2012科研题与答案YQ所有

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2012研究生英语真题答案：完整版

Section 1 Use of Eninglish Directions : Millions of Americans and foreigners see GI.Joe as a mindless war toy ,the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be .To the men and women who 1 )in World War II and the people they liberated ,the GI.was the 2) man grown into hero ,the pool farm kid torn away from his home ,the guy who 3) all the burdens of battle ,who slept in cold foxholes,who went without the 4) of food and shelter ,who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder .this was not a volunteer soldier ,not someone well paid ,5) an average guy ,up 6 )the best trained ,best equipped ,fiercest ,most brutal enemies seen in centuries。

His name is not much.GI. is just a military abbreviation 7) Government Issue ,and it was on all of the article 8) to soldiers .And Joe? A common name for a guy who never 9) it to the top .Joe Blow ,Joe Magrac …a working class name.The United States has 10) had a president or vicepresident or secretary of state Joe。

12答案教学文档

2012年上海市初中学生学业考试科学试卷参考答案及评分意见一、选择题（本大题共30分，每小题2分）1．B；2．A；3．A；4．D；5．C；6．D；7．B；8．C；9．A；10．D；11．D；12．A；13．B；14．D；15．C。

二、填空与连线题（本大题共20分，每项1分）16．28 17．b，a18．血管；养分19．食物链，藻类植物，小鱼20．石蕊试液21．洗澡后，浴室内的镜面变模糊了··凝固深秋，屋顶结了一层霜··凝华寒冬，地面上的积水变成冰了··蒸发用湿布擦黑板，一会儿黑板就干了··液化22．1）化学；辐射；2）不易导热；隔断氧气供应23．并联；如右图；2.2三、实验与探究（本大题共26分）24．（8分）1）（2分）气泡中的气体是什么气体？2）（每空1分）二氧化碳，变浑浊3）使带火星的木条复燃（1分），氧气（1分），光合作用（2分）25．（10分）1）（每空2分）空气流通；温度2）（1）（1分）液体的种类（或类别）；（2）（2分）保持水和酒精的表面积一样。

说明：提到保持面积相同的给2分，笼统地提控制变量给1分。

3）（3分）实验方案及观察的现象：在甲、乙二个玻璃片上，分别滴一滴水，甲玻璃片上的水涂一个较大的圆斑，乙玻璃片保持水滴形状不变，观察发现甲玻璃片上的水斑先干了。

（其他方案正确皆可给分）说明：3个得分点：1、水量相等；2、水斑面积不同；3、实验现象。

每个得分点给1分。

26．（8分）1）（1分）她在一个养蜂场却看到许多蜜蜂聚集在蜂箱上，翅没有扇动，却仍嗡嗡地叫个不停2）（2分）蜜蜂的发声与翅无关3）（2分）蜜蜂的发声与小黑点有关。

4）（1分）避免偶然性5）（2分）说明：回答应涉及两个方面1、科学研究需要有质疑精神；2、科学研究需要耐心细致的观察（包含坚持不懈等）；答出一个方面，给1分。

四、分析与综合（本大题共24分）27．（7分）1）（每空1分）视觉，嗅觉，味觉；2）（每空1分）消化；小肠。

2012杭州市中考科学试卷及答案(完整版含分析和扫描版答案)

2012年杭州市各类高中招生文化考试（含答案和试卷分析）科学考生须知：1．本试卷满分为180分，考试时间为120分钟。

2．答题前，在答题纸上写姓名和难考证号。

3．必须在答题纸的对应位置上答题，写在其它地方无效。

答题方式详见答题纸上的说明4．考试结束后，试题和答题纸一并上交。

试题卷一、选择题（每小题4分，共24分，每小题只有一个选项符合题意）1．有理论认为，从疾病发生机制上考虑，氧化损伤几乎是所有疾病最基本的病理过程。

研究人员发现，氢气对一些疾病有治疗作用。

根据上述理论，氢气对一些疾病有治疗作用的原因可能是A氢气有还原性B．氢气是密度最小的气体C．常温下氢气较稳定 D.氢气对人体无毒解析：氢气是还原性气体，没有毒，是密度最小的气体；A和题目中的氧化损伤相互对应，所以选A；答案：A难度：★★2．杭州市的自来水由于增设了加臭氧（O3）和加活性炭两道处理程序，水质处于全国大城市优秀水平。

根据以上报道，人们得出的下列结论中，符合科学道理的是A杭州市的自来水属于纯净物B．杭州市自来水的物理、化学性质就是水的物理、化学性质C．加臭氧和加活性炭都是利用它们的化学性质来净化水质D．以上水处理过程中，水分子的化学性质不变解析：自来水是混合物，而水是纯净物；臭氧是强氧化剂，易反应，利用的是它的化学性质；在处理过程中，水分子不变，还是水分子。

答案：D难度：★★3．在肥沃的土壤中，种子萌发初期（如右图所示）所需要的有机物A来自空气B．来自土壤C．来自种子D．部分来自种子，部分来自土壤解析：种子萌发初期有机营养来自胚芽或者胚乳；一些水分无机盐来自土壤；答案：C难度：★4．下列研究中需要设置对照组实验的是A．观察小金鱼尾鳍内的血液流动B．观察桃花结构C．探究土壤中是否含有水分D．探究温度对酶催化作用的影响解析：探究温度对酶催化作用影响时，需要设置不同温度，观察相应温度下催化效果。

所以需要对照试验。

其他三个不需要。

答案：D难度：★5．甲、乙两位同学坐在静止的列车上，在他们之间的水平桌面上放置一只静止的鸡蛋。

2012年考研真题及答案解析专题

2012年考研真题及答案解析专题D2012年考研真题及答案解析专题一、单项选择题：1～65小题，每小题2分，共130分。

下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。

请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。

1、下列选项中，不属于心理状态的是( )A、感觉B、想象C、注意D、记忆答案：D解析：感觉、想象、注意都是心理状态，记忆则不然。

2、大脑两半球之间传递信息的神经结构是( )A、杏仁核B、内囊C、边缘系统D、胼胝体答案：D答案：D解析：在暗适应时是出现感受性提高，而明适应是感受性降低。

6、当人看到下图，一般都只看到一些乱点，经提示这是一幅骑马图片后，人们就觉得像所提示的内容。

这主要体现的知觉特性是( ) (图略)A、知觉整体性B、知觉理解性C知觉恒常性、D、知觉选择性答案：B解析：人在知觉过程中不是被动的把知觉对象的特点登记下来，而是以过去的知识经验为依据，力求对知觉对象做出某种解释，使它具有一定的意义。

该题目体现了知觉的理解性。

7、立体电影利用知觉的( )A、运动视差B、纹理梯度C、线条透视D、双眼视差答案：A解析：立体电影是利用人双眼的视角差和会聚功能制作的可产生立体效果的电影。

8、一名5岁小儿童向怀里抱的布娃娃讲妈妈曾给她讲过的故事，这种语言属于( )A、对话B、独白C、语言获得D、语言理解答案：B解析：独白是一个人自言自语，自问自答。

9、安德森提出语言产生三阶段，包括( )A、构造、转化、执行B、概念化、公式化、发音C、构造、转化、发音D、概念化、公式化、执行答案：A解析：安德森提出语言产生三阶段，包括，1.构造阶段，根据目的确定要表达的思想; 2.转化阶段，运用句法规则将思想转换成语言的形式;3.执行阶段，将语言形式的信息说出或写出。

10、在沙赫特和辛格的情绪唤醒模型中，对情绪产生起关键作用的因素是( )A、注意B、认知C、生理变化D、情境答案：B解析：沙赫特的而因素理论的认为情绪经验来源与对刺激情境和自身生理唤醒两方面的认知。

2012研究生学位英语真题及答案(北京中科院)

研究生学位英语考试试题Part One：ListeningPart Two：Vocabulary1．Please do not be ____ by his bad manners since he is merely trying to attract attention.A disregardedB distortedC irritatedD intervened2. Craig assured his boss that he would ____ all his energies in doing this new job.A call forthB call atC call onD call off3. Too much ____ to X-rays can cause skin burns, cancer or other damage to the body.A disclosureB exhibitionC contactD exposure4. When confronted with such questions, my mind goes ____, and I can hardly remember my own date of birth.A dimB blankC faintD vain5. It is well known that knowledge is the ____ condition for expansion of mind.A incompatibleB incredibleC indefiniteD indispensable6. Language, culture, and personality may be considered ____ of each other in thought, but they are inseparable in fact.A indistinctlyB separatelyC irrelevantlyD independently7. Watching me pulling the calf awkwardly to the barn, the Irish milkmaid fought hard to ____ her laughter.A hold backB hold onC hold outD hold up8. The manager gave one of the salesgirls an accusing look for her ____ attitude toward customers.A impartialB mildC hostileD opposing9. I ____ with thanks the help of my colleagues in the preparation of this new column.A expressB confessC verifyD acknowledge10. It is strictly ____ that access to confidential documents is denied to all but a few.A securedB forbiddenC regulatedD determined11. The pollution question as well as several other issues is going to be discussed when the Congress is in ____ again next spring.A assemblyB sessionC conferenceD convention12. Christmas is a Christian holy day usually celebrated on December 25th ____ the birth of Jesus Christ.A in accordance withB in terms ofC in favor ofD in honor of13. Since it is too late to change my mind now, I am ____ to carrying out the plan.A obligedB committedC engagedD resolved14. It was a bold idea to build a power station in the deep valley, but it ____ as well as we had hoped.A came offB went offC brought outD make out15. To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, we must ____ the qualities and varieties of products we make to the world-market demand.A improveB enhanceC guaranteeD gear16. He left early on the ____ that he had a bad toothache and had to see the dentist.A prescriptionB pretextC knowledgeD precondition17. The new edition of the encyclopedia ____ many improvements, which is the result of the persistent effort of all the compilers.A embeddedB embodiedC enchantedD enclosed18. The boys and girls ____ together round the camp fire telling stories and singing songs.A reversedB clappedC clusteredD contracted19. The new underground railway will ____ the journey to all parts of the city.A consumeB eliminateC formulateD facilitate20. The speaker attracted the audience at the very beginning of the lecture by giving a ____ description of his personal experience.A globalB graciousC graphicD prescriptivePart Three：ReadingPassage oneThe potential of closed-circuit television and other new electronic teaching tools is so great that it is fascinating to visualize “the school of tomorrow”.Televised lessons will originate from a central building having perhaps four or five master studios. The lessons will be carried into classrooms all over a city, or even an entire country.After a televised lesson has been given, the classroom teacher will take over for the all-important “follow-up” period. The stude nts will ask troublesome questions, and difficult points will be cleared up through discussion.The teacher in the classroom will have additional electronic tools. On the teacher’s desk, the traditional bright red apple will have been replaced by a multiple—control panel and magnetic tape players. The tape machines will runprerecorded lessons which pupils will follow by headphones. The lessons will be specifically geared to the students’ levels of ability. For instance, which the class as a whole studies history, each student will receive an individual history lesson, directed to his particular level of ability.Should questions arise, the students will be able to talk directly to the teacher on individual “intercoms” without disturbing the rest of the class. In this way, the teacher will be able to conduct as many as three classes at the same time.1.This article is mainly about_______.A. televisionB. electronicsC. the schools of the futureD. communication2. Closed-circuit television will probably carry lessons to_____.A.a single classroomB. one schoolC. all the classrooms in the worldD. all the classrooms in a city or country3. In the schools of tomorrow, the teacher’s desk will____.A. contain electronic equipmentB. actually be a television setC. no longer existD. look like an isolation booth4. In the schools of tomorrow, students will4. In the schools of tomorrow, students will_____.A. all study different subjects at the same timeB. study at different levels within a subject at the same timeC. not studyD. not have to read books5. Electronic tools will enable the teacher to5. Electronic tools will enable the teacher to_____.A. teach more than one class at the same timeB. retireC. teach only a small number of pupilsD. rely on TV stations onlyPassage Two：Industrial Psychology is the application of various psychological techniques to the selection and training of industrial workers and to the promotion of efficient working conditions and techniques, as well as individual job satisfaction.The selection of workers for particular jobs is essentially a problem of discoveringthe special aptitudes and personality characteristics needed for the job and of devising tests to determine whether candidates have such aptitudes and characteristics. The development of tests of this kind has long been a field of psychological research.Once the worker is on the job and has been trained, the fundamental aim of the industrial psychologist is to find ways in which a particular job can best be accomplished with a minimum of effort and a maximum of individual satisfaction. The psychologist's function, therefore, differs from that of the so-called efficiency expert, who places primary emphasis on increased production. Psychological techniques used to lessen the effort involved in a given job include a detailed study of the motions required to do the job, the equipment used, and the conditions under which the job is performed. After making such a study, the industrial psychologist often determines that the job in question may be accomplished with less effort by changing the routine motions of the work itself, changing or moving the tools, improving the working conditions, or a combination of several of these methods.Industrial psychologists have also studied the effects of fatigue on workers to determine the length of working time that yields the greatest productivity. In some cases such studies have proven that total production on particular jobs could be increased by reducing the number of working hours or by increasing the number of rest periods, or "breaks," during the day. Industrial psychologists may also suggest less direct requirements for general improvement of job performance, such as establishing a better line of communication between employees and management.6. From the first sentence of passage, we learn that the primary objective of industrial psychology is to study ______.A. working efficiency that leads to the highest outputB. the working skills and the working environmentC. the techniques leading to the highest productivityD. the utilization of workers to get the greatest profit7. A test in industrial psychology is used to find out ______.A. a worker’s achievementsB. a worker's potential for a certain jobC. a worker's psychological problemD.a worker's motivation for a certain job8. The industrial psychologist’s function differs from that of the efficiency experts in that the former______.A. places great emphasis on maximum productionB. never cares about the increase of productionC. is mainly concerned with workers' satisfactionD. worries a lot about those workers in poor working conditions9. In an industrial psychologist's mind, all of the following is important EXCEPT______.A. the steps in which work is doneB. the state of mind of a worker when workingC. the effect of working environment on a workerD. the value of the product a worker is making10. It is certain that ______.A. Two breaks in a day lead to higher productivity than oneB. working less hours can yield the highest efficiencyC. communication is increasing between the employers and employeesD. changing tools will help increase the productionPassage Three：The Welsh language has always been the ultimate marker of Welsh identity, but a generation ago it looked as if Welsh would go the way of Manx. once widely spoken on the isle of Man but now extinct. Government financing and central planning, however, have helped reverse the decline of Welsh. Road signs and official public documents are written in both Welsh and English, and schoolchildren are required to learn both languages. Welsh is now one of the most successful of Europe’s regional languages, spoken by more than a half-million of the country’s three million people.The revival of the language, particularly among young people, is part of a resurgence of national identity sweeping through this small, proud nation. Last month Wales marked the second anniversary of the opening of the National Assembly, the first parliament to be convened here since 1404. The idea behind devolution was to restore the balance within the union of nations making up the United Kingdom. With most of the people and wealth, England has always had bragging rights. The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster, implemented by Tony Blair, was designed to give the other members of the club- Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales-a bigger say and to counter centrifugal forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.The Welsh showed little enthusiasm for devolution. Whereas the Scots voted overwhelmingly for a parliament, the vote for a Welsh assembly scraped through by less than one percent on a turnout of less than 25 percent. Its powers were proportionately limited. The Assembly can decide how money from Westminster or the European Union is spent. It cannot, unlike its counterpart in Edinburgh, enact laws. But now that it is here, the Welsh are growing to like their Assembly. Many people would like it to have more powers. Its importance as figurehead will grow with the opening in 2003, of a new debating chamber, one of many new buildings that are transforming Cardiff from a decaying seaport into a Baltimore-style waterfront city. Meanwhile a grant of nearly two million dollars from the European Union will tackle poverty. Wales is one of the poorest regions in Western Europe- only Spain, Portugal, and Greece have a lower standard of living.Newspapers and magazines are filled with stories about great Welsh men and women, boosting self-esteem. To familiar faces such as Dylan Thomas and Richard Burton have been added new icons such as Catherine Zeta-Jones, the movie star, and Bryn Terfel, the opera singer. Indigenous foods like salt marsh lamb are in vogue. And Wales now boasts a national airlin e. Awyr Cymru. Cymru, which means “land of compatriots,” is the Welsh name for Wales. The red dragon, the nation’s symbol since the time of King Arthur, is everywhere- on T-shirts, rugby jerseys and even cell phone covers.“Until very recent times most Wel sh people had this feeling of being second-class citizens,” said Dyfan Jones, an 18-year-old student. It was a warm summer night, and I was sitting on the grass with a group of young people in Llanelli, an industrial town in the south, outside the rock mus ic venue of the National Eisteddfod, Wales’s annual cultural festival. The disused factory in front of us echoed to the sounds of new Welsh bands.“There was almost a genetic tendency for lack of confidence,” Dyfan continued. Equally comfortable in his Welshness as in his membership in the English-speaking, global youth culture and the new federal Europe, Dyfan, like the rest of his generation, is growing up with a sense of possibility unimaginable ten years ago. “We used to think. We can’t do anything, we’re only Welsh. Now I think that’s changing.”11. According to the passage, devolution was mainly meant toA. maintain the present status among the nations.B. reduce legislative powers of England.C. create a better state of equality among the nations.D. grant more say to all the nations in the union.12. The word “centrifugal” in the second paragraph meansA. separatist.B. conventional.C. feudal.D. political13. Wales is different from Scotland in all the following aspects EXCEPTA. people’s desire for devolution.B. locals’ turnout for the voting.C. powers of the legislative body.D. status of the national language.14. Which of the following is NOT cited as an example of the resurgence of Welsh national identityA. Welsh has witnessed a revival as a national language.B. Poverty-relief funds have come from the European Union.√C. A Welsh national airline is currently in operation.D. The national symbol has become a familiar sight.15. According to Dyfan Jones what has changed isA. people’s mentality.B. pop culture.C. town’s appearance.D. possibilities for the people.Passage Four：What is true? What is right? What is beautiful? Science considers what is true, starting out with almost unimaginable ideas (The earth is moving! The future is unpredictable!). The job is to understand these ideas and fit them into a broad and logical picture of the universe. Politics considers what is right. This requires broad understanding and eventual consensus of points of view that often appear incompatible. Art is the development of what is beautiful---whether through words, a musical note, or architecture.Truth, morality, beauty. It has been humanity’s persistent hope that these three ideas should be consistent with each other. Yet successful activities in science, politics, and art diverge greatly, and I believe the three activities can be pursued initially without regard to each other, or without reconciling the possible conflicts that mayarise. Today, there is perceived to be a strong contradiction between the results of science and the requirements of morality; for instance, the application of science has led to the development of nuclear weapons, while international morality seems to demand that such results never be applied ——and that research leading to them should be stopped. I hold a position radically different from the general point of view, believing that contradiction and uncertainty should be enhanced.Niel Bohr loved contradiction. He would not tolerate the idea that quantum mechanics might some day supersede classical physics. For Bohr, classical physics had to remain in permanent contradiction to quantum mechanics and the tension between them retained as a part of science. In the same way, the impacts of science, politics, and art must remain independent. We must learn to live with contradictions, because they lead to deeper and more effective understanding. The same applies to uncertainty.According to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, only probabilistic predictions can be made about the future. Furthermore, small events can have important consequences. An everyday example is weather forecasting. It is fairly successful for predictions up to 5 days ahead, but if you double that period the predictions are no longer accurate. It is not clear whether long-range predictions are forever excluded, but the example does illustrate that small causes can have significant effects.This situation has an obvious analogy in free will. In a completely deterministic world, what we know as free will in humans is reduced to a mere illusion. I may not know that my actions are predetermined in some complicated configuration of my molecules, and that my decisions are nothing more than the realization of what has been inherent in the configuration of electrons. According to quantum mechanics, we cannot exclude the possibility that free will is a part of the process by which the future is created. We can think about the creation of the world as incomplete and human beings, indeed all living beings, as making choices left open to probability.One may argue that this notion is fantastic. Indeed, Einstein firmly believed in causality, and rejected the relevant part of quantum mechanics. (His famous statement is that, while God can rule the world by any set of laws, “God does not p lay dice with the universe.”)Attempts have been made to add laws to quantum mechanics to eliminate uncertainty. Such attempts have not only been unsuccessful, they have not even appeared to lead to any interesting results.Questions:16.According to the author, what do science, politics and art each try to explain?17.What is the strong contradiction mentioned in the second paragraph?18.What is the author’s attitude toward contradiction?19.How would the author face uncertainty?20.What is the main idea of the passage?Passage Five：I am afraid to sleep. I have been afraid to sleep for the last few weeks. I am so tired that, finally, I do sleep, but only for a few minutes. It is not a bad dream that wakes me ; it is the reality I took with me into sleep . I try to think of something else. Immediately the woman in the marketplace comes into my mind. I was on my way to dinner last night when I saw her . She was selling skirts. She moved with the same ease and loveliness I often saw in the women of Laos. Her long black hair was as shiny as the black silk of the skirts she was selling. In her hair, she wore three silk ribbons, blue, green, and white. They reminded me of my childhood and how my girlfriends and I used to spend hours braiding ribbons into our hair. I don’t know the word for “ribbons”, so I put my hand to my own hair and , with three fingers against my head , I looked at her ribbons and said “Beautiful.” She lowered her eyes and said nothing. I wasn’t sure if she understood me (I don’t speak Laotian v ery well).I looked back down at the skirts. They had designs on them: squares and triangles and circles of pink and green silk. They were very pretty. I decided to buy one of those skirts, and I began to bargain with her over the price. It is the custom to bargain in Asia. In Laos bargaining is done in soft voices and easy moves with the sort of quiet peacefulness.She smiled, more with her eyes than with her lips. She was pleased by the few words I was able to say in her language, although they were mostly numbers, and she saw that I understood something about the soft playfulness of bargaining. We shook our heads in disagreement over the price; then, immediately, we made another offer and then another shake of the head. She was so pleased that unexpectedly, she accepted the last offer I made. But it was too soon. The price was too low. She was being too generous and wouldn’t make enough money. I moved quickly and picked up two more skirts and paid for all three at the price set; that way I was able to pay her three times as much before she had a chance to lower the price for the larger purchase. She smiled openly then, and, for the first time in months, my spirit lifted. I almost felt happy.The feeling stayed with me while she wrapped the skirts in a newspaper and handed them to me. When I left, though, the feeling left, too. It was as though itstayed behind in marketplace. I left tears in my throat. I wanted to cry. I didn’t , of course.I have learned to defend myself against what is hard; without knowing it, I have also learned to defend myself against what is soft and what should be easy.I get up, light a candle and want to look at the skirts. They are still in the newspaper that the woman wrapped them in. I remove the paper, and raise the skirts up to look at them again before I pack them. Something falls to floor. I reach down and feel something cool in my hand. I move close to the candlelight to see what I have. There are five long silk ribbons in my hand, all different colors. The woman in the marketplace! She has given these ribbons to me!There is no defense against a generous spirit, and this time I cry, and very hard, as if I could make up for all the months that I didn’t cry.Questions:21. When the author met the woman in the market, what was the woman doing?22. How can you describe bargaining in Laos?23. According to the author, why did the woman accept the last offer?24. Why did the author finally decide to buy three skirts?25. Why did the writer cry eventually when she looked at the skirts again? Part Four：Translation1. A second aspect of technology transfer concentrates on US high technology exports.China has correctly complained in the past that the US was unnecessarily restrictive in limiting technology sales to China. Recently some liberalization has taken place and major increases in technology transfers have taken place as the result. However, some items continue to be subject to restrictions and unnecessary delay, in part because the US Government submits many items to COCOM(巴黎统筹委员会) for approval. There is significant room for improvement with the US bureaucracy and COCOM.2. Good manners are necessary because we are judged by our manners. Our mannersnot only show what kind of education we have received and what our social position is, but they also tend to show what our nature is. A person with good manners is always an agreeable companion, because he always thinks of others andshows respect for others.3. Individualism and collectivism have permeated every aspect of Eastern andWestern culture, influencing American and Chinese economics, politics, morals and values, and especially communication patterns. This is important, for research has proved that the number one cause of failure in international business and relations is not economics or even business but cross-cultural communication.4. It is known to all that knowledge is power. Young people without knowledgecannot expect to become assets to society. In order to acquire profound knowledge, they strive to study well in school in the first place. This does not mean that knowledge only consists in books. In most cases, the knowledge from books is no substitute for the knowledge derived from social practices. For this obvious reason, young people should also regard it as indispensable to their acquirement of knowledge to learn earnestly from the experienced people and from society as well.In short, the rightly motivated young people are advised to insist on obtaining knowledge from all kinds of sources.5. 今天，环境问题变得越来越严重了。

2012年全国硕士研究探究生入学统一考试西医综合试题以跟答案解析分析

2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试西医综合试题以及答案解析72.女性，25岁。

头晕、乏力半年门诊就诊，诊断为"缺铁性贫血"，当时化验Hb78g/L，RBC3.5×1012/L，网织红细胞1.5%.门诊给予口服琥珀酸亚铁0.1g，3次/日，1周后门诊复查Hb和RBC未上升，网织红细胞4%，该患者Hb和RBC未上升的最可能原因是（D）A.未按时服药B.药物吸收不良C.诊断错误D.服药时间短考点：缺铁性贫血药物治疗解析：缺铁性贫血口服铁剂治疗后5~10天网织红细胞开始上升，两周后血红蛋白开始上升，此病人服用铁剂一周后网织红细胞4%，血红蛋白和红细胞未上升，考虑为疗程不够。

73.甲亢危象的处理中，不恰当的是（D）A.首选丙硫氧嘧啶B.碘剂应在服用抗甲状腺药物后使用C.使用糖皮质激素有助于增强应激能力D.高热时应选用乙酰水杨酸类解热药考点：甲亢危象的处理解析：甲亢发热时避免使用乙酰水杨酸类药物。

74.在糖尿病酮症酸中毒的治疗中，最关键的措施是（A）A.补充液体B.小剂量胰岛素治疗C.纠正酸中毒D.补钾考点：糖尿病酮症酸中毒的处理解析：糖尿病酮症酸中毒的患者应首先维持循环血量，维持生命体征。

75.下列与感染相关的风湿病是（A）A.风湿热B.类风湿关节炎C.多肌炎D.Reiter综合征考点：风湿热解析：风湿热由A组链球菌引起，BCD为自身免疫性疾病，发病与免疫因素有关。

76.应用改变病情抗风湿药治疗类风湿关节炎时，一般首选的药物是（C）A.羟氯喹B.来氟米特C.甲氨蝶呤D.柳氮黄吡啶考点：类风湿关节炎的药物治疗解析：四个选项均可以改变类风湿性关节炎的病情，但首选甲氨蝶呤。

77.女性，38岁，因双乳胀痛伴肿块数年而就诊。

查体：双乳可扪及多个大小不等的结节，质韧，同侧腋窝淋巴结无明显肿大，挤压乳头时有乳白色液体溢出，细胞学检查未发现异常细胞。

最可能的诊断是：BA.乳癌B.乳房囊性增生C.导管内乳头状瘤D.乳腺结核78.大肠癌的好发部位是：DA.横结肠B.升结肠及结肠肝曲C.降结肠及乙状结肠D.直肠及乙状结肠79.革兰阴性杆菌败血症的临床特点是：BA.易并发心肌炎B.感染性休克发生早、持续时间长C.热型为稽留热或驰张热D.常见可转移性脓肿80.下列属于清洁伤口的是：AA.甲状腺手术切口B.胸部刀割伤后4小时清创伤口C.头面部撞伤14小时的伤口D.胃大部切除术的切口81.下列措施中，属于癌症二级预防的是：DA.减少职业性致癌物的暴露B.改善生存质量，对症性治疗C.改进烟草质量使之无害化D.对高发区及高危人群定期检查82.男性，45岁，横结肠癌约4×4cm大小，已累计浆膜层，CT检查左肝外叶亦有3cm大小转移灶，胰腺正常。

2012浙江宁波中考科学卷和答案

宁波市2012年初中毕业生学业考试科学试题姓名本卷可能用到的相对原子质量：H ：1 C ：12 O ：16 C1：35．5 Fe ：56 Cu ：64试题卷 I一、选择题(本题共20小题，每小题3分，共60分。

在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的)1．5月12日为全国“防灾减灾日”。

下列有关防灾减灾说法错误．．的是( ) A ．煤矿矿井内严禁烟火 B ．地震发生时，尽量选择往室内躲避C ．通过人工降雨缓解旱情D ．保护植被、植树造林，能减缓沙尘暴的发生 2．下列实验操作正确的是( )3．下列描述与实际相符的是( )A ．托起2个鸡蛋的力约1牛顿B ．初中生投掷的实心球质量约10千克C ．一本九年级(上)的科学书厚约10厘米D ．光在真空中传播的速度约340米／秒 4．2012年2月16日，某县警方发现一村民关养着三只形似猫头鹰的受伤的动物。

经鉴定，该动物为国家二级重点保护野生动物——乌雕鸮。

乌雕鸮是一种大型鸟类，属于雕鸮属的动物，以鸟类、蛙、蛇、蜥蜴等动物为食。

以下说法错误．．的是( ) A ．乌雕鸮属于卵生动物 B ．雕鸮属中所有的鸟类是一个种群 C ．在生态系统中乌雕鸮属于消费者 D ．应将受伤的乌雕鸮救治后放归自然 5．小科看到妈妈炒的一盘紫色高丽菜(一种紫色的卷心菜)的菜汁呈紫色，后来因为掺了醋变成了红色，在洗盘子时遇到碱性洗涤剂变成黄绿色。

下列也能使紫色高丽菜汁呈现黄绿色的物质是( )A ．柠檬汁B ．雪碧C ．食盐水D ．肥皂水 6．下列有关能源利用的说法错误．．的是( ) A ．三峡水电站利用水能发电 B ．节能需从身边的点滴做起C ．人类应重视对太阳能的利用D ．核电站利用核聚变产生的能量发电7．卫生部公布的2011年全国法定传染病疫情报告显示，在乙类传染病中，居病死率榜首的竟是狂犬病。

人得狂犬病的主要原因，是被携带狂犬病病毒的病犬咬伤所致。

在下列与狂犬病有关的说法中，错误．．的是( ) A ．狂犬病病毒属于生物 B ．狂犬病病毒属于传染源C ．接种狂犬病疫苗属于保护易感者D ．接种狂犬病疫苗属于特异性免疫A ．用天平称食盐B ．稀释浓硫酸C ．检查气密性D ．过滤8．下列电路图中，开关S 闭合后，两个电阻并联的是( )9．如图所示是某反应前后的微观示意图，“○”和“●”( )表示两种不同的原子。

2012中国科学院量子力学真题解答

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四、解： 1） [ J x , J y ] i J z ; [ J y , J z ] i J x ; [ J z , J x ] i J y ; J J iJ 2) m J x n 1 m Jy Jz JzJy n i 1 [ m Jy Jz n m Jz Jy n ] i 1 [n m J y n m m J y n ] i nm m Jy n i 1 m Jz Jx JxJz n i m n = m Jx n i nm m Jy n i nm m n . m Jx n i i (n m )2 m J x n 1 (n m )2 =0 m n 1 所以当且仅当 m n 1时， m J x n 不为 0 . 3）在（ J 2 , J z ) 表象中， J = 1 , m = - J , - J 1 , . . . . , J 1, J .所以 m 0 , 1 . J z =，相应的 1 本征态为 1 0 ； J z =0， 0 0 1 1 1 2 ； J x =0， 2 ' 0 ； 2 1 1 0 1 ； J z =-， 0 J x =-， 0 1 0 1 1 1 3' 2 2 1

2012年考研管综真题及答案

综合能力试题一、问题求解题：第1～15小题，每小题三分，共45分。

下列每题给出的(A )、(B )、(C )、(D )、(E )五个选项中，只有一项是符合试题要求的。

请在答题卡．．．上将所选的字母涂黑。

1.某商品的定价为200元，受金融危机的影响，连续两次降价20%后的售价为()．(A )114元(B )120元(C )128元(D )144元(E )160元2.如图1，△ABC 是直角三角形，1，2，3为正方形，已知，，分别是1，2，3的边长，则()．(A )=+(B )2=2+2(C )2=22+22(D )3=3+3(E )3=23+23S 3BCAS 1S 2图13.如图2，一个储物罐的下半部分是底面直径与高均是20m 的圆柱体、上半部分(顶部)是半球形的，已知底面与顶部的造价是400元/m 2，侧面的造价是300元/m 2,则该储物罐的造价是()．(π≈3.14)图2(A )56.52万元(B )62.8万元(C )75.36万元(D )87.92万元(E )100.48万元4.在一次商品促销活动中，主持人出示一个9位数，让顾客猜测商品的价格，商品的价格是该9位数中从左到右相邻的3个数字组成的3位数，若主持人出示的是513535319，则顾客一次猜中价格的概率是()．(A )17(B )16(C )15(D )27(E )135.某商店经营15种商品，每次在橱窗内陈列5种，若每两次陈列的商品不完全相同，则最多可陈列()．(A )3000次(B )3003次(C )4000次(D )4003次(E )4300次6.甲、乙、丙三个地区的公务员参加一次测评，其人数和考分情况如下表所示：三个地区按平均分由高到低的排名顺序为()。

(A )乙、丙、甲(B )乙、甲、丙(C )甲、丙、乙(D )丙、甲、乙(E )丙、乙、甲7.经统计，某机场的一个安检口每天中午办理安检手续的乘客人数及相应的概率如下表所示：乘客人数0~56~1011~1516~2021~2525以上概率0.10.20.20.250.20.05该安检口2天中至少有1天中午办理安检手续的乘客人数超过15的概率是()．(A)0.2(B)0.25(C)0.4(D)0.5(E)0.758.某人在保险柜中存放了M元现金，第一天取出它的23，以后每天取出前一天所取的13，共取了7次，保险柜中剩余的现金为()．(A)37元(B)36元(C)236元(D)[1−(23)7]元(E)[1−7×(23)7]元9.在直角坐标系中，若平面区域D中所有点的坐标(s p均满足：0≤≤6，0≤≤6，−≤3，2+2≥9，则D的面积是()．(A)94(1+4p(B)9(4−4)(C)9(3−4)(D)94(2+π)(E)94(1+π)10.某单位春季植树100颗，前2天安排乙组植树，其余任务由甲、乙两组用3天完成，已知甲组每天比乙组多植树4棵，则甲组每天植树()．(A)11棵(B)12棵(C)13棵(D)15棵(E)17棵11.在两队进行的羽毛球对抗赛中，每队派出3男2女共5名运动员进行5局单打比赛．如果女子比赛安排在第二局和第四局进行，则每队队员的不同出场顺序有()．(A)12种(B)10种(C)8种(D)6种(E)4种12.若3+2+B+能被2−3+2整除，则()．(A)=4,=4(B)=−4,=−4(C)=10,=−8(D)=−10,=8(E)=−2,=013.某公司计划运送180台电视机和110台洗衣机下乡，现在两种货车，甲种货车每辆最多可载40台电视机和10台洗衣机，乙种货车每辆最多可载20台电视机和20台洗衣机．甲、乙两种货车的租金分别是每辆400元和360元，则最少的运费是()．(A)2560元(B)2600元(C)2640元(D)2680元(E)2720元14.如图3所示，三个边长为1的正方形所覆盖区域(实线所围)的面积为()．图3(A)3−2(B)3−(C)3−3(D)3(E)315.在一次捐赠活动中，某市将捐赠的物品打包成件，其中帐篷和食品共320件，帐篷比食品多80件，则帐篷的件数是()件．(A)180(B)200(C)220(D)240(E)260二、条件充分性判断：第16～25小题，每小题3分，共30分。

2012年全国高考生命科学试题及答案-上海卷讲解

绝密★启用前2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试上海生命科学试卷本试卷分为第Ⅰ卷(第1-4页)和第Ⅱ卷(第5-12页)两部分。

全卷共l2页。

满分l50分。

考试时间为120分钟。

第Ⅰ卷 (共60分)考生注意：1.答第I卷前，考生务必在答题卡上用钢笔或圆珠笔清楚填写姓名、准考证号、校验码，并用2B铅笔正确涂写准考证号和校验码。

2.第I卷(1-30题)，由机器阅卷，答案必须全部涂写在答题卡上。

考生应将代表正确答案的小方格用2B铅笔涂黑。

注意试题题号和答题卡编号一一对应，不能错位。

答题需要更改时，必须将原选项用橡皮擦去，重新选择。

答案不能涂写在试卷上，涂写在试卷上一律不给分。

一、选择题（每题2分，共60分。

每小题只有一个正确选项）1．关于细胞结构和功能的叙述，正确的是（）A．在细胞核内RNA能够传递和表达遗传信息B．核糖体是蛋白质合成和加工的主要场所C．线粒体内膜蛋白质和脂质的比值大于外膜D．高尔基体与有丝分裂过程中纺锤体形成有关2．下列关于生物体中物质及其代谢的叙述，错误的是（）A．抗体是蛋白质，RNA聚合酶也是蛋白质B．维生素不能在人体中储存C．蛋白质的碳链骨架彻底氧化分解的产物是二氧化碳和水D．水也是生物体组织结构的组成成分3．下列关于生物试剂的选择、使用或使用结果的叙述正确的是（）A．用双缩脲试剂鉴定蛋白质时，需将NaOH溶液和CuSO4溶液混匀后使用B．提取叶绿体色素时加入SiO2的目的是为了防止色素被破坏C．用苏丹III染液鉴定含油多的植物组织，显微镜下可见染成橘红色的颗粒D．判断酵母菌是否进行酒精发酵可选择班氏试剂，也可选择碘液4．下列生物学研究中所选择的技术（方法）恰当的是（）A．用纸层析法提取叶绿体色素B．用18O标记H2O和CO2证明CO2是光合作用的原料C．用标志重捕法调查鼠的种群密度D．用显微镜观察染色体确认基因突变5．下列生理过程中，不需消耗ATP的是（）①水光解形成H+②C3的还原③肾小管重吸收Na+④抗体的合成与分泌⑤血液与组织液间气体交换⑥有丝分裂⑦主动运输A．①②③B．⑤C．①④⑤D．①⑤6．将叶面积相等的甲、乙两种植物的叶片分别放置在相同体积、温度适宜且恒定的密闭小室中，给予充足的光照，下列有关说法正确的是（）A．甲、乙两叶片的光合作用强度一定相同B．甲、乙两叶片的光合作用强度在一段时间后都将逐渐下降C．若实验一段时间后，甲叶片所在小室中的CO2浓度较乙低，则甲叶片的呼吸强度一定比乙低D．若实验一段时间后，甲叶片所在小室中的CO2浓度较乙低，则甲固定CO2的能力较低7．下图是脑啡肽的结构简式，有关脑啡肽的叙述不正确的是（）A．合成脑啡肽所需的能量来自于细胞呼吸B．由4种氨基酸组成，翻译它的模板上至少需要4个密码子C．只有在内质网和高尔基体中加工形成一定的空间构象后才具有镇痛作用D．含有4个肽键，脱水缩合生成的H2O中的氢来自氨基和羧基8．以下关于微生物传染病流行过程的三个环节，说法正确．．的是A．对于人类的传染病来说最主要的传染源是易感人群B．通过与SARS患者的口腔分泌物接触病原体而患病的传播属于病媒传播C．微生物传染病的传染链包括病原体、传播途径和易感人群三个基本环节D．同一种微生物传染病可以有一条以上的传播途径9．关于真核细胞的呼吸，正确的说法是（）A．无氧呼吸是不需氧的呼吸，因而其底物分解不属于氧化反应B．水果贮藏在完全无氧的环境中，可将损失减小到最低程度C．无氧呼吸的酶存在于细胞质基质和线粒体D．有氧呼吸的酶存在于细胞质基质、线粒体内膜、线粒体基质10．下列关于原核生物和真核生物的叙述，正确的是（）A．原核生物细胞不含线粒体，不能进行有氧呼吸B．真核生物细胞只进行有丝分裂，原核生物细胞只进行无丝分裂C．真核生物以DNA为遗传物质，部分原核生物以RNA为遗传物质D．真核生物和原核生物细胞都具有生物膜系统，有利于细胞代谢有序进行11．在农田土壤的表层自生固氮菌较多。

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试农学联考化学真题2012年

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试农学联考化学真题2012年(总分：63.99，做题时间：180分钟)一、单项选择题 (总题数：30，分数：30.00)1.同浓度下列化合物的水溶液中，pH最大的是( )。

（分数：1.00）A.NaClB.NaHCO3C.NO2CO3√D.NH4Cl解析：2.关于元素N和O，下列叙述错误的是( )。

（分数：1.00）A.作用于原子最外层电子的有效核电荷：N＜OB.原子半径：N＞OC.第一电离能：O＞N √D.第一电子亲合能的绝对值：O＞N解析：同周期主族元素自左而右，随原子序数增1，核外电子递增1，核电荷也增1。

由于同层电子间屏蔽作用弱，故作用于最外层电子的有效核电荷增大、原子半径明显减小。

A、B均非正确答案。

基态N原子，外层2p轨道半充满，是较稳定结构，元素的第一电离能反常地高于O、第一电子亲合能的绝对值反常地低于O。

故答案C正确，D不正确。

3.欲使Mg(OH)2溶解，可加入( )。

（分数：1.00）A.NaClB.NH4Cl √C.NH3?H2OD.NaOH解析：Mg(OH)2是碱，可接受质子而溶于酸。

4.pH的实用定义为( )。

（分数：1.00）√解析：根据国标GB3102.8-93，pH的定义有实用定义和操作定义。

pH的实用定义，简言之为氢离子活度的负对数。

题文的4个答案显然均非实用定义。

此题所问应为pH的操作定义：5.试样质量大于0.1g的分析，称为( )。

（分数：1.00）A.痕量分析B.半微量分析C.微量分析√D.常量分析解析：6.在一定温度时，水在饱和蒸气压下汽化，下列各函数变化为零的是( )。

（分数：1.00）A.△UB.△HC.△SD.△G√解析：7.采用间接碘量法标定Na2S2O3溶液浓度时，必须控制好溶液的酸度，Na2S2O3与I2发生反应的条件必须是( )。

（分数：1.00）A.中性或微酸性√B.强酸性C.中性或微碱性D.强碱性解析：8.( )。

2012考研数学一真题+答案解析

x →0 y →0
f ( x, y ) 存在，则必有 f (0, 0) = lim f ( x, y ) = 0 x →0 x2 + y2 y →0
这样， lim
x →0 y →0
f ( x, y ) f (Δx, Δy ) − f (0, 0) f (Δx, Δy ) − f (0, 0) 就可以写成 lim ，也即极限 lim 存在，可知 2 2 2 2 Δx →0 Δx → 0 Δx + Δy Δx 2 + Δy 2 x +y Δy → 0 Δy → 0 = 0 ，也即 f (Δx, Δy ) − f (0, 0) = 0Δx + 0Δy + o
的是（）（B） α1 , α 2 , α 4 （C） α1 , α 3 , α 4 （D） α 2 , α 3 , α 4 （A） α1 , α 2 , α 3 【答案】：（C）
0
【解析】：由于
( α1 , α 3 , α 4 ) =
0 c1
1 −1 −1 1 = c1 = 0 ，可知 α1 , α 3 , α 4 线性相关。故选（C） −1 1 c3 c4
（7）设随机变量 X 与 Y 相互独立，且分别服从参数为 1 与参数为 4 的指数分布，则 P{X < Y} = （A） ( )
1 1 2 4 （B）（C）（D） 5 3 5 5 （8）将长为 1m 的木棒随机的截成两段，则两段长度的相关系数为( ) 1 1 （A）1 （B）（C） − （D） −1 2 2 二、填空题：9~14 小题，每小题 4 分，共 24 分。请将答案写在答题纸指定位置上（9）若函数 f ( x) 满足方程 f '' ( x) + f ' ( x) − 2 f ( x) = 0 及 f '' ( x) + f ( x) = 2e ，则 f ( x) = （10） ∫ x 2 x − x 2 dx =

2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试答案及解析

2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试管理类专业学位联考综合能力试题参考答案及解析一、问题求解1.【答案】C 。

解析：根据售价=定价*折扣，⨯2002%201）（-=128元。

2.【答案】Ａ。

解析：根据三角形相似性质得=，解得a=b+c 。

3.【答案】C 。

解析：底面面积ππ100102=⨯，顶部面积ππ200104212=⨯⨯，侧面积=π×20×20=400π，所以储物罐的造价=400×300π+300×400π=75.36万元。

4.【答案】B 。

解析：因为排成重复的353后一共有513，135，353，535，531，319，6种情况，所以顾客猜中的概率61=。

5.【答案】B 。

解析：两次陈列的商品各不同数，也就是15种商品中选5种的组合数，即：3003515=C 。

6.【答案】E 。

解析：据表可知甲，乙，丙三地区的人数分别为：40，60，50。

所以其平均分别可求得：甲地区平均分==7.5；乙地区平均分==7.6；丙地区平均分==7.7。

所以由高到低排名为丙、乙、甲。

7.【答案】E 。

解析：因为据表中可知一天中午办理安检不超过15的概率为0.1+0.2+0.2=0.5，所求据对立事件与原事件的概率和为1，可知2天中至少有1天中午办理安检手续的乘客人数超过15的概率是概率为1－0.5×0.5=0.75。

8.【答案】A 。

解析62)31(32)31(32313231⨯-⋅⋅⋅-⨯-⨯-M M M M ⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡---=311))31(1(3132316M M 763))31(1(3131M M M =--= 9.【答案】C 。

解析：根据已知，画出图像⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=-=⨯-⨯-⨯=439492734133662πππ阴影S 。

10.【答案】D 。

解析：设甲组每天植树x 棵，根据已知，列出方程：2（x-4）+3（x+x-4）=100，解得x=15。

2012考研真题及答案

2012考研真题及答案2012年的考研真题是许多考生备战考研的重要资料，了解这些真题并熟悉其中的答案对于备考考研的同学来说是至关重要的。

在本文中，将为您介绍2012年的考研真题及其答案。

第一部分：数学一2012年的考研数学一科目主要涵盖了数学分析、高等代数和概率论等内容。

以下是部分考题及其答案的概要。

题一：设函数f(x)在区间[a,b]上连续，且在(a,b)内可导，证明：在(a,b)内至少存在一点ξ，使得f(b)-f(a)=(b-a)f' ( ξ )。

解析：根据罗尔定理，由于f(x)在[a,b]上连续，且在(a,b)内可导，那么在[a,b]上有f(a)=f(b)。

根据拉格朗日中值定理，存在一点ξ∈(a,b)，使得f' ( ξ )=(f(b)-f(a))/(b-a)。

所以，f(b)-f(a)=(b-a)f' ( ξ )。

题二：已知数列{a_n}的通项公式为a_n=2^n-3^n+4^n-5^n，求证数列{a_n}是等差数列。

解析：我们可以通过数学归纳法来证明这个结论。

当n=1时，a_1=2-3+4-5=-2。

当n=k时，假设a_k=2^k-3^k+4^k-5^k成立。

当n=k+1时，我们需要证明a_(k+1) =2^(k+1)-3^(k+1)+4^(k+1)-5^(k+1)也成立。

根据等差数列的性质，我们有a_(k+1)-a_k = (2^(k+1)-3^(k+1)+4^(k+1)-5^(k+1)) - (2^k-3^k+4^k-5^k)。

化简后可得a_(k+1)-a_k= -2 × 3^k + 3^(k+1) -2 × 5^k + 5^(k+1)。

通过整理和变换，我们得到a_(k+1)-a_k = -3^k (2-3) + 5^k (5-2) = 0。

因此，数列{a_n}是等差数列。

通过以上两道题目，我们可以看出2012年考研数学一科目的难度适中，考察了数学分析和代数的基本概念和推导方法。

2012考研计算机真题及答案解析(详细)

2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试计算机科学与技术学科联考计算机学科专业基础综合试题一、单项选择题：第1～40小题，每小题2分，共80分。

下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项最符合试题要求。

1．求整数n（n≥0）阶乘的算法如下，其时间复杂度是（）。

int fact(int n){if(n<=1)return 1;return n*fact(n-1);}A．O(log2n)B．O(n)C．O(nlog2n)D．O(n2)2．已知操作符包括‘+’、‘-’、‘*’、‘/’、‘(’和‘)’。

将中缀表达式a+b-a*((c+d)/e-f)+g转换为后缀表达式ab+acd+e/f-*-g+时，用栈来存放暂时还不能确定运算次序的操作符。

若栈初始时为空，则转换过程中同时保存在栈中的操作符的最大个数是（）。

A．5B．7C．8D．113．若一棵二叉树的前序遍历序列为a，e，b，d，c，后序遍历序列为b，c，d，e，a，则根结点的孩子结点（）。

A．只有e B．有e、b C．有e、c D．无法确定4．若平衡二叉树的高度为6，且所有非叶结点的平衡因子均为1，则该平衡二叉树的结点总数为（）。

A．12B．20C．32D．335．对有n个顶点、e条边且使用邻接表存储的有向图进行广度优先遍历，其算法的时间复杂度是（）。

A．O(n)B．O(e)C．O(n+e)D．O(n×e)6．若用邻接矩阵存储有向图，矩阵中主对角线以下的元素均为零，则关于该图拓扑序列的结论是（）。

A．存在，且唯一B．存在，且不唯一C．存在，可能不唯一D．无法确定是否存在7．对如下有向带权图，若采用迪杰斯特拉（Dijkstra）算法求从源点a到其他各顶点的最短路径，则得到的第一条最短路径的目标顶点是b，第二条最短路径的目标顶点是c，后续得到的其余各最短路径的目标顶点依次是（）。

A．d，e，f B．e，d，fC．f，d，e D．f，e，d8．下列关于最小生成树的说法中，正确的是（）。