Gre调查类错误
GRE中Argument 逻辑错误参考句式
Argument 逻辑错误参考句式1.Survey类A.The statistical figurequoted in theargument is obviouslynot so representativebecause the authorfails to offer theabsolute numberof…/because theauthor fails to offer therelative percentage ofthe number…B.The respondents appeared in the survey, namely the representatives of the group investigated, are not the required group/sample/samplin g concerning the conclusion/assumption because the author ignores the fact that…AWPC.Additionally, the time and the place in whichthe survey isconducted are notclearly demonstratedby the author.Meanwhile, whetherthe survey isconducted randomly isstill a puzzle.2.充分条件类错误A.Because of the lack ofthe reasonableevidence like…, thecondition regarded asthe sufficiency leadingto the outcome is obviously groundless.B.Even though the sufficient condition the author gives as….is necessary to result in the fact that…, the author still excludes some other factors like ….. Only when such factors are holistically considered in this argument can the conclusion bepersuasively drawn. 3.The arguer fails to establish the causal relationship between the fact that ____ and the claim that ____.It is highly possible that other factors contribute to __B__.Based on the fact that __A__ on ccurred after __B__, the editor infers that __B__ should be responsible for __A__.However, the sequence of these events, in itself, does not suffice to prove that the earlier development caused the later one. ….the real reasonsWithout ruling out scenarios such as these, the editor cannot establish a cause-and-effect relationship between __A__ and __B__ upon which the editor’s recommendation depends.4.范围变化A.A threshold problem involves the definition of A . The arguer fails to define this critical term.C. 由大变小The problem with this argument lies in the assumption the author draws that the nationwide situation equally and effectively applies to the every specific location(like…). Actually, this is not the case because of the following reasons involved. …D.E. Obviously, the author’s/arguer’s assumption/conclusion, based/depended/relied/est ablished on the given facts about the advantages/disadvantages of…, is groundless/one-sided/unpersuasive/unconvincing because he ignores/loses his sight of the relevant disadvantages/advantages included in this circumstance. …(merits/demerits,positive/negative effects, pro-side/con-side)The author’s/arguer’s assumption that by…..will the…be profitable/earn great profits is definitely groundless/unconvincingbecause, as the common sense goes, whether profits can be gained is determined by the balance between revenue and cost. However, not only does the author fail to offer the sufficient evidence about the revenue but also the cost required in operation and development is not included. …5.The author claims that 将来, because 过去/现在.This assumption is unwarranted because things rarely remain the same over extended period of time./things invariably change/alter over extended period of time and within different context.8. false analogy…..The arguer’s recommendation relies on what might be a poor analogy between __A__ and __B__. The analogyfalsely depends upon the assumption that the similarity between A and B lies in the fact that…./this false analogy is drawn by the arguer because …However, it is entirely possible that A and B are distinct in many respects. For example, …/however, the common sense tells that there exists large difference between A and B in manyspecific aspects. For instance, ….11. all-any-anything …However, it is highly possible that some exception/some other optional cases may be considered in this circumstance. To be specific, …。
GRE数学经典错题解析
GRE数学经典错题 1RESULTS OF A USED-CAR AUCTIONFigure 7For die large cars sold at an auction that is siuivnarized in tl)e table above, what was tl)e average sale price per car?答案：6000错因：单位!A merchant made a profit of S5 on the sale of a sweater that cost the merchant $15. What is tlieprofit expressed as a percent of the merchant's cost?Give your answer to the nearest whole percent.33%错因：最近的整数。
319. For a certain probability experiment, the probability that event A will occur is L and the… 1 .probability that event B will occur is —. Which of the following values could be theprobability that the event A U 8 (that is, the event A or B, or both) will occur?Indicate all such values.LM 74BC画图4Of the 20 lightbulbs in a box, 2 are defective. An ins|>ector will select 2 lightbulbs simultaneously and at random from the box. What is the probability that neither of the I ightbu lbs selected will be defective?C18,2/C20,25注意表达A random variable Y is normally distributed with a mean of200 and a standard deviation of 10.Quantity A(Juantily B9. The probability of the event 1® (B) CD (©that the value of Y is 6greater than 220GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE ■正态分布有一个图：平均值200，标准差10，则超过220的概率2%,小于1/67.13. A list of numbers has a mean of 8 and a standard deviation of 2.5. If x is a nuniber in the listthat is 2 standaid deviations above the mean, what is the value of Jt ?8+2*2.5=132 standard deviations 两倍标准差8.9. By weight, liquid A makes up 8 percent of solution R and 18 percent of sohinon S. If 3grams of solution R are mixed with 7 grams of solution S, liquid A accounts for what percent of the weight of the resulting ion?10^13%15%19%26%8.(3*8%+7*18% ) /10=15%错因：题目没看懂A组成了R的8% 9.D10.histogram 直方图In the course of an experiment, 95 measurements were recorded, and all of themeasurements were integer. The 95 measurements were then grouped into 7 measurementintervals. The graph above shows the frequency distribution of the 95 measurements bymeasurement interval.Quantity A Quantity BThe average (arithmetic The median of the 95 応)(B) ①)①) mean) of the 95measurementsmeasurements都取小的最小平均值：(1*15+6*35+11*15+16*13+21*10+26*5+31*3)二median of the 95 measurements 这95 个数的中位数：6-10或者看看也能看岀来注意：这种柱状图的解法10.The random vaiiable X is normally distributed. The values 650 and 850 are at the 60th and 90th percentiles nf the diMribution of X, respectively.Quantity AQuantity B5. The value at the 75th750(T) (E) © ®percentile of the distribution of XSet S consists of all positive integers less than 81 that are not equal to the square of an integer.Quantity AQuantity B错音：表达没看懂S 里面的个数=72the number in S: S 里面的数 12.14. Let S be the set of all positive integers n such that K 2 is a multiple of both 24 and 108. Which of thefollowing integers are divkan? of every integer in S ?Indicate all such integers.公倍数 a multiple ofS 是正整数，S 里的数为36的倍数 AC11.6. The number of integers in set S72® ® © ©囚回回回2 4 6 210-12 岀自OGP191 13 P34512. In a graduating class of 236 students, 142 took algebra and 121 took chemistry. What is th^greatest DossjhL、rmmhw cf students that could have taken both algebra andchemistry?1316. If(2")(5】7)" expressed as a terminating decimal how many nonzero digiis will the decimalhave?OneTwoFourSixEleven问有多少非0的位数0.000...64 选B14VARIATION IN THE .AMOUNT OF CAFFEINE IN COMMON BEVERAGES AND DRL咬Amount of Caffeine (milligrams) 0 25 5)75 100 125 150 175 200Coffee Decaffeinated coffeePercchted coffeeDrip-breued coffeeInstant coffeeZl匚11Other beve*眺 $Brewed teat&ACccaaCaffeinated soft drinJuLn1JDrugs Weight-loss drugs, diuretics,and stimulantsFain nelievei*sCold/allerg)r I'emedies匚----- 1 ---- 1 ---- 1 ---1S&urce： Fc>^d and Dni^ AdinMislfaii&n•Based on 5-ounee cups of coffee, lea, and cocoa; 2-ounce cups of soft drinks; and single doses of drugs.18. For how many of the 11 categories of beverage*; And drugs liyled in the graph can the amount of caffeine- in the give#sen»ing size be le ■曙 than SO miUigram&?答案9,比50少的。
英语考试作文-详解GRE写作最容易出现的打字错误 看似不起眼至少扣1分
英语考试作文详解GRE写作最容易出现的打字错误看似不起眼至少扣1分GRE写作是最能体现考生英语水平的题目，因为是不仅考验着考生的语言功底，还要求这考生的思维以及逻辑能力，但是考生却常常会犯些低级的错误，比如打字错误，这是不可原谅的。
那么GRE作文中如何避免打字错误?下面就为大家做详细介绍。
GRE写作如何避免观点类错误打字错误分值损失并不少根据GRE考试中作文部分的评分标准，因为文章中出现的打字和语法等错误，最多可能会导致0.5-1分的扣分。
虽然看似分值很少，但由于GRE作文是按照满分6分计算，因此哪怕是0.5分也非常重要。
因此，在GRE作文中，考生应努力避免因为打字错误而导致的扣分，这样才能在写作部分拿到更好的成绩。
GRE写作打字错误原因和应对方法想要避免在写作中出现打字错误，首先要找到错误原因并加以区分，看看是什么导致的打字出现问题，并根据错误原因采取针对性措施避免错误。
一般来说打字错误的原因主要分为以下三种：1. 打字太快导致因为GRE考试为机考，而且考试时间相当紧张，一些平时电脑用得比较少的考生可能因为不习惯键盘输入，再加上担心考试时间不够而给自己心理上带来了一些额外压力，强迫自己加快打字速度，这样就有可能造成打字错误。
避免方法：针对这种原因造成的打字问题，建议大家，特别是那些键盘用得比较少的同学，能够在平时备考过程中就提前使用电脑先适应起来，进行限时的写作练习时就可以通过电脑打字进行，只要熟悉了用法，一般就不太会因为打字太快而出现打字错误了。
2. 单词没有背熟GRE考试的词汇量虽然没有明确要求，但其实数量还是不少的。
有些同学在背单词的时候，可能只是记住了它的长相和基本含义，对于词汇的拼写和具体用法则没有太过留意，刚好混了个脸熟。
而到了写作中，想要使用这些单词的时候往往就会因为没有彻底掌握而出现各种拼写和用法上的问题。
避免方法：如果考生是因为这个原因而产生了打字错误，那么就需要把词汇基础再好好巩固一下，特别是对于那些其实没有彻底掌握到位的单词，应该进一步加强记忆，以避免出现拼写和使用上的错误。
GREArguement七种常见错误个人总结
一．经不起推敲的类推（f a l s e a n a l o g y）Thisargument relieson whatmightbea falseanalogy betweenAandBC.（开头）InorderforBCto serveasmodels thatAshould emulate,thearguermustassumethatall relevantcircumstances invol vedare essentiallythesame.(环境、背景不同)However,thisassumptionis unwarranted.（过渡）Forexample,theargument overlooks thepossibilitythat…..Perhaps…..（列举各种可能性）Thearguersimplyassumesthat…..buthedoes notprovideanyevidence that……areindeedcomparable. Asweknow,the…and…differconspicuously.Itistruethat both…...butevenhereexist fundamentaldifferences:….（两种东西本身不同）Therefore,eventhoughthe….provedeffectivein…..,thereisno guarantee thatitwill workjustaswellfor…..（结尾）二将因果关系与单纯的关联关系或时间关系混淆起来（confusecausalrelationshipwithcorrelation）Theargumentconcludedbasedona knowncorrelation betweenAandB.Yetthe correlationalone isonlya scantevidence oftheclaimed“cause-and–effect”relationship. Perhaps…..Moreover,theargument overlooks thefactthat….Thearguer hasnotaccountedfor thepossibilitythat….Ifthisisthecase,thantheconclusionwould lackanymeritwh atsoever.三．认为一个群体的特征适用于该群体的所有成员四．认为某条件是某结果的必要和/或充足条件1.要想取得理想的结果就必须按照这种（推荐的）行为去做2.按照这种（推荐的）行为去捉就足以去的理想的结果a)Therecommendationd ependsontheassumption thatno alternative meansof…areavailable.Yetnoevidenceisoffe redtosubstantiatethisassumption.Admitittedly,…..However,itis entirelypossible thatmeansotherthanthiswouldalso achievethedesiredresult.（指出替代选项的存在）Perhapsthedesiredimprovementcouldbe achieved if…..（列举替代选项）Without consideringandrulingout theseandotheralternativemeansof….,thearguer cannotconfidently concludet hat…..mustdo…inordertoachievethegoal.（收尾）b)Therecommendationdependsontheadditional unsubstantiated assumptionthat…..would byitself improve……(指出不一定能达到目标)Absentevidencethatthisisthecase,itis equallypossible that…..Thus,withoutbetterevidencethat……,theargumentremainsunconvincing.（列举可能性一）Evenassumingthat….,thearguerprovides noclearevidence that…..The merefact that….hardlysufficestoprove …….,atleastnotwithoutmoreinformationabout….（让步，列举可能性二）Evenif…..,perhaps additionalmeasures—suchas…..—wouldalsoberequiredinordertoachieve….objectives.(列举可能附加的条件)五．基于可能不具代表性的统计数据Oneproblemwiththeargumentinvolvesthesited statistics about….Itis unreasonable to drawanyconclusions about….basedonstatisticsabout….（指出数据不可依赖）Thearguerfailstomakeclearthe exactnumber of….Ifonly smallportions ofthewholepopulationare…..thenthecasemightbethat…（数据太小）Evenifthe samplesize chosenfrom….islargeenough,thestatisticsmightalsobe incredible. Dependingonthetotalnumberof…..,itis entirelypossible that…..arenotrepresentativeof….Forexample,perhaps…..areparticularly….Without consideringandrulingout theseandotheralternativemeansof….,thearguer cannotconfidently concludet hat…（数据没有代表性）六．基于不准确的调查或民意测验结果。
英语考试作文-【新手必看】专家解析GRE写作ARGUMENTE官方5大评分标准3个要点
英语考试作文【新手必看】专家解析GRE写作ARGUMENTE 官方5大评分标准3个要点GRE作文是GRE考试中对考生英语水平要求比较高的一个部分，考生需要在两个30分钟的时间段内分别完成一篇ISSUE作文和一篇ARGUMENT作文，这对于英文基础，特别是遣词造句能力一般的中国考生可以说是不小的挑战。
如何在短暂的时间内完成作文部分的考试，取得满意的成绩，考生首先要对作文的评分标准有所了解，下面为大家收集了来自GRE官方的ISSUE作文满分评分标准，并稍做解读，一起来看吧。
GRE ARGUMENT作文满分评分标准In addressing the specific task directions, a 6 response presents a cogent, well-articulated examination of the argument and conveys meaning skillfully.A typical paper in this category exhibits the following characteristics:1.clearly identifies aspects of the argument relevant to the assigned task and examines them insightfully.2.develops ideas cogently, organizes them logically, and connects them with clear transitions.3.provides compelling and thorough support for its main points.4.conveys ideas fluently and precisely, using effective vocabulary and sentence variety.5.demonstrates superior facility with the conventions of standard written English (i.e., grammar, usage, and mechanics) but may have minor errors.评分标准解读要点1：clearly identifies aspects of the argument relevant to the assigned task and examines them insightfully 关键词：identifies important features, insightfully1.identifies important features即鉴别一篇Argument的逻辑漏洞和错误。
GRE作文之Issue和Argument的区别及技巧
GRE作文之Issue和Argument的区别及技巧今天来了解一下Issue和Argument的区别及技巧,我们一起来看看吧，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
GRE作文：Issue和Argument的区别及技巧GRE作文之Issue：准备提纲Issue要求考生根据所给的题目，完成一篇表明立场的逻辑立论文。
Issue题库涉及社会、文化、科技、历史、政治、艺术等诸多方面。
不同类型的题目有较大差别，但在同一类型的题目中却包含了许多命题方向非常接近的题目。
Issue写作对于论据的要求是非常高的，因此你的名人事例的储备，相关知识量的积累是非常重要的。
这一环节也正是GRE考生最为头疼的一部分，举不出支持自己的观点的例子，因此让自己的文章显得只有苍白的论证，缺乏说服力。
因此要多读历史，积累例子，尤其关注那些重要的哲学家、科学家、艺术家、政治领袖等人的生平事迹、主要贡献。
例如Issue里的这样一道真题：“Trulyprofound thinkers and highly creative artists are always out of step with theirtime and theirsociety。
”(真正影响深远的思想家和具有高度创造力的艺术家总是与他们的时代和社会步伐不一致)。
这个题目如果没有必备的那些思想家和艺术家的例子，文章必然缺乏说服力。
因此读历史积累写作素材，具体说就是论据素材是拿高分的一个重要环节。
另外，写提纲对于Issue部分的备考是至关重要的，也是最占用时间、最核心的一个环节。
每一个题目的提纲力求详细，不用去写开头段和结尾段，就写正文各段你的各个分支观点，也就是正文部分的论证过程。
除了论证以外，写完后想想可以用些什么论据，把支持论证的论据也写上。
需要强调的是，一定要较为详细地写Issue提纲，否则，在考场如果遇到没有思考过的题目，很容易自乱阵脚，导致失败。
此外，题目必须考前按题材分类去写提纲，看懂，知道对立面和大致写作思路。
GRE考试长篇阅读错误干扰项如何找
GRE考试长篇阅读错误干扰项如何找在许多人看来，GRE long reading是一种在最终处理过程中可能需要放弃的问题，由于花费的时间和性价比不高，下面我就和大家共享GRE考试长篇阅读错误干扰项如何找，盼望能够关心到大家，来观赏一下吧。
GRE考试长篇阅读错误干扰项如何找GRE long reading中有几种类型的错误干扰选项：一。
部分项目这种选择比较隐藏，其表现形式往往是内容本身是正确的，而不是文章的主线。
考生很简单混淆正确的选择，选择它。
与未提及的项目不同，这类选项在文章中有所涉及，因此更具哄骗性。
考生需要先把自己提出的问题弄清晰，才能避开被部分项目分散留意力。
2。
反义词有的题目比较长，加上一些否定和双重否定，考生简单理解错误，而一些特地设置的反义词，往往是等考生迷茫后才投网的。
这些选项的特点是与其他选项的含义相反。
乍一看很明显，但不是正确的答案。
编辑建议大家认真阅读问题，弄清反义词和否定词的关系，然后解决问题。
三。
放错地方的物品也有一些错误的选择，主题和装饰，或是不相关的内容放在一起，看似有点关系，但其实都是错位的选择，很简单影响考生的推断。
这种选择也有很强的干扰。
或许有些选择已经选择了文章的内容，但之后得出的结论与文章无关。
gre考试介绍,gre考试培训它也是一个干扰项，测试每个人记住文章细节的力量。
最好的方法是在阅读过程中多做标记和定位，解决问题时适当参考，可以避开错位和混乱。
四。
极端项目实际上，极值项是一个明显的误差干扰选项。
一些代表主观推断的顶级词汇，如best/most/least、unique词汇，如only、alone或comparative词汇，如better、word等，常常被使用。
这些选择显示了一种极端和不行否认的态度。
这好像是合理的，但不是。
由于这些选项的明显迹象，当您熟识这些程序时很简单发觉。
考生也会主动留意那些偏激的词语，稍有留意就不会得逞。
5个。
未提及这种错误的选择陷阱也很常见。
GRE数学中常见的错误类型有哪些？
GRE数学中常见的错误类型有哪些？GRE考试是一个出国留学的门槛，其数学考试部分是许多人最为担心的考试内容。
其中GRE数学考试错题率较高，这部分的错误类型也较为多样。
本文将对GRE数学考试中常见的错误类型进行分析和整理，希望对考生有所帮助。
一、基础概念缺失型错误GRE考试中基础概念占有较大比重，而在这方面出现的错误主要是由于考生在考场上没有把握好时间，或是由于没有对基础概念进行系统性的学习而造成的。
这类错误的主要特点是：没有很好地理解核心概念，或是缺乏必备的数学知识点，从而在题目中无法得到正确的答案。
二、运算符套用错误型错误数学中的运算符是与数的四则运算相关的符号，例如加号、减号、乘号、除号等。
学生在GRE数学考试中常出现的错误类型之一就是将不同的运算符套用到了错误的位置。
这种错误类型的主要原因是考生没有能够清晰地理解这些运算符的含义和作用。
三、数值计算错误型错误数值计算错误是GRE数学考试中另一种常见的错误形式。
这种错误类型主要是由将数据输入计算器时，或是在手算计算过程中出现的操作错误所引起。
数值计算错误常常会导致结果出现偏差，或是无法达到正确答案。
四、数列求和错误型错误在GRE数学考试中，数列求和是常见的考点。
考生在这种题目中，往往会将求和公式或是公式转换过程中的细节操作忘记，导致答案错误。
为克服这种错误，考生需要将求和公式的理解掌握到位，并加强对常见公式的记忆。
五、图形表达式操作错误型错误图形表达式操作，是GRE数学考试中的重点之一。
考生在解题时，常常需要在平面或空间中进行图形运算，或是对图形进行拆分和构造。
在这种操作中，考生常常会出现计算错误或是操作错误等问题，导致答案错误。
六、几何错误型错误几何学是GRE数学考试中占有重要权重的一部分。
在几何学中，考生经常会出现对角线方向错误、角度错误、长度尺度错误等问题，这些错误主要是由于考生没有较好地把握几何基本公式导致的。
七、判断题求证错误型错误判断题求证类题目，是GRE数学考试中的一种常见题型。
AW5.5大牛的新GRE-argument提纲1-50
蓝底字为高频1, evidenceForemost, the author based his conclusion on a crucial assumption that Palea had not been to Lithos.没有足够的证据证明P人没有来过L Second, the author assumes that Palean People had not cross the river.错误的假设P无法渡河。
首先没有说明现在的河水深度和以前一样，其次没有发现船的遗迹不代表当时没有船Finally, even granting that the above two assumptions are effictively bolstered, the author relies on an additional assumption that there is no other circumstance to bring palean baskets to Lithos.忽略了其他可能使P篮子到L的方法。
2,alternative evidencethe results of rhesus monkeys may be not suitable for other species. 其他动物可能与猕猴不同。
the conditions of rhesus monkeys may not be the same as that of humans.错误的类比，猕猴的激素分泌情况不一定与人类一样。
no comparable informations about the later born monkeys are given. 数据缺失，没有后生猕猴的具体相关信息，可能与作者推断的不同。
3,questionsThe author unfairly assumes that it is the presence of skateboarders that result in the currentsituation of the plaza.错误因果，滑板不一定是导致广场冷清的原因。
轻松攻陷GRE逻辑错误
轻松攻陷GRE逻辑错误针对很多考生在GRE写作逻辑错误板块的短板，小编为考生精心准备了关于轻松攻陷GRE逻辑错误的指南，希望备考GRE考试的考生可以更加轻松的应对GRE逻辑错误问题。
第一段：开头段。
主要是归纳论点，说明论点有问题，存在逻辑漏洞，准备发起进攻。
第一层：This argument concludes/recommends/argues that…第二层：To support this conclusion the writer cites…/points out that…第三层：However this argument suffers from several critical flaws and is therefore unconvincing/ unpersuasive as it stands.第二段和第三段甚至第四段：分类别去攻击各个逻辑错误。
(以因果关系类错误为例)One problem with the argument is that the editorial observes a correlation between…and …then concludes that the former is the cause of the latter. However the editorial fails to rule out other possible explanations for…For example…Any of these factors or other social political or economic factors might lead to…Without ruling out all other such factors it is unfair to conclude that…第五段：结尾段。
作者的结论似乎是合理的，但是通过论证，不是这样的。
GRE写作Argument中常见错误
Argument【Common Fallacies in topics】1．Flaws in evidence1)Problems about survey/statistics/studya.Selective sample 选择性样本b.Do the statistics make any difference? 有意义？c.Quantity of the sample 样本数量d.What questions was asked in the survey? 问题是否恰当e.Who conducted the survey? 机构f.When was the survey conducted? 时效性g.Are the respondents forthright? 回应者是否诚实h.Are the respondents representative? 回应者代表性2)Problems about data/informationa.Vague data 模糊数据b.Incomplete information 信息完整性2．Flaws in the reasoning line1)False analogy 错误类比（A与B是否有可比性）2)Confusing comparison and variation 横向对比与纵向对比混淆3)Incomplete comparison and selective comparison 不完整对比4)Hasty Generalization 草率推广a.Unrelated concepts 无关概念b.Changing scopes 差异范围c.Inferring a future condition from a past condition 过去 将来5)Failing to weigh the advantages and disadvantages thoroughly/unexpected consequences 正负得失6)False dilemma 非此即彼，极端选择7)Cause-Effect fallacies 因果关系a.Non-causal relationship 直接无因果b.Confusing the cause and the effect 因果倒置c.Confusing concurrence with causal relationship 同时性混淆为因果性d.(after this, therefore because of this) 时间先后混淆为因果性3．Flaws in the conclusion1)Necessity and Sufficiency of the Solution 对策的充分性&必要性2)Failing to consider the feasibility of the conclusion 可行性。
【S.W.系列】备考GRE之AW篇_Argument_
【S.W.系列】备考GRE之AW篇 (Argument)Collected and arranged By ShrewdWolf (S.W.)For GTer in P.R.ChinaFor dream, for new life, and also victory.Good Luck !Just feel free to contact me via ShrewdWolf@一． Argument开头 (3)二． Argument结尾 (3)三．让步式攻击和组织结构过渡 (5)1. 让步式攻击 (5)2. 起承转合 (5)3. Argument常用替代词 (6)<1> 基础词汇 (6)<2> 反复替代 (7)4. 段落开引出、结尾总结以及段落间的过渡 (8)四．常见的逻辑错误及其表述 (9)1.常见的逻辑错误说法 (9)2.常见逻辑错误的表述模板 (10)<1> 通用句式 (10)<2> 调查类错误 (11)A．调查可信度 (11)B．调查数据类错误 (11)<3> 因果关系 (12)A．无因果关系 Non sequitur (13)B．混淆因果Cause and Effect Confusion (13)C．时序因果Past hoc ergo propter hoc和同时因果 Concurrence Fallacy..13D．因果关系简单化 Causal Oversimplification (14)<4> 外推类错误 (14)<5> 错误类比 (15)<6> 整体和个体推导错误 (15)A．整体推出个体Fallacy of Division (包括average的情形) (16)B．个体推出整体Fallacy of Composition (16)<7> 考虑问题不全面 (16)A．未权衡利弊Failing to weigh the merits and shortcoming (16)B．不完整或者选择性比较 Incomplete/Selected Comparison (16)C．急于概括 Hasty Generalization (16)D．非此即彼类 False Dilemma (16)E．利润类Incomplete thought about profit (17)F．充分类 Sufficient Evidence (17)G．必要类 Necessary Condition (18)<8> 无理假设 Unwarranted Assumption (18)五．常见论证思路和驳斥理由 (18)1.论证思路 (18)2.背诵句式(自己不习惯用的单独拿出来背背吧) (18)3.常用辩驳的客观条件 (23)一． A rgument开头(In this argument), the author/arguer/speaker (of 简单介绍) attempts/intends to convince us/prove that/draws a conclusion/concludes/recommends that … To justify/support/strengthen/substantiate this conclusion/claim, the author/arguer/speaker cites/provides a study/poll/survey/correlation/ result of …/points out/states/indicates/claims/reasons (evidence) that … In addition/Moreover/ Besides/Meanwhile, the author/arguer/speaker also takes it for granted that/indicates/points out/states/claims/reasons that … At first glance/thought, the arguer’s underlying reasoning seem to be convincing/appealing, but from a sane/advisable perspective,/further reflection reveals that , this argument rests on a series of unsubstantiated/poor/unwarranted/unfounded/dubious/vague assumptions and omits enough warranted/insufficient/unconvincing evidence/concerns that should be addressed to substantiate the argument, which render it wholly unpersuasive/untrustworthy as it stands / and is therefore unpersuasive/untrustworthy as it stands. / A careful examination of this argument would reveal how groundless the conclusion is. /From my perspective, this argument based on problematic/critical/ vulnerable/unconvincing/doubtful/vague/ insufficient reasoning /suffers from several problematic/critical/logical flaws/fallacies which can be deeply analyzed as follows.上文是先说结论再说作者论据，也可以先说论据再说结论，前两句颠倒过来然后, Based on this unsubstantiated/poor/unwarranted/unfounded/dubious evidence/assumption the author draws a conclusion/concludes that … The author also concludes that … (适用于多个结论)以上是比较实用的语言和套路，下面来点变化的句式Although well‐presented this argument is, it’s not well‐reasoned enough from my perspective.It is far from well reasoned.By making an analogy of region A and BThis argument contains several facets that are questionable/unwarranted/not well‐reasoned二． A rgument结尾To put the conclusion in a nutshell, In conclusion/summary/sum / To sum up/conclude / As it stands, the argument is unconvincing as it stands, the arguer/conclusion/argument fails to substantiate its claims that /establish a causal relationship between A and B / is not well reasoned / is unconvincing/not persuasive as it stands / is invalid and misleading / is weak on several grounds. Tostrengthen/bolster/ support/substantiate the argument/conclusion/ To make it more convincing/ more logical acceptable, the arguer would have to/must demonstrate/provide clearer/more convincing evidence/concerning/facts/data/details about and more information about that … Moreover/Additionally/In addition/To better solidify/evaluate/access/bolster/substantiate the argument, we should need more information/evidence about/with regard to/concerning … / the arguer must provide evidence to rule out all the above‐mentioned possibilities that might weaken the argument. Therefore/Thus/As a result, if the argument had included the given factors discussed above, it would have been more thorough and logically acceptable/convincing适当添加和加以变化的句式：From what have been discussed/analyzed above /Taking into account all these analysis/ Judging from all factors above, we can draw a conclusion that … However, before any final decisions are made about that/whether … , better evidence of … should be provided to …The argument can be further improved/convincing by …Many more studies/surveys and much more work should be taken to demonstrate/rule out all possible factors which ….; before this can be made into a final decision/recommendationFacts/Statistics conclusion 1. Without ruling out/eliminating/excluding these possible scenarios, the arguer cannot reasonably rely on these (statistics/facts) to support the claim that …Analogy 1. Without showing that (the two firms) are similar in these and other respects, the (vice president) cannot justifiably concludethat ….Other possibilities 1. Without ruling out/eliminating/excluding such scenarios, the editor cannot establish a cause and effect relationship uponwhich the editor’s recommendation depends.Consequently, unless the author can demonstrate that…., theauthor’s concern about these issues is unfounded.The author explains result contributed by many causes with justone reason which can not guarantee the result.Any of these scenarios, if true, will undermine the rationalityof the argument.三． 让步式攻击和组织结构过渡1. 让步式攻击It is correct that …, however, …I admit that …, yet/but …Admittedly, even if … (it is correct/warranted and acceptable)Granted that …Assuming that …Even so …, Apart from, notwithstanding Admittedly, take it for granted, granted that, assuming that, now that, even if/assuming,To some extent that this is the case, appear/seemWhile this may be true in some cases, it is equally possible thatEven if XXX has been proved as a result of ….While this maybe true/reasonable in some cases, it is equally possible that … Admittedly, the reasoning that/linking … seems reasonable on the surface/in some case.If so, even though XXX occurred after the change/policy, the argument that YYY would be seriously be weakened/unwarranted.While the argument has some merits, there are a few assumptions deserve careful/further attention.2. 起承转合逻辑结构：Finally, in the first place, in the second place, last but not least, first of all, to begin with, next, another, First and foremost递进扩展：Additionally, in addition, moreover, furthermore, meanwhile, besides, what’s more, particularly, what really/also matters/counts is让步：Admittedly, take it for granted, granted that, assuming that, now that, even if/assuming, to the extent that this is the case, appear/seem, while this may be true in some cases, it is equally possible that, even so, apart from, despite, in spite of, after all, notwithstanding对照和对比：In contrast, as compared to, in comparison with, at the same time, differentiate between ~ and ~, differentiate ~ from ~, by comparison, by contrast转折：Unlike, otherwise, however, nevertheless, though/although, instead, yet, while, in any case, on one hand, on the other hand, in spite of, rather than, on the contrary, anyway, whereas, conversely推理和反复说明：Since, because, actually, in fact, as a matter of fact, as a result, due to, owing to, thus, accordingly, consequently, hence, ultimately, thereby, therefore, as a consequence, if so, if not, according to, in other words, briefly, that is, for this/that matter引出解释：specifically, particularly, for example/instance, as a case in point, inthis/that case, as well as, such as, in addition to, consider the fact that, that is to say, in like manner, similarly, likewise, along with, in combination, in the same way, coincide with因果关系：(后接原因) owing to, in respect that, on account of, due to, since, as a consequence/result of, derive from, result from, be a response to(后接结果) result in, be responsible for, attribute/attributable to, contribute to, lead to, case, give birth to, give rise to, serve to, hence, thereby, thus, as a result, eventually, correspondingly, accordingly, consequently, (为了) so as to, for the purpose of, for the sake of, in an attempt to, in efforts to断言和反映：Assert, claim, postulate, declare, affirm, emphasize, advocate; indicate, reveal, reflect, demonstrate, imply, illustrate, infer, predict, state, point out, reason程度副词：(完全) inescapably 不可避免地, thoroughly, indeed, wholly, in any case, certainly, clearly, obviously, apparently, surly, undoubtedly, naturally, for certain, for sure, of course, never, always (有保留) possibly, perhaps, likely, probably, potentially, presumably, to some extent, in a large sense, normally, generally, likely3. Argument常用替代词<1> 基础词汇鉴于此：for that matter; in that case; for that reason; as for;断言：assert; claim; postulate; declare; affirm; emphasize; advocate;反映： indicate; reveal; reflect; demonstrate; imply; illustrate; infer; predict;表面上：on the surface; superficially; ostensibly; apparently;具体的：concrete; specific; detailed; particular; definite; informative;不管：no matter what; irrespective of whether/~; regardless of; whatsoever;缺少：in the absence of; for lack of; lacking; a lack of; in short of;不足：scant; insufficient仅仅：mere; only; nothing more than (仅仅，只不过);很多大量：a myriad of; a variety of; a multitude of; numerous; a large amount of; a great deal of;无数：innumberable, countless过度：undue; exceedingly; excessive; overstate; overemphasize;好像、可能：likely; possible; probably; perhaps; as though; maybe; may; might;解决方案：solution; approach; recipe; scheme获得：acquire; gain; attain; achieve; pursue;满足：meet; satisfy; accommodate the demand of; be accustomed to;很明显的：it is conceivable/ obvious/ apparent; conspicuous; strikingly; notably;类比：apply specifically/equally to;逻辑：reasoning; way of thinking; line of reasoning; analysis;影响：interfere with~; have/exert a profound influence on life/personality; have a dramatic/undesirable effect on;方面：angles; aspect; facet; side; viewpoint;in all respects; in many fields; highlight an aspect of; in all likelihood;<2> 反复替代（忽略了）把某因素考虑进去：(fail to; omit to); take ~ into account/ consideration; give an insightinto; account for（解释）; considering and weighing; considering andruling out/eliminate; weighing ~ against alternatives/~; concerning;按照原文的假设/推断：rest on; rely on; depend on; base on; on the basis of;upon which the argument depends;upon which the argument rest;upon which the argument relies;支持：substantiate; bolster; justify; solidify; support; strengthen;validate; in favor of; in support of;否定：=>fail;=>miss; neglect; in ignorance of; is hardly suffice to / do not suffice to; suggest nothing about;=> refute; undermine; deny; refuse; weaken;可行性：feasibility;好： vital; crucial; essential; overriding; significant; profound; play a key role; potency;逻辑好：=〉valid; feasible;=〉sound; forceful; reliable; convincing; effective;=〉persuasive; compelling; credible;好（副词）：necessarily; justifiably; confidently; reasonably;逻辑不好：=〉unwarranted; unsubstantiated; unreliable; unjustified; unfounded;without justification/warrant; premature; poor; vulnerable;indefensible; groundless; reachless=〉dubious; open to doubt; questionable; suspectable; problematic;which render it unconvincing as it stands/which render it whollyunpersuasive;=〉insufficiently; atypical /exceptional; oversimplified;=〉fallacious; flawed;=〉plausible; gratuitous;不好（副词）：unfairly; “好”的副词前面加一个can not/could not可能不是这样：(unfortunately)=>this is not necessarily the case;this is often/certainly not the case;this might not be the case;this need not be the case;common sense and experience tell us this is not the case/this assumption is a poor one;=>the argument fails to substantiate this assumption;perhaps ~that have nothing to do with~;this argument by analogy is wholly unpersuasive;this argument, nonetheless, is based on an oversimplified analysis of the cause of~ and the presumptuous correlation is unacceptable;=>although this is entirely possible, the argument provides no evidence to support this assumption;if this is not the case, then it is entirely possible that~;lacking evidence to confirm this assumption, it is entirely possible that ~;4. 段落开引出、结尾总结以及段落间的过渡Another point the author stresses is that …In evaluating the evidence of the survey, one must consider how the survey was conducted …Even if one accepts the survey results (is acceptable), the argument remains questionable.Finally, the author fails to rule out alternative/other possible explanationsAnother fallacy that weakens in this argument is that …Moreover, as mentioned in this argument …As discussed above, this argument is wakened by the fact that it does not take into account the inherent differences/regional disparity between A and B, It is at least likely that …In addition, there is absolutely no evidence provided that …is any more beneficial than any other kinds of …Finally, before I draw my conclusion, one necessary flaw/fallacy in this argument still have to be pointed that …Another important factor to consider is that ….First, the argument is based on a false analogy./ the arguer fails to consider/take into account XXX/other relevant factors that may influence in the final decision Second, the arguer commits a fallacy of hast generalization.The major problem with this argument is thatAnother fundamental point worthy considering is that/the arguer’s fallacy of XXX One unwarranted/gratuitous major assumption in this argument is the causal correlation/relationship between A and BA second problem involves the fact that …Firstly, a threshold problem/fallacy involves thedefinition/assumption/presumption/the statistical reliability of the survey. Secondly, the argument unfairly infers from the fact/assumes that …But the arguer supplies noThirdly, the argument fails to account for the possibility that …evidence to substantiate this assumption.Besides, the arguer also overlooks many other possible explanations/factors for … Although the fact above/that …might be relevant to …., for others this feature would not be relevant.Moreover, the author hasty generates that …Lacking evidence that XXX, the arguer cannot confidently draw the conclusion about/that …Without ruling out/considering/accounting for possible differences between A and B, the arguer cannot convince us that his recommendation for XX is sound and absolutely beneficial.Unless the survey/study is correctly conducted among random and valid respondent, it is possible to draw a conclusion that …In view of/ Given other possible explanations for these argument/conclusion/factors, this evidence in itself lends little credible support to the final conclusion/theory about …Without accounting for this likelihood the author cannot rely on this claim to conclude that …If so, this fact would seriously weaken the argument that …Absent evidence to substantiate the assumption that the two city’s various needs and differences are similar or negligible, any analogy between them is dubious at best.Not only does the arguer fail to AAA, the arguer also fails/omits to BBB. Comprehensive analysis is necessary to identify the actual case of …四． 常见的逻辑错误及其表述1.常见的逻辑错误说法样本数据不能代表整体（数据片面）The biased sample fallacy/ a fallacy of biased sample样本不充足不充分 The insufficient sample fallacy非正即反(A或者‐A正确) The Either‐or thinking fallacy非此即彼 False Dilemma (mutually exclusive)错误类比 The “All things are equal” fallacy/ False Analogy/ Faulty Analogy无因果 Non Sequitur/ Fallacy of False Cause时序因果 The “after this, therefore, because of this” fallacy 或者 a fallacy of “Post hoc ergo propter hoc” a fallacy of “after this, therefore, because of this”偶然因果 Fallacy of cum hoc ergo propter hoc (偶然发生的事情强加因果关系)同时因果 Concurrence Fallacy a fallacy of concurrence混淆因果 Cause and Effect Confusion/ Wrong Direction因果关系简单化(忽略其它因素) Causal Oversimplification含糊类 Vague Evidence/Statistics充分类(只要有了A就能…) Sufficient Evidence Fallacy必要类(没A不行…) Necessary Condition Fallacy整体<—>个体 Composition and Division Fallacy成分‐>整体 Fallacy of Composition (such as band members and the whole band)整体‐>成分 Fallacy of Division (such as the age of univs and the age of staffs)统计数据中的以全盖偏 Ecological Fallacy (假设所有群体中的个体都具备群体的特性)利润问题 Incomplete Thought about Profit过去推出将来 Past conditions remain unchanged in present and future现在推出将来 Present conditions remain unchanged in the future不完整或者选择性比较 Incomplete comparison or selective comparison不一致比较 Inconsistent Comparison (两个不同的测试方法但是结论不相同)无理假设 Unwarranted Assumption基于概括 Hasty Generalization忽略特殊情况 (绝对主义) Fallacy of Accident (such as cutting people)由特殊情况推出一般情况 Converse Fallacy of Accident (such as white swan)充分不必要 Affirming the Consequent (such as A‐>B, but B‐>A is false)使用方法：The arguer/argument/author commits a fallacy of XXX.2.常见逻辑错误的表述模板<1> 通用句式There mere fact that XXX is insufficient evidence to conclude that ….The argument fails to rule out the possibility that …The argument provides no evidence that XXX is the reason for its predominance. But no evidence is provided to show that …The claim/evidence/assumption that … is far from being proved.Besides, what is also worth noticing is that …The arguer’s implicit claim that XXX is poorly supported.Common sense tells us that …The argument fails to consider and rule out other factors that might account for XXX. Lacking more information about XXX, it is impossible to access the reliability of the survey’s results or to make an informed recommendation.The arguer’s proposal is inconsistent with the author’s conclusion about XXX. Substantiating this assumption requires XXX.Comprehensive analysis is necessary to identify the actual case of …As it stands, the argument suffers from a host/couple/multitude of critical flaws/fallacies.Not only does the arguer fail to AAA, the arguer also fails to BBB.<2> 调查类错误A．调查可信度A threshold problem with this argument involves a survey/ study/ research itself. The statistical reliability of the survey/study/research/ is really questionable. Namely (也就是), the speaker provide no evidence that the number of the respondents (这里建议替换成调查研究中的群体。
2019年GRE写作范文学习：让步式攻击
2019年GRE写作范文学习：让步式攻击导读：本文2019年GRE写作范文学习：让步式攻击，仅供参考，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享。
让步式攻击：首先，攻击原文第一个错误，例如是调查类错误，攻击其调查过程、调查数据是否具有代表性等等。
然后，在攻击第二个错误时，假定上面的调查即便是在没有错误的情况下进行的，也不能导出作者原文的第二个论断，言外之意就是何况这个调查还是有错误的。
最后，在攻击第三个错误时，假定第二个问题也是成立的(没有错误)，也无法导出第三个论断。
这样一种让步式的体系，到最后就彻底驳斥了原文的整个逻辑体系，让原文的逻辑无法成立，题目最后的结论自然就成为了空中楼阁。
下面我们拿Argument38题来做一个讲解Argument 38The following memo appeared in the newsletter of the West Meria Public Health Council.“An innovative treatment has come to our attention that promises to significantly reduce absenteeism in our schools and workplaces. A study reports that in nearby East Meria, where fish consumption is very high, people visit the doctor only once or twice per year for the treatment of colds. Clearly,eating a substantial amount of fish can prevent colds. Since colds are the reason most frequently given for absences from school and work, we recommend the daily use of Ichthaid, a nutritional supplement derived from fish oil, as a good way to prevent colds and lower absenteeism.”分析：A.调查类错误+因果类错误：论断引用一份在东部地区的研究，说当地人吃鱼多，一年只去医院看一两次感冒。
警惕犯下GRE写作“七宗罪”
警惕犯下GRE写作“七宗罪”警惕犯下GRE写作“七宗罪”，我们来学习吧,下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。
警惕犯下GRE写作“七宗罪”第一宗罪无因果联系The author commits a fallacy of causal oversimplification. The line of the reasoning is that because A occurred before B, the former event is responsible for the latter. (The author uses the positive correlation between A and B to establish causality. However, the fact that A coincides with B does not necessarily prove that A caused B.) But this is fallacious reasoning unless other possible causal explanations have been considered and ruled out. For example, perhaps C is the cause of these events or perhaps B is caused by D.其次宗罪样本不足The evidence the author provides is insufficient to support the conclusion drawn from it. One example is logically unsounded to establish a general conclusion (The statistics from only a few recent years are not necessarily a good indicator of future trends), unless it can be shown that A1 is representative of all A. It is possible that.... In fact, in face of such limited evidence, the conclusion that B is completely unwarranted.第三宗罪错误类比The argument rests on the assumption that A is analogous to B in all respects. This assumption is weak, since although there are points of comparison between A and B, there is much dissimilarity as well. Forexample, A..., however, B.... Thus, it is likely much more difficult for B to do....第四宗罪时地全等The author commits the fallacy of “all things are equal”. The fact that happened two years ago is not a sound evidence to draw a conclusion that.... The author assumes without justification that the background conditions have remained the same at different times or at different locations. However, it is not clear in this argument whether the current conditions at AA are the same as they used to be two years ago. Thus it is impossible to conclude that....第五宗罪二者择一The author assumes that AA and BB are mutually exclusive alternatives and there is no room for a middle ground. However, the author provides no reason for imposing an either-or choice. Common sense tells us that adjusting both AA and BB might produce better results.第六宗罪可疑调查The poll cited by the author is too vague to be informative. The claim does not indicate who conducted the poll, who responded, or when, where and how the poll was conducted. (Lacking information about the number of people surveyed and the number of respondents, it is impossible to access the validity of the results. For example, if 200 persons were surveyed but only 2 responded, the conclusion that...would be highly suspect. Because the argument offers no evidence that would rule out this kind of interpretations,) Until these questions are answered, the results of the survey are worthless as evidence for the conclusion.第七宗罪结论无据The author falsely depends on gratuitous assumption that.... However, no evidence is stated in the argument to support this assumption. In fact, this is not necessarily the case. For example, it is more likely that.... Therefore, this argument is unwarranted without ruling out such possibilityGRE issue写作优秀实例：挽救濒危物种题目：At various times in the geological past, many species have become extinct as a result of natural, rather than human, processes. Thus, there is no justification for society to make extraordinary efforts, especially at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species.在过去不同的地质时期，很多的物种由于自然作用而非人类行为而灭亡。
GRE词汇记忆错误方法观点
GRE词汇记忆错误方法观点背单词是学英语的基础，同样新GRE词汇也是GRE考试的基础。
没有单词的积累，考生的GRE难题是很难做好的。
今日我给大家带来了GRE词汇记忆3种错误方法观点 ,盼望能够关心到大家，一起来学习吧。
GRE词汇记忆3种错误方法观点GRE词汇记忆错误方法观点：背单词看一次就记住有这样的想法的人不在少数。
但这种想法实在是太天真了。
试想，传奇中的“新GRE词汇”大约有10k-20k，根据每个单词平均5个字母来说，就有50k-100k的数据量——对于人脑来说，这是不行想象的。
举一个例子。
这些GRE考试单词的字母是随机重复的，和圆周率“π”的小数部分差不多。
于是工作量和你背诵5万位(至十万位)的圆周率差不多。
而且，这还不算上你要分析单词之间的规律关系，纯粹是记忆这些字母的工作量。
GRE词汇记忆错误方法观点：背单词就是要记住中文意思首先你要知道，英文单词，并不是中国人的语言单元。
那么，在翻译成中文的时候，不管你的水平多么高，总会有或多或少的误差。
而在GRE这个规律考试面前，这一点的误差，或许就是你一道题的得失，继而或许是你能否拿到Ad，或者Offer 的差异。
然后你要知道，背单词，理解是特别重要的。
比方有个单词的意思，叫做“卡其色”。
这三个汉字你都认识，你要是没见过这种颜色，没人告知你，你知道他是什么意思么?所以，这样记忆，不如直接将其当做是一种颜色。
GRE词汇记忆错误方法观点：单词背完就可以放心做题单词只背一遍就不再回顾是肯定不行取的。
理由很简洁，你永久不行能背完GRE 词汇中出现的全部单词，因为GRE考试题目本身也是在不断更新与时俱进的，新的考题必定会带来新的词汇，所以考生在之后的做题过程中仍旧需要不断强化自己的词汇水平才行。
GRE词汇精选推举1.derivative /də’rɪvətɪv/ adj. 仿照他人的; 衍生的; 派生的 n. 派生物, 引出物【解词】源自derive v.源于; de-=向下，riv-=river;因此这个词的根本含义是“沿着河流缓缓向下”，即“来源于”。
GRE写作这5种低级语法错误不能忍
GRE写作这5种低级语法错误不能忍GRE写作这5种低级语法错误不能忍,这些不规范写法用法抓紧改正,快来一起学习吧，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。
GRE写作这5种低级语法错误不能忍这些不规范写法用法抓紧改正不全都问题所谓不全都不光指主谓不全都，还包括了单复数不全都、时态不全都以及代词不全都等。
比如：When one have money, he can do what he want to.分析：one是第三人称单数，因此本句的have应改为has; want 应改为wants, 本句是典型的主谓不全都。
改为：When one has money, he can do what he wants (to do).修饰语错位英语与汉语不同，同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置，句子的含义可能引起变化。
对于这一点考生们往往没有引起足够的重视，因而造成了不必要的误会。
比如：I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus.分析：better位置不当，应置于句末。
句子不完整在口语中，交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等，不完整的句子完全可以被理解。
可是书面语就不同了，句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清，这种状况经常在主句写完以后，又想加些补充说明时发生。
比如：There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV, radio, newspaper and so on.分析：本句后半部分For example by TV, radio, newspaper and so on.”不是一个完整的句子，仅为一些不连贯的词语，不能独立成句。
改为：There are many ways to know society, for example, by TV, radio, and newspaper.悬垂修饰语所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的规律关系混乱不清。
gre考试做错题有哪些原因造成的
gre考试做错题有哪些原因造成的如果你有一个清楚的思路，积存了足够的解决问题的经验，考试就不会被陷阱所误导。
今天我主要给大家分享gre考试做错题有哪些原因造成的，希望对你们有帮助!知识点不够缺乏扣分GRE考试被认为是一种难度教高的考试。
其中一个困难在于考试中涉及的问题种类太多。
即使是完整看过ETS出品官方指南OG 的同学，往往也很难确保在做学习和实战考试中不会碰到一些冷门的知识点。
关于知识遗忘的问题，很多同学觉得这是一个粗心的问题，我不这么认为。
粗心可以通过集中注意力做题来解决，但是缺少知识点是基本环节的不够，不能通过认真做题来解决。
如果考生发现做错题，是因为不理解某个知识点或看不懂某个题目，那么还是老老实实的回去翻一下OG来填充这个知识点吧。
没有思路不知道怎么做题这个问题也是一个常见的状况，很容易被认为是粗心大意的状况。
有些同学在做题的时候，碰到某类题目完全没有思路，不知道怎么去做，在看了解析后，才恍然大悟，他们觉得只是一时的粗心大意而已，但事实并非如此。
在我看来，没有解题思路不是小事，而是严重的问题。
无论是临时没想起来怎么做题还是根本不知道怎么解答。
都不应该发生在考生身上。
缺乏基本的解决问题的思路意味着你没有能力思索和应付考试。
这样的水平在GRE考试中无法取得高分。
我建议，当你在碰到完全不清楚解题方法基本思路的题目时，不要再把粗心大意当成借口。
各类解题陷阱引发的思维错误这个问题在GRE考试中很常见。
本来能做对的题，由于某些选项或问题存在一定的误导，最终的解决思路被带歪而做错题目。
如果你有一个清楚的思路，积存了足够的解决问题的经验，就不会被陷阱所误导。
换句话说，陷阱干扰会产生错误，这意味着你解决问题的思路不够稳定和坚定，又或者是碰到过的陷阱不够多积存的应试经验不够。
在这方面，我仍然希望所有的考生都能拥有一个清楚的解题思路，关于各类常见陷阱也要做到见多识广，具备足以应对的丰富经验才行。
广日GRE系统故障码
⑽输入正确的机型代码
E011
功率模块散热器过热
⑴环境温度过高
⑵风道阻塞
⑶风扇损坏
⑷功率模块异常
⑴降低环境温度
⑵清理风道
⑶更换风扇
⑷寻求服务
E012
厂家保留
-
-
E013
驱动器过载
⑴加速太快
⑵瞬停时，再启动尚在旋转的电机
⑶电网电压过低
⑷负载过大
⑸闭环矢量控制，码盘反向，低速长期运行
⑹变频器电机参数不正确或机型代码错误
⑴减小加速度
⑵避免停机再启动
⑶检查电网电压
⑷选择功率更大的驱动器
⑸调整码盘信号方向
⑹输入正确的电机参数、机型代码或重新电机自学习
E014
电机过载
⑴电网电压过低
⑵电机额定电流设置不正确
⑶电机堵转或负载突变过大
旋转编码器断线故障
A2级故障
E058
主微机检测到旋转编码器断线
运行指令发出后2.2秒钟检测不到旋转编码器脉冲。
同上
旋转编码器反转故障
A2级故障
E059
主微机检测到旋转编码器旋转方向与运行指令方向不一致
1．微动平层状态下，旋转编码器的旋转方向信号与运行指令方向信号不一致并且速度大于1米/分钟持续1秒钟以上。
同上，门失去电力，既不开门也不关门，门止动状态。
当主板程序版本是：同步机84，异步机11，该故障可按轿箱开门或关门按钮复位
重复故障
A1级故障
E050
连续10分钟内检测到12次以上的故障。
连续10分钟检测到C级和以上的故障12次。检修运行状态下不累计E047、E081故障。
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Gre调查类错误
名词
survey questionnaire statistical study
sample specimen sampling
accidental sampling, classic sampling
randomness
percentage proportion
range spectrum scope
absolute value
result consequence outcome
动词
select choose sample
investigate examine scrutinize
represent describe typify
prove authenticate confirm ascertain verify
形容词
quantitative statistical
characteristic typical representative
far-ranging comprehensive extensive
meaningful worthy worthwhile
meaningless worthless empty
non-aligned cross-bencher
generally universally
2Q (quantity and quality)
Without the condition that the sampler did an accidental sampling across the whole scope with a sufficient number of ______, the results are poorly reliable to be representative.
Without the condition that the sampler did an accidental sampling across the whole scope with a sufficient number of respondents, the results are poorly reliable to be representative.
Without the condition that the sampler did an accidental sampling across the whole scope with a sufficient number of ____, the results are poorly reliable to be representative.
The results are unbelievable unless we know it's an accidental sampling with a sufficient number of specimens.
quality
The first-year students at a leading law school may fail to represent school graduates, which may lead the survey worthless.
The patients suffering from the most extreme cases of arthritis may fail to represent the people with some form of arthritis, which can make the survey worthless. Without the condition that the sampler did an accidental sampling with a sufficient number of patients, the results are poorly reliable to be characteristic. The ______ may fail to represent ______, which can lead the survey meaningless.
result
The "many" in the survey is unable to indicate the proportion and the absolute number of ______, making the evidence far too vague to be meaningful.
The "90%" in the survey is unable to indicate the absolute number of ______, making the evidence far too vague to be meaningful.
The "2000" in the survey is unable to indicate the proportion of _______, making the evidence far too vague to be meaningful.
respondent
Lacking more information to confirm that the survey is objective and confidential, it is impossible to assess the reliability of the survey's results.
Lacking more information to confirm that the survey is objective and confidential, it is impossible to assess the reliability of the survey's results.。