Strip Layer Method for Analysis of the Three-Dimensional Stresses and Spread of Large Cyli
多尺度特征融合的脊柱X线图像分割方法
脊柱侧凸是一种脊柱三维结构的畸形疾病，全球有1%~4%的青少年受到此疾病的影响[1]。
该疾病的诊断主要参考患者的脊柱侧凸角度，目前X线成像方式是诊断脊柱侧凸的首选，在X线图像中分割脊柱是后续测量、配准以及三维重建的基础。
近期出现了不少脊柱X线图像分割方法。
Anitha等人[2-3]提出了使用自定义的滤波器自动提取椎体终板以及自动获取轮廓的形态学算子的方法，但这些方法存在一定的观察者间的误差。
Sardjono等人[4]提出基于带电粒子模型的物理方法来提取脊柱轮廓，实现过程复杂且实用性不高。
叶伟等人[5]提出了一种基于模糊C均值聚类分割算法，该方法过程繁琐且实用性欠佳。
以上方法都只对椎体进行了分割，却无法实现对脊柱的整体轮廓分割。
深度学习在图像分割的领域有很多应用。
Long等人提出了全卷积网络[6]（Full Convolutional Network，FCN），将卷积神经网络的最后一层全连接层替换为卷积层，得到特征图后再经过反卷积来获得像素级的分类结果。
通过对FCN结构改进，Ronneberger等人提出了一种编码-解码的网络结构U-Net[7]解决图像分割问题。
Wu等人提出了BoostNet[8]来对脊柱X线图像进行目标检测以及一个基于多视角的相关网络[9]来完成对脊柱框架的定位。
上述方法并未直接对脊柱图像进行分割，仅提取了关键点的特征并由定位的特征来获取脊柱的整体轮廓。
Fang等人[10]采用FCN对脊柱的CT切片图像进行分割并进行三维重建，但分割精度相对较低。
Horng等人[11]将脊柱X线图像进行切割后使用残差U-Net 来对单个椎骨进行分割，再合成完整的脊柱图像，从而导致分割过程过于繁琐。
Tan等人[12]和Grigorieva等人[13]采用U-Net来对脊柱X线图像进行分割并实现对Cobb角的测量或三维重建，但存在分割精度不高的问题。
以上研究方法虽然在一定程度上完成脊柱分割，但仍存在两个问题：（1）只涉及椎体的定位和计算脊柱侧凸角度，却没有对图像进行完整的脊柱分割。
Snakes, Shapes, and Gradient Vector Flow翻译
图像处理学报，第7卷，第3期，1998年3月蛇、形状、梯度矢量流IEEE学生会员徐晨阳，IEEE高级会员Jerry L. Prince摘要－蛇，或活动轮廓，被广泛用于计算机视觉和图像处理应用，特别是定位对象的边界。
然而，初始化与深凹口收敛性差的问题，限制了它们的效用。
本文为活动轮廓模型提出了一种新的外力，主要是为了解决这两个问题。
这种外部力，我们称之为梯度矢量流（GVF），被计算成为一种灰度级或来自图像的边缘地图的二进制的梯度矢量的扩散。
它从根本上不同于传统的蛇的外力,因为它不能被写成的势函数的负梯度,一致的蛇蛇应是直接从力平衡条件而不是从变分公式化制定的。
通过使用几个二维（2-D）的例子和一个三维（3-D）的例子，我们表明GVF有一个很大的捕获范围，并能够使蛇进入深凹口。
关键词－活动轮廓模型，可变形表面模型，边缘检测，梯度矢量流，图像分割，形状表示和恢复，蛇。
I、简介蛇[1]或者说活动轮廓，是在一个在曲线本身弯曲所产生的内力和来自图像数据的外力的影响下可以移动的图像域内定义的曲线。
这样定义的内力和外力，正符合在一个图像中的对象边界和其他所需的功能。
蛇广泛应用于许多应用程序,包括边缘检测[1],形状建模[2],[3],分割[4],[5],和运动跟踪[4]、[6]。
在现在的文献中，通常有两种类型的活动轮廓模型，即参数活动轮廓模型[1]几何活动轮廓模型[7] - [9]。
在本文中,我们重点关注参数活动轮廓,尽管我们希望我们的研究结果也同样能应用在几何活动轮廓中。
参数活动轮廓在图像域中可以合成参数曲线并允许他们拥有我们所期望的性质，通用的边。
通常情况下，曲线被潜在力量的拉向边缘，这个潜在力量被势函数的负梯度所定义。
额外的力，如压力，和潜在的力一起组成外力。
当然也有设计好的内力保持曲线形状（弹性力）和防止曲线过度弯曲（弯曲力）。
手稿于1996年11月1日收到，修订于1997年3月17日。
这项工作由美国国家科学基金会的总统教职研究员奖MIP93-50336的支持。
rloess滤波算法英文
rloess滤波算法英文The rloess filtering algorithm, also known as the robust locally weighted scatterplot smoothing algorithm, is a powerful tool used for data smoothing and trend estimation. It is widely used in various fields such as statistics, signal processing, and data analysis. In this answer, we will explore the rloess filtering algorithm from multiple angles, discussing its working principles, advantages, limitations, applications, and the impact it has on data analysis.The rloess filtering algorithm is designed to overcome the limitations of traditional smoothing techniques, such as moving averages, by providing more flexibility and adaptability to local variations in the data. It works by fitting a regression model to a subset of neighboring data points, where the weights are assigned based on their proximity to the point of interest. This adaptive weighting scheme allows the algorithm to effectively capture local trends and patterns in the data, making it particularlyuseful for handling noisy or non-linear data.One of the major advantages of the rloess filtering algorithm is its ability to handle outliers and robustly estimate the underlying trend in the presence of extreme values. Unlike other smoothing techniques, rloess assigns lower weights to outliers, reducing their influence on the final smoothed values. This robustness makes it a valuable tool in applications where the data may contain anomalies or measurement errors.Furthermore, the rloess algorithm provides users with a high degree of control over the smoothing process. By adjusting the span parameter, users can control the amount of smoothing applied to the data. A smaller span value results in a more localized smoothing effect, while alarger span value provides a smoother overall trend. This flexibility allows users to tailor the smoothing process to their specific needs and strike a balance between capturing local variations and obtaining a general trend.However, it is important to note that the rloessfiltering algorithm also has its limitations. Firstly, itis a computationally intensive algorithm, especially when dealing with large datasets. The algorithm requires fitting a regression model to multiple subsets of the data, which can be time-consuming for large datasets. Additionally, the performance of the algorithm may vary depending on the choice of parameters, such as the span value. Selecting an appropriate span value can be challenging, as it requires a trade-off between over-smoothing and under-smoothing the data.Despite these limitations, the rloess filtering algorithm has found widespread applications in various fields. In finance, it is used for time series analysis and forecasting, helping to identify underlying trends and patterns in stock prices or economic indicators. In environmental sciences, rloess is employed to analyze and visualize spatial and temporal variations in climate data. It is also utilized in image processing and computer vision tasks, such as edge detection and image denoising.In conclusion, the rloess filtering algorithm is apowerful tool for data smoothing and trend estimation. Its adaptive weighting scheme and robustness to outliers makeit particularly useful in handling noisy or non-linear data. While it has limitations in terms of computational complexity and parameter selection, its flexibility andwide range of applications make it an invaluable tool in data analysis. The rloess algorithm empowers researchersand analysts to uncover hidden patterns and trends in their data, contributing to a deeper understanding of the underlying phenomena and facilitating informed decision-making.。
纹理物体缺陷的视觉检测算法研究--优秀毕业论文
摘 要
在竞争激烈的工业自动化生产过程中，机器视觉对产品质量的把关起着举足 轻重的作用，机器视觉在缺陷检测技术方面的应用也逐渐普遍起来。与常规的检 测技术相比，自动化的视觉检测系统更加经济、快捷、高效与 安全。纹理物体在 工业生产中广泛存在，像用于半导体装配和封装底板和发光二极管，现代 化电子 系统中的印制电路板，以及纺织行业中的布匹和织物等都可认为是含有纹理特征 的物体。本论文主要致力于纹理物体的缺陷检测技术研究，为纹理物体的自动化 检测提供高效而可靠的检测算法。 纹理是描述图像内容的重要特征，纹理分析也已经被成功的应用与纹理分割 和纹理分类当中。本研究提出了一种基于纹理分析技术和参考比较方式的缺陷检 测算法。这种算法能容忍物体变形引起的图像配准误差，对纹理的影响也具有鲁 棒性。本算法旨在为检测出的缺陷区域提供丰富而重要的物理意义，如缺陷区域 的大小、形状、亮度对比度及空间分布等。同时，在参考图像可行的情况下，本 算法可用于同质纹理物体和非同质纹理物体的检测，对非纹理物体 的检测也可取 得不错的效果。 在整个检测过程中，我们采用了可调控金字塔的纹理分析和重构技术。与传 统的小波纹理分析技术不同，我们在小波域中加入处理物体变形和纹理影响的容 忍度控制算法，来实现容忍物体变形和对纹理影响鲁棒的目的。最后可调控金字 塔的重构保证了缺陷区域物理意义恢复的准确性。实验阶段，我们检测了一系列 具有实际应用价值的图像。实验结果表明 本文提出的纹理物体缺陷检测算法具有 高效性和易于实现性。 关键字: 缺陷检测；纹理；物体变形；可调控金字塔；重构
Keywords: defect detection, texture, object distortion, steerable pyramid, reconstruction
II
镀锌板国家新标准规定
镀锌板国家新标准规定本标准中以下文件的条款成为本标准的条款。
凡是注日期的引用文件，其随后的修订版本（不包括勘误表）或修正文件不适用于本标准。
对于注日期的引用文件，标准的最新版本适用于本标准。
ISO3575：1996《商品级、固定成型级和冲压级连续热镀锌碳素钢薄板》XXX《结构级连续热镀锌碳素薄钢板》DIN EN：2000《连续热镀锌结构钢板及钢带技术条件》DIN ：2000《冷成形用低碳钢连续热镀锌钢板及钢带供货技术条件》3术语和定义本标准中使用的术语和定义与GB/T 1184-1996《通用技术条件术语》中给出的定义一致，同时还包括以下术语和定义：镀锌层：由锌及其合金组成的涂层，用于保护基材。
无锌花镀锌层：表面无锌花的镀锌层。
镀层重量：单位面积上镀锌层的重量，用g/m2表示。
表面质量：表面的外观和平整度。
漆封：在镀锌层上涂覆有机涂层。
磷化：在镀锌层上涂覆有机涂层前，先进行磷酸盐化学处理。
不处理：不进行任何表面处理。
4分类及代号钢板及钢带按照用途、表面状态、镀锌层重量等分类，分别用代号表示。
5尺寸、外形、重量及允许偏差钢板及钢带的尺寸、外形、重量及允许偏差应符合本标准规定。
6订货内容订货方应提供钢板及钢带的规格、品种、数量、质量等信息。
供货方应按照合同要求提供产品。
7技术要求钢板及钢带的化学成分、机械性能、表面质量、镀锌层重量等技术要求应符合本标准规定。
8试验方法钢板及钢带的试验方法应符合本标准规定。
9检验规则钢板及钢带的检验规则应符合本标准规定。
10包装、标志及质量证明书钢板及钢带的包装、标志及质量证明书应符合本标准规定。
XXX in this standard and e part of the standard。
For referenced documents with a specific date。
all XXX) do not apply to this standard。
However。
土木工程英语证书(PEC)考试-抗震设计常用词汇
土木工程英语证书(PEC)考试-抗震设计常用词汇1/2/3级抗震墙grade 1/2/3 wall1/2/3级框架grade 1/2/3 framed structureK型支撑k-shape brace暗梁hidden-beam暗柱hidden column凹角reentrant corner凹凸不规则reentrance corners irregularity板柱-抗震墙结构slab-column-structural wall structure饱和砂土saturated sand饱和粘土saturated silt崩塌avalanche边坡边缘boundary of slope薄弱层weak story不液化non-liquefaction部分框支抗震墙结构frame-support wall structure侧向刚度不规则stiffness irregularity侧向支承点lateral braced point侧移刚度lateral displacement(sway) stiffness层间位移角限值allowable value of drift angle长悬臂结构long-cantilevered structure场地site场地类别site-classes超越概率probability of exceedence沉降缝settlement joint承载力抗震调整系数seismic adjusting factor for loading capacity承载力突变discontinuity in bearing capacity承重墙bearing wall脆性破坏brittle mode of failure大震major earthquake带竖缝钢筋混凝土墙板reinforced concrete wall plane with vertical separators 单斜杆支撑single diagonal brace弹塑性变形分析elasto-plastic deformation analysis弹塑性层间位移放大系数amplifying factor for elaso-plastic story drift弹塑性层间位移角限值limit value of elaso-plastic story drift rotation弹塑性时程分析elato-plasic time-history analyzing method弹性层间位移角限值limit value of elastic story drift rotation等效侧向静力荷载equivalent static lateral force等效粘滞阻尼比equivalent viscous damping ratio底部剪力base shear force地基抗震承载力seismic soil bearing capacity地面加速度峰值peak ground acceleration地震剪力seismic shear force地震倾覆弯矩seismic overturning moment地震作用earthquake action垫板backing bar顶部附加地震作用系数additional seismic action factors at top of the building 动力特性dynamic characteristics端柱end-column多道抗震防线seismic multiple-defense lines多遇地震frequently earthquake反应谱response spectrum非岩石的陡坡non-rocky steep slope附加弯矩additional bending moment附加阻尼additional damping复合箍筋compound hoop复合或连续复合矩形螺旋箍compound or continuous compound rectangularspiral hoop覆盖层厚度overlaying depth刚度中心center of rigidity刚性/半刚性/柔性隔板rigid/semi-rigid/flexible diaphragm刚性地基rigid base钢筋混凝土托墙梁reinforced concrete spandrel girder高宽比height-width ratio高耸孤立的山丘lonely tall hill割线刚度secant stiffness隔震的seismically isolated狗骨节点dog-bone connection构造边缘构件ordinary boundary element构造柱tie column箍筋间距the spacing of hoops规则抗震建筑regular seismic building罕遇地震rarely earthquake耗能构件energy-dissipating component耗能梁段energy-dissipating beam segment河岸river bank桁架-筒体truss tube横墙transverse wall滑坡landslide恢复力模型restoring-force characteristic model基底剪力法base shear method基底平均压力mean pressure on foundation bottom基底最大压力maximum pressure on foundation bottom 极惯性矩polar moment of inertial集中质量lumped mass加密法compaction method加强层story strengthening with outrigger member 剪切变形为主deformations predominantly due to shear 剪切波速shear-wave velocity of soil建筑抗震概念设计seismic concept design of buildings建筑抗震设计规范code for seismic design of buildings交叉支撑crosswise brace角柱corner column节点域剪切变形joint-panel shear deformation巨型框架great frame抗侧力体系lateral-force-resisting system抗液化措施liquefaction mitigation measure抗震措施seismic fortification measures抗震缝isolation joint抗震构造措施detail of seismic design抗震构造要求seismic detail requirement抗震建筑薄弱部位weak region of seismic building抗震墙结构wall structure抗震设防标准seismic fortification criterion抗震设防类别seismic fortification category抗震设防烈度seismic fortification intensity抗撞墙retaining wall框架moment resisting frame框架-核心筒结构frame-core-tube structure框架节点核心区地震承载力seismic capacity for the nodes of frame框架结构frame structure框架-抗震墙结构frame-wall structure框架-筒体framed tube框架-支撑frame-brace框支柱supporting-column力学模型mechanic model连梁coupling beam梁柱节点区域屈服承载力the yield capacity for the joint-panel of beam and column 临界阻尼critical damping楼层地震剪力系数seismic shear factor value of floor level楼层屈服强度系数story yield strength coefficient楼层位移story displacement楼面不连续diaphragm discontinuity螺旋箍spiral hoop埋置深度buried depth内藏钢支撑钢筋混凝土墙板reinforced concrete wall plane with hidden steel brace扭转不规则torsional irregularity扭转藕联方法coupled torsion method扭转效应torsion effect偶然偏心accidental eccentricity偏心支撑框架eccentrically braced frame普通箍筋ordinary hoop普通支撑框架ordinary braced frame嵌固部位fixing location强柱弱梁strong-column/weak-beam曲线下降段的衰减指数the power index of the curvilinear decrease section人工模拟加速度时程曲线artificial acceleration time-history curve人字支撑inverted-v shape brace软土地基soft subsoil设计地震动参数design parameters of ground motion设计地震分组design earthquake groups设计基本地震加速度design basic acceleration of ground motion设计特征周期design characteristic period of ground motion伸缩缝expansion joint/contraction joint受循环荷载时强度降低系数strength reducing factor under cycling load束筒tubes竖向地震影响系数vertical seismic influence coefficient竖向地震作用vertical seismic action竖向地震作用分项系数partial factor for vertical seismic action竖向和横向分布钢筋(抗震墙) vertical and lateral distribution web reinforcement竖向抗侧力构件不连续discontinuity in vertical anti-lateral-force members双肢抗震墙double-limb coupling wall水平地震影响系数horizontal seismic influence coefficient水平地震作用分项系数partial factor for horizontal seismic action水平动刚度the horizontal dynamic stiffness水平支撑horizontal brace水平转换构件horizontal transmission member速度非线性相关型speed non-linear relevant type速度线性相关型speed linear relevant type塑性铰plastic hinge特殊中心支撑框架special concentrically braced frame体积配箍率volumetric ratio of hoop reinforcement条状突出的山嘴strip-protruding spur贴板double plate筒中筒结构tube in tube structure土层液化影响折减系数reduction factor for the liquefaction effect of soil layer完全熔透坡口焊full penetration butt welds位移相关型displacement-relevant type无锚固女儿墙parapet without anchorage现浇混凝土楼板cast-in-situ concrete floor线性静/动力分析方法linear static/dynamic analyzing method橡胶隔震单元rubber isolator unit斜交抗侧力构件oblique direction lateral-force-resisting member芯柱core column压型钢板钢筋混凝土组合楼板composite floor with fluted plate延性ductility岩土地震的稳定性geotechnical stability液化liquefaction液化沉陷settlement caused by liquefaction液化等级grade of liquefaction液化地基liquefaction subsoil液化指数liquefaction index一个螺栓的极限受剪承载力the ultimate shear capacity of a bolt应力集中stress concentration有利/不利/危险地段favorable/unfavorable/hazardous seismic fortification plats 有阻尼自由振动damped free vibration预制楼盖/屋盖prefabricated concrete roof/floor约束边缘构件confining boundary element振型、模态mode振型参与系数mode participation factor振型分解反应谱法response spectrum method for modal analysis震陷ground subsidence直线下降段的下降斜率调整系the adjusting factor of slope for the linear decrease section 数质量中心center of mass中心支撑框架concentrically braced frame重力二阶效应secondary effect of gravitation重力附加弯矩gravity additional bending moment重力荷载代表值representative value of gravity重现周期recurrence interval轴压比axial-force-ratio转换层transference story装配式楼盖/屋面pre-cast floor/roof自振圆频率circular natural frequency自振周期the natural vibration period纵墙longitudinal wall阻尼比damping ratio阻尼调整系数the damping adjustment factor最大高宽比maximum ratio of total height to total width最小配箍率特征值the minimum hoop characteristic。
沙发专业英语术语
沙发专业英语术语A strip of fabric gathered as a curtain, or pleated, and applied to the base of upholstered furniture, a feature popular in Early American styling.FOAM : Material used for cushioning or to pad upholstered furniture. "Foam" is short for polyurethane foam in general use today. Is used as seat cushions or in thinner sheets for arm, side and back padding.FORTREL : Trade name for a polyester fiber (See polyester). FRAME Basic structure or skeleton of an upholstered sofa or chair. Kiln-dried hard wood is best for durability in wooden frames.FRENCH SEAM: (See inverted)FRONT RAIL: The wood frame part lowest to the floor , and at the front of piece.GLIDES : Buttons of plastic or metal applied to bottom of legs to make furniture easier to move around.GLUE BLOCKS : Triangular pieces of wood used to rein- force joints. Glued in place after being applied to frame. HAND (OR HANDLE) :Term used to describe the feel of a fabric such as soft, rough, or smooth.HANDLE-OPERATED RECLINER :Reclining movement of chair is con- trolled by a handle accessible to the per- son sitting in the chair rather than by body movement.HARD EDGE : (See tailored edge)HELICALS :Small, tightly coiled springs used to add extra comfort. Used, for example, to attach flat spring on all sides of material and frame for sleep/sofa.HERCULON: Trade name for an olefin fiber. (See olefin).HIDDEN CASTERS : Recessed casters used to totally concealthe use of caster .INVERTED SEAM: Seam joining underside of fabric with no welt. (Also called French seam).JACQUARD (FABRIC): A method of producing elaborately patterned weaves on a mechanical Jacquard loom on which the roller gives design instructions instead of musical notes.KICK PLEAT : Tailored pleated skirt on the bottom of upholstered pieces. (See skirt).KNOCK DOWN (OR K-D) :Unassembled or self-assembled furniture which you buy that way and put together yourself at home.KODEL: Trade name for a polyester fiber (See polyester).LAWSON: A furniture style in which arms are lower than the back. (See tuxedo).LEFT –FACING: The left-hand side of a piece of furniture when looking at same from the front. (See right-facing). LOOSE PILLOW CONSTRUCTION: A style of sofa or chair which features separate detachable pillows for back support.MATCH (ING): Positioning of a pattern, stripe or plaid. so that it flows continuously down the back across the seat and down the front of a sofa or chair. Not all fabrics may be matched. (Also see center match). MATELASSE (FABRIC): Tightly woven flat fabric with a quilted puff effect.MODULAR (S): (See sectionals).MR. & MRS. CHAIRS: Two matching chairs of the same style - one larger for him, one smaller for her.NAIL-HEAD TRIM: Decorative head nails or a simulated nail- head strip used to accentuate a style, usually used on arms and rails.NAP: Raised fibers in a pile fabric such as velvet.NUBBY: Fabric with yarns of different thicknesses giving an irregular hand to fabric.NYLON: Generic name for an important man- made synthetic fiber. Among the most durable synthetic fibers used for OLEFIN : Man-made synthetic fiber, good proper- ties of strength, and resistance to abrasion, excellent cleanability.Trade names: Herculon, Vectra.ORLON: Trade name for an acrylic fiber. (See acrilan).OTTOMAN: Footstool or the footrest attached to a reclining chair.PADDING: (See filling).PEDESTAL BASE : Base placed under the center of a piece of furniture. Commonly used on recliners and swivel rockers.PILE WEA VE : Fabric with raised nap -velvet, corduroy, fake furs.POL YESTER: A man-made fiber. Trade names: Dacron, Fortrel, Kodel. Most like cotton in its appearance and physical properties.POL YSTYRENE: A man-made synthetic used to simulate wood. Often used to reproduce expensive wood trim.Can also be used to make frame parts or entire frames.POL YURETHANE :Man-made synthetic foam used for filling and for cushions. Rigid polyurethane can also reproduce wood trim or make entire frame.POP UP : A reclining chair in which the head rest pops up from inside the chair back when moved into a reclining position.PRINT :Any fabric on which a design is printed on the surface rather than woven in.PULL-OVER BACK: Furniture design in which back padding wraps around and over back rather than being squared off and trimmed with welting.QUILTING Process of taking two layers of flat fabrics with light padding in between and sewing them together with an over-all design. Fabrics used for quilting are often prints or plain satins.Two types of quilting are used: 1) Loom quilting which produces any overall design on a fabric; 2) Outline quilting in which each element of a design (a lily for example) is outlined.RAIL : Lowest part of the wood frame. There are front, back and side rails.RAYON : A man-made cellulose fiber. Trade names: Jetspun and Colorspun. Dyes well with high luster. Works well in dense pile or closely woven fabrics. Usually used in a blend with other fibers.RECLINER: Chairs which do just what the name implies -they recline. All have built-in ottomans or footrests; two-way rockers have two positions (upright and one reclining position); three- way rockers have three positions (upright and two reclining positions).REVERSIBLE CUSHIONS: Seat cushions which may be turned upside down or reversed for durability. Vinyl cushions, however, cannot be reversed because a bottom fabric panel is needed for ventilation.RIGHT -FACING :The right-hand side of a piece of furniture when looking at same from the front. (See left-facing). ROCKER :Any chair which tips back and forth in place. Traditional rockers have arched supports on the legs.Platform rockers move on springs on stationary bases. There are also swivel rockers and rocker reclinersavailable.SADDLE ARM : An arm style which looks exactly as if you hadplaced a saddle on the arm. It dips down and wraps over the arm.SADDLE STITCHED :A decorative form of sewing the cover. Used more for ornamentation. It is not required for a good seam closure.SCALLOP : An ornamental border on a skirt of small half circles.SCOTCHGARD : (See stain-resistant finish)SELF-COVERED SEAT DECK : The area above the seat springs on which loose seat cushions rest is the seat deck.When covered in the same material as the exterior of the piece, it is called "self- covered." Thus if cushions move apart, you see the same upholstery fabric underneath rather than the customarily used beige denim fabric扶手:arm 扶板:wing 层板:plywood 填料:padding 转角:wedge, 底座:arm panel 后挡板:tailgate 扶手垫:armcap, 头枕:headrest 坐垫:cushion 拉练:zipper 搁脚ttoman 茶几:end table 摇椅:recliner塑料膜：plastic film／bubble film 海绵：foam 泡沫板：ＥＰＳblock2纸板：corrugate 后下outside back扶手内侧inside arm 面板front arm panel 扶手外侧outside arm 扶手前front arm 扶手后侧the rear arm. 扶手top arm / arm 接缝seam 靠背正面inside back 缝针、针脚stitch靠背后面outside back 双针two-needle stitch靠背back rest 双针机double needle machine屏耳the wing on both sides of the back 回针returned-stitch 防护绵: poly (top back rail) (STAPLED) 缝止the width of the seam喷胶棉（树脂棉）Glued Fiber / Rolled Fiber 针距stitch size spacing松棉）Loosed Fiber 刀眼notch 编织带Webbing 针眼stitchmark封口胶Tape for sealing the carton 浮线float stitch 抓钉T-Nuts 线头Odd pieces of thread 枪钉staple 露线exposed stitches 垫圈ring / bezel/washer 贴边/嵌条Welt三人沙发Sofa 效影（阴阳色）two-tone effect 搁脚30, Ottoman瑕疵flaw 转椅swivel chair 色差off shade 头层皮top grain结点knot 二层皮split 深色纱线斑点mottled yarns 仿皮vinyl 橡皮膏stress tape (cloth tape) for C&S天鹅绒kin velvet 杀真菌剂fungicide 无纺布non-woven fabric/dustcover 里布denim 毡毯felt 中垫Center / Central cushion倒顺毛the direction of pile 上垫Upper layer cushionS簧/蛇簧no-sag spring 拉布/拉条Puller 塔簧long coil spring 防霉：mildew-proof 蜡变革wax finish, wax effect 靠垫：back pillow油变革oily pull-up leather [抛枕：throw pillow 磨砂革buffed leather, nubuck, sanded 夹板ply wood 雌雄扣Velcro 缝制工艺图Sewing diagram 家具固定带, 无弹性Puckering 纸板Paper pattern 松紧带Elastic 样套Sample C&S T隔布partition (PCS.) 钉饰nail trim 五金压条metal tacking strip 弯度curve board 海棉--密度-density 弹性-hysteresis loss 支撑系数-support factor 阻燃测试-Flammability test 2KG黄芯-yellow core(一)沙发外观及感官要求:1 徒手揿压座面和背面应无异常的(exceptional)金属摩擦(friction)和撞击(impact)响声(noise,sound)。
冷轧板表面发黑原因
n r™PTCA (PART A :PHYS.TEST.)n\ ^量控制与失玟分析DOI ：10.11973 lhjy-w!202010008冷轧板表面发黑原因陈小龙\周从锐\周明科\樊雷\熊良友、梅鹏鲍思前：(1.柳州钢铁股份有限公司技术中心，柳州545000;2.武汉科技大学钢铁治金及资源利用省部共建教育部重点实验室，武汉430081)摘要:柳钢冷轧板表面出现了不同程度的发黑现象。
采用表面粗糙度分析、微观形貌分析、表 面残留氧化物分析等方法，对冷轧板表面发黑的原因进行了分析。
结果表明：冷轧板表面发黑的原 因是冷轧板在酸洗过程中发生了水腐蚀，导致冷轧板表面生成了 一层薄的铁的氧化物。
采取相关 措施降低冷轧板表面残留的C l_质量浓度后，冷轧板表面发黑程度明显减轻。
关键词：冷轧板；发黑；酸洗；氧化铁皮；拉曼光谱；水腐蚀中图分类号:T G335.12文献标志码：B文章编号：1001-4012(2020)10-0035-04Blackening Causes of Cold-rolled Strip SurfaceCHEN Xiaolong1 . ZHOU Congrui1 . ZHOU Mingke1 . FAN I>ei' , XIONG Liangyou1, MEI Pen^r •BAO Siqian-(1. T e c h n o l o g y Center of Liuzhou Iron a nd Steel Co., Ltd., Liuzhou 545000, C h i n a；2. K e y Laboratory for Ferrous Metallurgy a n d Resources Utilization of Ministry of Education,W u h a n University of Science a nd Technology, W u h a n 430081, China)Abstract ：T h e cold-rolled strip surface of Liuzhou iron a nd steel C o.,Ltd. appeared blackening p h e n o m e n o n in varying degrees. T h e causes of surface blackening of cold-rolled strip w e r e analyzed b y m e a n s of surface roughness analysis? micro m o r p h o l o g y analysis a n d surface revsidual oxide analysis. T h e revsults s h o w that the reason for blackening of the cold-rolled strip surface w a s the water corrosion during the pickling process, w h i c h resulted ina thin layer of iron oxide o n the cold-rolled strip surface. After taking relevant m e a s u r e s to reduced the residual C l一m a s s concentration o n the cold-rolled strip surface, the blackening degree o n the surface of the cold-rolled strip w a s obviously reduced.Keywords：cold-rolled strip；blackening；pickling；oxide scale；R a m a n spectroscopy；water corrosion冷轧板表面色泽偏黑或局部出现“黑斑”、“黑 带”，是冷轧板常见的表面质量缺陷，严重时会造成 酸洗机组的生产速度和产能降低，还会影响冷轧机 组的乳化液、轧辊的使用，以及影响冷轧产品的表面 质量。
双面加筋土挡土墙外文文献翻译
Mechanical performance of a double—face reinforced retaining wall in an area disturbed by mining Abstract： The application of a double—face reinforced retaining wall during road construction can reduce engineering costs， speed road paving and have a good influence on environment。
An ABAQUS numerical model of a double-face reinforced retaining wall was built. The influence of surface subsidence induced by mining was considered. A physical model test was also performed in the laboratory on a reinforced retaining wall。
The influence' of subsidence induced by mining was observed。
The numerical results match measurements in the laboratory very well。
The vertical pressure on the base of the retaining wall, the horizontal displacement of the wall and the horizontal soil pressure acting on the wall were analyzed。
水下航行器复合材料耐压壳优选设计研究
装备环境工程第20卷第9期·58·EQUIPMENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING2023年9月水下航行器复合材料耐压壳优选设计研究马骋，李宪栋，许维军*（哈尔滨工程大学，哈尔滨 150001）摘要：目的提升水下航行器潜深，将复合材料代替高强度钢材料用于水下航行器的耐压结构，对该结构开展优选设计研究，探究其提升耐压壳的极限潜深与降低结构质量的能力。
方法采用分步选优的设计方法对复合材料耐压壳体进行优选。
在进行耐压壳体的优选时，考虑铺层百分比、角度、厚度对壳体的稳定性和极限载荷的影响。
在进行环肋形式的优选时，从肋骨受力情况出发，考虑肋骨铺层形式对于稳定性的影响。
结果在耐压壳厚度相同的情况下，通过壳体铺层优选，复合材料耐压壳体的失稳压力提升在56.06%以上。
在进行肋骨优选后，极限潜深相较于“海狼”级潜艇提升约26.67%，且复合材料耐压壳相较于高强度钢耐压壳质量减轻在80%左右。
结论通过分步优选的方法，可以得到该水下航行器耐压壳的主壳体铺层形式为[0/±45/0/0/±45/0/90/0]s，单层厚度为1.5 mm。
环肋形式为T形，环肋面板与腹板均采用环向铺设。
关键词：水下航行器；复合材料；优选设计；稳定性；强度理论；极限载荷中图分类号：TJ04 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1672-9242(2023)09-0058-08DOI：10.7643/ issn.1672-9242.2023.09.006Optimization Design of Composite Pressure Shell for Underwater VehiclesMA Cheng, LI Xian-dong, XU Wei-jun*(Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China)ABSTRACT: In order to enhance the submergence depth of underwater vehicles, the work aims to use composite materials as a pressure-resistant structure for underwater vehicles instead of high-strength steel materials, so as to conduct optimization design research on this structure to explore its ability to increase the ultimate submergence depth of pressure shells and reduce struc-tural weight. The step-by-step optimization design method was adopted to optimize the pressure shell. During optimization of pressure shell, the effects of layer percentage, angle, and thickness on the stability and ultimate load of the shell were consid-ered. During optimization of ring rib form, the effect of rib ply on stability was considered based on the stress situation of the ribs. Under the same thickness of the pressure shell, the instability pressure of the pressure shell was increased by more than56.06% through shell layer optimization. After the rib optimization, the ultimate diving depth was increased by about 26.67%compared with the "Sea Wolf" class submarine, and the weight of the composite pressure shell was reduced by about 80% com-pared with the high-strength steel pressure shell. Through the step-by-step optimization method, it can be obtained that the main shell layer of the underwater vehicle pressure shell is [0/±45/0/0/±45/0/90/0]s, with a single layer thickness of 1.5 mm. The form of the ring rib is T-shaped, and the ring rib panel and web are laid in a circumferential direction.KEY WORDS: submarine; composite material; optimization design; stability; strength theory; ultimate load收稿日期：2023-06-02；修订日期：2023-07-11Received：2023-06-02；Revised：2023-07-11引文格式：马骋, 李宪栋, 许维军. 水下航行器复合材料耐压壳优选设计研究[J]. 装备环境工程, 2023, 20(9): 58-65.MA Cheng, LI Xian-dong, XU Wei-jun. Optimization Design of Composite Pressure Shell for Underwater Vehicles[J]. Equipment Environmental Engineering, 2023, 20(9): 58-65.第20卷第9期马骋，等：水下航行器复合材料耐压壳优选设计研究·59·21世纪以来，全球各个国家争夺战略优势的制高点已经从陆地转向海洋，人们对于海洋的认识也开始逐步从浅海走向深海。
EMG-eMASS Strip stabilization
S trip S tabilizationEMG-eMASS is an electro magnetic damping system for the reduction of strip oscillation in high speed production lines in the steel industry. The main field of application is in hot-dip galvanizing lines.EMG-eMASS is often directly installed on the air knife equipment used for wiping off wet zinc. Due to strip oscil-lation directly in the air knife the zinc layer thickness may vary across the strip width and along the strip length. Reducing the extent of oscillation using EMG-eMASSleads to a more homogeneous zinc coat. Zinc over-coating to ensure that customer requirements for a minimum zinc layer thickness are met (frequently in the range of 10 % of the surface weight) can be avoided.Zinc savings and increased throughput threMASSeMASSAlso, a more homogeneous zinc layer with no “crossbow” effect can be achieved.Another major application for EMG-eMASS is the instal-lation in the cooling tower of a hot-dip galvanizing line. The cooling blowers may induce torsional vibration of the strip, which may result in strip contact with the blowers. Using a strip stabilization system, these oscillations are almost completely eliminated and damage to the stripsurface is positively prevented.EMG Automation GmbH specialises in the automa-tion of continuous production processes in the metal, paper and plastics industries as well as in the foil and tyre industries. The company, which was established in 1946, is a leading provider of electro hydraulic control systems. Furthermore, they provide quality assurance systems for the manufacturing industry.The Servotechnique Metal division is the worldwide market leader in the supply of strip control systems to the metal industry, in particular for cold rolling mills and surface coating lines.EMG Servotechnique Metal quality assurance systems have been designed for non-contact measurement of material properties and are aimed at helping cus-tomers in the metal industry with the optimizationof their production processes.Installation on the air knifeInstallation on the air kniferough electro magnetic strip stabilization• rapidElectro magnetic actuators on both sides of the strip,installed in 2 housings, are the heart of the eMASS system. The installation of eMASS directly on the air knife equip-ment ensures optimum strip stabilization at the air knife position. The number of actuators depends on the strip width. One pair of actuators covers a strip width of approx. 25 cm. The strip passes between the two housings and the distance between housing and strip is continuously meas-ured. If the strip leaves its reference position, typically the centre position, the position is corrected by a controlled activation or deactivation of the actuators. Strip flatness errors (e.g. “crossbow”) can be eliminated by eMASS as well. As an option, eMASS works with a special control method (pre-control loop), for which EMG has filed a patent. This method ensures optimum dampening of theoscillating strip.Stabilization OFF ONDue to the neutral behaviour of the strip with respect to magnetization, the strip can only be attracted by the actuators. This means that inexample 1 – red – (strip with “crossbow”), actuators 1A, 2A and 3A are energised in order to draw the strip back to its reference position. In a situation as shown in example 2 – blue – (s-shaped strip),actuators 1B and 3A are active.u Homogeneous zinc layer across strip width and along strip lengthu Zinc savings thanks to reduced over-coating u Stable pass line and reduction of “crossbow”u Enhanced weldabilityu Focussed, reliable production of low layer weights in hot-dip galvanizing lines u Increased material throughputuAvoidance of strip damages (for the installation in the cooling section)u Stabilization of ferromagnetic strip u Drastic “crossbow“ reductionu Suitable for hot-dip aluminizing and hot-dipgalvanizing (air cooling)u System scaleable across the strip width u Suitable for strip speeds of 200 m/min and more u Strip thicknesses from 0.3 to 3.0 mm u No impact on strip surface quality(e.g. chatter marks)u Strip position can be visualized using distancesensor signals u Remote maintenance and parameterization abilityusing EthernetPerformance features:installation• low energy consumption“Crossbow“ reduction Inside of the housing (sensors and actuators)u Pre-control loopu Installation directly on the air knifeu No interaction between magnetic field and material u No impact on the liquid zinc layer u Air coolingu Low energy consumption (< 2 kW per actuator pair)u High threshold frequency and extremely fast force generation and reduction (> 100 Hz)u Cycle time of control electronics (1 ms)u No interference between coilsuFast mounting on the air knife (< 20 min)Not only zinc layer thickness but particularly zinc layer homogeneity is a major quality feature in the produc-tion of hot-dip galvanized flat steel. A controllable distance to the air knife, which should be as uniform as possible, is critical in terms of zinc layer thickness. Any inclination or even a bow-type shape of the steel strip in the air knife area must be avoided. This is ensured using eMASS.The graphic below shows a typical snapshot of the strip position with and without stabilization, as referred to the strip width. The sensor distance is 250 mm, the strip thickness 1.2 mm. Maximum amplitudes are shown in red, the current strip position is shown in blue and the mean strip position after stabilization (not optimized for flatness, mean value for 240 sec.)is shown in green.Test application at EMGApplication • all ferromagnetic steels• strip temperature < curie temperature (typically < 700 °C)Strip thickness• 0.35 — 3 mm Strip width• 200 — 2000 mm Strip speed• 0 — 200 m/min Availability• > 99,0 % / year Electro magnetic actuatorActuator• electro magnetic actuator with pole shoes (L0 / R)Electrical data • Operating voltage:→ max. 450 V peak value→ stationary 28.8 V DC • Operating current: max. 18 ADimension• H × B × T: 420 × 180 × 140 mm (only actuator) Weight• 50 kg per actuator (including mechanical fixings) Operating temperature range• + 5 to + 150 °CCable length• max. 50 m length between actuator and power amplifier Position sensorSensor type • Eddy-current position sensor (non-contact measurement) with separate evaluation electronic boxMeasuring range• 8 — 48 mmResolution• ≤ 0,1 % of measuring value (< 0,05 mm) MechanicsHousing• 2 air-cooled stainless steel housingsHeat protection • 2 mica sheet layers (phologolit) with separate evaluation electronic box (max. temperature: 800 °C)Dimension / Weight • L × H × T: strip width +100 mm × 530 × 300 mm, total weight 2100 kg (for 5 pairs of actuators)Cooling air• 48 m³/min at 50 mbar or alternatively 1000 — 2000 l/min at 6 bar ElectronicController • EMG-SPC16 (EMG PLC)→ 1 electronic unit for each acutator pair⋅ short cycle time (1 ms)⋅ graphical programming surface⋅ pre-control-loop (EMG patent applied)• EMG-SPC16 for master control (data controller)• EMG-SPC16 (EMG PLC) control amplifier for automatic positioning of actuator housingsPower amplifier • Special power amplifier with high limit frequency → rise/decay time for current < 10 msec→ control frequency > 100 Hz (rectangular signal)Operating temperature range• + 0 to + 50 °C Storage temperature range• - 20 to + 70 °CHousing • Control amplifier installed in the cabinet• All power amplifiers are installed in a separate housing (better electro magnetic compatibility)E M G / S T -V / e M A S S / E N / R e v i si o n -00 / 05.2007 / P r i n t e d i nG e r m a ny / S u b j e c t t o m o d i f i c a t i o nEMG Automation GmbH Industriestraße 1 57482 Wenden, Germany Tel.: +49 (0) 27 62 - 6 12-0 Fax: +49 (0) 27 62 - 612-3 84 Internet: E-Mail: servo@GroupB S T P r o M a r k T e c h n o l o g i e s , I n c . U .S .A .E M H -E l e c t r o m e c ân i c a e H i d r áu l i c a L t d a .B r a z i lB S T I n t e r n a t i o n a l G m b H G e r m a n yE M G ,F a c t o r y E L T M AG e r m a n yB S T S a y o n a A u t o m a t i o n s P r i v a t e L t d .I n d i aVISION FOR AUTOMATIONE M G A u t o m a t i o n G m b HG e r m a n y。
弹性路面技术：原理、应用与设计说明书
ISSN: 2454-132XImpact factor: 6.078(Volume 6, Issue 3) Available online at: Flexible pavementVishal KanaujiyaBabu Banarasi Das National Institute of Technology and Management, Lucknow, Uttar PradeshVishal SinghBabu Banarasi Das National Instituteof Technology and Management,Lucknow, Uttar PradeshYashdeep BajpaiBabu Banarasi Das National Instituteof Technology and Management,Lucknow, Uttar PradeshVikash SharmaBabu Banarasi Das National Institute of Technology and Management, Lucknow, Uttar PradeshUdbhav ShrinetBabu Banarasi Das National Institute of Technology and Management, Lucknow, Uttar PradeshABSTRACTFlexible pavement is a type of pavement in which transmission of load takes place through grain to grain. In India flexible pavements are widely used. It can be constructed with low initial cost but maintenance cost is quite high due to occurrence defects throughout it design life. It consists of four layers and design code for the design of flexural pavement is done by IRC-37. Linear elastic theory is used for analysis of flexible pavement because the loading time on the highways is very short and provides almost an elastic behavior.Keywords—Subgrade, Optimum Moisture Content, Flexural Strength, Filler, Maximum Dry Density1. INTRODUCTIONThe surface of the pavement should be designed so that it offers least possible rolling resistance to the moving traffic. The main objective of a well designed and constructed pavement is to keep elastic deformation of the pavement within permissible limits so that the pavement can sustain a large number of repeated loadings during the design life. Earthwork and pavement constitute a significant part of the cost of a road; hence it is desirable that thorough investigations be done about the availability of soil and other road materials of good quality at economical distance. Generally, the main materials used in highway construction are soil, aggregate and bitumen. These materials together determine the properties of the resultant pavement.2. TYPES OF PAVEMENTPavements are generally classified into two categories on the basis of structural behavior;2.1 Rigid PavementThese pavements possess flexural strength and the load transformation takes place by slab action from one layer to another. These are made of Portland cement concrete. Joints are also provided in the construction of rigid pavement and has high completion cost but low maintenance cost. The design code for designing of rigid pavement is done by IRC-58.2.2 Flexible PavementThe pavements that have generally very less flexural strength are called flexible pavements. This type of pavements transmits the load to the lower layer by grain to grain contact. A flexible pavement consists of four components as mentioned below-(a)Soil subgrade(b)Sub base course(c)Base course(d)Surface course3. HIGHWAY MATERIALS3.1 SubgradeIt is a layer of soil and the loads on pavement are ultimately received by the soil subgrade. At least 50cm top layer of the subgrade soil is well compacted at optimum moisture content. It helps in providing support to the pavement from beneath. Strength of the soil is dependent on type of soil, moisture content, dry density, internal structure of soil, type of mode of stress application. In order to determine the strength of the soil, shear test (like direct shear test, triaxial test and unconfined compression test), bearing test and penetration test (California bearing ratio test and cone penetration test) are performed.3.2 AggregatesThey form the major portion of the pavement. They bear stresses due to the wheel loads and also have to resists wear due to abrasion on the surface course. They are used with other binding materials like lime, cement to form compound materials.3.2.1 Desirable properties of aggregates:(a)Strength: Aggregate should be strong enough to resist thestresses developed due to traffic load. The aggregates should also have enough crushing strength.(b)Hardness: The aggregates are subjected to wear due toabrasive action of traffic, therefore it should be hard enough to resist the wear and tear.(c)Toughness: Since the pavement is subjected to impactloading due to wheel loads, therefore should be tough enough to resist the action of impact loading.(d)Soundness: The property of aggregate to withstand theadverse actions of weather is known as soundness. Since these are subjected to different weather conditions like rain, high temperature in summers, therefore it is desirable that the aggregates should be sound enough to withstand the weathering actions.(e)Shape of aggregates: Aggregates can be cubical angular,flaky, elongated. Flaky and elongated shaped particles have relatively less strength and durability in comparison to other shapes of particles. Therefore, it is avoided to use too flaky and too elongated aggregates in the pavements. In order to decide the suitability of aggregates, different test is conducted like crushing test, impact test, abrasion test, soundness test, shape test, water absorption test and specific gravity test.(a)Bitumen: Bitumen is a petroleum product obtained bydistillation of petroleum crude oil and is it is hydrocarbon material found in gaseous, liquid, semisolid, or solid form.Bitumen is soluble in carbon disulphide (CS2). The bituminous should not be highly temperature susceptible and in presence of water it should strip off from aggregate.Cutback bitumen is a type of bitumen, obtained when viscosity of bitumen is reduced by volatile diluents while bitumen emulsion is a condition I which bitumen is suspended in an aqueous medium.Grading of bitumen by VG (Viscosity Gradient):•VG-40 (3200 Poise)•VG-30 (2400 Poise)•VG-20(1600 Poise)•VG-10(800 Poise)The various test which are used while ascertaining the nature of quality of bitumen are penetration test (hardness of bitumen), ductility test, float test (consistency of bitumen) viscosity test, solubility test (to measure the quantity of impurity present in the bitumen), specific gravity test, softening point test, flash and fire point test, spot test, loss on heating test, water content test.(b)Tar: it is also a bituminous material but is obtained by thedestructive distillation of coal and is soluble in toluene. Tar is less resistant to water and more temperature susceptible.Tar is graded by RT (Road Tar):•RT-1 (Used for surface dressing in very cold weathercondition)•RT-2 (Used for surface dressing under normal climatecondition•RT-3 (Used for surface dressing and renewal coat)•RT-4 (Used for premix tar macadam)•RT-5 (Used for grouting)(c)Mix design:The objectives of mix design are to providesufficient amount of bitumen to ensure a durable pavement with proper workability for easy placement and provide sufficient voids in the compacted bitumen so that additionalcompaction can be done by traffic.Constituent of a mix: The mix consists of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, filler aggregate, filler and binder.•Coarse aggregate: It provides compressive &, shear strength and shows good interlocking properties.•Fine aggregate: They are used to fill up the void created by the coarse aggregate and helps in stiffening the mix.•Filler: It fills the voids in the fine aggregates & provides stiffness.•Binder: It helps in adhesion of the particles together and fills up the mix.Marshall method, Hubbard- field method, Hveem method, Smith triaxial method are the four methods used for mix designing. But most popularly used method in India is Marshall method.Steps in mix design:Step 1:Selection of aggregateStep 2:Determination of specific gravityStep 3:Proportioning of aggregateStep 4:Preparation of specimenStep 5:Determination of specific gravity on compacted specimenStep 6:Stability testStep 7:Selection of optimum binder content4. PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTION4.1 Construction of subgradeSoil/ moorum/ gravel/ mixture of these material is used for preparation of subgrade. The materials should be free from the organic matter as they will decompose with passage of time. Requirements of soil properties for subgrade:(a)Liquid limit should be less than 50%(b)Plasticity index should be less than 25%(c)The soil should be non-expansive4.2 Construction procedureSubgrade acts as a foundation to the pavement. The soil is spread evenly and additional water is sprayed in order to obtain optimum moisture content. The water can be sprayed with the help of water tanks. Then the soil is compacted with the help of a Pneumatic tire roller or sheep foot roller. This whole process is repeated until the desired range of compaction is achieved. As per IRC the specified compaction requirement of highway subgrade is 97% in terms of maximum dry density.4.3 Construction of sub-base courseThis layer acts as drainage layer. GSB (Granular sub base) or cement treated soil can be used in one or more layer. GSB is made by crushed stones or gravels or coarse sand or moorum. Requirements of material used for GSB:(a)The liquid limit should be less than 25%(b)Plasticity index should be less than 6%4.4 Construction procedure:The GSB is spread over the subgrade and followed by compaction with vibratory roller. This process is reported until it reaches 98% of maximum density.4.5 Construction of Base courseThe main function of Base course is to provide load distribution. The preparation of Base course can be done by WMM (Wet mix macadam) or by WBM (Water bound macadam). WMM consists of a well graded hard crushed aggregates and an adequate proportion of water mixedthoroughly in a mixing plant. The prepared WMM is spread over the sub-base course and is then compacted by vibratory roller.WBM consists of coarse aggregates, screenings and binding materials. WBM is prepared, the coarse aggregates are spread and compacted by vibratory roller. The dry screening is done in order to fill the voids and water is then sprinkled over the surface accompanied by rolling again.4.6 Bituminous course(a)Prime coat: It is the first application of low viscous liquidbituminous material over an existing porous pavement surface. The main objective of priming is to plug the capillary void of porous surface and to bond the loose mineral particles on existing surface Since it has to penetrate into capillary voids, therefore only low viscous binders should be used. Tar, MC/SC cutbacks, low viscous bitumen tar is used.(b)Tack coat: It is the application of bituminous material overexisting pavement surface which is relatively impervious like an existing bituminous surface. This coating provides bond between two layers.(c)Seal coat: It is used as a top coat over bituminous pavementand can also be provided over worn out existing bituminous pavement. Seal coat serves two main purposes, firstly it seals the surface against action of water and second it helps in providing skid resistance texture.(d)Surface dressing: It is provided over an existing pavementto serve as thin wearing coat. The single coat surface dressing consists of single application of binder material followed by spreading of aggregate and rolling. Surface dressing helps in protecting the base course and makes the pavement dust free.(e)Penetration macadam: in this the coarse aggregates arefirst spread and compacted well in dry state and then hot bituminous binders of relatively high viscosity is sprayed in fairly large quantity at top. The bitumen penetrates into voids from the surface of compacted aggregate and fill up a part of void and binds aggregate together.(f)Premixed method: in this method the aggregate andbituminous binders are mixes thoroughly before spreading and compacting. It is possible to coat each particle of aggregate with binder but still quantity of bitumen used less than penetration macadam.5. DEFECTS IN PAVEMENTVarious types of failure in pavement ranging from minor and localized failure to major and general failure do take place. By early detection and repair of defects at initial stages, the rapid deterioration of the pavement can be prevented and preventive maintenance measures. Some of defects are mentioned below along with their symptoms and causes:5.1Surface defects(a)Fatty surfaceSymptoms: Bitumen binder moves upward and collected as a film of bitumen.Causes: Presence of excessive binder in premix or excessively heavy axle load.(b)Smooth surfaceSymptoms: the pavement becomes slippery and offer very low skid resistance.Causes: The main cause of smooth surface is excessive binder. (c)Hungry surfaceSymptoms: Loss of aggregate takes place and fine cracks are developed.Causes:less amount of bitumen must have been used in surfacing.5.2Cracks(a)Alligator crackSymptoms: inter-connected cracking forming a series of small blocks.Causes:excessive deflection of surface and brittleness of binder.(b)Longitudinal crackSymptoms: development of crack in a line between two lanes or at the edges.Causes:it may occur due to lack of lateral support and poor drainage.(c)Reflection cracksSymptoms:cracks over joints and cracks in the pavement underneath.Causes:due to joints and cracks in the pavement layer underneath.5.3Deformation(a)SlippageSymptoms: It is due to the relative movement between the surface layers.Causes: inadequate prime coat or coat tack coat.(b)ShovingSymptoms: localized bulging of pavement surfaceCauses: Due to lack of stability in the mix.5.4Disintegration(a)StrippingSymptoms: Separation of bitumen adhering to the surface of aggregate.Causes:Inadequate mix composition and continuous contact with water.(b)RavelingSymptoms: failure of binder to hold the aggregates. Causes: it occurs due to inadequate compaction, construction during cold weather and insufficient binder in the pavement. (c)Pot holesSymptoms: Bowl shaped holes are formed on the pavement surface.Causes: Water into the pavement through the surface course.6. CONCLUSIONConstruction of flexible pavement requires a thorough study of the materials which are to be used. Since it consists of four layers and each layer requires different material properties. Selection of materials and proper compaction at optimum moisture content is required, otherwise it may lead to different types of defects and will ultimately increase the maintenance cost.Proper analysis of the causes of defects should be kept in mind in order to make a high quality pavement with a higher service span.7. REFERENCES[1]Hofstra, A.,and Klomp, A.J.P. Permanent Deformation ofFlexible pavement under simulated Road traffic conditions, Proceedings, Third International Conference on the structural design of Asphalt pavements, Vol-I, London, 613-621. 1972 .[2]Sousa, J.B., Craus, J. and Monismith, C. L., (1991).Summary report on permanen Deformation in Washington, University of California.[3]P. Sikdar, S. Jain, S. Bose, P. Kumar, “Premature Crackingof Flexible Pavements,” Journal of Indian Roads Congress, 1999, 355 – 398.[4]W. Woods, A. Adcox, “A GeneraCharacterization ofPavement System Failures, with Emphasis On a method for selecting a repair process” Journal of Construction Education, 2004, 58 – 62.[5]A. Ahmed, “Pavement Distresses Study: Identification andMaintenance (case study),”M.Sc. thesis, University of Sudan, 2008.[6]Mr. Etikala Nagaraju 2015. “Pavement Rehabilitation andMaintenance”, International Journal of Civil Engineering (SSRJ – IJCE), Volume 21, Issue 6, PP. 38 – 40. [7]Magdi M.E. Zumravi 2015. “Survey and Evaluation ofFlexible Pavement Failures”, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), Volume 4, Issue 1, PP. 1602-1607.[8]Sharad S. Adlinge, A.K. Gupta (2013). “PavementDeterioration and its Causes”, International Journal of Innovative Research and Development (IJIRD). Volume 2, Issue 4, PP. 9 – 15.[9]Caltrans 2001. “Flexible Pavement Rehabilitation Manual”,California Department of Transportation, Sacramento, CA.。
热镀锌带钢气刀工艺参数对锌层厚度影响研究
热镀锌带钢气刀工艺参数对锌层厚度影响研究肖潇１① 仰照２ 谢谦２（１：湛江钢铁有限公司冷轧厂 广东湛江５２４０７２；２：安徽工业大学冶金工程学院 安徽马鞍山２４３０３２）摘 要 针对热镀锌生产工艺过程中锌层厚度均匀度差的问题，本研究在保证产品质量同时降低锌消耗的前提下，通过采集大量现场生产数据，建立了梯度提升树锌层厚度预测模型，利用带钢工艺参数准确预测锌层的实际厚度，同时采用累积局部效应算法定量分析了气刀压力、气刀距离、带钢移动速度、气刀高度等重要控制参数对锌层厚度的影响规律。
通过上述分析，有效对比了热镀锌过程空气动力学与锌液粘性力学的工业化条件预测准确性，完成了工业现场对锌层厚度控制模型、工艺的优化，实现了高精度的锌层厚度控制。
关键词 热镀锌 气刀 机器学习中图法分类号 ＴＧ１７４．４ ＴＧ３３３ 文献标识码 ＡＤｏｉ：１０ ３９６９／ｊ ｉｓｓｎ １００１－１２６９ ２０２３ ０４ ００３ＳｔｕｄｙｏｎＩｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｏｆＡｉｒＫｎｉｆｅＰｒｏｃｅｓｓＰａｒａｍｅｔｅｒｓｏｎＳｔｒｉｐＺｉｎｃＬａｙｅｒＴｈｉｃｋｎｅｓｓｉｎＨｏｔ ｄｉｐＧａｌｖａｎｉｚｅｄＵｎｉｔＸｉａｏＸｉａｏ１ ＹａｎｇＺｈａｏ２ ＸｉｅＱｉａｎ２（１：ＣｏｌｄＲｏｌｌｉｎｇＰｌａｎｔｏｆＺｈａｎｊｉａｎｇＩｒｏｎ＆ＳｔｅｅｌＣｏ．，Ｌｔｄ．，Ｚｈａｎｊｉａｎｇ５２４０７２；２：ＳｃｈｏｏｌｏｆＭｅｔａｌｌｕｒｇｉｃａｌＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ，ＡｎｈｕｉＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｏｆＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ，Ｍａ’ａｎｓｈａｎ２４３０３２）ＡＢＳＴＲＡＣＴ Ｔｏｒｅｓｏｌｖｅｔｈｅｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｏｆｐｏｏｒｔｈｉｃｋｎｅｓｓｕｎｉｆｏｒｍｉｔｙｏｆｚｉｎｃｌａｙｅｒｉｎｔｈｅｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｏｆｈｏｔ ｄｉｐｇａｌｖａｎｉｚｉｎｇ，ｕｎｄｅｒｔｈｅｐｒｅｍｉｓｅｏｆｅｎｓｕｒｉｎｇｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｑｕａｌｉｔｙａｎｄｒｅｄｕｃｉｎｇｚｉｎｃｃｏｎｓｕｍｐｔｉｏｎ，ｔｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｅｄａｇｒａｄｉｅｎｔ ｌｉｆｔｉｎｇｔｒｅｅｚｉｎｃｌａｙｅｒｔｈｉｃｋｎｅｓｓｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎｍｏｄｅｌｂｙｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｎｇｍａｎｙｆｉｅｌｄｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｄａｔａ．Ｔｈｅａｃｔｕａｌｔｈｉｃｋｎｅｓｓｏｆｔｈｅｚｉｎｃｌａｙｅｒｗａｓａｃｃｕｒａｔｅｌｙｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｓｔｒｉｐｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｐａｒａｍｅｔｅｒｓ．Ａｔｔｈｅｓａｍｅｔｉｍｅ，ｔｈｅｃｕｍｕｌａｔｉｖｅｌｏｃａｌｅｆｆｅｃｔａｌｇｏｒｉｔｈｍｗａｓｕｓｅｄｔｏｑｕａｎｔｉｔａｔｉｖｅｌｙａｎａｌｙｚｅｔｈｅｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｏｆｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｐａｒａｍｅｔｅｒｓｓｕｃｈａｓａｉｒｋｎｉｆｅｐｒｅｓｓｕｒｅ，ａｉｒｋｎｉｆｅｄｉｓｔａｎｃｅ，ｓｔｒｉｐｍｏｖｉｎｇｓｐｅｅｄ，ａｎｄａｉｒｋｎｉｆｅｈｅｉｇｈｔｏｎｔｈｅｔｈｉｃｋｎｅｓｓｏｆｔｈｅｚｉｎｃｌａｙｅｒ．Ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｔｈｅａｂｏｖｅａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ，ｔｈｅｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｃｃｕｒａｃｙｏｆｔｈｅｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌｉｚｅｄｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓｏｆｔｈｅａｅｒｏｄｙｎａｍｉｃｓａｎｄｔｈｅｖｉｓｃｏｓｉｔｙｍｅｃｈａｎｉｃｓｏｆｔｈｅｚｉｎｃｌｉｑｕｉｄｗａｓｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｈｏｔ ｄｉｐｇａｌｖａｎｉｚｉｎｇｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ．Ａｔｔｈｅｓａｍｅｔｉｍｅ，ｔｈｅｏｐｔｉｍｉｚａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｚｉｎｃｌａｙｅｒｔｈｉｃｋｎｅｓｓｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｍｏｄｅｌａｎｄｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｎｔｈｅｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌｆｉｅｌｄｗａｓｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅｄ．Ｂｅｓｉｄｅｓｔｈｅｈｉｇｈ ｐｒｅｃｉｓｉｏｎｚｉｎｃｌａｙｅｒｔｈｉｃｋｎｅｓｓｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｗａｓｒｅａｌｉｚｅｄ．ＫＥＹＷＯＲＤＳ Ｈｏｔｇａｌｖａｎｉｚｉｎｇ Ａｉｒｋｎｉｆｅ Ｍａｃｈｉｎｅｌｅａｒｎｉｎｇ１ 前言热镀锌是一种重要的钢铁材料防腐处理技术，广泛应用于冷轧钢板的生产过程中［１，２］，而锌层质量的均匀性与锌层厚度控制技术直接影响镀锌板的耐腐蚀性能［３，４］，因此，如何提高锌层厚度控制精度，在保证产品质量同时降低锌的消耗［５］， ＴｏｔａｌＮｏ．２８４Ａｕｇｕｓｔ２０２３ 冶 金 设 备ＭＥＴＡＬＬＵＲＧＩＣＡＬＥＱＵＩＰＭＥＮＴ 总第２８４期２０２３年８月第４期 ①作者简介：肖潇，男，１９８３年生，硕士研究生，工程师，邮箱：ｘｉａｏｘｉａｏ＠ｂａｏｓｔｅｅｌ．ｃｏｍ是我国钢铁工业的发展有重要价值。
粮油作物中玉米赤霉烯酮检测方法研究进展
粮油作物中玉米赤霉烯酮检测方法研究进展,张晋欣，刘沙沙，马-（陕西师范大学食品工程与营养科学学院，陕西西安710119）摘要：玉米赤霉烯酮是一种具有雌激素样活性的非4体类真菌毒素，主要通过被污染的谷物、肉及奶制品等进入人体，危害人体生殖系统的发育。
快速、灵敏、准确的玉米赤霉烯酮检测方法是近年来新兴的检测手段$就目前国内外玉米赤酶烯酮的常用检测方法进行了概述和比较，重｛阐述相关方法的检测原理及最新研究进展，并对玉米赤酶烯酮检测技术的发展提出展望。
关键词：玉米赤霉烯酮；真菌毒素；检测方法中图分类号:TS207.3+章编号:1673-1689（2021）05-0012-09DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-1689.2021.05.002 Progress in Detection Methods for Zearalenone in Grain and Oil CropsLIU Mei,ZHANG.Jinxin,LIU Shasha,MA Yue(College of Food Engineering&Nutritional Science,Shaanxi Normal University,Xi'an710119,China)Abstract:Zearalenone(ZEN)is a nonsteroidal estrogenic mycotoxin.It significantly endangers the development of human reproductive system,and enters the human body mainly through contaminated cereal crops,meat and dairy products.Rapid,sensitive and accurate detection of ZEN has become an emerging method in recent years.This article reviewed and compared the current detection methods of ZEN in China and abroad,mainly focused on the detection principles and the latest research progress of related methods.The development of ZEN detection technology was also prospected.Keywords:zearalenone,fungus toxin,detection methods玉米赤霉烯酮（Zearalenone,ZEN）,又称F-2毒素,是由镰刀菌属真菌（禾谷镰刀菌）青枯病镰刀菌）赤霉病镰刀菌和半裂镰刀菌等）产生的一种次级代谢产物，即类雌激素真菌毒素叫玉米赤霉烯酮是Stob等I2〕于1962年从发霉玉米的真菌中：到的一种代谢产物（ZEN类雌激素，物,物生殖机能,还会产生免疫毒、细毒和毒性，、等,能导。
chernoff方法
chernoff方法Chernoff Method is a statistical technique used to visualize and compare the properties of multiple probability distributions. It was developed by Herman Chernoff in 1973.The method involves transforming the parameters of the distribution into facial features (such as eyes, nose, or mouth) and drawing a face for each distribution being compared. The facial features are altered based on the values of the parameters, allowing for visual comparison of the distributions.By using Chernoff Method, multiple distributions can be compared simultaneously on a single plot, providing a visual representation of their differences and similarities. It helps in identifying patterns, trends, and outliers in the data.Chernoff Method is particularly useful when dealing with multivariate data, where multiple variables need to be compared. By representing the distributions as faces, it provides an intuitive and easy-to-understand way of comparing and understanding complex datasets.However, it is important to note that Chernoff Method has limitations and may not be suitable for all types of data. It relies on subjective interpretation and the ability to distinguish between different facial features accurately. Additionally, it may become visually crowded when there are too many distributions or variables to compare.。
小学上册D卷英语第三单元真题试卷
小学上册英语第三单元真题试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.I enjoy playing musical instruments. I play __________.2.What is the term for the layer of gases surrounding the Earth?A. AtmosphereB. LithosphereC. HydrosphereD. BiosphereA3.The first man to circumnavigate the globe was ______ (麦哲伦).4.The _____ (兔子) has long ears and a fluffy tail.5.The chemical symbol for strontium is ______.6. A __________ is a type of reaction that releases energy.7.What is the color of a lemon?A. BlueB. YellowC. GreenD. Red8. A __________ is a narrow strip of land connecting two larger land masses.9.The __________ is a famous mountain range in North America.10.What do you call a building where you can see art?A. MuseumB. GalleryC. StudioD. TheaterA Museum11.The __________ (水源) is vital for all plant life.12.What do we call the process of changing from a liquid to a gas?A. CondensationB. EvaporationC. FreezingD. MeltingB13. A ______ (植物博物馆) houses fascinating specimens.14.The __________ (历史的前瞻) encourages planning.15.The chemical symbol for krypton is ______.16.What is the hardest natural substance on Earth?A. GoldB. IronC. DiamondD. SilverC17.My favorite movie is about a ________ (小狗) who saves the day. It’s so ________ (感人).18.What part of the plant absorbs water?A. LeafB. StemC. RootD. FlowerC19. A kitten pounces on moving ______ (物体).20. A reaction that produces a precipitate indicates a ______ change.21.What is the name of the famous mouse character?A. Donald DuckB. Mickey MouseC. GoofyD. PlutoB22.The ______ helps transport blood throughout the body.23.The chemical formula for samarium(II) oxide is _____.24.Earth's atmosphere is made up of nitrogen, oxygen, and other ______.25.The capital of Ecuador is __________.26.She _____ (plays/played) piano well.27.The process of photosynthesis occurs in ______ cells.28.I enjoy __________ with my family. (散步)29.I can see a __________ in the sky.30.The ____ has an elegant appearance and is often found near lakes.31. A ______ is a type of inquiry into scientific questions.32.The ________ Mountains are located between Europe and Asia.33.What do you call a large body of saltwater?A. RiverB. LakeC. OceanD. PondC34.I can ___ (count/read) numbers.35.My dad is a great __________. (运动员)36.Which insect makes a web?A. AntB. BeetleC. SpiderD. FlyC37.When the weather is nice, I like to ride my __________. (自行车)38.What is the opposite of sad?A. HappyB. JoyfulC. CheerfulD. All of the aboveD39.What is the capital of Russia?A. MoscowB. St. PetersburgC. MinskD. Kiev40.What is the main language spoken in the United States?A. SpanishB. FrenchC. EnglishD. German41.We are making ______ (sandcastles) at the beach.42.What do you call a young female pig?A. PigletB. SowC. BoarD. Gilt43.The ________ is a tiny insect that helps flowers bloom.44.I feel ______ when I am with my family.45.What is the capital of Cuba?A. HavanaB. SantiagoC. CamagüeyD. HolguínA46.The chemical formula for ammonium phosphate is _______.47.The parade is very ___ (lively).48.What is the name of the famous wall in China?A. Great Wall of ChinaB. Berlin WallC. Hadrian's WallD. Wailing Wall49.The rabbit hops _____ (quickly/slowly).50.The _______ can help reduce stress.51. A _______ is a chemical method of preserving food.52.My friend is a talented __________ (作曲家).53. A ______ is a rule that describes a pattern in nature.54.The ancient Romans built roads that connected __________ (城市).55.My favorite animal is a ______ (猫) because they are independent.56.An octopus has ______ arms.57.I enjoy _______ (与家人一起)露营。
中医制药常用英语词汇
潮解deliquescence
潮片moist herbal pieces
潮气moisture in the air
潮湿moist
炒stir-heating
炒爆make the seeds crack by stir-heating
炒法stir-heating drugs in a caldron
炒黄make light brown by stir-heating
炒焦make brown by stir-heating
炒令烟尽stir-head thedrug till smoke disappeared
炒令烟起stir-head the drug till the emitting of the smoke
炒至老黄色stir-heat till (the drugs) become dark yellow
炒至灵活make solidadjuvants loose by stir-heating
闯removingnon-medicinalpartsuchashairorepidermisby
collision of drugs with grit
迟火slow fire
赤石脂Halloysitum Rubrum
虫蛀be damaged by worms
虫蛀的moth-eaten or worm-eaten
除去外膜exclude the outer membrane
穿刺法method for examining the degree of softening by puncturing
北京大学出版社《跨文化交际》unit-8-Understanding-of-Culture(文化理解)
1)An Iceberg
a. Objective culture: history, literature, and customs. ( visible, small part) b. Subjective culture: feelings and attitudes about things. (invisible, large part )
Three levels of culture that are more clearly observable: 1) The outer level: symbols, such as words, color or other artifacts that carry a special meaning 2）The middle level: heroes, such as admired persons who serve as an example for behavior 3）The inner nucleus level: rituals, such as ways of greeting and paying respect
bad, etc. Car parking
17
18
2) Software of Our Mind
19
Operating System
1)The basic operating system that makes us human.
2) Humans around the world are physically the same, universal.
2) These shared rules of the game tell us how to communicate with others and how to interpret the behavior of those around us.
工程专业术语大全
工程专业术语大全1、建筑工程（building engineering）为新建、改建或扩建房屋建筑物和附属构筑物设施所进行的规划、勘察、设计和施工、竣工等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。
2、建筑工程质量（quality of building engineering）反映建筑工程满足相关标准规定或合同约定的要求，包括其在安全、使用功能及其在耐久性能、环境保护等方面所有明显的隐含能力的特性总和。
3、验收（acceptance）建筑工程在施工单位自行质量检查评定的基础上，参与建设活动的有关单位共同对检验批、分项、分部、单位工程的质量进行抽样复验，根据相关标准以书面形式对工程质量达到合格与否做出确认。
4、进场验收（site acceptance）对进入施工现场的材料、构配件、设备等按相关标准规定要求进行检验，对产品达到合格与否做出确认。
5、检验批（inspection lot）按同一的生产条件或按规定的方式汇总起来供检验用的，由一定数量样本组成的检验体。
6、检验（inspection）对检验项目中的性能进行量测、检查、试验等，并将结果与标准规定要求进行比较，以确定每项性能是否合格所进行的活动。
7、见证取样检测（evidential testing）在监理单位或建设单位监督下，由施工单位有关人员现场取样，并送至具备相应资质的检测单位所进行的检测。
8、交接检验（handing over inspection）由施工的承接方与完成方经双方检查并对可否继续施工做出确认的活动。
9、主控项目（dominant item）建筑工程中的对安全、卫生、环境保护和公众利益起决定性作用的检验项目。
10、一般项目（general item）除主控项目以外的检验项目。
11、抽样检验（sampling inspection）按照规定的抽样方案，随机地从进场的材料、构配件、设备或建筑工程检验项目中，按检验批抽取一定数量的样本所进行的检验。
工程结构设计英语（EngineeringstructuraldesignEnglish）
工程结构设计英语（Engineering structural design English）A column supporting member, such as a pile, a steel pile, or a concrete pile, that sinks, gets into, or is poured into the foundation of a pile.Sheet pile sheet piles are all or partially into the foundation, and the cross section is supported by rectangular plates, such as steel sheet piles and reinforced concrete sheet piles.Pavement pavement is paved with road material on the road bed, the structural layer for the vehicle, including surface layer (including wear layer), base and cushion.Carriageway lane highway for various vehicle parts in general, including fast lane and slow car lanes.Speed-changelane variable speed lane, acceleration lane and deceleration lane on a highway.A section of a road, especially a pedestrian, divided by a curb, barrier, or other device on a highway. Sidewalk.Lane; a separator strip; a strip of strips along the highway longitudinally separating lanes. In the middle of the road is called the median divider.Bicycle path bike lanes are for bicycles.Road shoulder highway shoulder is located at the edge of the carriageway to the edge of the subgrade, with a certain width of the strip structure. In order to maintain roadway functionand temporary parking, and as a lateral support of the road surface.Subgrade, side and ditch subgrade side ditches are vertical drains arranged on both sides of the subgrade for collecting and excluding the flowing water of the road surface, the shoulder and the slope.Catch ditch; intercepting channel (gutter) when the subgrade drainage ditches excavation slope in the hills above the catchment area is large, set up to intercept surface water to ensure the slope excavation slope is affected by water erosion of water facilities.Drainage ditch will drain ditchesdrainage ditches soil near the pit or subgrade to divert the water, reservoir or low-lying land, natural rivers or Bridge Department facilities.Slope protection; revetment revetment in order to prevent the slope from water erosion, on the slope of all kinds of paving and planting collectively.Retaining, wall retaining walls, mainly to withstand the earth pressure, prevent collapse of the wall of the building.Railway track railway track is located in the rail above the rail, sleeper, connecting parts, ballast, turnout and other ancillary equipment and other parts of the general term.Rail rail steel rolled into a certain length of I-shaped section steel to directly support the railway train load and guide thewheel of the train.The sleeper sleeper supports the rails, keeps the gauge and transfers the train load to the ballast bed.The overall structure of the track skeleton two track rail and sleeper connected with fasteners.The ballast bed is supported and fixed by the bed ballast bed, and the load on it is spread to the track component of the railway subgrade surface.Ballast ballast shall be used as standard graded gravel (or pebble) sand, ore ballast and other loose materials for railway ballast bed.A turnout switch divides a railroad track into two or more than two devices.The railway shunting hump railway shunting hump uses shunting locomotive to push the railway train up to the summit, and uses the vehicle gravity to slip the vehicle into the shunting equipment of each shunting line.The continuous welded rail seamless track consists of several standard long rails welded together.Rail fastening will be fixed on the connecting rail fastening rail sleeper parts or other rail foundation, including spike, plate and fastening parts etc..Guard Rall guard rail, which is used to prevent the wheel from derailing or deviation to one side, the rail on the rail is not covered by the vertical load of the wheel.Rallway shoubder railway shoulder railway subgrade surface road bed covering part.Wharf Breast Wall Wharf in the upper vertical Wharf on the deck, fitted with anti flushing device, blocking wall after backfilling, and the lower part of the structure are connected into a whole component.The relieving slab unloading plate is used to reduce the earth fill pressure at the square pier and caisson wharf wall and to increase the stability of the wall member.The berthing member relies on a ship component to bear on the ship's impact force and force on the pier.Mooring post; the bollard system is used for mooring, berthing and berthing of ships, and for the mooring of the mooring systems with common column and storm column.Mooring ring mooring rings are laid at the front of the wharf or on the chest wall for the steel rings of the ship.Sluice locks the main chamber control flow chamber.Sluice gate; lock gate gate; a hydraulic component in a hydraulic structure that opens and closes the water and controls the flow of discharge.Sluic pier pier in chamber, pier parts supporting the gate, gate hole, connecting the two sides of the partition, that connects the two sides of the pier, said in the middle part of the pier.Apron apron in the discharge structure, the downstream side, to protect from damage or erosion of riverbed scour rigid bottom protection buildings.Apron feeders extension 海漫位于护坦或消力池下游侧, 用以调整流速分布, 继续消耗水流剩余动能, 保护河床免受冲刷的柔性护底建筑物.Stiling basin 消能池 (消力池) 位于泄水建筑物下游侧, 用以形成水跃以消减水流动能的池形建筑物.Roller bucket 消能戽 (消力戽) 位于泄水建筑物下游侧, 以反弧与过流面相接的戽斗形消减水流动能的设施.Apron feeders; impervious blanket 防渗铺盖在挡水建筑物上游侧透水地基表面铺设的延展层状防渗设施.Impervious curtain; cut-off 防渗帷幕在与挡水建筑物相接的地基和岸坡内, 灌注抗渗材料所形成的连续竖向阻截渗流的设施.Sealing; seal; waterstop 止水设置在水工建筑物各相邻部分或分段接缝间, 用以防止接缝而产生渗漏的设施.The connection 连接构件间或杆件间以某种方式的结合.Joint 节点构件或杆件相互连接的部位.Expansion and consraction joint 伸缩缝为减轻材料胀缩变形对建筑物的影响而在建筑物中预先设置的间隙.Settlement joint 沉降缝为减轻地基不均匀变形对建筑物的影响而在建筑物中预先设置的间隙.Asseismic joint 防震缝为减轻或防止相邻结构单元由地震作用引起的碰撞而预先设置的间隙.Construction joint 施工缝当混凝土施工时, 由于技术上或施工组织上的原因, 不能一次连续灌注时, 而在结构的规定位置留置的搭接面或后浇带.Spred foundation 扩展 (扩大) 基础将块石或混凝土砌筑的截面适当扩大, 以适应地基容许承载能力或变形的天然地基基础.Rigid foundation 刚性基础基础底部扩展部分不超过基础材料刚性角的天然地基基础.Single footing 独立基础用于单柱下并按材料和受力状态选定型式的基础.Combined footing 联合基础有两根或两根以上立柱 (筒体) 共用的基础; 或两种不同型式基础共同工作的基础.Strip foundation 条形基础水平长而狭的带状基础.The shell foundation 壳体基础以壳体结构形成的空间薄壁基础.Box foundation 箱形基础由钢筋混凝土底板、顶板、侧墙板和一定数量的内隔墙板组成整体的形似箱形的基础.Raft foundation 筏形基础支承整个建筑物或构筑物的大面积整体钢筋混凝土板式或梁板式基础.Pile foundation 桩基础由桩连接桩顶、桩帽和承台组成的深基础.Open caisson foundation 沉井基础上下敞口带刃脚的空心井筒状结构下沉水中到设计标高处, 以井筒作为结构外壳而建筑成的基础.Cylinder pile foundation; cylinder caisson foundation 管柱基础大直径钢筋混凝土或预应力混凝土圆管, 用人工或机械清除管内土、石, 下沉至地基中, 嵌固于岩层或坚实地层的基础.Caisson foundation 沉箱基础用气压排水, 开挖水下土 (岩) 层, 把闭口箱下沉到设计标高所建成的基础.Subgrade of highway (railway) 路基道路路面或铁路轨道下面的基础结构.高于原地面的填方路基称路堤, 低于原地面的挖方路基称路堑.Bed; bedding 基床一般指天然地基上开挖 (或不开挖) 的基槽、基坑, 经回填处理, 形成可以扩散上部结构荷载传给地基的传力层.分明基床和暗基床两类.Reliability 可靠性结构在规定的时间内, 在规定的条件下, 完成预定功能的能力, 它包括结构的安全性、适用性和耐久性.当以概率来度量时, 称可靠度.Safety 安全性结构在正常施工和正常使用条件下, 承受可能出现的各种作用的能力, 以及在偶然事件发生时和发生后, 仍保持必要的整体稳定性的能力.Serviceability 适用性结构在正常使用条件下, 满足预定使用要求的能力.Durability 耐久性结构在正常维护条件下, 随时间变化而仍能满足预定功能要求的能力.Basic variable 基本变量影响结构可靠度的各主要变量.They are generally random variables.In the structural reliability analysis of the design reference period design period, the reference time used for the relationship between the basic variables and time is taken into account.Probability, of, survival probability of a reliable probability structure or component capable of completing a predetermined function.Probability, of, failure probability of failure, structure or the probability that a component can not achieve a predetermined function.Reliability index reliability index, a quantitative index of structural reliability. It is the function value of the standard normal distribution inverse function at the reliable probability, and has a one-to-one relation with the failure probability in the numerical value.Calibration calibration method is used to determine the reliability index of structure or component used in design by back analysis of safety factor of existing structure or component.Decerministic method fixed value design method, basic variable as non random variable design calculation method. Among them, the reliability of the structure is measured by the experience based safety factor.Probabilistic, method, probability design method, basic variable, design method of random variable. Among them, the reliability of the structure is measured by the probability of failure based on probability theory.The permissible (allowable) stresses method allowable stress design method takes the principle that the stress of the structural member section is not greater than the allowable stress of the material specified in the specification, and the design method of the structural members is calculated.Ultimate strength method ultimate strength design method considering damage stage state of structure material calculation method of structure component design, also known as the limit design method, the load factor design method, damage stage design method, limit load design method.Limit states method limit state design method to prevent structure or component from reaching the limit state of certain functional requirements as the basis of structural design calculation method.The critical state of a limit, States, structure, or component that satisfies a functional requirement specified in a design. Beyond this state, the structure or component ceases to satisfy the requirements of the function.Limit state equation limit equation of state, when the structure or component is in the limit state, the relation of the basic variables.Ultimate, limit, states carrying capacity, ultimate state, structure or component to the maximum load capacity, or to reach the limit state of deformation which is not suitable for continued load.Sevceability limit states the serviceability limit state, structure, or component reaching the limit state of a permissible limit applied to the function.Design of limit state method of partial coefficient partial factor safety, in order to ensure that the design of the structure or component reliability is provided, and the model used in the calculation of coefficient, divided into the role of partial coefficient and resistance coefficient of two.Design situation is designed with different design requirements, different structure is affected by the different conditions in the design reference period, as the structural design of selected structural system, design value,reliability requirements and so on.The duration of the persistent siltuation persistence is long, almost the same as the structural design reference period.The short duration of transient situation presents a high probability of design.The occurrence of accidental, situation, contingency, occurrence, or occurrence, with a short duration and a low probability of design.。