowed engineers and designers togenerate physical models of parts very early in the design and developmentphase. However, the requirements of such prototypes have now progressed beyond the validation of geometry and onto the physical testing and proving of the parts.For such tests to be conducted, the part must be produced in the material and manner (process) that the production intent part will be. For injection molding, this situation highlights the requirement of a rapid mold-making system that can deliver these parts within time and cost boundaries.Stereo lithography provides a possible solution to this by providing the rapid creation of a mold. A negative of the part required plus gating and ejection arrangements are generated in 3D CAD to create a tool that is fabricated by SL.This provides an epoxy mold from which it is possible to produce plastic parts by injection molding.Both Luck et al. and Roberts and Ilston evaluated SL in comparison with other direct RP mold-generating techniques for producing a typical development quantity of moldings. The SLmolding process was found to be a superior alternative for producing design-intent prototypes.It has also been noted that other alternative techniques involve additional steps to the process, therefore becoming less direct and not really RT. Other advantages of the process have been highlighted beyond the prototype validation phase. Since the tool design has been verified, the lead-time and cost involved in the manufacture of production tooling is also often reduced as the tool design has already beenproven.During the early years of SL it was never envisaged that such a RT method would be possible. At first glance the application of SL for injection mold tooling seems unfeasible due to the low thermal conductivity and limited mechanical properties of epoxy, especially at high temperatures. The glass transition temperature of SL materials available was only ~60_C, while the typical temperature of an injected polymer is over 200_C. Despite these supposed limits, successful results were achieved by SL users worldwide, including the Danish Technological Institute, Ciba Geigy, Fraunhofer Institute, the Queensland Manufacturing Institute, and Xerox Corporation.3. Mold Design ConsiderationsIn terms of the mold’s actual cavity design, relatively little information exists on the specific requirements of SL tooling. The early white paper issued by 3DSystems suggests the incorporation of a generous draft angle, but does not statethe amount and recommends the use of a silicone based release agent (every shot) in an attempt to prevent the parts sticking to the inserts. Work has been conducted that quantifies the effects of draft angle on the force exerted on SL tools upon ejection of a molding. It has been shown that an increase in tooling draft angle results in a lower force required to remove a part from the tool. However, the effect of draft angle variation on ejection force is minimal and little compensation for the deviation from intended part geometry caused by the addition or removal of material required to form the draft.Work has been conducted to establish the cause of core damage during molding.This found that damage was not related to pressure, but to the size of the core features. Smaller core features were broken due to a shearing action caused by polymer melt movement.Experimentation has revealed two modes of wear during the material flow within the cavity. These modes were abrasive at medium flow points (i.e. sharp corners),and ablative at highflow points (i.e. injection points). Other work has also emphasized the importance of the material flow influenced by mold design, identifying gating, and parting line shut off areas as points of potentially high wear.Fig. 2 Parts requiring different gating arrangements according to molding material4. injectionlaser system’s degree of curing is dependent upon the pulse frequency and the hatch spacing. Generally a continuous mode laser system allows for greater energy exposure.With respect to post-curing operations it should be noted that the amount of curing is not greatly affected by UV environment exposure. If thermal post curing is tobe used it should also be noted that a large majority of warpage occurs during this stage, which may be a concern if thin walled sections are in existence.The layer thickness of each build slice dictates the SL part’s roughness on surfaces parallel to the build direction. When this surface roughness is parallel to a mo lded part’s direction of ejection it has a resultant effect on the force required to remove the part from the mold which in turn applies a force to the insert which could result in damage. This surface roughness and the ejection forces experienced,correspond linearly to the build layer thickness. The solution is to re-orientate the SL build direction or employ a lesser layer thickness.4.1 Injection MoldingDuring molding, a release agent should be frequently used to lower the force experienced by the too l due to part ejection. In the author’s experience, a siliconelike agent is the most successful. Low-injection pressures and speeds should be used whenever feasible. Much lower settings are feasible in comparison to some forms of metal tooling due to SL heat transfer characteristics as discussed within this section.Early recommendations for SL injection molding stated that since damage occurs during part ejection it was appropriate to allow as much cooling prior to mold opening as possible. This reduced the tendency of the parts to stick to the inserts . The author has trialled this approach, which often leads to greater success, but the part-to-part cycle times are extremely long.More recent work has demonstrated that it is advantageous to eject the part as soon as possible (when part strength allows) before the bulk mass of cavity features have exceeded their glass transition point, when their physical strength is greatly reduced. This greatly reduces the heat transmitted into the tool and the cycle time for each part. Subsequently, it is also critical to monitor the mold temperature throughout the molding cycle to avoid exceeding the glass transition temperature (Tg) of epoxy, where tool strength is reduced. This entails each molding cycle beginning with the epoxy insert at ambient temperature and the part being ejected prior to Tg of the majority of the inserts volume being reached. This has been achieved in practice by inserting thermocouples from the rear of the cavity insert into the most vulnerable mold features such that the probe lies shortly beneath the cavity surface. Allowing the polymer to remain for sufficient time within the mold, while also avoiding critical Tg, is possible due to the very low thermal conductivity of SL materials.In addition, the low thermal conductivity of SL materials has been demonstrated to be advantageous in this application for injection mold tooling. It has been shown that the low thermal conductivity of SL tooling allows the use of low injection speeds and temperatures which are required due to the limited mechanical properties of SL materials. Traditional metal tooling needs these high pressures and speeds to prevent the injected polymer freezing prior to the mold completely filling.This is due to the rapid cooling of the injection melt when it comes into contact with the high thermal conductivity mold surface. Also, the SL tooling process has shown itself to be capable of producing parts that would not be possible under the same conditions using a metalmold. The thermal characteristics of SL tooling have made it possible to completely mold crystalline polyether ether ketone (PEEK), which has an injection temperature of 400_C (752_F).An equivalent steel mold would require a premolding temperature of about 200_C(392_F). An impeller geometry was successfully molded with vastly lower injection speeds and pressures were utilized, as shown in the Table 1 and Fig. 3.Table 10.1 Polyether ether ketone molding variables in SL mold vs. steel moldFig. 3 PEEK impeller molded by stereo lithography toolsA particularly illustrative account of the cooling conditions is shown in the above image. It can be seen that the polymer is primarily gray in color where it contacts SL surfaces indicating crystalline formation. Whereas where it comes into contact with the steel ejector pins it is brown, indicating localized amorphous areas. This is due to the difference in heat transfer of the two materials and hence the cooling rate experienced by the contacting polymer.5. Process ConsiderationsVarious polymers have been successfully molded by SL injection molding. These include polyester, polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyamide (PA), polycarbonate,PEEK, acrylonitrile styrene acrylate, and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene.The greatest material limitation encountered has been the use of glass filled materials. All evidence indicates that the SL molding technique does not cope well with glass filled materials due to severe problems of abrasion to the SL cavity surface. This leads to poor quality, inaccurate parts, and undercuts in the cavity, which eventually result in the destruction of the SL insert. This abrasive nature has been quantified with a comparative SL molding study of PA 66 and PA 66 with 30% glass fiber content. The PA 66 enabled 19 shots prior to damage, while the glass filled variant allowed only 6 shots before the same level of damage was incurred . These findings are supported by work conducted by the author, with PA 66 with a 30% glass fiber content inducing high mold wear. However, it has been demonstrated that appropriate choices in mold design and process variables reduced the rate of wear. The use of appropriate settings has allowed the successful molding of a low number of partsas large as 165 _ 400 _ 48 mm (6.5 _ 16 _ 2 in.) with high geometrical complexity in PA66 with 30% glass content. The tool and parts are shown in Figs. 4 and 5.6 .Molded Part PropertiesDuring the course of my work with SL tooling, I have endeavored to investigate and pursue the most important aspect of tooling and molding; it is a means to an end.The end is the molded parts themselves. These are the products and if they are unsuitable, then tool performance is entirely irrelevant. Early work examining the resultant parts produced by the SL injection process described them only as being of a poor quality, effected by warping, and requiring a longer time to solidify due to the mold’s poor heat transfer producing a nonuniform temperature distribution. Other work also noted that using diffe ring materials in a mold’s construction (i.e. a steel core and a SL cavity) led to warping of the part due to the different thermal conductivities of the mold materials .Fig. 4 Large stereolithography molding toolFig. 5 Subsequent parts produced in polyamide 66 (30% glass fiber) The low thermal conductivity, and hence the low cooling rate, of the mold has a significant influence on the material properties of the molded parts. It was shown that parts from an epoxy mold exhibit a higher strength, but a lower elongation;around 20% in both cases .The differing mechanical properties of parts produced from SL molds as compared to thosefrom metal tools is also demonstrated in other work . This showed that the parts manufactured by SL molding had a lesser value of Young’s Modulus compared to those produced in a steel mold but possessed a greater maximum tensile strength and percentage elongation at break. These different part properties were attributed to a slow rate of heat transfer of the tool. This slow rate of heat transfer produces longer part cooling times giving a greater strength but less toughness.Research performed at Georgia Institute of Technology further investigated the mechanical properties of parts produced by the SL molding process. This work showed that noncrystalline and crystalline thermoplastic parts produced by the SL molding technique displayed differing mechanical characteristics than parts from traditional molds. Noncrystalline material parts possessed similar all-round mechanical properties compared to those produced in identical steel molds. However, crystalline thermoplastic parts demonstrated higher tensile strength, higher flexural strength, and lower impact properties compared to those manufactured in identical steel molds. More so with crystalline polymers than with amorphous materials, the mechanical properties of the plastic parts are influenced by the cooling conditions. These differing effects on mechanical properties have been demonstrated with PS (amorphous) and PP (crystal line). When the respective part’s mechanical properties were compared when produced by steel and by SL molds, the PS parts showed very little change while the PP parts demonstrated a great difference . In addition to differences in mechanical properties it has also been identified that some polymers exhibit different shrinkage according to the cooling conditions of the part during molding. These works indicate that crystalline polymers are susceptible to greater shrinkage when subjected to a slow cooling time.These differences in part properties have been attributed to the degree of crystallinity developed in the molded parts. This has been demonstrated by microscopic comparisons of parts produced by SL and metal alloy tooling. This revealed the spherulites (a crystal structure consisting of a round mass of radiating crystals) to be considerably larger from the SL tooling parts due to the higher temperatures and slower cooling involved during molding.In the wider field of general injection molding and plastics research, work has been conducted to identify and assess the variables that influence parts properties. These papers report a common theme, they identify the thermal history of the part to be a critical variable responsible for the parts resulting attributes. Recent work has shown that the slower molded part cooling imposed by SL tooling provides an opportunity to make some variations in the molding parameters for crystallinepolymers which allow the control of critical morphological factors (level of crystallinity). The subsequent level of crystallinity dictates many of the resultant part properties. The process modifications in this work were realized without changes to the machine, tool, or molded material (i.e. external cooling control, different polym er etc). This demonstrates a possible “tailoring” of molded part properties that would allow certain desirable part properties to be altered.These revelations demonstrate an advantage of SL tooling that was shown to not be possible in metal tooling. In summary, we must consider that the thermal characteristics of SL molds have an influence on the morphological structure of some parts. This may lead to a difference in the morphology of parts from SL tools as compared to those from metal tools. Such morphological differences can affect the shrinkage and mechanical properties of the molded part. When using SL tooling, one must decide if these differences are critical to the functionality of the part.7. ConclusionIn conclusion, SL molding is a viable process for some, but by no means all,injection molding tooling applications. Most important, is that the user should beinformed of the alternate design and processing requirements compared to conventional tooling, and be aware of the difference in resultant part characteristics, thus enabling realistic expectations and a more assured project outcome.注射成型应用摘要在快速成型领域中塑料模具在注塑成型时的应用，它在生产过程中可以制造出小批量生产降低成本和缩短时间的注塑模具。
文献翻译-注塑模具设计
编号：毕业设计(论文)外文翻译（译文）学院：机电工程学院专业：机械制造及其自动化学生姓名：学号：指导教师单位：姓名：职称：2014年 5 月26 日摘录巨大线束网络的塑料装饰构件集成的发现在汽车领域上是降低汽车重量的一个很有吸引力的方式。
当任何异物插入注射成型的部分，在聚合物中横截面的变化导致了缩痕是审美缺陷而不是塑料装饰是可以接受的组件。
在本文中，插入成型采用注射成型过程分量的方法来减少或消除缩痕线。
采用L9正交试验设计实验框架用来研究工艺参数的影响，部分的肋的几何形状，并在水槽的标记线本身存在的形成。
水槽深度被定义为在表面轮廓可以感觉到的剩余的偏转。
一个描述性的模拟研究提出在不同的肋的几何形状的观察水池深度标记的工艺参数、模具温度、熔体温度和包装的时间是不同的。
仿真结果表明，较高的模具温度可有效地最小化的下沉深度为所有的肋的几何形状，而熔体温度和包时间的影响取决于特定的肋的几何形状。
研究结果还表明，适当的组合肋的几何形状和工艺参数消除了水槽标记。
感谢我要感谢我的导师David C. Angstadt 博士的指导和在这个项目的整个过程中的信任和支持。
Angstadt 博士的不断的反馈和很高的期望，驱使我不断进取，完成这项工作。
我衷心感谢Mica Grujicic博士让我进入Moldflow。
特别感谢我的研究生同学Peiman Mosaddegh 和Celina Renner这项工作的过程中的无私帮助。
我还要感谢我的朋友Nitendra Nath，Gayatri Keskar，Sonia Ramnani，Shyam Panyam，Judhajit Roy 和Ajit Kanda的不断鼓励和帮助。
最后，我要感谢我的家人和朋友们所有的爱和关怀，如果没有这些的话，这项工作将是不完整的。
第一章引言汽车制造商正越来越多地用塑料解决方案来减轻重量。
最近的一项研究表明，塑料占了10%的汽车的总重量。
塑料在汽车从内部的保险杠到外部的门体都存在。
五轴数铣中心下注塑模具自动抛光过程翻译
五轴数铣中心下注塑模具自动抛光过程材料加工技术杂志LURPA, ENS Cachan, 61 av du pdt Wilson, 94230 Cachan, France christophe.tournier@lurpa.ens-cachan.fr, Tel : 33 147 402 996, Fax : 33 147 402 211【摘要】当表面粗糙度很关键, 或生产透明的成型零件要求镜面效果时, 塑料注射模制造就要求抛光。
这样的抛光主要由分包商公司的技术工人手动地完成。
在本论文中，我们提出一种自动抛光技术, 在5轴数控铣削加工中心自动抛光，使模具生产从加工到抛光都使用同样的工具，以节约成本。
我们还研发了一种特殊的算法来计算5轴铣刀在自由型腔上的位置以模仿工人的技术。
这一切计算都基于填充曲线和摆线曲线。
被动刀具和装置通过位移与来自力传感器的力之间的校准保证抛光力。
合规的刀具有助于成型零件在五轴刀具运动中避免运动学误差效应。
就模具表面粗糙度的质量和执行的简单性而言，这个方法的有效性通过一个旋转式发动机和摆动升降台在五轴加工中心中试验来展现出来。
【关键词】自动抛光5轴加工中心镜面效果表面粗糙度希尔伯特曲线摆线曲线几何参数C E (X E, Y E, Z E) 刀具起始点(u, v) 参数空间坐标的摆线参数曲线摆线曲线参数s曲线横坐标C(s) 导线参数方程P(s) 轨迹参数方程n (s) 法向量p 轨迹线的步长（步轨迹）D tr 轨迹直径A 轨迹线振幅Step 轨迹线两个循环间的步长工艺参数D 刀具直径D eff抛光刀具的有效直径E 抛光条振幅e 刀具压缩产生的位移θ刀具轴的倾斜角u(i,j,k) 刀具坐标系f 导线切向量Cc 摆切线加工参数N 主轴转速Vc 切削速度V f给进速度F z 给进量a p 切削厚度a t加工点T 运转时间表面粗糙度参数Ra 表面算术平均差（2D）Sa 表面高度平均差（3D）Sq 表面均方根差Ssk 偏态分布幅值Sku 偏态分布峰值【简介】高速加工（HSM）的发展大大改善了塑料注射模和模具制造商。
塑料模具外文翻译
Die history1 Die position in industrial productionMold is a high-volume products with the shape tool, is the main process of industrial production equipment.With mold components, with high efficiency, good quality, low cost, saving energy and raw materials and a series of advantages, with the mold workpieces possess high accuracy, high complexity, high consistency, high productivity and low consumption , other manufacturing methods can not match. Have already become an important means of industrial production and technological development. The basis of the modern industrial economy.The development of modern industrial and technological level depends largely on the level of industrial development die, so die industry to national economic and social development will play an increasing role. March 1989 the State Council promulgated "on the current industrial policy decision points" in the mold as the machinery industry transformation sequence of the first, production and capital construction of the second sequence (after the large-scale power generation equipment and the corresponding power transmission equipment), establish tooling industry in an important position in the national economy. Since 1997, they have to mold and its processing technology and equipment included in the "current national focus on encouraging the development of industries, products and technologies catalog" and "to encourage foreign investment industry directory." Approved by the State Council, from 1997 to 2000, more than 80 professional mold factory owned 70% VAT refund of preferential policies to support mold industry. All these have fully demonstrated the development of the State Council and state departments tooling industry attention and support. Mold around the world about the current annual output of 60 billion U.S. dollars, Japan, the United States and other industrialized countries die of industrial output value of more than machine toolindustry, beginning in 1997, China's industrial output value has exceeded the mold machine tool industry output.According to statistics, home appliances, toys and other light industries, nearly 90% of the parts are integrated with production of chopsticks; in aircraft, automobiles, agricultural machinery and radio industries, the proportion exceeded 60%. Such as aircraft manufacturing, the use of a certain type of fighter dies more than 30,000 units, of which the host 8000 sets, 2000 sets of engines, auxiliary 20 000 sets. From the output of view, since the 80's, the United States, Japan and other industrialized countries die industry output value has exceeded the machine tool industry, and there are still rising. Production technology, according to the International Association predicts that in 2000, the product best pieces of rough 75%, 50% will be finished mold completed; metals, plastics, ceramics, rubber, building materials and other industrial products, most of the mold will be completed in more than 50% metal plates, more than 80% of all plastic products, especially through the mold into.2 The historical development of moldThe emergence of mold can be traced back thousands of years ago, pottery and bronze foundry, but the large-scale use is with the rise of modern industry and developed.The 19th century, with the arms industry (gun's shell), watch industry, radio industry, dies are widely used. After World War II, with the rapid development of world economy, it became a mass production of household appliances, automobiles, electronic equipment, cameras, watches and other parts the best way. From a global perspective, when the United States in the forefront of stamping technology - many die of advanced technologies, such as simple mold, high efficiency, mold, die and stamping the high life automation, mostly originated in the United States; and Switzerland, fine blanking, cold in Germany extrusion technology, plastic processing of the Soviet Union are at the world advanced. 50's, mold industry focus is based on subscriber demand, production can meet the product requirements of the mold. Multi-die design rule of thumb, reference has been drawing and perceptual knowledge, on the design of mold parts of a lack of real understanding of function. From 1955 to 1965, is the pressure processing of exploration and development of the times - the main components of the mold and the stress state of the function of a mathematical sub-bridge, and to continue to apply to on-site practical knowledge to make stamping technology in all aspects of a leap in development. The result is summarized mold design principles, and makes the pressure machine, stamping materials, processing methods, plum with a structure, mold materials, mold manufacturing method, the field of automation devices, a new look to the practical direction of advance, so that pressing processing apparatus capable of producing quality products from the first stage.Into the 70's to high speed, launch technology, precision, security, development of the second stage. Continue to emerge in this process a variety of high efficiency, business life, high-precision multi-functional automatic school to help with. Represented by thenumber of working places as much as other progressive die and dozens of multi-station transfer station module. On this basis, has developed both a continuous pressing station there are more slide forming station of the press - bending machine. In the meantime, the Japanese stand to the world's largest - the mold into the micron-level precision, die life, alloy tool steel mold has reached tens of millions of times, carbide steel mold to each of hundreds of millions of times p minutes for stamping the number of small presses usually 200 to 300, up to 1200 times to 1500 times. In the meantime, in order to meet product updates quickly, with the short duration (such as cars modified, refurbished toys, etc.) need a variety of economic-type mold, such as zinc alloy die down, polyurethane rubber mold, die steel skin, also has been very great development.From the mid-70s so far can be said that computer-aided design, supporting the continuous development of manufacturing technology of the times. With the precision and complexity of mold rising, accelerating the production cycle, the mold industry, the quality of equipment and personnel are required to improve. Rely on common processing equipment, their experience and skills can not meet the needs of mold. Since the 90's, mechanical and electronic technologies in close connection with the development of NC machine tools, such as CNC wire cutting machine, CNC EDM, CNC milling, CNC coordinate grinding machine and so on. The use of computer automatic programming, control CNC machine tools to improve the efficiency in the use and scope. In recent years, has developed a computer to time-sharing by the way a group of direct management and control of CNC machine tools NNC system.With the development of computer technology, computers have gradually into the mold in all areas, including design, manufacturing and management. International Association for the Study of production forecasts to 2000, as a means of links between design and manufacturing drawings will lose its primary role. Automatic Design of die most fundamental point is to establish the mold standard and design standards. To get rid of the people of the past, and practical experience to judge the composition of the design center, we must take past experiences and ways of thinking, for series, numerical value, the number of type-based, as the design criteria to the computer store.Components are dry because of mold constitutes a million other differences, to come up with a can adapt to various parts of the design software almost impossible. But some products do not change the shape of parts, mold structure has certain rules, can be summed up for the automatic design of software. If a Japanese company's CDM system for progressive die design and manufacturing, including the importation of parts of the figure, rough start, strip layout, determine the size and standard templates, assembly drawing and parts, the output NC program (for CNC machining Center and line cutting program), etc., used in 20% of the time by hand, reduce their working hours to 35 hours; from Japan in the early 80s will be three-dimensional cad / cam system for automotive panel die. Currently, the physical parts scanning input, map lines and data input, geometric form, display, graphics, annotations and the data is automatically programmed, resulting in effective control machine tool control system of post-processing documents have reached a high level; computer Simulation (CAE) technology has made some achievements. At high levels, CAD / CAM / CAE integration, that data is integrated, can transmit information directly with each other. Achieve network. Present. Only a few foreign manufacturers can do it.3 China's mold industry and its development trendDie & Mould Industry StatusDue to historical reasons for the formation of closed, "big and complete" enterprise features, most enterprises in China are equipped with mold workshop, in factory matching status since the late 70s have a mold the concept of industrialization and specialization of production. Production efficiency is not high, poor economic returns. Mold production industry is small and scattered, cross-industry, capital-intensive, professional, commercial and technical management level are relatively low.According to incomplete statistics, there are now specialized in manufacturing mold, the product supporting mold factory workshop (factory) near 17 000, about 600 000 employees, annual output value reached 20 billion yuan mold. However, the existing capacity of the mold and die industry can only meet the demand of 60%, still can not meet the needs of national economic development. At present, the domestic needs of large, sophisticated, complex and long life of the mold also rely mainly on imports. According to customs statistics, in 1997 630 million U.S. dollars worth of imports mold, not including the import of mold together with the equipment; in 1997 only 78 million U.S. dollars export mold. At present the technological level of China Die & Mould Industry and manufacturing capacity, China's national economy in the weak links and bottlenecks constraining sustainable economic development.3.1 Research on the Structure of industrial products moldIn accordance with the division of China Mould Industry Association, China mold is divided into 10 basic categories, which, stamping die and plastic molding two categories accounted for the main part. Calculated by output, present, China accounts for about 50% die stamping, plastic molding die about 20%, Wire Drawing Die (Tool) about 10%of the world's advanced industrial countries and regions, the proportion of plastic forming die die general of the total output value 40%.Most of our stamping die mold for the simple, single-process mode and meet the molds, precision die, precision multi-position progressive die is also one of the few, die less than 100 million times the average life of the mold reached 100 million times the maximum life of more than accuracy 3 ~ 5um, more than 50 progressive station, and the international life of the die 600 million times the highest average life of the die 50 million times compared to the mid 80s at the international advanced level.China's plastic molding mold design, production technology started relatively late, the overall level of low. Currently a single cavity, a simple mold cavity 70%, and still dominant. A sophisticated multi-cavity mold plastic injection mold, plastic injection mold has been able to multi-color preliminary design and manufacturing. Mould is about 80 million times the average life span is about, the main difference is the large deformation of mold components, excess burr side of a large, poor surface quality, erosion and corrosion serious mold cavity, the mold cavity exhaust poor and vulnerable such as, injection mold 5um accuracy has reached below the highest life expectancy has exceeded 20 million times, the number has more than 100 chamber cavity, reaching the mid 80s to early 90s the international advanced level.3.2 mold Present Status of TechnologyTechnical level of China's mold industry currently uneven, with wide disparities. Generally speaking, with the developed industrial countries, Hong Kong and Taiwan advanced level, there is a large gap.The use of CAD / CAM / CAE / CAPP and other technical design and manufacture molds, both wide application, or technical level, there is a big gap between both. In the application of CAD technology design molds, only about 10% of the mold used in the design of CAD, aside from drawing board still has a long way to go; in the application of CAE design and analysis of mold calculation, it was just started, most of the game is stillin trial stages and animation; in the application of CAM technology manufacturing molds, first, the lack of advanced manufacturing equipment, and second, the existing process equipment (including the last 10 years the introduction of advanced equipment) or computer standard (IBM PC and compatibles, HP workstations, etc.) different, or because of differences in bytes, processing speed differences, differences in resistance to electromagnetic interference, networking is low, only about 5% of the mold manufacturing equipment of recent work in this task; in the application process planning CAPP technology, basically a blank state, based on the need for a lot of standardization work; in the mold common technology, such as mold rapid prototyping technology, polishing, electroforming technologies, surface treatment technology aspects of CAD / CAM technology in China has just started. Computer-aided technology, software development, is still at low level, the accumulation of knowledge and experience required. Most of our mold factory, mold processing equipment shop old, long in the length of civilian service, accuracy, low efficiency, still use the ordinary forging, turning, milling, planing, drilling, grinding and processing equipment, mold, heat treatment is still in use salt bath, box-type furnace, operating with the experience of workers, poorly equipped, high energy consumption. Renewal of equipment is slow, technological innovation, technological progress is not much intensity. Although in recent years introduced many advanced mold processing equipment, but are too scattered, or not complete, only about 25% utilization, equipment, some of the advanced functions are not given full play.Lack of technology of high-quality mold design, manufacturing technology and skilled workers, especially the lack of knowledge and breadth, knowledge structure, high levels of compound talents. China's mold industry and technical personnel, only 8% of employees 12%, and the technical personnel and skilled workers and lower the overall skill level. Before 1980, practitioners of technical personnel and skilled workers, the aging of knowledge, knowledge structure can not meet the current needs; and staff employed after 80 years, expertise, experience lack of hands-on ability, not ease, do not want to learn technology. In recent years, the brain drain caused by personnel not onlydecrease the quantity and quality levels, and personnel structure of the emergence of new faults, lean, make mold design, manufacturing difficult to raise the technical level.3.3 mold industry supporting materials, standard parts of present conditionOver the past 10 years, especially the "Eighth Five-Year", the State organization of the ministries have repeatedly Material Research Institute, universities and steel enterprises, research and development of special series of die steel, molds and other mold-specific carbide special tools, auxiliary materials, and some promotion. However, due to the quality is not stable enough, the lack of the necessary test conditions and test data, specifications and varieties less, large molds and special mold steel and specifications are required for the gap. In the steel supply, settlement amount and sporadic users of mass-produced steel supply and demand contradiction, yet to be effectively addressed. In addition, in recent years have foreign steel mold set up sales outlets in China, but poor channels, technical services support the weak and prices are high, foreign exchange settlement system and other factors, promote the use of much current.Mold supporting materials and special techniques in recent years despite the popularization and application, but failed to mature production technology, most still also in the exploratory stage tests, such as die coating technology, surface treatment technology mold, mold guide lubrication technology Die sensing technology and lubrication technology, mold to stress technology, mold and other anti-fatigue and anti-corrosion technology productivity has not yet fully formed, towards commercialization. Some key, important technologies also lack the protection of intellectual property.China's mold standard parts production, the formation of the early 80s only small-scale production, standardization and standard mold parts using the coverage of about 20%, from the market can be assigned to, is just about 30 varieties, and limited to small and medium size. Standard punch, hot runner components and other supplies just thebeginning, mold and parts production and supply channels for poor, poor accuracy and quality.3.4 Die & Mould Industry Structure in Industrial OrganizationChina's mold industry is relatively backward and still could not be called an independent industry. Mold manufacturer in China currently can be divided into four categories: professional mold factory, professional production outside for mold; products factory mold factory or workshop, in order to supply the product works as the main tasks needed to die; die-funded enterprises branch, the organizational model and professional mold factory is similar to small but the main; township mold business, and professional mold factory is similar. Of which the largest number of first-class, mold production accounts for about 70% of total output. China's mold industry, decentralized management system. There are 19 major industry sectors manufacture and use of mold, there is no unified management of the department. Only by China Die & Mould Industry Association, overall planning, focus on research, cross-sectoral, inter-departmental management difficulties are many.Mold is suitable for small and medium enterprises organize production, and our technical transformation investment tilted to large and medium enterprises, small and medium enterprise investment mold can not be guaranteed. Including product factory mold shop, factory, including, after the transformation can not quickly recover its investment, or debt-laden, affecting development.Although most products factory mold shop, factory technical force is strong, good equipment conditions, the production of mold levels higher, but equipment utilization rate.Price has long been China's mold inconsistent with their value, resulting in mold industry "own little economic benefit, social benefit big" phenomenon. "Dry as dry mold mold standard parts, standard parts dry as dry mold with pieces of production. Dry with parts manufactured products than with the mold" of the classof anomalies exist. 4 Die trend4.1 mold CAD / CAE / CAM being integrated, three-dimensional, intelligent and network direction(1) mold software features integratedDie software features of integrated software modules required relatively complete, while the function module using the same data model, in order to achieve Syndicated news management and sharing of information to support the mold design, manufacture, assembly, inspection, testing and production management of the entire process to achieve optimal benefits. Series such as the UK Delcam's software will include a surface / solid geometric modeling, engineering drawing complex geometry, advanced rendering industrial design, plastic mold design expert system, complex physical CAM, artistic design and sculpture automatic programming system, reverse engineering and complex systems physical line measurement systems. A higher degree of integration of the software includes: Pro / ENGINEER, UG and CATIA, etc.. Shanghai Jiaotong University, China with finite element analysis of metal plastic forming systems and Die CAD / CAM systems; Beijing Beihang Haier Software Ltd. CAXA Series software; Jilin Gold Grid Engineering Research Center of the stamping die mold CAD / CAE / CAM systems .(2) mold design, analysis and manufacture of three-dimensionalTwo-dimensional mold of traditional structural design can no longer meet modern technical requirements of production and integration. Mold design, analysis,manufacturing three-dimensional technology, paperless software required to mold a new generation of three-dimensional, intuitive sense to design the mold, using three-dimensional digital model can be easily used in the product structure of CAE analysis, tooling manufacturability evaluation and CNC machining, forming process simulation and information management and sharing. Such as Pro / ENGINEER, UG and CATIA software such as with parametric, feature-based, all relevant characteristics, so that mold concurrent engineering possible. In addition, Cimatran company Moldexpert, Delcam's Ps-mold and Hitachi Shipbuilding of Space-E/mold are professional injection mold 3D design software, interactive 3D cavity, core design, mold base design configuration and typical structure . Australian company Moldflow realistic three-dimensional flow simulation software MoldflowAdvisers been widely praised by users and applications. China Huazhong University of Science have developed similar software HSC3D4.5F and Zhengzhou University, Z-mold software. For manufacturing, knowledge-based intelligent software function is a measure of die important sign of advanced and practical one. Such as injection molding experts Cimatron's software can automatically generate parting direction based parting line and parting surface, generate products corresponding to the core and cavity, implementation of all relevant parts mold, and for automatically generated BOM Form NC drilling process, and can intelligently process parameter setting, calibration and other processing results.(3) mold software applications, networking trendWith the mold in the enterprise competition, cooperation, production and management, globalization, internationalization, and the rapid development of computer hardware and software technology, the Internet has made in the mold industry, virtual design, agile manufacturing technology both necessary and possible. The United States in its "21st Century Manufacturing Enterprise Strategy" that the auto industry by 2006 to achieve agile manufacturing / virtual engineering solutions to automotive development cycle shortened from 40 months to 4 months.4.2 mold testing, processing equipment to the precise, efficient, and multi-direction(1) mold testing equipment more sophisticated, efficientSophisticated, complex, large-scale mold development, testing equipment have become increasingly demanding. Precision Mould precision now reached 2 ~ 3μm, more domestic manufacturers have to use Italy, the United States, Japan and other countries in the high-precision coordinate measuring machine, and with digital scanning. Such as Dongfeng Motor Mould Factory not only has the capacity 3250mm × 3250mm Italian coordinate measuring machine, also has a digital photography optical scanner, the first in the domestic use of digital photography, optical scanning as a means of spatial three-dimensional access to information, enabling the establishment from the measurement of physical → model output of engineering drawings → → the whole process of mold making, reverse engineering a successful technology development and applications. This equipment include: second-generation British Renishaw high-speed scanners (CYCLON SERIES2) can be realized and contact laser probe complementary probe, laser scanner accuracy of 0.05mm, scanning probe contact accuracy of 0.02 mm. Another German company GOM ATOS portable scanners, Japan Roland's PIX-30, PIX-4 desktop scanner and the United Kingdom Taylor Hopson's TALYSCAN150 multi-sensor, respectively Three-dimensional scanner with high speed, low-cost and functional composite and so on.(2) CNC EDMJapan Sodick linear motor servo drive using the company's AQ325L, AQ550LLS-WEDM have driven fast response, transmission and high positioning accuracy, the advantages of small thermal deformation. Switzerland Chanmier company NCEDM with P-E3 adaptive control, PCE energy control and automatic programming expert systems. Others also used the powder mixed EDM machining technology, micro-finishing pulse power and fuzzy control (FC) technologies.(3) high-speed milling machine (HSM)Milling is an important means of cavity mold. The low-temperature high-speed milling with the workpiece, cutting force is small, smooth processing, processing quality, processing efficiency (for the general milling process 5 to 10 times) and can process hard materials (<60HRC) and many other advantages. Thus in the mold processing more and more attention. Ruishikelang company UCP710-type five-axis machining center, machine tool positioning accuracy up to 8μm, home-made closed-loop vector control spindle with a maximum speed 42000r/min. Italy RAMBAUDI's high-speed milling, the processing range of up to 2500mm ×5000mm ×1800mm, speed up 20500r/min, cutting feed speed of 20m/min. HSM generally used large, medium-sized mold, such as motor cover mold, die casting mold, large plastic surface machining, the surface precision up to 0.01mm.4. 3 rapid economic modeling techniquesShorten the product development cycle is an effective means of market competition to win one. Compared with the traditional mold process, fast economic modeling technology is a short molding cycle, the characteristics of low cost, precision, and life can meet the production needs, overall economic efficiency is more significant in the mold manufacturing technology, specifically the following main technology.(1) rapid prototyping and manufacturing (RPM). It consists of three-dimensional laser lithography (SLA); laminated profile manufacturing (LOM); laser powder sintering prototyping (SLS); Fused Deposition Molding (FDM) and three-dimensional printing forming technology (3D-P) and so on.(2) the surface forming tooling. It refers to the use of spray, chemical corrosion, electroforming and new method for the formation of the cavity surface and a fine pattern technology.(3) Casting forming tooling. There are bismuth tin alloy tooling, zinc alloy tooling, resin composite forming technology and silicon rubber mold molding technology.(4) cold extrusion mold technology and ultra-molded shapes.(5) multi-point forming technology.(6) KEVRON steel blanking blanking tooling.(7) mold blank rapid manufacturing technology. Mainly dry sand Mold Casting, Vacuum Mold Casting, Resin Sand Mold Casting Lost Wax Casting, and other technologies.(8) Other aspects of technology. Such as the use of nitrogen gas spring pressure side, discharge, quick die technology, stamping unit technology, and cutting edge technology and solid surfacing edge inserts die casting technology.4.4 mold materials and surface treatment technology developed rapidlyIndustry to the level of mold, material application is the key. Due to improper selection and use of materials, causing premature die failure, which accounts for more than 45% failure die. In the mold material, commonly used cold work tool steel with CrWMn, Cr12, Cr12MoV and W6Mo5Cr4V2, flame hardened steel (such as Japan, AUX2, SX105V (7CrSiMnMoV), etc.; used a new type of hot work die steel American H13, Sweden QRO80M, QRO90SUPREME, etc.; used a pre-hardened plastic mold steel (such as the U.S. P20), age-hardening steel (such as the U.S. P21, Japan NAK55, etc.), heat treatment hardened steel (such as the United States, D2, Japan, PD613, PD555, Sweden wins the White 136, etc.), powder die steel (such as Japan KAD18 and KAS440), etc.; panel drawing die used HT300, QT60-2, Mo-Cr, Mo-V cast iron, large-scale mold with HT250. more regular use of Precision Die Hard Steel Results YG20 and other alloys and carbide. in the mold surface treatment, the main trends are: the infiltration of a single element to the multi-element penetration, complex permeability (such as TD method) development; by the general diffusion to the CVD, PVD, PCVD, ion penetration , the direction of ion implantation, etc.; can use the coating are: TiC, TiN, TiCN, TiAlN, CrN, Cr7C3, W2C, etc., while heat from the air treatment means to the development of vacuum heat treatment. In addition, the current strengthening of the laser, glow plasma。
冲压模具技术外文文献翻译中英文
外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)英文原文Stamping technologyIntroductionIn the current fierce market competition, the product to market sooner or later is often the key to the success or failure. Mould is a product of high quality, high efficiency production tool, mold development cycle of the main part of the product development cycle. So the customer requirements for mold development cycle shorter, many customers put the mould delivery date in the first place, and then the quality and price. Therefore, how to ensure the quality, control the cost under the premise of processing mould is a problem worthy of serious consideration. Mold processing technology is an advanced manufacturing technology, has become an important development direction, in the aerospace, automotive, machinery and other industries widely used. Mold processing technology, can improve the comprehensive benefit and competitiveness of manufacturing industry. Research and establish mold process database, provide production enterprises urgently need to high speed cutting processing data, to the promotion of high-speed machining technology has very important significance. This article's main goal is to build a stamping die processing, mold manufacturing enterprises in theactual production combined cutting tool, workpiece and machine tool with the actual situation of enterprise itself accumulate to high speed cutting processing instance, process parameters and experience of high speed cutting database selectively to store data, not only can save a lot of manpower and material resources, financial resources, but also can guide the high speed machining production practice, to improve processing efficiency, reduce the tooling cost and obtain higher economic benefits.1. The concept, characteristics and application of stampingStamping is a pressure processing method that uses a mold installed on a press machine (mainly a press) to apply pressure to a material to cause it to separate or plastically deform, thereby obtaining a desired part (commonly referred to as a stamped or stamped part). Stamping is usually cold deformation processing of the material at room temperature, and the main use of sheet metal to form the required parts, it is also called cold stamping or sheet metal stamping. Stamping is one of the main methods of material pressure processing or plastic processing, and is affiliated with material forming engineering.The stamping die is called stamping die, or die. Dies are special tools for the batch processing of materials (metal or non-metallic) into the required stampings. Stamping is critical in stamping. There is no die that meets the requirements. Batch stamping production is difficult. Without advanced stamping, advanced stamping processes cannot be achieved.Stamping processes and dies, stamping equipment, and stamping materials constitute the three elements of stamping. Only when they are combined can stampings be obtained.Compared with other methods of mechanical processing and plastic processing, stamping processing has many unique advantages in both technical and economic aspects, and its main performance is as follows;(1) The stamping process has high production efficiency, easy operation, and easy realization of mechanization and automation. This is because stamping is accomplished by means of die and punching equipment. The number of strokes for ordinary presses can reach several tens of times per minute, and the high-speed pressure can reach hundreds or even thousands of times per minute, and each press stroke is You may get a punch.(2) Since the die ensures the dimensional and shape accuracy of the stamping part during stamping, and generally does not destroy the surface quality of the stamping part, the life of the die is generally longer, so the stamping quality is stable, the interc hangeability is good, and it has “the same” Characteristics.(3) Stamping can process parts with a wide range of sizes and shapes, such as stopwatches as small as clocks, as large as automobile longitudinal beams, coverings, etc., plus the cold deformation hardening effect of materials during stamping, the strength of stamping and Thestiffness is high.(4) Stamping generally does not generate scraps, material consumption is less, and no other heating equipment is required. Therefore, it is a material-saving and energy-saving processing method, and the cost of stamping parts is low.However, the molds used for stamping are generally specialized, and sometimes a complex part requires several sets of molds for forming, and the precision of the mold manufacturing is high and the technical requirements are high. It is a technology-intensive product. Therefore, the advantages of stamping can only be fully realized in the case of large production volume of stamping parts, so as to obtain better economic benefits.Stamping is widely used in modern industrial production, especially in mass production. A considerable number of industrial sectors are increasingly using punching to process product components such as automobiles, agricultural machinery, instruments, meters, electronics, aerospace, aerospace, home appliances, and light industry. In these industrial sectors, the proportion of stamped parts is quite large, at least 60% or more, and more than 90%. Many of the parts that were manufactured in the past using forging = casting and cutting processes are now mostly replaced by light-weight, rigid stampings. Therefore, it can be said that if the stamping process cannot be adopted in production, it isdifficult for many industrial departments to increase the production efficiency and product quality, reduce the production cost, and quickly replace the product.2. Basic process and mould for stampingDue to the wide variety of stamped parts and the different shapes, sizes, and precision requirements of various parts, the stamping process used in production is also varied. Summarized, can be divided into two major categories of separation processes and forming processes; Separation process is to make the blank along a certain contour line to obtain a certain shape, size and section quality stamping (commonly referred to as blanking parts) of the process; forming process refers to The process of producing a stamped part of a certain shape and size by plastic deformation of the blank without breaking.The above two types of processes can be divided into four basic processes: blanking, bending, deep drawing and forming according to different basic deformation modes. Each basic process also includes multiple single processes.In actual production, when the production volume of the stamped part is large, the size is small and the tolerance requirement is small, it is not economical or even difficult to achieve the requirement if the stamping is performed in a single process. At this time, a centralized scheme is mostly used in the process, that is, two or more singleprocesses are concentrated in a single mold. Different methods are called combinations, and they can be divided into compound-graded and compound- Progressive three combinations.Composite stamping - A combination of two or more different single steps at the same station on the die in one press stroke.Progressive stamping - a combination of two or more different single steps on a single work station in the same mold at a single working stroke on the press.Composite - Progressive - On a die combination process consisting of composite and progressive two ways.There are many types of die structure. According to the process nature, it can be divided into blanking die, bending die, drawing die and forming die, etc.; the combination of processes can be divided into single-step die, compound die and progressive die. However, regardless of the type of die, it can be regarded as consisting of two parts: the upper die and the lower die. The upper die is fixed on the press table or the backing plate and is a fixed part of the die. During work, the blanks are positioned on the lower die surface by positioning parts, and the press sliders push the upper die downwards. The blanks are separated or plastically deformed under the action of the die working parts (ie, punch and die) to obtain the required Shape and size of punching pieces. When the upper mold is lifted, the unloading and ejecting device of the moldremoves or pushes and ejects the punching or scrap from the male and female molds for the next punching cycle.3. Current status and development direction of stamping technologyWith the continuous advancement of science and technology and the rapid development of industrial production, many new technologies, new processes, new equipment, and new materials continue to emerge, thus contributing to the constant innovation and development of stamping technology. Its main performance and development direction are as follows:(1) The theory of stamping and the stamping process The study of stamping forming theory is the basis for improving stamping technology. At present, the research on the stamping forming theory at home and abroad attaches great importance, and significant progress has been made in the study of material stamping performance, stress and strain analysis in the stamping process, study of the sheet deformation law, and the interaction between the blank and the mold. . In particular, with the rapid development of computer technology and the further improvement of plastic deformation theory, computer simulation techniques for the plastic forming process have been applied at home and abroad in recent years, namely the use of finite element (FEM) and other valuable analytical methods to simulate the plastic forming process of metals. According to the analysis results, the designer can predict the feasibility and possiblequality problems of a certain process scheme. By selecting and modifying the relevant parameters on the computer, the process and mold design can be optimized. This saves the cost of expensive trials and shortens the cycle time.Research and promotion of various pressing technologies that can increase productivity and product quality, reduce costs, and expand the range of application of stamping processes are also one of the development directions of stamping technology. At present, new precision, high-efficiency, and economical stamping processes, such as precision stamping, soft mold forming, high energy high speed forming, and dieless multi-point forming, have emerged at home and abroad. Among them, precision blanking is an effective method for improving the quality of blanking parts. It expands the scope of stamping processing. The thickness of precision blanking parts can reach 25mm at present, and the precision can reach IT16~17; use liquid, rubber, polyurethane, etc. Flexible die or die soft die forming process can process materials that are difficult to process with ordinary processing methods and parts with complex shapes, have obvious economic effects under specific production conditions, and adopt energy-efficient forming methods such as explosion for processing. This kind of sheet metal parts with complex dimensions, complex shapes, small batches, high strength and high precision has important practical significance; Superplastic forming of metal materialscan be used to replace multiple common stampings with one forming. Forming process, which has outstanding advantages for machining complex shapes and large sheet metal parts; moldless multi-point forming process is an advanced technology for forming sheet metal surfaces by replacing the traditional mold with a group of height adjustable punches. Independently designed and manufactured an international leading-edge moldless multi-point forming equipment, which solves the multi-point press forming method and can therefore be Changing the state of stress and deformation path, improving the forming limit of the material, while repeatedly using the forming technology may eliminate the residual stress within the material, the rebound-free molding. The dieless multi-point forming system takes CAD/CAM/CAE technology as the main means to quickly and economically realize the automated forming of three-dimensional surfaces.(2) Dies are the basic conditions for achieving stamping production. In the design and manufacture of stampings, they are currently developing in the following two aspects: On the one hand, in order to meet the needs of high-volume, automatic, precision, safety and other large-volume modern production, stamping is To develop high-efficiency, high-precision, high-life, multi-station, and multi-function, compared with new mold materials and heat treatment technologies, various high-efficiency, precision, CNC automatic mold processing machine toolsand testing equipment and molds CAD/CAM technology is also rapidly developing; On the other hand, in order to meet the needs of product replacement and trial production or small-batch production, zinc-based alloy die, polyurethane rubber die, sheet die, steel die, combination die and other simple die And its manufacturing technology has also been rapidly developed.Precision, high-efficiency multi-station and multi-function progressive die and large-scale complex automotive panel die represent the technical level of modern die. At present, the precision of the progressive die above 50 stations can reach 2 microns. The multifunctional progressive die can not only complete the stamping process, but also complete welding, assembly and other processes. Our country has been able to design and manufacture its own precision up to the international level of 2 to 5 microns, precision 2 to 3 microns into the distance, the total life of 100 million. China's major automotive mold enterprises have been able to produce complete sets of car cover molds, and have basically reached the international level in terms of design and manufacturing methods and means. However, the manufacturing methods and methods have basically reached the international level. The mold structure and function are also close to international Level, but there is still a certain gap compared with foreign countries in terms of manufacturing quality, accuracy, manufacturing cycle and cost.4. Stamping standardization and professional productionThe standardization and professional production of molds has been widely recognized by the mold industry. Because the die is a single-piece, small-volume production, the die parts have both certain complexity and precision, as well as a certain structural typicality. Therefore, only the standardization of the die can be achieved, so that the production of the die and the die parts can be professionalized and commercialized, thereby reducing the cost of the die, improving the quality of the die and shortening the manufacturing cycle. At present, the standard production of molds in foreign advanced industrial countries has reached 70% to 80%. Mould factories only need to design and manufacture working parts, and most of the mold parts are purchased from standard parts factories, which greatly increases productivity. The more irregular the degree of specialization of the mold manufacturing plant, the more and more detailed division of labor, such as the current mold factory, mandrel factory, heat treatment plant, and even some mold factories only specialize in the manufacture of a certain type of product or die The bending die is more conducive to the improvement of the manufacturing level and the shortening of the manufacturing cycle. China's stamp standardization and specialized production have also witnessed considerable development in recent years. In addition to the increase in the number of standard parts specialized manufacturers, the number ofstandard parts has also expanded, and the accuracy has also improved. However, the overall situation can not meet the requirements of the development of the mold industry, mainly reflected in the standardization level is not high (usually below 40%), the standard parts of the species and specifications are less, most standard parts manufacturers did not form a large-scale production, standard parts There are still many problems with quality. In addition, the sales, supply, and service of standard parts production have yet to be further improved.中文译文冲压模具技术前言在目前激烈的市场竞争中, 产品投入市场的迟早往往是成败的关键。
模具设计模具热处理中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译Heat Treatment of Die and Mould Oriented Concurrent DesignAbstract:Many disadvantages exist in the traditional die design method which belongs to serial pattern. It is well known that heat treatment is highly important to the dies. A new idea of concurrent design for heat treatment process of die and mould was developed in order to overcome the existent shortcomings of heat treatment process. Heat treatment CAD/CAE was integrated with concurrent circumstance and the relevant model was built. These investigations can remarkably improve efficiency, reduce cost and ensure quality of R and D for products.Key words :die design; heat treatment; mouldong desires for precision,service life,development period and cost,modern die and mould should be designed and manufactured perfectly.Therefore more and more advanced technologies and innovations have been applied,for example,concurrent engineering,agile manufacturing virtual manufacturing,collaborative design,etc.Heat treatment of die and mould is as important as design,manufacture and assembly because it has a vital effect on manufacture，assembly and service life．Design and manufacture of die and mould have progressed rapidly，but heat treatment lagged seriously behind them．As die and mould industry develops，heat treatment must ensure die and mould there are goodstate of manufacture，assembly and wear—resistant properties by request. Impertinent heat treatment can influence die and mould manufacturing such as over—hard and—soft and assembly．Traditionally the heat treatment process was made out according to the methods and properties brought forward by designer．This could make the designers of die and mould and heat treatment diverge from each other，for the designers of die and mould could not fully realize heat treatment process and materials properties，and contrarily the designers rarely understood the service environment and designing thought. These divergences will impact the progress of die and mould to a great extent. Accordingly，if the process design of heat treatment is considered in the early designing stage，the aims of shortening development period，reducing cost and stabilizing quality will be achieved and the sublimation of development pattern from serial to concurrent will be realized．Concurrent engineering takes computer integration system as a carrier,at the very start subsequent each stage and factors have been considered such as manufacturing，heat treating，properties and so forth in order to avoid the error．The concurrent pattern has dismissed the defect of serial pattern,which bring about a revolution against serial pattern．In the present work．the heat treatment was integrated into the concurrent circumstance of the die and mould development，and the systemic and profound research was performed．1 Heat Treatment Under Concurrent CircumstanceThe concurrent pattern differs ultimately from the serial pattern(see Fig．1).With regard to serial pattern，the designers mostly consider the structure and function of die and mould，yet hardly consider the consequent process，so that the former mistakes are easily spread backwards．Meanwhile，the design department rarely communicates with the assembling，cost accounting and sales departments．These problems certainly will influence the development progress of die and mould and the market foreground．Whereas in the concurrent pattern，the relations among departments are close，the related departments all take part in the development progress of die and mould and have close intercommunion with purchasers．This is propitious to eliminationof the conflicts between departments，increase the efficiency and reduce the cost．Heat treatment process in the concurrent circumstance is made out not after blueprint and workpiece taken but during die an d mould designing．In this way，it is favorable to optimizing the heat treatment process and making full use of the potential of the materials．2 Integration of Heat Treatment CAD／CAE for Die and MouldIt can be seen from Fig．2 that the process design and simulation of heat treatment are the core of integration frame．After information input via product design module and heat treatment process generated via heat treatment CAD and heat treatment CAE module will automatically divide the mesh for parts drawing，simulation temperature field microstructure analysis after heat—treatment and the defect of possible emerging (such as overheat,over burning)，and then the heat treatment process is judged if the optimization is made according to the result reappeared by stereoscopic visiontechnology．Moreover tool and clamping apparatus CAD and CAM are integrated into this system．The concurrent engineering based integration frame can share information with other branch．That makes for optimizing the heat treatment process and ensuring the process sound．2.1 3-D model and stereoscopic vision technology for heat treatmentThe problems about materials，structure and size for die and mould can be discovered as soon as possible by 3-D model for heat treatment based on the shape of die and mould．Modeling heating condition and phase transformation condition for die and mould during heat treatment are workable，because it has been broken through for the calculation of phase transformation thermodynamics，phase transformation kinetics，phase stress,thermal stress，heat transfer，hydrokinetics etc．For example，3-D heat —conducting algorithm models for local heating complicated impression andasymmetric die and mould，and M ARC software models for microstructure transformation was used．Computer can present the informations of temperature，microstructure and stress at arbitrary time and display the entire transformation procedure in the form of 3-D by coupling temperature field,microstructure field and stress field．If the property can be coupled,various partial properties can be predicted by computer．2.2 Heat treatment process designDue to the special requests for strength，hardness，surface roughness and distortion during heat treatment for die and mould，the parameters including quenching medium type，quenching temperature and tempering temperature and time，must be properly selected，and whether using surface quenching or chemical heat treatment the parameters must be rightly determined．It is difficult to determine the parameters by computer fully．Since computer technology develops quickly in recent decades,the difficulty with large—scale calculation has been overcome．By simulating and weighing the property，the cost and the required period after heat treatment．it is not difficult to optimize the heat treatment process．2.3 Data base for heat treatmentA heat treatment database is described in Fig．3．The database is the foundation of making out heat treatment process．Generally，heat treatment database is divided into materials database and process database．It is an inexorable trend to predict the property by materials and process．Although it is difficult to establish a property database，it is necessary to establish the database by a series of tests．The materials database includes steel grades,chemical compositions，properties and home and abroad grades parallel tables．The process database includes heat treatment criterions，classes，heat preservation time and cooling velocity．Based on the database，heat treatment process can be created by inferring from rules．2.4 Tool and equipment for heat treatmentAfter heat treatment process is determined，tool and equipment CAD／CAE system transfers the information about design and manufacture to the numerical control device．Through rapid tooling prototype，the reliability of tool and the clamping apparatus can be judged．The whole procedure is transferred by network，in which there is no man—made interference．3 Key Technique3.1 Coupling of temperature，microstructure，stress and propertyHeat treatment procedure is a procedure of temperature-microstructure—stress interaction．The three factors can all influence the property (see Fig．4)．During heating and cooling，hot stress and transformation will come into being when microstructure changes.Transformation temperature-microstructure and temperature—microstructure—and stress-property interact on each other．Research on the interaction of the four factors has been greatly developed,but the universal mathematic model has not been built．Many models fit the test nicely，but they cannot be put into practice．Difficulties with most of models are solved in analytic solution，and numerical method is employed so that the inaccuracy of calculation exists．Even so，comparing experience method with qualitative analysis，heat treatment simulation by computer makes great progress．3.2 Establishment and integration of modelsThe development procedure for die and mould involves design,manufacture，heat treatment，assembly，maintenance and so on．They should have own database and mode1．They are in series with each other by the entity—relation model．Through establishing and employing dynamic inference mechanism ，the aim of optimizing design can be achieved．The relation between product model and other models was built．The product model will change in case the cell model changes．In fact，it belongs to the relation of data with die and mould．After heat treatment model is integrated into the system，it is no more an isolated unit but a member which is close to other models in the system．After searching，calculating and reasoning from the heat treatment database,procedure for heat treatment，which is restricted by geometric model,manufacture model for die and mould and by cost and property，is obtained．If the restriction is disobeyed，the system will send out the interpretative warning．All design cells are connected by communication network．3.3 Management and harmony among membersThe complexity of die and mould requires closely cooperating among item groups．Because each member is short of global consideration for die and mould development，they need to be managed and harmonized．Firstly,each item group should define its own control condition and resource requested,and learn of the request of up-and-down working procedure in order to avoid conflict．Secondly，development plan should be made out and monitor mechanism should be established．The obstruction can be duly excluded in case the development is hindered．Agile management and harmony redound to communicating information，increasing efficiency，and reducing redundancy．Meanwhile it is beneficial for exciting creativity，clearing conflict and making the best of resource．4 Conclusions(1) Heat treatment CAD／CAE has been integrated into concurrent design for die and mould and heat treatment is graphed,which can increase efficiency，easily discover problems and clear conflicts．(2) Die and mould development is performed on the same platform．When the heat treatment process is made out，designers can obtain correlative information and transfer self-information to other design departments on the platform．(3) Making out correct development schedule and adjusting it in time can enormously shorten the development period and reduce cost．References：[1] ZHOU Xiong-hui，PENG Ying-hong．The Theory and Technique of Modern Die and Mould Design and Manufacture[M]．Shanghai：Shanghai Jiaotong University Press 2000(in Chinese)．[2] Kang M，Park& Computer Integrated Mold Manufacturing[J]．Int J Computer Integrated Manufacturing，1995，5：229-239．[3] Yau H T，Meno C H．Concurrent Process Planning for Finishing Milling and Dimensional Inspection of Sculptured Surface in Die and Mould Manufacturing[J]．Int J Product Research，1993，31(11)：2709—2725．[4] LI Xiang，ZHOU Xiong-hui，RUAN Xue-yu．Application of Injection Mold Collaborative Manufacturing System [J]．JournaI of Shanghai Jiaotong University，2000，35(4)：1391-1394．[5] Kuzman K，Nardin B，Kovae M ,et a1．The Integration of Rapid Prototyping and CAE in Mould Manufacturing [J]．J Materials Processing Technology，2001，111：279—285．[6] LI Xiong，ZHANG Hong—bing，RUAN Xue-yu，et a1．Heat Treatment Process Design Oriented Based on Concurrent Engineering[J]．Journal of Iron and Steel Research，2002，14(4)：26—29．文献出处：LI Xiong,ZHANG Hong-bing,RUAN Xue—yu,LUO Zhong—hua,ZHANG Yan.Heat Treatment of Die and Mould Oriented Concurrent Design[J].Journal of Iron and Steel Research，2006,13(1):40-43，74模具热处理及其导向平行设计摘要：在一系列方式中，传统模具设计方法存在许多缺点。
注塑成型过程外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
附录 1：外文翻译介绍如今塑料在日常生活中占据着极其重要的地位。
如果我们说，没有哪个领域的塑料没有不经过制造中直接到宇宙飞船的生产中，这一点也不夸张。
在19 世纪中叶，塑料开始在材料和生活中起主导作用。
耐腐蚀性是塑料甚至成为金属和提高制造生产率方面受到了很高的关注。
从塑料的紧缺，因此在塑料产品设计等各个方面发生巨大的变革,在制造加工领域还在测试阶段,现在,由于很多人最后通过体力劳动取得了卓越的成效,另外人工智能的帮助下,开发出了CAD / CAM 软件。
由于高强度的重量比，提高了化学稳定性和耐温性，具有耐热和耐腐蚀的特性，光泽性使其成为材料更好的选择。
塑料在形成过程中消耗的能量更少，并且可以被循环利用。
今天，塑料正在取代黄铜、铜、铸铁、钢铁等金属。
塑料可以根据制造方法分类，在加热时软化，在冷却时凝固。
这些被称为“热塑性塑料”，以及那些由于化学变化而变硬的物质。
这些被称为热固性或混合型塑料材料成为产品选择特殊材料是另一个重要因素。
这对于产品的确定是非常必要的。
它也应该能够承受压力。
每种材料都有自己的属性。
一些材料在高环境和耐磨性方面比较好。
困难的是找到一种合适材料，它将完全满足整个要求。
所以材料应该是通用的，它适合我们产品的所有考虑条件和要求。
在考虑了所有这些点的材料之后，必须选择合适的材料来满足所有这些条件。
注塑成型过程它是一种通过将熔融状态的物质注入模具来生产零件的生产工艺。
注射成型被用在很多领域进行生产，包括金属、眼镜、弹性体、糖果以及最常见的热塑性塑料和热固性塑料。
将材料的一部分送入一个加热的桶，混合，并用高压压入一个模腔，它是可以冷却和硬化地方。
在产品设计后，通常由工业设计师或工程师设计模具，模具由模具制造商(或工具制造商)制造，通常由金属或铝制成，并经过精密加工以形成所需的特性。
注塑成型广泛应用于制造各种零件，从最小的零件到汽车的整个车身。
零件的形状和特点、模具的所需材料，以及造型机的性能都必须考虑在内。
外文翻译
凸轮轴套注塑模具的设计与分析与潜水艇门摘要：本文重点介绍用于生产计算机辅助制造套的自动注塑模具的设计和分析。
凸轮衬套用作高压变压器的ON / OFF负载分接开关装置中的分度装置连接器位于分度头和动力切换齿轮之间。
注射模具是用于的工具在短时间内大量生产塑料部件。
使用Unigraphics（NX 7.5）进行建模和Auto Desk模具流量Plastic Insight 用于计算机辅助制造套填充率，冷却系统的模具流分析位置和位置的潜艇门。
模具由顶板，空腔板，芯板，间隔件组成块，顶出板和底板。
在这个六芯销和六个推出销提供在注塑模具上，因为所需的凸轮衬套具有六个分度孔。
材料用途是油硬化不收缩钢（OHNS）的核心和腔，EN353为拉杆，导套，芯销，顶针，定位环和浇口衬套和低碳钢选择其他板。
注塑工具的元素已经设计和分析。
潜艇门和挡板圆孔冷却系统设置在模具中以提高生产率和良好的表面光洁度。
的所需的尼龙66凸轮衬套部件将使用该模具产生具有各种参数的注射成型机。
1、介绍：现在一天的塑料在日常生活中占据着至关重要的地位。
如果我们说，这根本不夸张没有在从销的制造到a的制造时塑料没有进入的区域航天器。
在19世纪中叶，塑料在材料和我们的生活中开始了主导作用阻力是塑料甚至成为金属的上限并达到的一些方面每个制造部门的偏好率都有所提高。
从塑料的紧急情况他们是在塑料制品设计，制造加工，试验等各个方面都经历了激烈的竞争领域和现在，因为许多人的富有成效的努力终于通过体力劳动来工作，但是在人工智能的帮助下，使用像CAD / CAM这样的软件包。
因为强度高重量比，提高耐化学性和耐温性，耐热性的固有性能耐腐蚀性，透明度使它们成为材料选择。
塑料在消耗能量较少并可以有利地回收利用。
今天，塑料正在取代黄铜，铜，铸铁，钢等。
塑料可以按照制造方法分类到主要组中软化当加热并在冷却时固化。
这些被称为“热塑性”和那些硬化时由于化学变化而加热。
这些被称为热固性或Duro塑性材料“选择产品的特定材料是另一个重要因素。
模具自动化技术外文资料翻译
模具自动化技术欧盟（通过其所属各国政府的EUREKE 计划）在1998 和2000 年间支持了无纸模具设计和创造这一研究和开辟项目。
本文介绍了此项目所进行的工作以及结果。
此领域的进一步研究－进一步扩大本项目的讲究成果，特殊是在模具设计和创造中大量应用Internet-based（基于互联网的）工具和方法，现正由另一欧洲项目－e_mould 进行。
项目项目目的：· 研究模具设计和创造的整个生命周期，找到模具设计和创造过程的瓶颈并提出减缓瓶颈的方法。
· 通过主CAD 模型直接半自动化创造模具。
· 增加模具创造所需信息到CAD 模型。
· 通过主CAD 模型自动产生所需纸头文件（如设置清单等）。
· 使所有项目相关人员能共享主CAD 模型信息。
换句话说，本项目旨在以主CAD 模型为全部工作的中心参考源，消除（或者是尽可能地消除）描述模型状态的纸头文件，丰富模型内容，优化及简化模型建构和维护以及自模型开始的下游过程。
项目协作单位项目协作单位有：· CADCAM 软件开辟单位Delcam。
· 三个模具创造厂家（包括一个小型高精度模具如手机模具创造厂家，两个大型模具如汽车仪表盘和翼子板生产厂家）。
· 以英国模具行业协会（GTMA）和英国塑料联盟（BPF）组成的专家顾问组。
· 西班牙模具创造厂家所组成的专家顾问组。
模具设计和创造的生命周期模具设计和创造的生命周期可分成以下几个阶段：第一阶段：估价和报价新产品快速交货的要求，意味着模具生产厂家需要进行更多的报价，且要求更快地给出报价。
很少实用户现在会选用一个连报价都不能及时给出的厂家进行加工。
然而，报价时间的紧迫很容易导致错误的产生，从而使厂家付出沉重代价。
报价太高，合同会被能给出更精确报价的竞争厂家夺走。
更糟的是，若报价太低，则可能做赔本生意，或者是扯进讨厌、无住手的讨价还价中，以将价格提到实际水平。
外文翻译--注塑模设计
中文译文：注塑模设计模具简介模具型腔可赋予制品其形状，因此在塑料加工过程中模具处于非常重要的地位，这使得模具对于产品最终质量的影响与塑化机构和其他成型设备的部件一样关键，有时甚至更重要。
模具材料根据成型方法和模具使用周期（即要生产的产品数量）的不同，塑料成型模具要满足不同的需求，模具可以由多种材料制成，甚至于可以使比较特殊的材料如纸张和石膏。
然而，由于大多数成型过程需要高压，通常还有高温条件限制，金属迄今为止时最重要的材料，其中刚才居首位。
很多时候，模具材料的选择不仅关系到性能和最佳性价比，还影响到模具的加工方法，甚至是整体设计。
典型的例子是金属铸造模具的材料选择，与机械加工模具相比，不同材料的金属铸造模具冷却系统存在很大的差异。
另外，不同的制造方法也会对材料的选择产生影生产，原型模具的制造常常采用一些新技术，如计算机辅助设计和计算机集成制造，将固体毛配制成原型模具。
与以前以模型为基础的方法相比，用CAD和CIM方法会更经济，这是因为这类模具厂家自身就能制作，而用其他技术，只能由外面的供应商来加工生产。
总之，虽然模具生产中经常会用到一些高性能材料，但用得最多的仍然是那些常规材料。
像陶瓷这类高性能材料几乎不能用于模具制造，这可能是因为其优点（如高温下性能不会改变）在模具中并不需要，相反，像烧结类陶瓷材料，具有低抗张强度和热传递性差的缺点，在模具中也只有少量应用。
这里所用的零件不是采用粉末冶金和热等压工艺生产，而是指烧结成的多空、透气性零件。
在很多成型方法中，都必须将行腔中的气体排出去，人们已经多次尝试使用多孔金属材料排气。
与专门设置的排气装置相比，其优点是显而易见的，尤其是在熔料前锋处如有熔接线的地方，这里是最容易出现问题的区域：一方面能防止在制品表面有明显的熔接线，还能避免溢流料等残余物堵塞微孔。
采用这类材料制造模具时，在设计和成型工艺上都会出现新的问题。
A．设计原则模具设计的原则很多，这些原则都是基于逻辑、以往经验、加工的方便性和经济性考虑，在设计、模具制造和模塑成型过程遵守这些规则是很有用的，但有时，忽略某一原则而遵守另一原则往往会更好些。
注塑模具产品开发中英文对照外文翻译文献
注塑模具产品开发中英⽂对照外⽂翻译⽂献中英⽂对照外⽂翻译⽂献(⽂档含英⽂原⽂和中⽂翻译)参数化建模滚珠丝杠主轴摘要产品开发过程的数值优化可以成功地应⽤于产品设计的早期阶段。
在滚珠丝杠驱动器很常见的情况下，动态现象⼤多数根据滚珠丝杠本⾝的⼏何形状⽽定。
轴向和扭转刚度相同的丝杠，最⼤速度和加速度不仅取决于伺服电机，也取决于丝杆直径，凹槽斜率和球半径。
此外联轴器的设计参数影响使优化变得更加困难。
为了捕捉这些影响，有效的数据（通常是有限元或MBS）模型是必要的。
在这项⼯作中，⼀个新的更准确和有效的计算滚珠丝杠主轴轴向和扭转刚度被提出。
我们分析得到描绘的丝杠⼏何参数对⼤多数刚度的依赖关系的参数⽅程。
此外，我们增加⼀个确定函数的分析模型，从⽽提⾼了准确性。
在许多例⼦帮助下，所提出的分析模型针对有限元模型和⽬录数据进⾏了验证。
1 绪论滚珠丝杠主轴的轴向和扭转刚度中对滚珠丝杠驱动器动态特性起着重要作⽤，因为它基本上决定了滚珠丝杠驱动器的第⼀个和第⼆个特征值。
当⽤有限元建模时，滚珠丝杠驱动器的螺纹通常被忽略并且⼀些平均直径被⽤来建⽴简化的滚珠丝杆模型。
因此，关键是得到最接近的平均直径。
在⼤多数关于前⼈建模与仿真下，滚珠丝杆传动建模集中在滚珠丝刚螺母和滚珠丝杠主轴部件。
Jarosch ⽐较了不同类型的滚珠丝杠，但考虑到主轴简化为圆柱体，直径等于主轴外径，从⽽忽视了削减主轴螺纹。
随着了解的实际轴向uz k 和单位长度的螺杆扭转刚度z k ?，平均直径可以被计算为E k d uzuz m π4,= （1） 4,32G k d zz m π??= （2）杨⽒模量和剪切模量分别为E 和G 。
平均直径总是⽐主轴外径⼩。
对于每个刚度我们得到两个不同的平均直径。
这取决于每个应⽤的平均直径的最好选择。
这两个直径也可以做到线性组合。
⼀般滚珠丝杠制造商提供轴向刚度数据，但没有扭转刚度。
基于这个原因我们使⽤有限元法（FEM ）来计算两者滚珠丝杠主轴轴向和扭转刚度。
模具处理词汇中英文对照
中文
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chromic acid anodizing electrolyte citrate close die forging coating ratio coining dies cold forging cold wall cold working steels compression molding compression stress conventional sulfuric acid corrosion resistance critical load cracking decarburization deep drawing dies deformation diamond like carbon die casting die casting dies dimensional precision distortion draft drill elastic coefficient elastic modulus electric arc furnace electrical capacitor electrical discharging machining(EDM) electrical insulation electrical resistance furnace electrochemical machining(ECM) electrodeposition electrolytic in-process dressing(ELID) electrolysis electrolytic etching electroplating electroslag remelting elongation emissivity and reflectivity end mills epoxy Resin
机械毕业设计英文外文翻译金刚石刀具机械研磨过程中材料的去除机理
附录外文翻译：Material Removing Mechanism for MechanicalLapping of Diamond Cutting ToolsLI Zeng-qiang，ZONG Wen-jun，SUN Tao，DONG Shen（Center for Precision Engineering，Harbin Institute of Technology，Harbin 150001，China）Abstract：The material removing mechanism for mechanical lapping of diamond cutting tools was illuminated at the atomistic scale. In lapping process，phase transformation of the lapping region was the main reason for the material removal. Thus a three-dimensional model of a specimen of the diamond monocrystal and rigid diamond grit was built with the aid ofthe molecular dynamics（MD）simulation. The force between all of the atoms was calculated by the Tersoff potential. Afterthat，lapping with a certain cutting depth of 1.5 lattice constants was simulated. By monitoring the positions of atoms within the model，the microstructure in the lapping region changes as diamond transformed from its diamond cubic structure to amorphous carbon were identified. The change of structure was accomplished by the flattening of the tetrahedron structure in diamond. This was verified by comparing the radial distribution functions of atoms in the lapping and un-lapping regions.Meanwhile，the debris produced in lapping experiment was analyzed by XRD（X-ray diffraction）. The resultsshow that the phase transformation happens indeed.Keywords：diamond cutting tools；mechanical lapping；material removing mechanism；molecular dynamics simulationI t is an important way to turn the optical surface with natural diamond cutting tools to obtain high accuracy. The processed work-pieces’ surface has lower surface roughness and residual stress，and smaller metamorphic region than those machined in usual ways.Diamond is the most important material to make cutting tools in the ultra-precision machining，for it is an ideal brittle solid with the greatest hardness and resistance to plastic deformation of any material and has very high dimensional homogeneity. The sharpening method of diamond cutting tools is the key technology to obtain sharp cutting radius，good surface quality and small geometric tolerance[1]. There are many sharpening methods such as lapping，ion beam sputtering，thermal chemistry polishing，plasma polishing，oxide etching and laser erosion，etc. The most common and effective method is lapping[2]. The mechanism of the material removal in lapping has a lot of statements such as the micro-cleavage theory[3]，the thermal abrasion theory[4]，electro-abrasion theory[5] and theory of fracture taking place in the hard direction[6]，etc. However，these explanations are only satisfactory in the particular situation. The explanation accepted by most people is that the hybridized orbit of the carbon converts from sp3 to sp2 in lapping，as demonstrated by van Bouwelen[7]，Grillo[8]，Hird and Field[9]. As yet，few manhas verified it at the atomistic level.The extremely powerful technique of molecular dynamics（MD）simulation involves solving the classical many-body problem in contexts relating to the study of matter at the atomistic level. Since there is no alternative approach capable of handling this broad range of problems at the required level of detail，molecular dynamics methods have been proved indispensable in both pure and applied research，as demonstrated by Rapaport[10]. Molecular dynamics analysis is an effective method in studying indentation，adhesion，wear and friction，surface defects and nano-cutting at the atomistic scale. Nowadays，MD analysis has already been employed to investigate the AFM-based nanolithography process using an AFM tool[11] and atomic surface modification in monocrystalline silicon[12]. Therefore，it is an efficient way to approach the mechanism of the material removal in lapping using molecular dynamics simulation.From all the above，this study will focus on the material removing mechanism in diamond mechanical lapping using three-dimensional MD simulation. And the microcosmic phenomena in mechanical lapping will be presented and discussed.1 Methods1.1 Simulation modelingAt the beginning，the mechanical lapping process of diamond cutting toolsis introduced. The scaife used was made from a grey cast iron and was medium “striped”（radial grooves to hold diamond grit）.It wasprepared for use by applying a film of olive oil to the surface，before a few carats of graded diamond grits were rubbed evenly into it. With the scaife running at a high speed，a diamond cutting tool was lapped by applying a load. In this process，the diamond grit was fixed in the scaife. So，the process belongs to the fixed abrasive polishing category[13]. Therefore，a model of a specimen of the diamond monocrystal and rigid diamond grit was built，as shown in Fig.1.Fig.1 Molecular dynamics simulation model of mechanical lapping of diamond cutting tools The crystal lattice of the specimen and the grit belonged to the diamond cubic system. The lattice constant of this system was 0.356 67 nm，which was represented as a. The control volume of the specimen must be large enough to eliminate boundary effects.Taking this into consideration，an optimum control volume was chosen based on an iterative process of increasing the controlvolume size until further increases did not affect the displacements and velocities of the atoms due to lapping. An optimum size of 50a×15a×30a was obtained，consisting of 183,930 atoms. Moreover，the periodic boundary condition was used in the z-direction to reduce the effects of the simulation scale. The specimen included three kinds of atoms ，namely ：boundary atoms，thermostat atoms and Newtonian atoms.To restrict the rigid-body motion of the specimen，the boundary atoms in the left and bottom layers of the specimen that were fixed in space were used to contain the Newtonian atoms.Thermostat atoms were also used to ensure reasonable outward heat conduction away from the control volume.Thermostat atoms and the Newtonian atoms obey the Newton’s second law.The top surface of the specimen was（100）surface，which was exposed to the grit.The spherical diamond grit had a radius of 8a，consisting of 17,116 atoms.And it slid on the specimen with the depth of h.Before carrying out the molecular dynamics simulation on the lapping of diamond，it is important to ensure that the chosen potential function gives a reliable result for the simulation. Tersoff potential was used in the present simulation to dictate the interaction among the diamond atoms in this simulation[14]. The parameters in Tersoff potential for carbon were as follows ：A=1,393.6 eV，B=347.6 eV，λ=34.879 nm.1，μ=22.119nm.1 ，β=1.572,4×10.7 ，n=0.727,51 ，c=380,49 ，d=4.384，h=.0.570 58，R=0.18 nm，and S=0.21 nm. Positions and velocities of the atoms were determined by theVerlet method as demonstrated by Maekawa and Itoh[15].To simulate lapping under room-temperature conditions，the diamond atoms were arranged in a perfectdiamond cubic structure with the lattice parameters equal to their equilibrium values at an ambient temperature of 293 K. The ambient temperature was maintained by scaling the velocities of the thermostat atoms at every special time step.In this simulation，the 0.5 fs was selected as the time step to obtain a high accuracy.This simulation was calculated by the Lammps software[16]，and visualized by the VMD software[17]. The velocity of the lapping was 100a with 1.5a in cutting depth and 40a in lapping length. Before the simulation，the specimen had been relaxed for 10 000 time steps in order to maintain the thermal balance.1.2 ExperimentThe test apparatus of lapping experiment is shown in Fig.2.The abrasive used was diamond grit with an average radius of 0.1 μm.They were coated on the scaife in a ring with a radius of 120 mm.The diamond cutting tool was fixed on the arm by a special fixture.Then，thetool was lapped with the scaife running at 3 000r/min(ca.38 m/s)，under a load of 5 N which was obtained by adjusting the place of the weight. The debris was collected after 30 min lapping.Thereafter，the XRD studies were carried out by SHIMADZU XRD-6000.Fig.2 Schematic diagram of the lapping apparatus2 Results and discussions2.1 Molecular dynamics analysisThe 3D view and cross-section view of the simulation are shown in Fig.3. The crystal lattices near the diamond grit are distorted when the diamond grit cuts into the specimen.The region including these crystal lattices is half-ellipse in shape.The region is under the diamond grit and a bit left to the center o. And the major axis of the ellipse is in the same direction as the composition of forces. Furthermore，this region moves left as the diamond grit slides.As shown in Fig.4 ，A1+A2<A3 ，where O1O2 represents the surface of the workpiece.It shows that the removal materials do not pole up on both sides of the groove completely.Some materials are removed and form chips. It is a cutting process. Whereas，the existing A1 and A2 show that ploughing alsooccurs.So this state is the cutting state accompanied by ploughing.Fig.3 Microstructure of specimen after the grit slidingFig.4 Section of the grooves in the longitudinal direction There are three key points in lapping，as shown in Fig.5. Firstly，atoms near the diamond grit are forced to make some displacement from their initial position.The crystal lattices including these atoms distort a little.The boundary between the distorted lattices and the perfect lattices is along the diamond（111）surface（the black lines）as shown in Fig.5（a）.The displacements of the atoms become bigger and bigger along with the diamond grit sliding left.More and more atoms deviate from their initial position.The lattices including these atoms distort seriously.The phase transformation that the diamond cubic diamond transforms into amorphous graphite starts on a few atoms （in the dark circles）at the end of this moment.That is to say that the hybridized orbit converts from sp3 to sp2. Secondly，the lattices below the diamond grit have the worst distortion and the boundary faceting along the （111）surface extend to the deeper layer，as shown in Fig.5（b）. More atomstransform from diamond cubic diamond to amorphous graphite ，especiallythose in the dark circle. Besides，some atoms are taken away by the diamond grit.Thirdly，some lattices revert a little with the force minimizing，as shown in Fig.5（c）. However，the atoms which have the phase transformation cannot revert to their initial phase，especially those in the dark circle. Therefore，the groove is to the left on the surface of the diamond specimen.Fig.5 Scattergrams of atoms in longitudinal sectionA in different states2.2 Bond formationFrom the simulation，it is found that the phase transformation is due to the flattening of the tetrahedron structure in diamond cubic diamond，as shown in Fig.6.The position transformation at progressive time steps is demonstrated in Fig.7.Fig.6 Crystal cell of the diamond crystal lattice taken outfrom the circular region in Fig.5（a）As shown in Fig.7（a），the tetrahedron is deformed when the grit slides close. And the deformation is serious when the grit cuts into section A，as shown in Fig.7（b）. The tetrahedron is flattened a little.Soon after，the tetrahedron deforms badly，as shown in Fig.7（c）.Its four vertexes are almost on a plane and some bonds are broken. At the same time the phase transformation is accomplished.Fig.7 Change of the tetrahedron marked in Fig.6when the grit slides2.3 Pair correlation functionThe pair correlation functions of the specimen and the chip are shown in Fig.8 and Fig.9 respectively.The curve in Fig.8 is syllabified to a lot of clear peaks，which are the same as the diamond’s radial distribution fuction(RDF). However，there are only two peaks in Fig.9, and the peaks are continued, which illuminates that amorphous exists in debris atoms. Therefore，it is sure that the phase transformation takes place in lapping.Fig.8 Pair correlation function of specimen atomsFig.9 Pair correlation function of debris atoms2.4 XRDFig.10 shows the X-ray diffraction（XRD）analysis of the debris produced in the lapping experiment. It demonstrates that the amorphous carbon，small diamond particles or chips and Fe-C compositions（like Fe7C3 and Fe5C2）exist together in the debris. Consequently，the amorphous carbon is produced in lapping，which corresponds to the simulation result.Fig.10 XRD analysis of the debris produced in theexperiment3 Conclusions（1）A three-dimensional MD model about the atoms of diamond cutting tools and diamond grit is built by using the molecular dynamics. Lapping at a special cutting depth is simulated.（2）The boundary of the transformation zone is regular ，faceting along（111 ）surface. The microcleavage only occurs inside this boundary. （3）Interaction between the diamond grit and diamond specimen leads to a phase transformation event.An amorphous transformation appears as the grit slides.And it is expounded from the comparison between the bond formatting and pair correlation function. Moreover，it has also been proved in the lapping experiment.References：［1］Yuan Z J，Yao Y X，Zhou M，et al. Lapping of single crystal diamond tools［J］．CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology，2003，52（1）：285-288.［2］Uegami K ，Tamamura K ，Jang K K. Lapping and frictional properties of diamond，and characteristics of diamond cutting tool［J］．Journal of Mechanical Working Technology，1988，17（8）：147-155.［3］Tolkowsky M. Research on the Abrading，Grinding or Polishing of Diamond ［D］．London：City and Guilds College，University of London，1920.［4］Bowden F P，Tabor D. Physical Properties of Diamond［M］．Oxford：Clarendon Press，1965.［5］Brezoczky B ，Seki H. Triboattaction ：Friction under negative load［J］．Langmuir，1990，6（6）：1141-1145.［6］Couto M，van Enckevort W J P，Seal M，et al. Scanning tunneling microscopy of polished diamond surfaces［J］．Applied Surface Science，1992，62（4）：263-268.［7］van Bouwelen F M. Mechanically Induced Degradation of Diamond ［D］．Cambridge ：University of Cambridge，1996.［8］Grillo S E，Field J E，van Bouwelen F M. Diamond polishing：The dependency of friction and wear on load and crystal orientation［J］．Journal of Physics D：Applied Physics，2000，33：985-990.［9］Hird J R，Field J E. A wear mechanism map for the diamond polishing process ［J］．Wear，2005，258：18-25.［10］Rapaport D C. The Art of Molecular Dynamics Simulation［M］．Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，2004.［11］Yan Y D，Sun T，Dong S，et al. Molecular dynamics simulation of processing using AFM pin tool［J］．Applied Surface Science，2006，252：7523-7531.［12］Zarudi I，Cheong W C D，Zou J，et al. Atomistic structure of monocrystalline silicon in surface nano-modification［J］．Nanotechnology，2004，15：104-107.［13］Li Z Q，Sun T，Shi L Q，et al. Study on lapping process of diamond cutting tool ［J］．Key Eng Mater，2006，304/305：104-108.［14］Tersoff J. Empirical interatomic potential for carbon，with applications to amorphous carbon［J］．Phys Rev，1988，61（25）：2879-2882.［15］Maekawa K，Itoh A. Friction and tool wear in nano-scale machining：A molecular dynamics［J］．Wear，1995，188：115-122.［16］Plimpton S J. Fast parallel algorithms for short-range molecular dynamics［J］．J Comp Phys，1995，117：1-19.［17］Humphrey W，Dalke A，Schulten K. VMD：Visual molecular dynamics［J］．J Molec Graphics，1996，14：33-38.金刚石刀具机械研磨过程中材料的去除机理李增强，宗文俊，孙涛，董申（哈尔滨工业大学精密工程研究所，哈尔滨150001）摘要：该材料，移除为的钻石切割工具的机械研磨的机制被照亮在的原子论的的的的规模。
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图1 球面研磨过程示意图
，已经进行了一些研究，确定了球面抛光工艺的最优参数 比如，人们发现, 用碳化钨球滚压的方法可以使工件表面的塑性变形减少而改善表面粗糙度、表面硬度、抗疲劳强度。
抛光的工艺的过程是由加工中心和车床共同对表面粗糙度有重大影响的抛光工艺主要参数，主要是球或滚子材料，步距
研磨高度
球磨研磨
进给速度
工作台
模柄
弹簧
工具可调支撑
紧固螺钉
磨球组件
自动研磨
磨球
图4 球面研磨工具及其调整装置
图5 a. 球面研磨工具的图片. b.球抛光工具的图片
加工中心
数控机床
电脑
图6
完成了L18型矩阵实验后，表2 （PDS5试样光滑表层的粗糙度）总结了光滑表面的粗糙度RA值，计算了每一个L18型矩阵实验的信噪比（S/N）,从而用于方程（1）。
通过表
信
噪
比
控制因素
内部表面
Ra=2.15μm
抛光表面
Ra=0.07μm
光滑表面
Ra=0.45μm
automated surface finishing processes was introduced in. A finishing process mode of spherical grinding tools for automated surface finishing systems was developed
Fig.4. Schematic illustration of the spherical grinding tool and its adjustment device
Fig.6. Experimental set-up to determine the optimal spherical grinding parameters
Table 2 summarizes the measured ground surface roughness alue R a and the calculated S/N ratio of each L18 orthogonal array sing Eq. 1, after having executed the 18 matrix experiments. The average S/N ratio for each level of the four actors。