托福阅读语法常见的五种句子成分.doc
托福语法第一讲 句子结构
托福语法第一讲句子结构特别提醒：在做结构题时，要特别注意读题方式。
一般来说，出现“，”的地方，要把重点放在句子主体结构一方，而尽量避免介词短语、插入语、分词状语的影响，很多时候，他们对句子主干是没有影响的。
考点1：单句句子主干成分缺失。
最基本和常见的格式有：VP （主语缺失）要求：在选项中找出名词（短语）完成句子意思。
S O (谓语缺失)S+VP (宾语缺失) 要求：在选项中找出可以做宾语的成分。
O （主谓缺失）要求：在选项中找到可充当主谓的结构。
S VP （修饰成分缺失）要求：找到主语的定语或是句子的插入语成分。
在做句子结构题型的时候，准确地判断所缺失的成分，名词、动词的词性是至关重要的。
例1：Unlike moderate antislavery advocates, abolitionists ____ an immediate end to slavery.分析：(忽略) ，主语谓语缺失名词结构A demandedB they demandC that they demandedD in that they demand例2：A few animals sometimes fool their enemies ____ to be dead.分析：主语谓语宾语表手段的状语A appearB to appearC by appearingD to be appearing例3：_____ have a very keen sense of hearing, although most do not hear sounds audible to the human ear.A While some insects doB Some insects whichC Some insectsD That some insects主语缺失。
考点2：复合句复合句的基本结构为：a.Conj.+S+VP., S+VP 主从复合句b.先行+conj.+S+VP 定语从句c.V+conj.+S+VP 宾语从句出题的形式为：___________ S+VP, S+VP 缺少连词, S+VP 缺失整个从句Conj.+S+VP, _______ +VP 缺失主句主语Conj.+S+VP, _______ 缺少整个主句Conj.+S+ _______, S+VP 缺少从句谓语Conj.______ , S+VP 缺少从句主谓Conj.+S+VP, S+ ______ 缺少主句谓语例1：____ have sense organs in a canal known as the lateral line, which allows them to respond to changes in water pressure caused by nearby motion.A That tile fishB FishC When fishD If tile fish例2：Comparatively few clues in the United States have competing newspapers today, a major change from 1900 ____ more than two newspapers.A because then most large cities havingB when did most large cities haveC then most large cities that hadD when most large cities had在做题的时候，如果能够准确地判断含有空格的部分的性质（主句还是从句），缺少了哪一个成分，可将看似很长很复杂的句子化繁为简。
2018托福阅读理解句子成分分析2
The stylistic innovation in painting定语1 known as Impressionism定语2 began in the 1870’s. The Impressionists wanted to depict 宾语what they saw in nature, but they were inspired to portray fragmentary moments by the increasingly fast pace of modern life. They concentrated on the play of light over objects, people, and nature, breaking up seemingly solid surfaces,(5 )stressing vivid contrast between colors in sunlight and shade, and depicting reflected light in all of its possibilities.状语Unlike earlier artists, they did not want to observe the world from indoors. They abandoned the studio, painting in the open air and recording spontaneous Impressions of their subjects instead of making outside sketches and then moving indoors to complete the work form memory状语.(10) Some of the Impressionists’ painting methods were affected by technologicaladvances. For example, the shift from the studio to the open air was made possible in part 状语by the advent of cheap rail travel, 定语which permitted easy and quick access to the countryside or seashore, as well as 状语by newly developed chemical dyes and oils 定语that led to collapsible paint tubes, 定语which enabled artists to finish their paintings on the spot.(15)Impressionism acquired its name not from supporters but from angry art lovers 定语who felt threatened by the new painting. The term “Impressionism” was born in 1874,定语when a group of artists who had been working together organized an exhibition of their paintings in order to draw public attention to their work. Reaction from the public and press was immediate, and derisive. Among the 165 paintings 定语exhibited was one called(20)Impression: Sunrise, by Claude Monet(1840-1926).状语Viewed through hostileeyes,主语Monet’s painting of a rising sun over a misty, watery scene seemed messy, slapdash,and an affront to good taste. Borrowing Monet’s title, art critics extended the term “Impressionism” to the entire exhibit. In response, Monet and his 29 fellow artists in the exhibit adopted the same name as a badge of their unity, 状语despite individual differences.(25)From then until 1886 Impressionism had all the zeal of a “church”, as the painter Renoir put it. Monet was faithful to the Impressionist creed until his death, although many of the others moved on to new styles状语.41 What aspect of painting in the nineteenth century does the passage mainly discuss?(A) T he impact of some artists’ resistance to the fast pace of life(B) T he differences between two major styles of art(C) A technological advance in the materials used by artists(D) A group of artists with a new technique and approach to art42 The word “depict” in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) r eorganize(B) d eform(C) r epresent(D) justify43 According to the passage, which of the following was one of the distinguishing characteristics of Impressionist painting?(A) T he emphasis on people rather than nature scenes(B) T he way the subjects were presented from multiple angles(C) T he focus on small solid objects(D) The depiction of the effects of light and color44 Which of the following is a significant way in which Impressionists were different from the artists that preceded them?(A) T hey began by making sketches of their subjects(B) T hey painted their subjects out-of-doors(C) T hey preferred to paint from memory(D) They used subjects drawn from modern life45 The word “advent” in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A) a chievement(B) a cceptance(C) a rrival(D) advantage46 The exhibition of paintings organized in 1874 resulted in all of the following EXCEPT(A) a ttracting attention from the public(B) a negative reaction from the press(C) a n immediate demand for the paintings exhibited(D) creating a name for a new style of painting47 The word “affront” in line 22 is closest in meaning to(A) i nsult(B) e ncouragement(C) r eturn(D) credit48 The rejection of the Impressionist exhibition by critics was caused by which of the following?(A) T he small number of paintings on display(B) L ack of interest in exhibitions by young artists(C) T he similarity between all the paintings exhibited(D) Anger about seemingly poorly painted art49 The author mentions Renoir in line 25 to give an example of an artist who(A) b ecame as famous as Monet(B) w as consistently praised by art critics(C) d escribed the enthusiasm of the Impressionists for their work(D) was in favor of a traditional style of painting50 The word “others” in line 27 refers to(A) a rt critics(B) f ellow artists(C) i ndividual differences(D) new styles。
托福阅读常见语法现象解读
托福阅读常见语法现象解读托福阅读常见语法现象解读不定式用法详细分析1. 动词不定式的否定式not toShe decided not to be late again.2. 动词不定式的完成式完成式表示的动作或状态发生在位于动词表示的动作或状态之前。
I am sorry to have kept you waiting.3. 在It is/was + 形容词+不定式的复合结构若形容词侧重于评价人物的特性、特征，则构成不定式复合结构的介词应为of。
常用形容词有：kind, nice, foolish, silly, stupid, rude, cruel, wise, clever, brace, selfish, crazy, good, careful, careless, impolite, right, wrong 等。
It is very kind of you to help me.区别It is important for us to learn English well.4. 在某些动词后，可用it做形式宾语，然后加宾语补足语，最后加不定式作真正的宾语。
常见的动词有find, think consider, feel, make等。
They find it difficult to repay the money.5. 动词+不定式作宾补ask, want, invite, get, force, expect, allow, persuade, order, warn, remind order, cause, permit, forbid, advise, teach等。
6. 在使役动词make, have, let和感官动词see, watch, notice, observe, feel, hear, listen to, look at等词后接不定式作宾补，不定式不带to，表示做某事的全过程。
托福阅读句子结构分析
是否因为单词认识还是读不懂或听不懂而头痛，学习一下长难句吧。
小马托福备考包每包10个长难句的训练是最佳的句子训练的材料，自己学习并参考小马备考包解析锦囊，里面有每个句子的解析。
本文是对托福句子训练的一个理论补充，大家学习之前可以阅读本贴，同时，等学习了几个备考包后再重新参考本贴定会有质的飞跃... ...开始吧!!句子分类概述：托福的句子分为三种：简单句、并列句和复合句，其中并列句和复合句又是由若干个简单句组成。
简单句的基本结构有5种：1．主语+谓语2．主语+连系动词+表语3．主语+谓语+宾语4．主语+谓语+直接宾语/间接宾语5．主语+谓语+宾语+宾补虽然托福句子的分类很简单，但是由于表达意思的复杂化，句与句之间的衔接照应、修词的使用和语言省略原则使原本很简单的这五种句子的基本结构在实际运用中呈现了复杂化、多样化的趋势。
特别在长句中，这种趋势表现尤为突出。
因此常常造成了阅读的障碍，是整个句子或争端化的意思不能连贯地理解下来，或理解上出现错误。
并列平行结构I．概念综述并列平行结构使用并列连词或标点符号将两个或两个以上的同等成分连接起来组成一种并列或平行的结构，以表达一种复杂的多层次的含义。
连接的同等成分可以是多种成分，例如动词的宾语，名词的定语、同位语，介词短语等，使用并列连词连接两个或多个句子构成则并列句。
使用并列结构可是文字简洁，结构紧凑，避免重复。
由于这种结构组成方式不同，或其他句子成分的介入，或多重并列平行的存在，往往使读者在阅读时不易分辨清除，找不到句子的主干，形成在阅读中遇到的障碍。
常见的并列连词：and，but，so，yet，however，for，nor，or，still，not only…but also…，either…or，neither…nor等还需注意的是，并列连词在句中所起的不仅仅是简单的连接作用，还可以表示其他关系，例如结果、条件、连续、选择、原因、对比等等II．分类概述1．名词的平行结构：1．1．作主语的名词平行结构：Cool temperatures, shade, moist, and the presence of dead organic material provide the ideal living conditions for mushrooms. (moist应改为moisture)凉爽的温度、阴暗处和有死去的有机物的地方，为蘑菇提供了理想的生活条件。
托福阅读语法常见的五种句子成分
托福阅读语法常见的五种句子成分为了帮助大家了解托福阅读语法句子成分，更快速的提高托福考试成绩，新东方在线托福网为大家带来托福阅读语法常见的五种句子成分一文，希望对大家托福备考有所帮助。
更多精彩尽请关注新东方在线托福网!托福阅读能力的提高永远离不开以下三个方面：词汇的积累、语法的掌握和文章的阅读，因为单词是基础，任何句子都是以词为单位的，其次，语法是理解一个句子的关键之处，只有掌握了常用的句法结构，才能有助于我们明白作者所想表达的意思。
最后，大量的阅读文章将会是最有效的方法来提高自己的整体英语能力，文章是以句子为单位，句子又以词为单位，所以，三者是相辅相成的，缺一不可。
相信参加过托福考试或者正在备考的学生一定都会知道，在托福阅读文章中，长难句占的比例很大，所占分值也很高，直接关系着我们是否理解文章，那么如何突破长难句呢?我只能说在掌握一定的单词基础之上，根据语法来划分是关键之处，所以，今天主要针对托福语法进行一个详细的介绍和讲解，希望能够帮助到所有需要的人。
英语语法主要分成以下几个版块：词类、句子成分、句子构成、时态、从句、非谓语动词、虚拟语气、倒装、强调。
对于参加托福的学生来说，大部分已经对词类基本掌握，而后三项在阅读文章中体现的不是特别明显，因此，我主要就其与几个版块进行一一讲解。
首先是句子成分，英语中有九种句子成分，即：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语、同位语和插入语。
1.主语为动作的发出者，一般情况下位于句首，常常做主语的有名词，代词，动名词doing，不定式to do，数词，特殊疑问词+不定式，the+ adj./ done，定语从句。
Reliance on trade had several important consequences. (名词做主语) Nothing can conceal his anxiety and fear. (不定代词nothing 做主语) Taking immediate measures is of great significance to solve environmental problems.To see is to believe. = Seeing is believing. (眼见为实)Five is my lucky number. (数词做主语成分)What to do next puzzles the scientists most. (特殊疑问词+不定式做主语)The rich should help the poor.(富人应该帮助穷人。
英语句子成分分析及五种基本句型.doc
英语句子成分分析及五种基本句型.doc英语语法（一）：句子成分分析及五个基本句型（一）句子成分分析主语(Subject)是全句谈论的中心话题。
练习：找出下列句子的主语，并说出由什么词来充当。
1. Mr. Chen is a well-known scientist.2. He works very hard at school3. To go to a good university is his first goal.4. Doing morning exercise is good for your health.谓语(Predicate)是回答主语做什么，怎么了，位于主语后。
1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。
2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或助动词加动词相应形式构成。
（2）由系动词加表语构成。
1. We love China.2. We have finished reading this book.3. He can speak English.4. She seems tired.宾语(object)是动作的对象，目标，位于及物动词后。
英语中哪些成分可以充当宾语？1. We often help him.2. He likes to play basketball.3. We enjoy listening to the music.4. She said that he felt sick.5. They are talking about the new student.宾语补足语(object complement)是对宾语进行补充说明，宾语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。
1. They elected John monitor.2. We call him Iron Ox.3. The doctor told me to do more exercise.4. They made her happy.5. He is going to have hair cut.6. They saw a bird flying in the sky.哪些动词后需接复合宾语的？表语(predicative)位于连系动词之后，与之构成系表结构，说明主语的状态，性质等。
托福阅读五大基本句型精讲
托福阅读五大基本句型精讲为了帮助大家学习托福阅读五大基本句型，更快提高托福考试成绩，新东方在线托福网为大家带来托福阅读五大基本句型精讲一文，希望对大家托福备考有所帮助。
更多精彩尽请关注新东方在线托福网!托福阅读篇章中多以长难句为主，能否看懂长难句直接关系着是否理解句子乃至文章的意思，而解决长难句的关键在于要找到句子的主干，主干即是五大基本句型：主语+谓语;主语+谓语+宾语;主语+谓语+宾语+宾语;主语+谓语+宾语+宾补;主语+系动词+表语。
首先是主语+谓语，这是所有句子中最短的，例如Many plants and trees disappeared abruptly during the period. (在这段时期许多动植物都突然消失了，在本句话中，plants和animals做主语成分，disappear是不及物动词，做谓语，而during that period则做的是状语)。
再比如：Many millions of years after ferns evolved, another kind of flora evolved on Earth.(蕨类植物进化几百万年之后，地球上又出现了另外一种植物群。
)其次，主语+谓语+宾语，这一句型是最常见的。
例如：Yet the most fundamental standard of historical periodization conceals a host ofparadoxes.(然而这项历史周期中最基础的标志性事件却隐藏着一系列的矛盾中。
主语为standard，而the most fundamental是形容词做前置定语，修饰standard，of historical periodization是介宾结构做后置定语，限制standard。
Conceal隐藏，做谓语成分，paradoxes矛盾为宾语)。
下边这句话也是出自托福阅读文章，In 1929 the United States motion picture industry released more than 300 sound films --- a rough figure. (一个粗略的统计表明，1929年美国的电影产业放出了300部有声电影。
托福阅读语法结构问题
托福阅读语法结构问题为大家整理的是托福阅读句型结构汇总，备考托福阅读的考生们，了解句型结构是非常有必要的，一、英语句子结构的原则1、谓动单一性原则在一个句子里，有且只有一个谓语动词。
2、主句单一性原则在一个句子中，有且只有一个主句。
(从句可以有若干个)二、三大从句1、名词性从句主语从句宾语从句同位语从句引导词(what/how/that/why/whether)结构主语从句what+VO=n. for eg.???????what+SV=n. What you said is right.形式宾语Make it possible for sb.to do ?that/how/why/whether+SVO=n.That the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs is known.It is known that the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs.(形式主语居多)形式主语和强调句的区别形式主语It + v + (that +SVO)=n.n.=it强调句It is/was + A + that + BSVO=A+B而且通常情况下It is/was……是强调句同位语从句同位语的实质n1,n2—n1=n2S,n,VO.=S,引+svo,VO前面的成分不应当在后面充当成分。
The fact, that the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs, is known.可接同位语的名词多为抽象名词，例如：view/idea/suggestion/fact/reason/conclusion……同位语和定语从句的区别同位语的句子中，前面的成分不应当在后面充当成分。
The fact, that the sun is round.定语从句中，引导词充当成分。
The book, that you bought for me. “that”充当宾语。
托福阅读中的十大句型剖析
托福阅读中的十大句型剖析托福阅读中的十大句型剖析托福阅读文段的结构和出题点都有确定的规律，比方说托福阅读文段一般是总分总的格式，考生重点关注首段，尾段，转折句，开头句，基本上就能找到主题句。
以下是我为大家搜寻整理的托福阅读中的十大句型剖析，希望能给大家带来关怀! 更多精彩内容请准时关注我们应届毕业生考试网!一、列举和并列句列举指的是：FirstFirst, Second, Third, 等逐条列出。
;等逐条列出。
并列句是指：A ，B and C ，即逐项列出。
它们共同的特征是列出二点或三点以上的条目。
该类型语言点常考的题型是"详情性问题'，主要有两种：1. Which 题型该题型只要求从并列的三顶中选一项作为答案，其它条目与题目无关。
在这种状况下，往往题目的答案出自最终一个选项。
2 . EXCEPT 题型该题型俗称"三缺一'题型，即题目4 个选项中有三个符合文章内容，剩下一个不符合，题目便是要求选出这个不符合文章内容的选项。
例如：All of the following are mentioned as types of evidence concerning handedness EXCEPT 这种题型只适合于考并列、列举句，这是因为它要求其三个选项确定是文章中出现的，也就是并列或列举之处。
利用这一特点.我们在读文章的时候就可多留意，如看到并列、列举句，可料想其有可能被考到;如觉察题目中有"三缺一'题型，则应到并列、列举处找答案。
二、否认及转折句否认句是指带有NO 或NOT ，NEVER 等否认词的句子，而转折句则指带有HOWEVER ，BUT 或RATHER 等关联词引导的句子，它们可以用下面的句型说明：A is not B ，as C ，but is D 。
对于以上的句型常出"推断性问题'。
三、举例句句中由as 或such as ，for example 等引导的`短语或句子为举例句，常考"推断性问题'和"详情性问题'。
雅思阅读五大常用句子结构剖析
雅思阅读五大常用句子结构剖析
1.主语+谓语+宾语
这是最基本的句子结构，用于表达主观事物或观点。
例如：I love reading books.（我喜欢读书。
）
2.主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语
这种结构用于表达给予或传递其中一种信息或物品。
例如：She gave me a book.（她给了我一本书。
）
3.主语+谓语+宾语+宾补
这种结构用于表达主语的状态或特征。
例如：She was elected president.（她当选为总统。
）
4.主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语
这种结构用于表达主语使宾语成为其中一种状态。
例如：They made him happy.（他们使他快乐。
）
5.主语+连系动词+表语
这种结构用于表达主语的身份、状态或特征。
例如：She is a doctor.（她是一名医生。
）。
托福句子结构语法结构
1 Those second-hand pianos are selling like hot cakes, if you want one, you'd better buy one now before they're all gone.sell like hot cakes=sell very well or very quickly2 Whenever I have to make a speech I get butterflies in my stomach.get butterflies in one's stomach=get nervous3 He would do anything for his daughter. She was the apple of his eye.be the apple of one's eye=be very precious to sb.4 Lend me $30,please,Tom, I'm broke at the moment.be broke=doesn't have any money5 The accident was caused by a taxi driver jumping the green light. jumpthe green light=doesn't wait for the traffic lights to change to green6 You didn't think I was serious, did you, Joe! It was a joke! I was pullingyour leg, that's all.pull one's leg=tease someone,逗某人玩7 Because the owner wanted a quick sale, the painting went for a song-only$1000.If something "goes for a song" ,it is sold very cheaply8 He caught the last train by the skin of his teeth.By the skin of one's teeth =the person only just caught the last train; heal mostmissed it.9 There was a shortage of food; so you had to pay through the nose for what you could find.To "pay through the nose" for something is to pay far more for something thanit is really worth10 If he finds out what you did with the company's money, he'll hit the roof.Hit the roof=get very angry11 The sky got very dark and soon the rain began to bucket down.Bucket down = rain very heavily12 They all chip in for the benefit of Simpson's widow and little child.chip in=contribute money捐献13 He usually buys his clothes off the peg. It's cheaper than going to a dressmaker. Off the peg clothes =成衣14 Now stop beating about the bush and tell me what happened!beat about the bush=avoid saying directly what you mean15 I really must go and lie down for a while ;I've got a splitting headache.splitting headache=painful headache1. Arid regions in the southwestern United States have become increasingly inviting playgrounds for the growing number of recreation seekers who own vehicles such asmotorcycles or powered trail bikes and indulge in hill-climbing contests or in caving new trails in the desert.美国西部的不毛之地正成为玩耍的地方，对越来越多拥有摩托车或越野单车类车辆的，喜欢放纵于爬坡比赛或开辟新的沙漠通道的寻欢作乐者具有不断增长的吸引力。
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2019 年托福阅读语法常见的五种句子成分托福阅读水平的提升永远离不开以下三个方面：词汇的积累、语法的掌握和文章的阅读，因为单词是基础，任何句子都是以词为单位的，其次，语法是理解一个句子的关键之处，只有掌握了常用的句法结构，才能有助于我们明白作者所想表达的意思。
最后，大量的阅读文章将会是最有效的方法来提升自己的整体英语水平，文章是以句子为单位，句子又以词为单位，所以，三者是相辅相成的，缺一不可。
相信参加过托福考试或者正在备考的学生一定都会知道，在托福阅读文章中，长难句占的比例很大，所占分值也很高，直接关系着我们是否理解文章，那么如何突破长难句呢?我只能说在掌握一定的单词基础之上，根据语法来划分是关键之处，所以，今天主要针对托福语法实行一个详细的介绍和讲解，希望能够协助到所有需要的人。
英语语法主要分成以下几个版块：词类、句子成分、句子构成、时态、从句、非谓语动词、虚拟语气、倒装、强调。
对于参加托福的学生来说，绝大部分已经对词类基本掌握，而后三项在阅读文章中体现的不是特别明显，所以，我主要就其与几个版块实行一一讲解。
首先是句子成分，英语中有九种句子成分，即：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语、同位语和插入语。
1.主语为动作的发出者，一般情况下位于句首，常常做主语的有名词，代词，动名词 doing ，不定式 to do ，数词，特殊疑问词 +不定式， the+ adj./ done，定语从句。
Reliance on trade had several important consequences. ( 名词做主语)Nothing can conceal his anxiety and fear. (不定代词nothing做主语)Taking immediate measures is of great significance tosolve environmental problems.To see is to believe. = Seeing is believing. ( 眼见为实)Five is my lucky number. ( 数词做主语成分)What to do next puzzles the scientists most. (特殊疑问词+ 不定式做主语 )The rich should help the poor.(富人应该协助穷人。
其中the +adj. 表示一类人。
)Workers were bound to their masters by contract thatdefines the terms of the partnership.2.谓语，说的简单一点就是动词。
其中又主要分为四大类; 实义动词、情态动词、助动词和系动词。
英语中有80%都是实义动词，都具有实在、具体的意义，包括及物动词和不及物动词。
及物动词后边能够直接加宾语，而不及物动词必须要在后边加上介词才能够跟宾语。
比如说， play computer games, watch TV ，均属于及物动词， listento the radio, belong to me则属于不及物动词。
第二，情态动词后边需要跟的是动词原形，常见的有must, may, might, can, could, need, will, would, shall, should 等。
第三，助动词只有 do/does/ did + 动词原形，和 have/ has/ had + done 用于完成时。
两者都没有具体的意义。
最后，就是系动词，包括○1 be 动词 am, is, are; ○2 感官动词 feel, look, sound, taste, smell; 例如： The song sounds beautiful. You look very tired. ○3变化类系动词get, become, go, fall, turn, come 等，具体的来说，它们互不相同，其中 get 用的比较频繁一些，口语中也很常见，go 一般接的是消极的词汇，如： The young lady went mad. The milk has gone sour. 而fall 和 come的话，则有固定搭配， fall ill/ asleep, come true ，turn 一般情况下指颜色的变化，例： Leaves turned yellow.○4 保持类系动词 keep, remain, stay ，比如说 keep healthy, keep theroom warm等等。
○5其他类系动词prove, seem, appear ，例如：It seems/appears impossible that he won the match eventually. 以上所提到的系动词的后边都需要跟表语。
以上内容主要针对句子成分中的主语和谓语实行了详细的介绍，这些基础的语法内容恰恰是理解句子的关键所在。
以上介绍的是句子成分中的前两个：主语和谓语，接下来则主要针对剩下的七个句子成分实行详细讲解。
3.宾语，能够放在介词后边或者动词后边，即介宾和动宾。
介宾结构相对简单些，比如 in the classroom ，其中 classroom 做的就是宾语，成分。
一般做宾语的主要有以下几种：名词，代词，动名词 doing 数词，the+ adj./done ，特殊疑问词 +不定式 do, 宾语从句。
一般情况下，除了从句以外，能做主语的都能够做宾语。
例如，○1.Perhaps dinosaurs could not tolerate these extremetemperature changes and became extinct. (名词作宾语成分) ○2.The data provide nothing useful for further study.( 不定代词做做宾语 )○3Many businessmen avoid being influenced by theeconomic downturn.○4In China, most people doesn't like four, because it isbelieved to bring bad luck for them. (数词做宾语)○5The government encourage the retired to do somevolunteer work in the community. (the +done做宾语)○6None of the tourists knows where to go now. (where+ todo)○7Scientists hypothesized that a single asteroidcollided with earth.(从句)4.表语成分则需要放在系动词之后，通常做表语的有：名词，形容词，代词，动名词，不定式 to do ，介宾结构，副词，数词， the+ adj./done ，表语从句。
名词作表语： Whether he will come or not is still amystery.形容词做表语： It is hard to understand why they would notbe affected.代词做表语： This is all that I could do for you.动名词做表语： The mechanic's job is repairing all kindsof vehicles.不定式做表语： What they should do is to adapt to the new environment.介宾结构做表语： A bunch of flowers is on the table.副词做表语： The sun is up. Nobody is in. I will be backsoon.数词做表语： My lucky number is five.The+ adj./done 做表语： The injured were taken to the hospital.表语从句做表语： What we want to know is whether there are lives on other planets.5.定语在语法中是相当重要的，不论是托福中的哪一个单项，都离不开定语的应用，所以希望学生们一定要争取全面理解并掌握这个语法现象。
通俗的来说，定语翻译成汉语就是 " 的" ，即用于修饰和限制名词的。
其中又分成前置定语和后置定语，定语放在被修饰的成分前边就是前置，反之则是后置。
能够做定语的有很多：名词，形容词，介宾结构，数词，现在分词 doing ，过去分词 done，不定式 to do ，定语从句。
接下来会重点讲解。
名词作定语时，多数用它的单数形式，例如：building( 办公楼 );the beauty contest(选美大赛an office);the informationage( 信息时代);generation gap( 代沟 );credit card( 明信片 )形容词做定语有前置和后置之分，例如：exciting news;abrilliant boy;一般以a-开头的形容词被称为表语形容词，需要做后置定语， I have no time available.(能够利用的时间，做后置) ，the light ahead (前面的灯)，类似的词语还有alone, asleep,等等。
介宾结构做后置定语， a boy in a hat( 戴帽子的小男孩books on the shelf belong to the old man. The lady in red isour new teacher.) ，The数词做定语， Three thousand students attend the lecture.现在分词做定语， a developing country(发展中国家)，a swimming pool ，此为前置定语。
The man standing under the treedid me a favor yesterday.(在本句话中standing under the tree是现在分词做的后置定语，修饰的是the man 。
因为 the man 和是主动关系，所以要用现在分词。
)stand过去分词做定语， fallen leaves(落叶)，the frozen meat，此为后置定语。