Study on the cantilever grinding process of aero-engine blade
如何锻炼应试能力英语作文
如何锻炼应试能力英语作文英文回答：Developing Exam Skills in English。
As an international student studying in an English-speaking country, I often face the challenge of taking exams in my non-native language. These exams test myability to understand, analyze, and communicate complex concepts in English. To improve my exam skills, I have developed a comprehensive strategy that includes the following steps:1. Familiarize yourself with the exam format and structure:Before sitting for any exam, it is crucial to understand its format and structure. This includes knowing the types of questions you will face, the time allotted for each section, and any instructions or guidelines provided.By familiarizing yourself with the exam format, you can allocate your time effectively and avoid unnecessary stress. For example, if the exam includes a multiple-choice section, you need to know how many choices you will have for each question and whether you can go back and change your answers.2. Practice regularly using past papers:Past papers are an invaluable resource for exam preparation. They provide you with real-world examples ofthe types of questions you can expect on the exam and allow you to practice answering them under timed conditions. By regularly practicing with past papers, you can identifyyour strengths and weaknesses, pinpoint areas where youneed to focus your studies, and build confidence in your ability to perform well on the exam.3. Build a strong foundation in English language and grammar:A strong foundation in English language and grammar isessential for success in any English-based exam. This includes a thorough understanding of vocabulary, grammar rules, and sentence structure. By building a solid foundation, you can increase your comprehension skills, express yourself clearly and concisely, and avoid common grammatical errors. You can improve your language skills through various methods such as reading books, watching movies, or taking English language courses.4. Develop critical thinking and analytical skills:Exams often require you to analyze information, evaluate arguments, and draw conclusions. Developing critical thinking and analytical skills is key to success in these exams. You can practice these skills by engaging in debates, solving puzzles, or reading thought-provoking articles. By honing your analytical abilities, you can approach exam questions with a structured and logical mindset, identify the main points, and formulate well-reasoned responses.5. Manage your time effectively:Time management is essential durante exams. Allocate your time wisely to ensure you have sufficient time to answer all questions and review your answers before submitting your exam. Prioritize the questions based on their difficulty and the number of marks they carry. If you come across a question you are unsure about, don't spend too much time on it. Move on and come back to it later if you have time.6. Stay calm and confident:Exams can be stressful, but it is important to stay calm and confident throughout the process. If you have prepared well, you have nothing to worry about. Approach the exam with a positive mindset and focus on doing your best. Remember, everyone makes mistakes, so don't let a few errors affect your overall performance.中文回答：如何锻炼应试能力英语作文。
专业八级模拟611
专业八级模拟611(总分：134.92，做题时间：90分钟)一、PART Ⅰ LISTENING COMPREHENSION(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、SECTION A MINI-LECTURE(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Culture Shock and the Process of AdaptationⅠ. Culture shock1) Theoretical 1—troublesome feelings,—caused by loss of familiar 2 from the home culture.2) 3—to describe problemse.g. Chinese meet when they 4e.g. Foreigners have when they come to China.3) 5 of culture shock.—Living in one"s home culture, a person knows what people mean by means of 6—After leaving the familiar environment, meanings are not 7 , and the person does not know how to respond.4) Results of culture shock.— 8 : the person will not adapt successfully.—opportunities: changes as a person.It is not easy predict who will adapt successfully and who will not. toⅡ. The process of adaptation.1) Stage one: Excitement.—The excitement continues through 9—Eventually the person will meet a situation in which home culture 10 do not work in the new environment, but make the problem worse.2) Stage two: 11—people experience a 12 in mood or spirit.3) Stage three: Frustration.—self-doubt and depression are replaced by more13 attitudes.—start the long climb up toward feeling positive.4) Stage four: Growing effectiveness.—increasing 14 that he can deal with new situations as they arise.5) Stage five: Appreciation.—be able to experience the full 15 of human feelings in the new culture.6) Increased ability.Culture Shock and the Process of AdaptationⅠ. Culture shock1) Theoretical 1—troublesome feelings,—caused by loss of familiar 2 from the home culture.2) 3—to describe problemse.g. Chinese meet when they 4e.g. Foreigners have when they come to China.3) 5 of culture shock.—Living in one"s home culture, a person knows what people mean by means of 6—After leaving the familiar environment, meanings are not 7 , and the person does not know how to respond.4) Results of culture shock.— 8 : the person will not adapt successfully.—opportunities: changes as a person.It is not easy predict who will adapt successfully and who will not. toⅡ. The process of adaptation.1) Stage one: Excitement.—The excitement continues through 9—Eventually the person will meet a situation in which home culture 10 do not work in the new environment, but make the problem worse.2) Stage two: 11—people experience a 12 in mood or spirit.3) Stage three: Frustration.—self-doubt and depression are replaced by more13 attitudes.—start the long climb up toward feeling positive.4) Stage four: Growing effectiveness.—increasing 14 that he can deal with new situations as they arise.5) Stage five: Appreciation.—be able to experience the full 15 of human feelings in the new culture.6) Increased ability.（分数：15.00）解析：definition [听力原文]Good morning, everyone, today"s lecture is the very first of a series of lectures on culture shock. So I"d like to spend some time discussing with you the nature of culture shock and the six stages of the adaptation process so as to help you better understand and adapt to a new cultural environment.First of all, what is culture shock? I believe most people are familiar with the idea of culture shock. In theory, culture shock is defined as troublesome feelings such as depression, loneliness, confusion, inadequacy, hostility, frustration, and tension, caused by the loss of familiar cues from the home culture. The "shock" in culture shock emphasizes the pain and doubt that a person experiences when faced with a significantly new experience.In practice, people usually use the term culture shock whenever they tell a story about problems. Chinese meet when they go abroad or when they want to describe problems foreigners have when they come to China. It can be easily understood that when a person is living in his home culture, he knows what people mean when they speak and act. He is able to interpret situations and knows how to respond. The world makes sense. However, when he leaves that familiar environment, he is deprived of familiar cues, familiar behaviors and meanings that reassure him that he understands the world. Suddenly meanings are not clear, and the person does not know how to respond. He feels disoriented. This is perfectly normal and occurs in situations other than moving to a new culture. When put into any significantly new and challenging situation, the person faces risks and has opportunities. The risk is that the person will not adapt successfully. If the person is not able to endure the pain and overcome the problems, he may abandon the new situation and return to a life that is more familiar and comfortable. If that is not possible, he may continue to live inthe new situation, but in a way that causes continuing difficulties for himself and others. If the person adapts successfully, he changes as a person. He acquires new skills, new attitudes, and a new outlook on the world.It is not easy to predict who will adapt successfully and who will not. So before going abroad, learning about the process of adaptation will help you better understand what is happening to you, though it will not prevent culture shock. Typically people experience the following stages as they adapt to a new cultural situation.Stage one: Excitement about the new situation.Except for refugees and others who are pushed to leave home against their will, most people who go abroad to live temporarily or permanently in a new culture do so willingly. They have some specific purpose in mind such as furthering their education, pursuing economic or professional opportunities, or simply experiencing something new. Especially when friends and relatives put a positive value on going abroad, when they give it high prestige or think they will also benefit, then the person who is going usually anticipates the experience with a great deal of excitement. The excitement of this stage typically continues through the early period after arriving in the new culture. Everything seems to be wonderful. The expectations the person has for the new experience have not yet been tested. The newcomer is using standards from his home culture to evaluate the situation in the new culture. But eventually the person will meet a situation in which home culture strategies for dealing with problems not only do not work, but make the problem worse. And this marks the end of the first stage and the beginning of the second.Stage two: Confusion when faced with the hidden aspects of culture.At the beginning of the confusion stage, the person in an unfamiliar culture often experiences a sudden decline in mood or spirit. Often at this stage, newcomers misread or misinterpret the behavior and speech of the local people. Part of the problem may be limited language skills, but more important is a tendency to interpret meanings according to the home cultural grammar. Stage three: Frustration when old ways of dealing with situations fail to work.At this stage the confusion, self-doubt and depression of the second stage usually decline and are replaced by more negative attitudes such as frustration and anger about the new culture. Instead of blaming or doubting himself, the newcomer starts to put the blame for his difficulties on the new culture and its people. He may become suspicious and believe that the host country people around him always have negative reasons for doing what they do. In a way, this is a change for the better, because it shows that the newcomer is paying more attention to what the people around him are actually doing. And this will lead him to start the long climb up toward feeling as positive about himself and the new culture as he did the day he left home.Stage four: Growing effectiveness as new skills are acquired.During the third stage the person is feeling bad but is acting in a more assertive way to deal with the new culture. In time these efforts pay off and the person becomes more effective. The person is gaining cross-cultural skills and has added important new skills to his cultural software and has some confidence that he can deal with new situations as they arise.Stage five: Appreciation as new skills and attitudes enable the person to live more fully in the new situation.In this stage the person moves beyond effectiveness in the new culture to an attitude of appreciation. He is developing a more personal understanding of the new culture and values it. The person is able to live a full life, experiencing the full range of human feelings in the new culture. He is becoming more creative, expressive and able to take initiative and responsibility. Stage six: Increased ability to deal with new and novel situations.When a person has successfully adapted to a new culture, he has learned how to learn culture. That is a valuable attribute for anyone living in the global village. The person is now ready for new cross-cultural experiences.Now, to sum up, in today"s lecture we have elaborated on the nature, causes and results of culture shock, which was a commonplace phenomenon experienced by people going abroad. The subsequent discussion on the six stages of the adaptation process focuses on what is happening to people going abroad, a good knowledge of these stages can help people understand what is going on, so as to ease the confusion and frustration of the initial stages and accelerate the acquisition of the ability to appreciate and deal with the new cultural environment.[解析] 由文章开头看出讲座首先从理论的角度定义了culture shock这一概念。
TOEFL托福阅读真题整合
TOEFL托福阅读真题整合托福阅读真题1__ 31Rent control is the system whereby the local government tells building owners how much they can charge their tenants in rent. In the United States, rent controls date back to at least World War II.In 1943 the federal government imposed rent controls to help solve the problem of housing shortages during wartime. The federal program ended after the war, but in some locations, including New York City, controls continued. Under New York's controls, a landlord generally cannot raise rents on apartments as long as the tenants continue to renew their leases. In places such as Santa Monica, California, rent controls are more recent. They were spurred by the inflation of the 1970's, which, combined with California's rapid population growth, pushed housing prices, as well as rents, to record levels. In 1979 Santa Monica's municipal government ordered landlords to roll back their rents to the levels charged in 1978. Future rents could only go up by two-thirds as much as any increase in the overall price level.In any housing market, rental prices perform three functions: (1) promoting the efficient maintenance of existing housing and stimulating the construction of new housing, (2) allocating existing scarce housing among competing claimants, and (3) rationing use of existing housing by potential renters.One result of rent control is a decrease in the construction of new rental units. Rent controls have artificially depressed the most important long-term determinant of profitability —rents. Consider some examples. In a recent year in Dallas, Texas, with a 16 percent rental vacancy rate but no rent control laws, 11,000 new housing units were built. In the same year, in San Francisco, California, only 2,000 units were built. The major difference? San Francisco has only a 1.6 percent vacancy rate but stringent rent control laws. In New York City, except for government-subsidized construction, the only rental units being built are luxury units, which are exempt from controls. In Santa Monica, California, new apartments are not being constructed. New office rental space and commercial developments are, however. They are exempt from rent controls.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The construction of apartments in the United States.(B) Causes and effects of rent control(C) The fluctuations of rental prices(D) The shortage of affordable housing in the United States.2. The word They in line 9 refers to(A) the tenants(B) their leases(C) places(D) rent controls.3. Which of the following was NOT a reason for the introduction of rent controls in Santa Monica,California?(A) rapid population growth(B) inflation(C) economic conditions during wartime(D) record-high housing prices4. The phrase roll back in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) credit(B) measure(C) vary(D) reduce5. The word stimulating in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) experimenting with(B) identifying(C) estimating(D) encouraging6. It can be inferred that the purpose of rent control is to(A) protect tenants(B) promote construction(C) increase vacancy rates(D) decrease sales of rental units7. The word depressed in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) saddened(B) created(C) lowered(D) defeated8. The information in the last paragraph supports which of the following statements?(A) San Francisco has eliminated its rent control laws.(B) Rent control leads to a reduction in the construction of housing units(C) Luxury apartments are rarely built when there is rent control(D) There is a growing need for government-subsidized housing.9. According to the passage , which of the following cities does NOT currently have rent controls?(A) Santa Monica(B) Dallas(C) San Francisco(D) New York City10. The word stringent in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) straightforward(B) strict(C) expanded(D) efficient11. According to the passage , which of the following is NOT exempt from rent control?(A) Luxury apartments(B) Commercial development(C) Moderately priced apartments(D) Office space.__ 31 BDCDD ACBBB C托福阅读真题232By 1776 the fine art of painting as it had developed in western Europe up to this time had been introduced into the American colonies through books and prints, European visitors andimmigrants, and traveling colonists who brought back copies (and a few original) of old master paintings and acquaintance with European art institutions.By the outbreak of the Revolution against British rule in 1776, the status of the artists had already undergone change. In the mid-eighteenth century, painters had been willing to assume such artisan-related tasks as varnishing, gilding teaching, keeping shops, and painting wheel carriages, houses, and signs. The terminology by which artists were described at the time suggests their status: limner was usually applied to the anonymous portrait painter up to the 1760's; painter characterized anyone who could paint a flat surface. By the second half of the century, colonial artists who were trained in England or educated in the classics rejected the status of laborer and thought of themselves as artists. Some colonial urban portraitists, such as John Singleton Copley, Benjamin West, and Charles Wilson Peale, consorted with affluent patrons. Although subject to fluctuations in their economic status, all three enjoyed sufficient patronage to allow them to maintain an image of themselves as professional artists, an image indicated by their custom of signing their paintings. A few art collectors James Bowdoin III of Boston, William Byrd of Virginian, and the Aliens andHamiltons of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries, especially aspiring artists, and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement.Although the colonists tended to favor portraits, they also accepted landscapes, historical works, and political engravings as appropriate artistic subjects. With the coming of independence from the British Crown, a sufficient number of artists and their works were available to serve nationalistic purposes. The achievements of the colonial artists, particularly those of Copley, West, and Peale, lent credence to the boast that the new nation was capable of encouraging genius and that political liberty was congenial to the development of taste — a necessary step before art could assume an important role in the new republic.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) European influence on colonial American painting(B) The importance of patronage to artist(C) The changing status of artists in the American colonies in the eighteenth century(D) Subjects preferred by artists in the American colonies in theeighteenth century.2. The word outbreak in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) cause(B) beginning(C) position(D) explanation3. The word undergone in line 6 is closest in meaning to(A) led to(B) transformed(C) preferred(D) experienced4. According to the passage , before the American Revolution the main task of limners was to(A) paint wheel carriages(B) paint portraits(C) varnish furniture(D) paint flat surfaces5. I t can be inferred from the passage that artists who were trained in England(A) considered artists to be superior to painters(B) barely painted portraitists(C) were often very wealthy(D) imitated English painters6. The word consorted in line 14 is closest in meaning to(A) made decisions(B) studies(C) agreed(D) associated7. The word sufficient in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) adequate(B) temporary(C) friendly(D) expensive8. According to the passage , artists such as Copley, West and Peal signed their paintings(A) increased the monetary value of the paintings(B) made it more difficult for other artists to copy the paintings(C) supported the artists' image of professionalism(D) distinguished colonial American artists from European artists9. The author mentions James Bowdoin III and William Byrd in line 17 as examples of which ofthe following?(A) Art gallery owners who displayed only European art(B) Art collectors who had a profound influence on American attitudes toward art(C) Artists who gave financial support to other artists(D) Patrons whose helped to encourage artisans to become artists10. With which of the following would the author be most likely to agree?(A) Countries that have not had a political revolution are unlikely to develop great art.(B) The most successful art collectors are usually artists themselves.(C) The value of colonial American paintings decreased after the Revolution.(D) Colonial artists made an important contribution to the evolving culture of the new nation.__ 32 CBDBA DACBD托福阅读真题3__ 33Researchers in the field of psychology have found that one of the best ways to make an important decision, such as choosing auniversity to attend or a business to invest in, involves the utilization of a decision worksheet. Psychologists who study optimization compare the actual decisions made by people to theoretical ideal decisions to see how similar they are. Proponents of the worksheet procedure believe that it will yield optimal, that is, the best decisions. Although there are several variations on the exact format that worksheets can take, they are all similar in their essential aspects. Worksheets require defining the problem in a clear and concise way and then listing all possible solutions to the problem. Next, the pertinent considerations that will be affected by each decision are listed, and the relative importance of each consideration or consequence is determined. Each consideration is assigned a numerical value to reflect its relative importance. A decision is mathematically calculated by adding these values together. The alternative with the highest number of points emerges as the best decision.Since most important problems are multifaceted, there are several alternatives to choose from, each with unique advantages and disadvantages. One of the benefits of a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is that it permits people to deal with more variables than their minds can generally comprehend and remember.On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once. A worksheet can be especially useful when the decision involves a large number of variables with complex relationships. A realistic example for many college students is the question What will I do after graduation? A graduate might seek a position that offers specialized training, pursue an advanced degree, or travel abroad for a year.A decision-making worksheet begins with a succinct statement of the problem that will also help to narrow it. It is important to be clear about the distinction between long-range and immediate goals because long-range goals often involve a different decision than short-range ones. Focusing on long- range goals, a graduating student might revise the question above to What will I do after graduation that will lead to successful career?1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) A tool to assist in making complex decisions.(B) A comparison of actual decisions and ideal decisions(C) Research on how people make decisions(D) Differences between long-range and short-range decision making2. The word essential in line 7 is closest in meaning to(A) introductory(B) changeable(C) beneficial(D) fundamental3. The word pertinent in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A) relevant(B) preceding(C) insightful(D) responsive4. Of the following steps, which occurs before the others in making a decision worksheet?(A) Listing the consequences of each solution(B) Calculating a numerical summary of each solution(C) Deciding which consequences are most important(D) Writing down all possible solutions5. According to decision-worksheet theory, an optimal decision is defined as one that(A) has the fewest variables to consider(B) uses the most decision worksheets(C) has the most points assigned to it(D) is agreed to by the greatest number of people6. The author develops the discussion in paragraph 1 bymeans of(A) describing a process(B) classifying types of worksheets(C) providing historical background(D) explaining a theory7. The author states that On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds atonce (lines 17-18) to explain that(A) most decisions involve seven steps(B) human mental capacity has limitations(C) some people have difficulty making minor as well as major decisions(D) people can learn to keep more than seven ideas in their minds with practice8. The word succinct in line 24 is closest in meaning to(A) creative(B) satisfactory(C) personal(D) concise9. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage(A) Proponents (line 5)(B) Optimal (line 5)(C) Variables (line 17)(D) Long-range goals (line 25)10. The word it in line 24 refers to(A) worksheet(B) problem(C) distinction(D) decision11. The word revise in line 26 is closest in meaning to。
2023年考研英语试卷
1、The recent study on climate change emphasizes the urgent need for ________ in order to mitigate its severe impacts.A. sustainable development practicesB. increased consumption of fossil fuelsC. ignoring environmental regulationsD. prioritizing economic growth over ecology (答案：A)2、In the context of global trade, the term "tariff" refers to ________.A. a tax imposed on imported or exported goodsB. a subsidy provided to domestic producersC. an agreement to eliminate trade barriersD. the free flow of goods and services without restrictions (答案：A)3、Which of the following statements best describes the concept of "cultural relativism"?A. All cultures are equally advanced and should be judged by universal standards.B. Cultural practices should be evaluated within their own cultural context.C. Some cultures are inherently better than others.D. Cultural differences are irrelevant in today's globalized world. (答案：B)4、The author's primary purpose in writing the passage is to ________.A. argue against the use of technology in educationB. advocate for the integration of technology into classroomsC. describe the historical evolution of educational toolsD. analyze the negative effects of technology on student learning (答案：B)5、The phrase "the tipping point" in the passage refers to ________.A. the moment when a minor change leads to a significant effectB. the highest point of achievement in a particular fieldC. a gradual and steady process of improvementD. the initial stage of a project's development (答案：A)6、According to the article, which of the following is NOT a challenge faced by remote workers?A. Maintaining a healthy work-life balanceB. Limited opportunities for social interactionC. Increased productivity due to fewer distractionsD. Difficulties in separating work and personal spaces (答案：C)7、The research highlights the importance of ________ in enhancing team collaboration and innovation.A. strict hierarchical structuresB. open communication channelsC. individual competition within teamsD. minimizing face-to-face interactions (答案：B)8、In the field of artificial intelligence, "machine learning" involves ________.A. programming computers to perform specific tasks without adaptationB. enabling computers to learn and improve from data without being explicitly programmedC. using pre-determined algorithms for all problem-solving scenariosD. relying solely on human input for decision-making processes (答案：B)9、The main argument presented in the passage is that ________.A. renewable energy sources are not yet reliable enoughB. investing in renewable energy is crucial for sustainable developmentC. fossil fuels remain the most efficient energy sourceD. technological advancements have made traditional energy sources obsolete (答案：B)10、Which of the following best explains the concept of "digital footprint"?A. The physical space occupied by digital devicesB. The trail of data left behind by online activitiesC. The speed of internet connectionD. The amount of storage space on a digital device (答案：B)。
提升做甜品能力的途径英文作文
提升做甜品能力的途径英文作文Enhancing Culinary Proficiency in Pastry Arts: A Comprehensive Guide.The enchanting world of pastry arts, a realm of delectable creations that tantalize the senses and ignite culinary dreams, beckons those aspiring to elevate their confectionery skills. Mastering the art of crafting exceptional pastries requires a meticulous blend of technical prowess, creativity, and an unwavering pursuit of excellence. For those eager to refine their abilities and embark on a path of pastry mastery, this comprehensive guide will illuminate the intricacies of the craft,offering invaluable insights and strategies to enhance your culinary repertoire.Laying the Foundation: Comprehending the Science of Pastry.Before embarking on the practical aspects of pastrymaking, it is essential to grasp the underlying scientific principles that govern the behavior and interactions of ingredients. A thorough understanding of the chemistry behind baking enables you to troubleshoot potential issues, adjust recipes to suit specific dietary requirements, and innovate new flavor combinations with confidence. Delveinto the wonders of Maillard reactions, gluten formation, and the impact of different sugars on texture and sweetness.Developing Technical Mastery: Mastering Essential Techniques.The mastery of pastry arts hinges upon the proficient execution of fundamental techniques. Dedicate yourself to honing your skills in laminating dough, creating delicate spun sugar masterpieces, tempering chocolate, and crafting intricate piping designs. Seek guidance from experienced pastry chefs, attend workshops, and immerse yourself in the nuances of each technique. With patience and perseverance, you will transform from a novice baker into a culinary virtuoso, capable of producing flawless viennoiseries, ethereal mousses, and mirror-glazed entremets.Exploring the Realm of Flavors: Balancing Art and Science.Pastry arts transcend mere technical proficiency; they are an expression of artistry and culinary imagination. Unleash your creativity by experimenting with a vast array of flavors and ingredients. Explore the harmoniousinterplay of sweet and savory, acidic and bitter, crunchy and smooth. Discover the nuances of spice blends, the vibrant notes of fresh herbs, and the unexpected pairings that elevate pastries from ordinary to extraordinary. Draw inspiration from diverse culinary traditions, incorporating global flavors into your creations.Seeking Inspiration: Immersing Yourself in the Pastry World.Inspiration is the lifeblood of culinary creativity. Surround yourself with the works of renowned pastry chefs, visit world-class patisseries, and attend industry events to stay abreast of the latest trends and techniques. Studythe intricate sugar sculptures of renowned cake artists, marvel at the artistry of chocolate showpieces, and immerse yourself in the vibrant tapestry of pastry arts. Allow yourself to be captivated by the ingenuity and passion of those who have dedicated their lives to the craft.Perfecting the Art of Presentation: Crafting Visual Masterpieces.The visual appeal of a pastry is paramount in tantalizing the senses and evoking an immediate desire for indulgence. Dedicate yourself to mastering the art of presentation, transforming your creations into visually stunning masterpieces. Arrange pastries with precision, accentuate their natural beauty, and incorporate edible garnishes that enhance both aesthetics and flavor. Let your pastries become works of art, inviting diners to feasttheir eyes and indulge in a multi-sensory culinary experience.The Importance of Practice: Refining Skills through Repetition.As with any endeavor, practice is the cornerstone of mastery in pastry arts. Dedicate yourself to consistent practice, honing your skills through repetition and experimentation. Seek opportunities to bake for friends and family, participate in culinary competitions, or volunteer your services to local charities. With each attempt, you will refine your techniques, expand your repertoire, and develop an intuitive understanding of the delicate balance of ingredients and textures.Continuous Learning: Embracing the Evolving Landscape of Pastry.The world of pastry arts is constantly evolving, with new techniques, ingredients, and flavor combinations emerging. Embrace the role of a lifelong learner, eager to stay abreast of the latest trends and innovations. Attend workshops, read industry publications, and connect with other pastry enthusiasts to expand your knowledge and stay inspired. By embracing continuous learning, you will remain at the forefront of the culinary landscape, consistentlypushing the boundaries of your craft.The Power of Collaboration: Synergy and Shared Knowledge.The pastry arts community is a vibrant and supportive network of passionate individuals. Seek opportunities to collaborate with other pastry chefs, share knowledge, and learn from their experiences. Attend industry events, join online forums, and participate in social media groups dedicated to pastry arts. By fostering connections and engaging in collaborative projects, you will gain invaluable insights, expand your network, and contribute to the collective advancement of the craft.Embracing Feedback: A Path to Refinement and Growth.Seek constructive feedback from trusted sources, including experienced pastry chefs, mentors, and discerning diners. Approach criticism with an open mind, recognizingit as an opportunity for growth and improvement. Analyze feedback objectively, identify areas for improvement, andimplement changes to elevate the quality of your pastries. Embrace the iterative process of refinement, continuously striving to surpass your previous achievements and create pastries that exceed expectations.Empowerment Through Mentorship: Guidance from Culinary Masters.Seek guidance from experienced pastry chefs who are willing to share their knowledge and insights. Identify mentors who align with your culinary aspirations and can provide valuable advice, support, and encouragement. Establish a strong rapport with your mentors, eager tolearn from their experiences, perspectives, and techniques. Through mentorship, you will accelerate your progress, gain access to industry insights, and forge lastingrelationships within the culinary community.Building a Support System: A Network of Enthusiasts.Surround yourself with a network of individuals who share your passion for pastry arts. Join local pastry clubs,connect with fellow enthusiasts online, and foster relationships with those who appreciate and value your creations. Share your knowledge, inspire others, and seek inspiration from the collective experiences of your support system. Together, you will create a thriving community that fosters creativity, innovation, and a deep appreciation for the artistry of pastry.The Transformative Power of Confidence: Belief in Your Abilities.Confidence is a crucial ingredient in the pursuit of pastry mastery. Embrace your abilities, believing in your potential to create exceptional pastries. Recognize that setbacks and challenges are an inherent part of the learning process. Approach each endeavor with a positive mindset, focusing on identifying solutions rather than dwelling on mistakes. Celebrate your successes, both big and small, and use them as motivation to continue pushing the boundaries of your culinary artistry.Embarking on the Culinary Journey: A Lifetime ofPassion.The path to pastry mastery is a continuous journey, one that requires dedication, perseverance, and an unwavering passion for the craft. Embrace the challenges and celebrate the triumphs along the way. Allow your passion for pastry arts to fuel your creativity, drive your pursuit of excellence, and inspire you to create delectable masterpieces that delight the senses and bring joy to those who indulge in them. Remember, the true measure of success in pastry arts lies not only in the technical proficiency but also in the ability to evoke emotions, create lasting memories, and nourish the human spirit through the magic of culinary artistry.。
考试前紧张难以入眠听音乐缓解的英语作文
考试前紧张难以入眠听音乐缓解的英语作文全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1Music to Soothe the Pre-Exam JittersMy name is Jamie and I'm in the 5th grade. I love going to school and learning new things, but sometimes all the tests and quizzes make me really nervous. Whenever there's a big test coming up, I find it super hard to fall asleep at night because my mind is racing with worries. Will I remember everything I studied? What if I miss a really easy question? I toss and turn for hours, stressing about the exam.Last week, we had our annual state testing for math and reading. I had been studying like crazy leading up to the tests. My mom quizzed me with flashcards every night after dinner. My dad even hired a tutor to come once a week to go over practice problems with me. I really wanted to do well, but as the test days got closer, I started feeling more and more anxious.The night before the first test, I could not fall asleep at all. I tried counting sheep (that never works for me). I tried closing my eyes and clearing my mind (yeah right!). I even did some deepbreathing exercises my gym teacher taught us, but my brain would not shut off. I kept picturing myself sitting at my desk, staring at the test with my mind going blank. What if I failed?? My parents would be so disappointed in me.After hours of lying awake feeling stressed, I finally got out of bed around midnight. I tiptoed downstairs to the living room, trying not to wake up my parents and little brother. Maybe watching a little TV would help relax my mind before the big test day. As I grabbed the remote, I noticed my dad's noise-canceling headphones on the side table. He sometimes wears those to listen to music or podcasts when he's doing work from home.On a whim, I put the big headphones on and opened up a music app on my phone. I found one of my favorite pop songs and hit play. At first, the pounding beat and energetic vocals didn't seem super calming. But as I closed my eyes and focused on the melody, I felt my racing thoughts starting to slow down. The music filled my head, leaving less room for anxioustest-taking scenarios.After that first song ended, I put on a mellower playlist with some acoustic guitar tracks. I stretched out on the couch, letting the gentle strumming and soft crooning voices wash over me. With the headphones on, I was in my own little bubble, awayfrom the pressures of school and that looming test. Just me and the music.I don't even remember falling asleep that night. One minute I was tapping my toes along to a folksy love song, the next I was blinking awake to my mom gently shaking my shoulder. Apparently, I had crashed right there on the living room couch, the headphones askew but still playing my sleepy song playlist on repeat."Jamie? Did you sleep out here all night?" my mom asked with a confused smile."I guess so," I yawned, sitting up and rubbing my eyes. To my surprise, I felt completely rested and refreshed. All my worries from the night before had melted away.Mom laughed, "Well, as long as you got some sleep before your test today! Are you feeling ready?""You know what? I actually am feeling ready," I told her. And I really meant it. For once, I wasn't nervous at all about the big exam. The music had helped calm my anxious thoughts, allowing me to fall into a peaceful, worry-free slumber.I spent that whole test day in a zentrance (I just made up that silly word for my newfound zen-like trance state). Any time Istarted feeling stressed, I simply replayed snippets of my sleepy song playlist in my head. The melodies centered me, pushing away any rising angst. I ended up breezing through both tests, filling in bubbles with confidence.Needless to say, when I got my scores back a few weeks later, I totally aced both the math and reading exams! My proud parents took me out for a celebratory dinner, insisting I order a second dessert because I had worked so hard. Honestly though, I think the real key to my success was discovering the power of music to lull me into a good night's sleep before test day.From then on, anytime I started feeling pre-exam jitters, I'd queue up my de-stress playlist for a relaxing listening session. The songs had melodies and rhythms that just made sense to my brain in a way that words or numbers didn't in those panicky moments before a major test. Just put on the headphones, hit play, and let the music transport me into a state of focused calm.Did you know that certain songs can even physically change your brain waves? Music with a strong bass line and steady beat can supposedly sync up your brain waves to a slower frequency, kind of like tuning an instrument. Those slower alpha and theta brain waves are what you experience when you're chilled out and daydreaming. That must be why those playlist jams helped ease篇2The Night Before the Big TestI tossed and turned in my bed, staring up at theglow-in-the-dark star stickers on my ceiling. No matter how hard I tried, I just couldn't fall asleep. My mind was racing with thoughts about the huge test I had to take the next day at school.It was the end-of-year exam that covered everything we had learned in 5th grade - math, reading, science, you name it. I had been studying like crazy, quizzing myself with flashcards and rereading my notes over and over again. But now that the test was just hours away, I was a bundle of nerves.What if I blanked out and couldn't remember anything I had studied? What if I failed the test and had to repeat 5th grade? I knew I shouldn't have waited until the last minute to cram, but I had put it off, thinking I had plenty of time. Now my procrastination was coming back to haunt me.I looked over at my math workbook on my nightstand. I had worked through so many practice problems, but would it be enough? I wondered if I should spend a little more time reviewing concepts like fractions and long division.Then I glanced over at my reading books. I had read all the assigned novels, like Charlotte's Web and The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe. I had diligently answered all the comprehension questions at the end of each chapter. But what if the test asked about some obscure detail I had missed? A bead of sweat formed on my brow just thinking about it.I kicked off my covers, the sheets tangled around my legs. I was way too worked up to sleep. Maybe I should tire myself out doing jumping jacks or running laps around my room? No, that might wake up my little brother in the next room over. He was probably sleeping like a rock without a care in the world.I flopped back on my pillow with a huge sigh. At this rate, I would be a zombie at school the next day from exhaustion. That definitely wouldn't help my test performance any. What could I do to calm down and hopefully get some rest?That's when I remembered the awesome new wireless headphones I had gotten for my last birthday. I always found listening to music really relaxing and soothing, especially at night. Maybe some tunes could drown out the anxious thoughts swirling through my brain.I grabbed my headphones off my desk and queued up a long playlist of my favorite songs on my iPod. As the openingnotes of "Shake It Off" by Taylor Swift came through the headphones, I already started to feel a little better. I snuggled back under my covers and let the familiar melodies wash over me.Song after song, I concentrated on the lyrics and melodies instead of obsessing over the test. An hour must have gone by before I realized how relaxed and sleepy I had become. The last thing I remember before drifting off was "Fireflies" by Owl City filling my ears.I woke up the next morning feeling rested and much less anxious than the night before. As I got dressed and ate my breakfast, I went over some quick test-taking strategies in my head: Read each question carefully, don't rush, make sure to answer in complete sentences on the writing portion, and double check my work. Practical advice, not panicky thoughts.When I got to school, I said a quick prayer under my breath before heading to the classroom where the tests were being administered. I felt calm but alert, like a surfer waiting forthe perfect wave to arrive. Bring it on, I was ready!Over the next few hours, I diligently worked my way through the various sections of the test. Whenever I started to feel myselftense up, I mentally hummed a few bars of a favorite song to relax. It seemed to do the trick each time.Finally, after what felt like an eternity, I bubbled in the very last answer on the test booklet and closed it with a sense of relief and accomplishment. I had given it my absolute best effort thanks to getting a good night's sleep listening to music.As I turned in my test, I flashed a smile at my teacher. She probably thought I was just happy the test was over. But the real reason I was beaming was because I knew in my heart that the music had come through for me once again. Listening to upbeat, soothing tunes had been just what I needed to calm my pre-test nerves and jitters.From that night on, anytime I face a super stressful situation, I make sure to have my headphones and a kicked-back playlist ready to go. A little music therapy does wonders when my mind is racing and I need to chill out. It's like magic in the form of melodies and lyrics!So if you ever find yourself freaking out before a big event, don't be afraid to tune in and tune out all that nervous energy. Just queue up your favorite artists and let their tracks transport you to a stateof peaceful focus. And who knows, you might evencatch yourself humming a few happy notes when it's all over and you nail it!篇3The Night Before the Big TestTossing and turning, I couldn't get my mind to stop racing. The big math test was tomorrow and I was a bundle of nerves. No matter how tightly I squeezed my eyes shut or how many times I fluffed my pillow, sleep just wouldn't come.I had studied really hard for this test. Mom and Dad had helped me go over multiplication tables, long division, fractions - you name it! In class, I paid extra close attention whenever my teacher Mr. Jenkins was going over a concept I didn't fully understand. I even stayed after school a few times to get extra help.But now the night before the test, my mind was overwhelmed with worries. What if I got stuck on a long division problem and ran out of time? What if I mixed up my multiplication tables for 6s and 7s? What if my brain just went totally blank when I got the test paper in front of me? The more I tried not to think about all the things that could go wrong, the more worked up I became.I looked over at my nightstand clock. 12:38am. I had been laying awake for hours now. I knew I needed to get some sleep or I'd be a zombie at school tomorrow. But how could I calm my anxious mind?That's when I remembered the new CD player my parents had given me for my birthday last month. I loved listening to music and had been really enjoying putting that CD player to use. Maybe some soothing tunes could help lull my racing thoughts and allow me to finally drift off to dreamland.Very carefully so I didn't wake my little brother sleeping in the next room, I slipped out of bed and tiptoed over to my desk where the new CD player sat. After grabbing a CD case, I opened it up and selected a disc that had always made me feel relaxed - one of those "Nature Sounds" albums with ocean waves, bird calls, and other peaceful outdoor noises.Placing the CD into the player, I pressed play and adjusted the volume so it was just loud enough for me to hear clearly, but not so loud that it would disturb the rest of the house. Grabbing my headphones, I tucked myself back into bed, letting the tranquil sounds of gently lapping water and a breeze rustling through trees envelop me.As I focused on the recording, I could vividly picture myself on a remote beach, turquoise waves lazily rolling up the pristine white sand. A light offshore breeze smelled of salt and made the palm trees sway in a relaxing rhythm. There were no math tests here, only peace and calm.Slowly but surely, I could feel the tension melting out of my body. My mind quieted as I concentrated on the soothing nature sounds. Before I knew it, my eyelids grew heavier and heavier until finally, I drifted off into a blissful, worry-free sleep.The next morning, I woke up feeling refreshed and ready to tackle the big math test. While I was still a little nervous, theall-consuming panic from the night before had melted away. As I got ready for school, I kept replaying the relaxing beach sounds from the CD in my mind, letting them continue to calm me.At my desk that morning, staring down at the test paper, I felt prepared and focused rather than frazzled. Whenever I started to feel that old anxiety creeping back in, I took a few deep breaths and imagined myself back on that serene shoreline. Between the good studying I'd done and the clear mind I was able to take the test with, I ended up acing it!From then on, whenever I started feeling really stressed or overwhelmed about an upcoming test, big project, or anythingelse, I made sure to listen to my nature sounds CD before bed. The relaxing music and peaceful outdoor noises never failed to clear my head and allow me to sleep soundly.I'm so grateful my parents gave me that CD player and that I remembered to use it during that panicked night before the math test. If I hadn't been able to get a good night's sleep, who knows how I would have done! Listening to calming music turned out to be the perfect antidote to pre-test anxiety and restless nights. I don't know what I'd do without my trusty nature sounds CD to help me relax and recharge. A good night's sleep makes all the difference when you've got a big day ahead!篇4Music Helps Me Sleep Before Big TestsI'm just a kid, but I have to deal with a lot of stress and anxiety, especially when it comes to big tests at school. My parents and teachers are always telling me how important it is to do well on tests, and I get so nervous thinking about it. Sometimes I lie awake at night unable to sleep because I'm worried about an upcoming test. That's when I turn to my secret weapon - music!Music has this almost magical power to calm me down and relax my mind when I'm all worked up about something. When I'm tossing and turning, unable to fall asleep because I can't stop thinking about that huge math test tomorrow, I simply put on my headphones and let the soothing sounds take me away.For me, certain types of music work better than others when I'm trying to de-stress before a test. I find that slow, gentle, instrumental music without any words is the most effective at quieting my busy brain. The mellow tunes of a guitar or piano can quickly turn my racing thoughts into a peaceful stream. Classical music from composers like Mozart and Beethoven is perfect because it's so beautiful and relaxing without any lyrics to distract me.Sometimes I'll listen to nature sounds too, like the calming noises of rainfall, ocean waves, or even forest sounds with birds chirping. Anything that's slow, steady, and rhythmic seems to activate this magical sleepy switch in my brain. The music distracts me from my worries and lulls me into a state of serenity.I have certain songs and playlists that I go to specifically for helping me fall asleep before tests. They're like old friends that I trust to be there for me when I'm feeling anxious. Just putting onthose familiar melodies instantly puts my mind at ease because I associate them with drifting off to peaceful slumbers.It's not just at bedtime that music helps me de-stress for tests though. Sometimes I'll listen to calming tunes throughout the day leading up to a big exam too. If I'm having trouble concentrating while studying because I'm feeling nervous and anxious, I'll pop in my earbuds and let the soothing sounds clear my head. The music creates this imaginary force field around me that blocks out worries and negative thoughts so I can focus.Being able to relax is so important when you're getting ready for tests. If your mind is a jumbled mess of anxiety and insomnia, it's really hard to do your best work. That's why having a tool like music to calm me down is invaluable. It's like a reset button that restores my mind to peace and tranquility.I don't think I'd be able to get through school with my sanity intact if I didn't have music to turn to when I need to de-stress and relax. It truly is a magical, healing force in my life that has the power to wash away worries and usher in a profound sense of peace and calm.As I get older, I'm sure life will bring many more challenges that cause anxiety and insomnia. But no matter what stresses come my way, I know I'll always have my music there to get methrough. All I have to do is pop in my earbuds and let those soothing melodies work their magic. The power of music to relieve my worries and help me sleep is an invaluable gift that I'll cherish forever.篇5The Night Before the Big TestI tossed and turned in my bed, my mind racing with thoughts about the big test tomorrow. No matter how hard I tried, I couldn't fall asleep. My stomach was all knotted up and my heart was pounding. I was so nervous about the math exam!What if I blanked out and couldn't remember anything I studied? What if I got all the questions wrong? I squeezed my eyes shut tightly, trying to clear my head, but it was no use. Images of dreaded word problems and long division danced in my mind.I looked over at my nightstand and my eyes fell on my portable CD player. Maybe some relaxing music would help calm me down so I could finally get some sleep. I put on my big puffy headphones and pushed play.The first few notes of my favorite Mozart album filled my ears and I immediately started to feel a little better. I took some deep breaths, letting the beautiful melodies wash over me. As the music played, I imagined myself floating peacefully on a quiet pond, the sun beaming down warmly.With each breath, I could feel the knots in my stomach loosening up. My racing thoughts started to slow down. I stopped worrying about what might happen on the test and just focused on the present moment and the gorgeous piano music.When the first track ended, I didn't even realize that I had already drifted off to sleep. I slept so soundly and peacefully through the whole night, with the music gently playing in my ears the whole time.The next morning, I woke up feeling completely refreshed and ready to tackle the test. As I sat down at my desk, I realized how calm and focused I felt, thanks to finally getting a good night's rest.During the exam, anytime I started to feel a little anxious, I just mentally hummed a few bars of my favorite Mozart tunes. It was like my own personal lullaby that instantly put me at ease. The melodies cleared my mind so I could concentrate fully.When the teacher passed out the tests, I took a deep breath, visualized myself back on that peaceful pond, and got to work. To my delight, all the concepts I had studied suddenly came flooding back to me. I diligently worked through each problem, double checking my work.By the time I turned in my test, I felt so proud of myself for keeping my cool under pressure. I knew I had given it my best effort. As I headed out to recess, I couldn't stop smiling, feeling so relieved that the stressful test was over.From that day on, anytime I started feeling overwhelmed with schoolwork or activities, I made sure to put on some relaxing classical music. It became my secret weapon against anxiety and stress. No matter how frazzled I felt, after just a few minutes of listening, my worries would melt away.Music has such incredible power to soothe the mind, body and soul. Those enchanting melodies could instantly transport me to my happy place, filling me with a profound sense of tranquility. Listening to uplifting compositions put me in a focused, productive state where I could think clearly.Whenever I felt a wave of nerves washing over me, all I had to do was cue up my favorite recordings. Shutting out all the distractions, I could tune into the resonant harmonies that wouldrecharge my spirit. The music was like my security blanket that protected me from negativity.I was so grateful to have discovered this coping technique at such a young age. Music became my trusty companion that helped me push through any challenge. No matter how worked up I got, I could always count on those notes to bring me back to a state of peaceful concentration.Thanks to my Music puts me in a calm, alert state that allows me to be fully present for whatever life brings my way, without any worries weighing me down. Those enchanting symphonies have gotten me through so many stressful times – tests, performances, competitions, you name it. Whenever I'm facing a big event, you can be sure I'll have my headphones on, allowing the music to clear my mind and boost my confidence.Even as I get older and life gets more hectic, I know music will always be my go-to solution for restoring balance. Those melodies have a magical ability to slow everything down so I can take a deep, cleansing breath. My troubles seem to disappear, replaced by a wonderful sense of peace and optimism.So if you ever see me sitting with my eyes closed, gently swaying back and forth with a blissful look on my face, you'll know I'm just getting my daily dose of musical therapy. It's myspecial ritual for recalibrating my energy and spirit so I can go out and conquer whatever comes my way. All it takes is putting on my headphones and escaping into my own little utopia of sound for a few minutes.It's amazing how something so simple as listening to music can be so powerful and life-changing. I feel so lucky to have found this healthy coping mechanism to manage my stress and anxiety. Riding those lullabies of tranquility helps keep me grounded and focused on being the best version of myself.Music will forever be my happy place, my loyal friend, and my ultimate sonic panacea. Those notes have magically gotten me through many a sleepless night and big test. I don't know what I'd do without those harmonious hello, my trusted melodies. Here's to many more years of great music putting my mind at ease!篇6The Night Before the Big TestAh, the night before the big test. My least favorite time of the year! All week, I had been studying hard, trying to cram as much information into my brain as possible. Math formulas,science facts, vocabulary words – they were all swirling around in my head like a tornado. I felt like my brain was going to explode!As I lay in bed that night, staring up at the glow-in-the-dark stars on my ceiling, I couldn't stop thinking about the test. What if I couldn't remember the capital of Wyoming? What if I mixed up the properties of solids, liquids, and gases? What if I spelled "rhythm" wrong? (That's always been a tricky one for me.)My stomach was doing somersaults, and my heart was racing like a cheetah on the hunt. I tossed and turned, but no matter what position I tried, I just couldn't get comfortable. The more I thought about the test, the more anxious I became.After what felt like hours of restless squirming, I glanced at my digital clock. 11:47 PM. Ugh, I still had so many hours to go until morning. At this rate, I was never going to get any sleep!That's when I had a brilliant idea. Music! Music always helped me feel calm and relaxed. Maybe if I listened to some soothing tunes, it would help clear my mind and lull me into a peaceful slumber.Quietly, so I wouldn't wake up my little sister in the next room, I tiptoed over to my desk and grabbed my trusty headphones. I plugged them into my tablet and opened up mymusic app, scrolling through my playlists to find the perfect one for the occasion.Ah, there it was: "Calming Classics." This playlist was filled with gentle, instrumental songs that always made me feel like I was floating on a cloud. I hit "shuffle" and let the music wash over me.The first song that came on was Clair de Lune by Debussy. As the soft, rippling notes of the piano filled my ears, I could already feel my body starting to unwind. I closed my eyes and imagined myself lying in a field of wildflowers, watching the clouds lazily drift by in the bright blue sky.Next up was Gymnopédie No. 1 by Erik Satie. This piece was so simple and sweet, like a lullaby. I pictured myself rocking back and forth in a cozy rocking chair, surrounded by the warm glow of a crackling fireplace.As the playlist continued, I was transported to a world of tranquility. Beethoven's Moonlight Sonata made me feel like I was floating in a peaceful, moonlit lake. Pachelbel's Canon in D was like a gentle summer breeze caressing my face.With each passing song, I could feel the tension and anxiety melting away. My muscles relaxed, my breathing slowed, and mymind finally quieted down. The test was the furthest thing from my thoughts as I became lost in the beauty of the music.Before I knew it, my eyelids were growing heavy, and I was drifting off into a deep, restful sleep. The last thing I remember was the soothing sound of Debussy's Clair de Lune playing in my ears, like a sweet lullaby guiding me into the land of dreams.When I woke up the next morning, I felt refreshed and rejuvenated. The worries and fears that had plagued me the night before were gone, replaced by a sense of calm and confidence.As I got ready for school, I found myself humming along to the tunes that had lulled me to sleep. The melodies were like old friends, reminding me that everything was going to be okay.When I arrived at my desk and saw the test in front of me, I took a deep breath and smiled. Thanks to the power of music, I was well-rested and ready to tackle whatever questions came my way.。
天才是天生的还是后天培养的英语作文
天才是天生的还是后天培养的英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Is Genius Innate or Developed?This has been one of the biggest debates in the field of psychology and education for decades - are those rare individuals we call "geniuses" born with an exceptional intellect, or is their brilliance the result of nurture, hard work, and environmental factors? As a student who has witnessed kids being labeled from a young age as "gifted" or "ungifted", I have a strong opinion on this subject.In my view, the reality lies somewhere in the middle - genius arises from a combination of innate cognitive abilities and the purposeful cultivation of those abilities. While I don't deny that genetics and biology play a major role, I believe the genius phenomon is far too complex to be solely attributed to nature or nurture. Let me break down my perspective.The Nature Side of GeniusThere is overwhelming evidence that certain cognitive abilities like working memory, processing speed, and patternrecognition have a strong hereditary basis. Countless studies on twins (both identical and fraternal) have demonstrated that general intelligence is largely inherited. The pioneering research of experts like Robert Plomin has revealed that around 50% of the variance in IQ scores is due to genetic factors.This genetic component manifests very early in life. Even as infants, some kids simply have more neurological "hardware" that allows them to process information rapidly, reason abstractly, and learn new concepts quickly compared to their peers. Their young minds seem pre-wired for intellectual precocity.Just look at the famous case studies - from Mozart picking up a violin at age 3 to Bobby Fischer becoming a chess grandmaster at 15. Their feats stretched the limits of normal human potential in their respective domains. Innate aptitudes combined with intense passion seem to be common threads among history's greatest geniuses.So in that sense, being a "genius" does appear to require being born with a certain cognitive edge, a biological head start. It's undeniable that nature equips some individuals with formidable mental abilities right out of the womb. But that's just the starting point...The Nurture Side of GeniusWhile genetics loads the gun, so to speak, environmental factors are what pull the trigger and unleash that raw potential into actualized genius. Even babies with magnificent grey matter need the right environmental inputs and deliberate cultivation to reach their full capabilities.Consider the "start making sense" period that begins around age 2, when young neural networks are furiously building new connections and hierarchies based on stimuli from the outside world. A highly enriched environment with ample learning opportunities, cognitive engagement, and emotional nourishment can effectively "raise" a child's intelligence over time.On the flip side, impoverished or stressful environments that lack cognitive stimulation can severely stunt a child's brain development, even if they had promising innate abilities. There are countless heartbreaking examples of precocious kids trapped in difficult life circumstances who never came close to realizing their early potential.But even for kids from comfortable middle-class families, genius rarely blossoms without relentless practice, unwavering perseverance, and high-quality coaching/mentoring targetingtheir strengths. Very few human beings in history could be considered profoundly gifted in the absence of extreme dedication and thousands of hours spent honing their craft.The great mathematician John Edensor Littlewood eloquently captured this when he said, "Genius is infinite painstaking." Even generational talents like the Williams sisters had to log decades of intensive training and competition to actualize their abilities into sustained excellence on the world's biggest stages.My counterpoint to the "born genius" stance is to consider the seemingly ordinary kids from unremarkable backgrounds, who through tremendous effort and fortunate life circumstances, ended up making extraordinary contributions to their fields. Was Richard Feynman a physics "genius" from birth, or did his brilliance slowly emerge through an inquisitive mindset, discipline, and high-quality education? Examples like these challenge our notion of genius being a fixed attribute at birth.The Multiplier EffectIn reality, the nature vs nurture inputs don't operate in isolation - they interact in complex ways to amplify or diminish each other. Having great natural abilities combined with anenriched environment seems to create a powerful multiplier effect that magnifies the development of genius.Conversely, someone with more modest innate abilities may never reach genius levels if raised in a cognitively impoverished environment with no opportunity to cultivate their strengths. And even gifted kids who face trauma, abuse, or extreme stress tend to underachieve relative to their potential due to emotional and psychological impediments.That's why we see wildly different outcomes even among siblings raised in the same household - the interplay of each child's unique brain wiring and how that converges with their specific environmental exposures creates divergent developmental trajectories. Genius is rarely pre-determined at birth. It emerges gradually through a dynamic, multi-faceted process.My Personal TakeAs someone who was classified as a "gifted" student from a young age, I can attest that such labels are vastly overrated, and perhaps even counterproductive. All they did was instill an unhealthy sense of entitlement in me and my peers who internalized our "gifted" status as a permanent trait rather than awork in progress. We arrogantly assumed our early academic prowess was destiny rather than potential.Many of us became complacent and stopped working hard, wrongly believing our natural abilities would be enough to keep carrying us effortlessly. Meanwhile, the less heralded"non-gifted" kids in my class displayed incredible dedication and growth mindsets, steadily closing the academic gap over time. By high school, many had lapped some of the "geniuses" who stagnated.That experience taught me an invaluable lesson - no matter what innate abilities someone is born with, equating them to genius is wrong and even harmful if it breeds entitlement. True genius only reveals itself through continual effort to actualize one's cognitive potential through deliberate practice, insatiable curiosity, passion and intrinsic motivation.So in summary, while I acknowledge genetic endowments play a major role in intelligence and talent, I firmly believe environmental factors and personal drive determine whether someone's abilities calcify into genius-level mastery or fizzle out. Innate gifts are just the raw ingredients - nurturing those gifts through enrichment and discipline is what cooks up true genius over time.篇2Is Genius Innate or Nurtured?This has been an age-old debate – are geniuses born or made? Are the brilliant minds that have shaped our world, from Newton and Einstein to Shakespeare and Picasso, products of nature or nurture? As a student, this is a question that fascinates me, for it delves into the very essence of human potential and the interplay between our intrinsic traits and environmental influences.At first glance, it may seem that genius is an innate quality, a gift bestowed upon a fortunate few by the whims of genetics and heredity. After all, we've all encountered those prodigies – the child who could play complex musical compositions by ear at the tender age of three, or the adolescent who breezed through advanced calculus while their peers struggled with basic algebra. Such remarkable talents, emerging so early in life, may lead us to believe that genius is hardwired into the brain, an immutable characteristic that one either possesses or doesn't.However, upon closer examination, the argument for nurture – the role of environment, education, and experience – becomes increasingly compelling. Consider the lives of many renownedgeniuses throughout history. Mozart, for instance, was born into a family of musicians, and his father, Leopold, recognized and nurtured his son's extraordinary aptitude from a young age, providing him with rigorous training and exposure to the finest musical influences of the time. Similarly, Marie Curie, the pioneering physicist and chemist, grew up in a household that valued education and intellectual pursuit, setting her on a path that would ultimately lead to her groundbreaking discoveries in radioactivity.These examples illustrate that while innate talent may provide the raw material, it is often the nurturing and cultivation of that talent that allows it to blossom into true genius. A supportive and enriching environment, coupled with dedicated mentorship and opportunities for growth, can unlock the full potential of an individual's abilities, enabling them to soar to extraordinary heights.Furthermore, the notion that genius is solely a product of nature fails to account for the countless instances of individuals who, despite lacking exceptional innate abilities, have achieved remarkable feats through sheer determination, hard work, and a relentless pursuit of knowledge and mastery. Thomas Edison, for example, was not considered a particularly gifted student in hisyouth, yet his insatiable curiosity, perseverance, and willingness to experiment and learn from failure ultimately led to his groundbreaking inventions that revolutionized the world.It is also worth noting that genius is not a monolithic concept; it manifests itself in myriad forms, spanning diverse fields such as science, art, music, literature, and philosophy. While some individuals may possess an innate proclivity towards certain disciplines, the development of true genius often requires an interdisciplinary approach, drawing upon a breadth of knowledge and experiences that shape and refine one's understanding and creativity.Perhaps the most compelling argument for the nurture side of the debate lies in the transformative power of education and intellectual stimulation. Countless stories abound of individuals who, when provided with access to quality education, mentorship, and resources, have blossomed into brilliant minds, defying the odds and shattering preconceived notions of their potential. This underscores the profound impact that nurturing environments and opportunities can have on unlocking and cultivating genius, regardless of one's innate abilities.In the end, the nature versus nurture debate surrounding genius may be a false dichotomy. Rather than an either-orproposition, it is more likely that true genius emerges from a delicate interplay between innate talents and the nurturing influences of environment, education, and experience. While some individuals may possess a genetic predisposition towards certain abilities, it is the cultivation and channeling of those abilities through supportive and enriching environments that ultimately allows genius to flourish.As a student, this realization is both humbling and empowering. It reminds me that while innate talents are valuable, they are merely the starting point; true greatness lies in the relentless pursuit of knowledge, the willingness to embrace challenges and learn from failures, and the commitment to continuously nurturing and refining one's abilities. It is this dynamic interplay between nature and nurture that holds the key to unlocking the full potential of the human mind and spirit, paving the way for the next generation of geniuses to emerge and shape the world in ways we can scarcely imagine.篇3Is Genius Inborn or Developed?Ever since I was a little kid, I've always been in awe of geniuses - people who seem to possess superhuman intelligenceand abilities far beyond the rest of us. Whether it's scientific masterminds like Einstein and Newton, artistic virtuosos like Mozart and Picasso, or shrewd political minds like Churchill and Lincoln, these individuals have left an indelible mark on human history with their revolutionary ideas and groundbreaking achievements. But it makes me wonder - what makes a genius? Are they simply born that way, or is genius something that can be cultivated over time through dedicated effort?This debate has raged for centuries in academic circles, generating tons of research and discussion. On one side are those who believe genius is purely the result of genetic predispositions and innate capabilities. They point to cases of child prodigies who displayed astonishing talents from a very young age before receiving any formal training. Examples include Mozart composing musical masterpieces as a toddler, artist Pablo Picasso showing remarkable skill at drawing before he could talk, and the famous story of Carl Friedrich Gauss figuring out how to sum the numbers 1 through 100 almost instantly at age 3. Clearly, these individuals seemed to be born with exceptional gifts.Proponents of the innate genius view argue that these abilities come from specific genetic factors and neurologicaldifferences that cannot be replicated through hard work alone. Things like higher baseline intelligence, better working memory, increased neural connectivity and efficiency, and heightened sensitivity to patterns and abstract thinking are hardwired capabilities that may be present from birth. They believe the "nature" component of the nature vs nurture debate is the predominant factor in genius.On the other side are those who feel genius has much more to do with environmental influences, motivation, and dedicated practice over many years - the "nurture" side of the debate. They emphasize the "10,000 hour rule" popularized by researcher K. Anders Ericsson, which states that world-class expertise in any domain requires around 10,000 hours (or 10 years) of sustained, deliberate practice. From this perspective, while innate talents may give certain individuals a slight head start, genius is really about relentlessly honing skills over a long period through quality coaching, mental discipline, and sheer effort.This camp points to examples like the Williams sisters in tennis or the Polgar sisters in chess, who became elite prodigies not through being born that way, but through intensive training and single-minded focus from their parents starting at a very young age. They also emphasize the importance of things likegrowth mindset, grit and determination in allowing people to maximize their potential through hard work over time.Personally, while I see validity in both arguments, I lean more towards the "nurture" camp in believing genius is primarily developed rather than pre-determined at birth. While not discounting the role of innate gifts, I feel the examples oflate-blooming geniuses who became highly accomplished through years of toil somewhat contradicts the idea that genius is purely innate. Figures like J.K. Rowling, who went from being a struggling single mom to one of the most successful authors ever, or the careers of athletes like Michael Jordan and Tom Brady who hit their prime through painstaking practice and mental fortitude well into adulthood.Furthermore, we have seen time and again how early educational experiences, socioeconomic factors, physical and cognitive development through childhood, mentorship and nurturing environments all play a profound role in determining which individuals get the opportunity to cultivate their talents into high achievement. A brain with incredible genetic potential for intelligence could still end up squandered due to lack of proper guidance, resources or dedication.Ultimately, while genetic predispositions may serve as the initial spark, I believe sustained effort, quality teaching, and the right environmental catalysts are what allow that spark to fully ignite into genius-level abilities over time. Even Albert Einstein, considered one of the quintessential examples of an innate genius, emphasized how his accomplishments were "99% perspiration and 1% inspiration".While it's fun to ponder the nature vs nurture components of genius, the reality is that both contribute to these rare andawe-inspiring individuals. Having natural gifts may make the path easier, but without relentless commitment and high quality input to nurture those gifts from an early age, they are unlikely to fully develop into true genius. So while we should appreciate those who seem destined for greatness from birth, we should also celebrate the powerful role that great mentorship, determination and high-quality practice can play in maximizing human potential over time - genius is as much developed as it is inborn.。
新视野大学英语第三版Unit 6Section A
The South African Department of Labor reported last month that the nation has too few jobs for ___u_n_s_k_il_le_d___ laborers. The department also said there are not enough workers for highly skilled _p_o_s_i_ti_o_n_s_.
— Elizabeth Cady Stanton
The main thing is to keep the main thing the main thing.
— Stephen R. Covey
6 UNIT
To work or not to work — That is the question
Compound Dictation
Listen to a short passage concerning unemployment in South African and fill in the missing information.
The sharp __d_if_f_e_re_n_c_e_s__ between jobs and skills were __a_p_p_a_r_e_n_t_ recently when officials advertised a job opening in the government. The position was that of auditor-general or chief financial supervisor. With a 26 percent _u_n_e_m__p_l_o_y_m_e_n_t_ rate nation-wide, there was no __s_h_o_r_ta_g_e__o_f__ interest in the job.
学习中克服自我怀疑困难英语作文
学习中克服自我怀疑困难英语作文Learning New Things Can Be Really HardLearning new things is not easy at all. Sometimes I get really frustrated when I can't understand something right away. It makes me feel dumb and like I'll never be able to learn it. But I'm trying really hard not to give up because I know that's when you stop learning.My teacher says it's totally normal to feel confused and make mistakes when you're learning. She says not to get discouraged because that's just part of the process. I try to remember that, but it's not always easy, especially when other kids seem to get it faster than me.Like when we started learning multiplication tables this year, I could NOT get them to stick in my brain no matter how much I practiced. I would study them every night, but then get mixed up on the quiz the next day. I got so frustrated that I started feeling like I'm just bad at math and would never learn them.My mom could see how upset I was getting, so she gave me some good advice. She said instead of getting mad at myself, I should celebrate the facts I did get right and be proud of how hard I was working. She reminded me that everyone learns attheir own pace and the more practice I get, the easier it will become.She suggested using creative ways to practice beyond just memorizing the times tables. We made up rhymes and songs to help me remember them. We also looked for patterns in the numbers that made them easier to calculate quickly. It took a little while, but eventually they all clicked and now I can rainbow multiply like a champ!That experience taught me that if I'm struggling to learn something new, I need to be patient with myself instead of getting frustrated. If I keep practicing and trying different strategies, my brain will get there. It's like exercise - the more you workout, the stronger your muscles get. The more you practice a new skill, the stronger those brain muscles become.Reading is another area where I used to get really discouraged. In the younger grades, I was one of the slowest readers in my class. My teacher would have us go around the room taking turns reading paragraphs out loud, and I would dread when it was my turn. I could feel myself tense up and panic as I struggled through each sentence. All the other kids read so smoothly while my voice stumbled constantly. I was so embarrassed and worried they thought I was dumb.But my parents kept reassuring me that reading takes time and lots of practice. They read out loud to me every night and had me read to them too, even if it was slow going. They never rushed me or made me feel bad about the words I couldn't pronounce. Little by little, I got faster and more confident. Reading out loud doesn't even phase me anymore.I've learned that pretty much everything new we try to learn is going to be really difficult at first. That's just part of the learning process. Math, reading, writing, riding a bike, playing an instrument - it all feels impossible until our brains get enough practice doing it. We can't expect to be amazing right from the start.The key is not letting the challenges at the beginning get you down and make you want to give up. That little voice in your head might say "This is too hard, I'll never get this." But you have to talk back to that voice! Tell yourself "It's hard now, but if I keep practicing, I'll get better." Ask for help from your teachers or parents if you need it. Try different learning strategies to find what works best. Most importantly, be patient and kind to yourself. Everyone learns at their own pace. If you stick with it, you WILL get there.So don't be afraid to try new, difficult things! Embrace the struggle because that's how we grow smarter and stronger. It's okay to feel confused or make mistakes at first. That just means your brain is working really hard to build those new skills. Trust the process, keep practicing, and believe in yourself. You've got this!。
我在学习过程中克服了自我怀疑英语作文
我在学习过程中克服了自我怀疑英语作文Overcoming Self-Doubt in My Learning ProcessLearning a new language can be challenging, especially when it comes to acquiring fluency in speaking, reading, and writing. As a student of English, I have faced moments ofself-doubt and insecurity in my learning process. However, through perseverance and determination, I have been able to overcome these obstacles and make significant progress in my English language skills.One of the most common sources of self-doubt for me was my accent. As a non-native English speaker, I often feltself-conscious about my pronunciation and worried that others would not be able to understand me. This fear was exacerbated by the fact that English is a language with many different accents and dialects, making it difficult to know which one is "correct." However, I realized that having an accent is a natural part of speaking a second language and that as long as I was clear and understandable, it did not matter if my accent was not perfect. By practicing speaking English with native speakers and listening to English language media, I was able to improve my accent and gain confidence in my speaking abilities.Another issue that caused self-doubt for me was my grammar skills. English grammar can be complex and confusing, with many rules and exceptions to remember. I often found myself second-guessing my grammar choices and doubting whether my sentences were structured correctly. To overcome this, I focused on learning and practicing grammar rules through textbooks, online resources, and language apps. I also sought feedback from teachers and peers on my writing assignments to identify areas for improvement. By taking a proactive approach to improving my grammar skills, I was able to address my weaknesses and build confidence in my writing abilities.Additionally, I struggled with vocabulary acquisition, particularly when it came to expanding my academic and professional vocabulary. I often felt overwhelmed by the sheer number of words I needed to learn and doubted whether I would ever be able to become fluent in English. To address this challenge, I created flashcards with new vocabulary words and their meanings, and reviewed them regularly to reinforce my understanding. I also started reading English language books and articles on a variety of topics to expose myself to new words and phrases. Through consistent practice and exposure to English language materials, I was able to expand my vocabularyand gain confidence in my ability to communicate effectively in English.In conclusion, overcoming self-doubt in my learning process has been a gradual and ongoing journey. By addressing my insecurities about my accent, grammar skills, and vocabulary acquisition, I have been able to make significant improvements in my English language abilities. Through persistence, practice, and a positive mindset, I have learned to embrace the challenges of language learning and see them as opportunities for growth and self-improvement. I now feel more confident and capable in my English language skills and look forward to continuing my journey towards fluency.。
解决学业压力的方法英语作文
解决学业压力的方法英语作文In the labyrinthine corridors of academia, where the relentless pursuit of knowledge often weighs heavily upon our minds, the specter of academic stress looms large. Its insidious grip can paralyze our thoughts, cloud our judgment, and drain us of our vitality. Yet, amidst the swirling vortex of pressure, there lies a beacon of hope—a myriad of strategies that can empower us to navigate these turbulent waters with resilience and grace.One of the most potent antidotes to academic stress is the cultivation of a structured and organized approach to our studies. By meticulously planning our time, setting realistic goals, and prioritizing tasks, we can create a sense of control over the seemingly overwhelming demands of our coursework. Time management techniques, such as the Pomodoro Technique or the Eisenhower Matrix, can help us allocate our time effectively, ensuring that we dedicate sufficient attention to each subject without feeling overwhelmed.Equally crucial is the establishment of a conducive study environment. Whether it be the tranquility of asecluded library or the comfort of our own homes, finding a space where we can focus without distractions is paramount. Eliminating external stimuli, such as social media notifications or background noise, allows us to fully immerse ourselves in our studies and maximize our productivity.Furthermore, the importance of regular breaks cannot be overstated. Stepping away from our books and engaging in activities that bring us joy and relaxation can help to rejuvenate our minds and prevent burnout. Whether it be spending time in nature, listening to music, or pursuing hobbies, these breaks provide essential respite from the relentless demands of academia.Mindfulness and meditation practices have also proven to be invaluable tools in combating academic stress. By training our minds to be present and focused on the task at hand, we can reduce feelings of anxiety and overwhelm. Deep breathing exercises and guided meditations can help us to calm our racing thoughts and cultivate a sense of inner peace, even in the face of academic challenges.Seeking support from others is another powerful way toalleviate academic stress. Connecting with peers, mentors, or counselors can provide us with a sense of community and belonging. Sharing our experiences, concerns, and strategies can help us to feel less isolated and more equipped to handle the pressures of our studies.Moreover, it is essential to prioritize our physical and mental well-being. Regular exercise, a healthy diet, and sufficient sleep are not merely luxuries but necessities for maintaining our cognitive function and emotional resilience. By taking care of our bodies and minds, we empower ourselves to withstand the rigors of academia and emerge from the experience with our health and well-being intact.Finally, it is crucial to remember that academic stress is a temporary phenomenon. While it may feel overwhelming at times, it is important to maintain perspective and recognize that it is not a permanent state of being. By adopting these strategies and cultivating a mindset of resilience, we can transform academic stress from a debilitating force into a catalyst for growth and self-discovery.As we navigate the complexities of academia, let us embrace these strategies with open hearts and minds. By fostering a sense of control, creating a conducive environment, prioritizing our well-being, and seeking support from others, we can emerge from the crucible of academic stress with our spirits unbroken and our aspirations undeterred. Remember, the pursuit of knowledge is a marathon, not a sprint. With perseverance, resilience, and a commitment to our own well-being, we can conquer the challenges that lie ahead and emerge as triumphant scholars, ready to make a meaningful impact on the world.。
关于碎片化的建议英语作文
关于碎片化的建议英语作文In today's fast-paced society, people are constantly bombarded with information and distractions, leading to a phenomenon known as "fragmentation" or "fragmentation of time." This refers to the tendency for individuals to become overwhelmed by the sheer volume of tasks, responsibilities, and stimuli that they encounter on adaily basis, resulting in a sense of disconnection and disorientation. In this essay, we will explore the causes of fragmentation and provide some practical strategies for managing it.There are several factors that contribute to the prevalence of fragmentation in modern life. One of the main culprits is the widespread use of technology, which has led to an unprecedented level of connectivity and constant access to information. As a result, people are constantly multitasking, switching between different devices and platforms, and struggling to focus on any single task for an extended period of time. This constant state ofdistraction can lead to feelings of anxiety, stress, and a sense of being overwhelmed.Another factor that contributes to fragmentation is the increasing demands of work and personal life. With the rise of the gig economy and the blurring of boundaries between work and leisure, many people find themselves juggling multiple roles and responsibilities simultaneously. Thiscan lead to a sense of being pulled in different directions, with little time or energy to devote to any one aspect of life.So, how can individuals combat the effects of fragmentation and reclaim a sense of focus and coherence in their lives? One strategy is to practice mindfulness and cultivate a sense of presence in the here and now. This can involve setting aside dedicated time for activities that promote relaxation and mental clarity, such as meditation, yoga, or simply taking a walk in nature. By learning to be more present in the moment, individuals can reduce the impact of external distractions and cultivate a sense of inner calm and balance.Another important strategy for managing fragmentation is to establish clear boundaries and priorities in one's life. This can involve setting limits on the use of technology, such as implementing "digital detox" periods where individuals disconnect from their devices and focus on more meaningful activities. It can also involve learning to say no to certain commitments and obligations, in order to create space for the things that truly matter.In addition, it can be helpful to develop a sense of purpose and meaning in one's life, in order to counteract the sense of disconnection and disorientation that often accompanies fragmentation. This can involve setting meaningful goals, engaging in activities that align with one's values and interests, and seeking out opportunities for personal growth and development. By focusing on what truly matters, individuals can create a sense of coherence and direction in their lives, which can help to counteract the effects of fragmentation.In conclusion, the phenomenon of fragmentation is awidespread and pervasive issue in modern society, but it is not insurmountable. By practicing mindfulness, establishing clear boundaries and priorities, and cultivating a sense of purpose and meaning, individuals can learn to manage the effects of fragmentation and reclaim a sense of focus and coherence in their lives. It is important for individuals to recognize the impact of fragmentation and take proactive steps to address it, in order to live more fulfilling and balanced lives.。
如何减压英语作文
如何减压英语作文In the realm of language learning, writing essays can be a daunting task, especially for non-native speakers. However, with the right strategies, reducing stress in English composition is entirely possible. Here are some effective methods to help you approach English writing with confidence and ease.1. Understanding the Assignment: The first step to reducing stress is to fully understand what is being asked of you. Read the prompt carefully and clarify any doubts with your teacher or peers.2. Planning and Outlining: Before you start writing, create a rough outline of your essay. This will serve as a roadmap and help you organize your thoughts, reducing the stress ofwriter's block.3. Building a Vocabulary: A rich vocabulary is the cornerstone of good writing. Regularly learn new words and their usage to express your ideas more precisely and confidently.4. Practicing Regularly: Like any skill, writing improves with practice. Write short essays or paragraphs regularly to build your confidence and reduce anxiety over longer compositions.5. Using Technology: Utilize online resources such as grammar checkers and thesauruses to refine your writing. These tools can help you catch errors and find better word choices, reducing the stress of perfectionism.6. Time Management: Allocate sufficient time for each stage of the writing process, from research to editing. Avoid last-minute rushes, which can heighten stress levels.7. Seeking Feedback: Don't hesitate to ask for feedback on your drafts. Constructive criticism from teachers or peers can provide valuable insights and help you improve.8. Mindfulness and Relaxation Techniques: Incorporate mindfulness exercises, such as deep breathing or meditation, into your study routine. These can help calm your mind and reduce stress.9. Reading Widely: Reading English literature, newspapers, and essays can help you understand different writing styles and structures, which can be very beneficial for your own writing.10. Accepting Imperfection: Recognize that no one writes a perfect essay on the first try. It's okay to make mistakes; they are part of the learning process.11. Creating a Conducive Environment: Ensure your writing space is comfortable and free from distractions. A quiet and organized environment can significantly reduce stress.12. Staying Positive: Maintain a positive attitude towards your writing. Celebrate your progress and view each essay as an opportunity to learn rather than a test to pass.By implementing these strategies, you can transform the process of writing an English essay from a stressful chore into an engaging and fulfilling activity. Remember, the goal is not just to write an essay but to communicate your thoughts effectively in English.。
提升做甜品能力的途径英文作文
提升做甜品能力的途径英文作文英文回答：Enhancing one's patisserie expertise encompasses a multifaceted approach that involves both theoretical and practical endeavors. To elevate one's skills in this delectable domain, consider the following pathways:Immerse Yourself in Pastry Theory: Delve into the intricacies of pastry science, understanding the interplay of ingredients, techniques, and equipment. Enroll in specialized courses, attend workshops, or explore comprehensive textbooks to grasp the scientific principles underlying pastry-making.Practice Rigorously: As the adage goes, "Practice makes perfect." Engage in regular hands-on experimentation to hone your techniques. Experiment with different recipes, explore various doughs and fillings, and refine your precision in handling pastry tools.Seek Mentorship from Experts: Surround yourself with experienced pastry chefs. Observe their meticulous techniques, seek their guidance, and benefit from their wealth of knowledge. Consider apprenticeships orinternships to gain invaluable practical experience in professional kitchen settings.Study Pastries from Different Cultures: Expand your culinary horizons by exploring the diverse pastrytraditions of the world. Attend international pastry exhibitions, travel to culinary destinations, and immerse yourself in the nuances of different cuisines. By broadening your perspective, you will gain inspiration and incorporate new flavors and techniques into your creations.Stay Abreast of Culinary Trends: The culinary landscape is constantly evolving, with innovative pastry trends emerging regularly. Keep yourself informed about the latest techniques, ingredients, and equipment through industry publications, attending trade shows, and networking with other pastry enthusiasts.Develop a Discerning Palate: Cultivate your sensory perception by tasting and critically evaluating a wide range of pastries. Attend tastings, sample desserts at renowned restaurants, and participate in competitions to refine your ability to discern flavors and textures.中文回答：要提升做甜品的技能，可以采取以下途径：深入学习甜品理论，了解甜品科学的复杂性，掌握配料、技术和设备的相互作用。
如何克服学业焦虑英语作文
How to Overcome Academic AnxietyIn the fast-paced and competitive academic world, anxiety has become a common emotion among students. The pressure to perform well, meet expectations, and secure a bright future can often lead to feelings of overwhelm and stress. However, it is essential to understand that academic anxiety is not insurmountable. With the right strategies and approach, students can overcome this challenge and achieve their academic goals.The first step towards overcoming academic anxiety is acknowledging its existence. It is crucial to realize that feeling anxious is normal and does not make one any less capable. Once you have accepted this, you can move on to the next step: identifying the root causes of your anxiety. Is it the fear of failure? The pressure to perform exceptionally well? Or is it the constantly changing academic landscape? Understanding the reasons behind your anxiety will help you target the problem more effectively. Once you have identified the causes, it's time to develop a plan to address them. Here are some practical strategies that can help you overcome academic anxiety:1. **Manage Your Time Effectively**: Procrastinationand last-minute rushes can lead to increased anxiety. Develop a routine and stick to it. Plan your study sessions, breaks, and revision schedule to ensure that you are always on track.2. **Set Achievable Goals**: Instead of focusing on the end result, break down your academic goals into smaller, more manageable tasks. This will help you stay motivatedand reduce the feeling of being overwhelmed.3. **Seek Help**: Don't be afraid to ask for help when you need it. Speak to your teachers, mentors, or peers to discuss your concerns and seek advice. They might have gone through similar situations and can provide valuable insights.4. **Learn to Relax**: Incorporate relaxationtechniques into your daily routine. Take regular breaks, engage in physical activities, or practice stress-reduction techniques like deep breathing or meditation.5. **Maintain a Healthy Lifestyle**: Stay hydrated, eata balanced diet, and get enough sleep. A healthy body is essential for a healthy mind.6. **Positive Mindset**: Cultivate a positive mindset and believe in yourself. Remind yourself that everyonefaces challenges, and you are not alone in this. Focus on your strengths and the progress you have made, not just on the areas where you still need to improve.In conclusion, overcoming academic anxiety requires a conscious effort and commitment. It involves understanding yourself, setting realistic goals, seeking support, and developing healthy habits. By implementing these strategies, you can turn your anxiety into a motivation to excel and achieve your academic dreams.**如何克服学业焦虑**在快速变化且竞争激烈的学习环境中，焦虑已成为学生中普遍存在的情绪。
外语应该成为必修课的同意用英文小作文
外语应该成为必修课的同意用英文小作文Foreign languages should be a mandatory course in schools. In today's increasingly globalized world, the ability to communicate in multiple languages has become an essential skill. Learning a foreign language not only broadens one's cultural understanding but also provides numerous cognitive and career benefits. Therefore, schools should make foreign language instruction a mandatory part of the curriculum.One of the primary reasons why foreign languages should be mandatory is the cognitive advantages it provides. Studies have shown that learning a second language can enhance an individual's problem-solving skills, memory, and mental flexibility. When individuals learn a new language, they are essentially training their brains to think in different ways, which can lead to improved cognitive function. This enhanced cognitive ability can then be applied to other areas of learning, leading to better academic performance overall.Furthermore, learning a foreign language has been linked toimproved memory and the ability to multitask. As individuals navigate between different languages, they must constantly switch between different sets of rules and vocabulary. This mental exercise strengthens the brain's executive function, which is responsible for tasks such as planning, decision-making, and attention control. These cognitive benefits can have a significant impact on a student's academic and professional success, as they are essential skills for success in today's fast-paced and complex world.In addition to the cognitive benefits, learning a foreign language also provides cultural enrichment and understanding. In an increasingly interconnected world, the ability to communicate with people from diverse backgrounds has become increasingly important. By learning a foreign language, students gain a deeper understanding of the customs, traditions, and perspectives of other cultures. This cultural awareness can foster greater empathy, tolerance, and respect for diversity, which are essential qualities for success in the global marketplace.Moreover, the ability to speak a foreign language can also provide significant career advantages. Many employers highly value individuals who possess multilingual skills, as they can effectively communicate with a broader range of clients, customers, and colleagues. In some industries, such as international business, diplomacy, and tourism, fluency in a foreign language is often aprerequisite for employment. By making foreign language instruction mandatory, schools can better prepare students for the demands of the 21st-century job market, increasing their chances of securing fulfilling and well-paying careers.It is important to note that learning a foreign language is not just about acquiring a new set of vocabulary and grammar rules. It is a holistic process that involves understanding the cultural context, developing communication skills, and cultivating a global mindset. By making foreign language instruction mandatory, schools can ensure that all students have the opportunity to develop these essential skills, regardless of their academic or socioeconomic background.Furthermore, the benefits of learning a foreign language extend beyond the individual. When a larger portion of the population is proficient in multiple languages, it can lead to improved cross-cultural communication, enhanced international cooperation, and a more inclusive and equitable society. In an increasingly interconnected world, the ability to bridge linguistic and cultural divides is crucial for addressing global challenges and fostering a more peaceful and prosperous future.In conclusion, there are compelling reasons why foreign languages should be a mandatory course in schools. The cognitive benefits,cultural enrichment, and career advantages associated with multilingualism make it an essential skill for success in the 21st century. By making foreign language instruction mandatory, schools can ensure that all students have the opportunity to develop these invaluable skills, preparing them for the demands of the global marketplace and fostering a more interconnected and understanding world.。
《被埋没了的天才》读书心得
《被埋没了的天才》读书心得英文回答：As an avid reader, I was thrilled to delve into Daniel Coyle's fascinating exploration of creativity and genius in "The Talent Code." Coyle masterfully weaves together scientific research, real-life case studies, and personal anecdotes to present a compelling narrative on the development of exceptional abilities.The book's core premise revolves around the concept of "deep practice," a highly focused, deliberate, and sustained form of training that pushes individuals beyond their comfort zones. Coyle provides compelling evidencethat deep practice is the key ingredient in unlockinglatent talents, regardless of one's innate abilities.One of the most striking aspects of the book is its practical applicability. Coyle offers concrete strategies and techniques for cultivating deep practice in variousdomains, including sports, music, art, and academics. He emphasizes the importance of setting challenging goals, receiving expert feedback, and embracing failure as a catalyst for growth.Coyle's writing style is engaging and accessible, making the complex subject matter approachable to a wide audience. He deftly blends scientific findings with relatable examples, creating a narrative that is both informative and inspiring.Overall, "The Talent Code" is an indispensable resource for anyone interested in understanding the nature of talent and unlocking their own potential. Its insights into deep practice and the development of expertise provide a powerful framework for fostering excellence in any field.中文回答：这本书让我大开眼界，它让我对天才和创造力的本质产生了全新的认识。
提供考试前复习的学习建议,英文作文
Title: Effective Strategies for Exam PreparationAs the exam season approaches, students often find themselves in a race against time, scrambling to cover vast amounts of material and ensure that their efforts yield the desired results. While the pressure to excel can be immense, it is crucial to remember that effective exam preparation is not just about cramming facts but also about employing strategic learning techniques. In this article, I will outline some practical tips that can help you make the most of your revision time and enhance your chances of success.Firstly, organize your study schedule meticulously. Start by assessing the scope of the exam and the amount of material you need to cover. Break down this information into manageable chunks and allocate specific time slots for each topic. This will help you avoid overwhelming yourself with too much information at once and ensure that you cover all the essential points. Remember to include regular breaks in your schedule to prevent fatigue and maintain focus.Secondly, prioritize your revision. Identify the topics that are most likely to appear in the exam and focus your attention on them first. This does not mean ignoring the other topics, but rather allocating more time and effort to the key areas. Usepast exam papers or sample questions to get a sense of the exam format and identify the most important topics.Thirdly, employ active learning techniques. Passive reading or highlighting text is not enough to ensure effective learning. Instead, try to engage actively with the material by taking notes, summarizing key points, or creating mind maps. These techniques will help you consolidate your understanding and make it easier to recall information during the exam. Additionally, practicing with past exam questions or mock exams is an excellent way to test your knowledge and identify areas that need further revision.Fourthly, create a positive learning environment. Eliminate distractions such as noise or technology that might interrupt your study sessions. Find a quiet place where you can focus and make sure you have all the necessary study materials. Additionally, maintain a positive mindset and believe in your ability to succeed. Avoid getting overwhelmed by the amount of work and focus on the progress you are making with each revision session.Lastly, take care of your physical and mental well-being. Ensure that you get enough sleep and eat balanced meals to keep your energy levels up. Regular exercise can also help toreduce stress and improve your concentration. Remember that exam preparation is a marathon, not a sprint, and it is crucial to pace yourself and avoid burnout.In conclusion, effective exam preparation requires a combination of strategic planning, active learning, and a positive mindset. By organizing your study schedule, prioritizing your revision, engaging actively with the material, creating a positive learning environment, and taking care of your well-being, you can significantly improve your chances of success. Remember to stay calm and confident on the day of the exam, and trust that your hard work and preparation will pay off. Good luck with your exams!In the pursuit of academic excellence, the journey towards exam preparation can often seem daunting. However, with the right approach and mindset, this challenge can be overcome. It is essential to recognize that each individual has their unique learning style and pace, and it is crucial to embrace this in the revision process.Moreover, the importance of time management cannot be overstated. By dividing the revision material into smaller, more manageable sections, students can avoid feeling overwhelmed and ensure that all topics are covered thoroughly. Regularbreaks and sufficient rest are also vital in maintaining concentration and preventing fatigue.Furthermore, active learning techniques such as making notes, summarizing key points, and engaging in mock exams are invaluable in consolidating knowledge and enhancing recall ability. These methods help students go beyond mere memorization and develop a deeper understanding of the subject matter.Lastly, maintaining a positive attitude and belief in oneself is crucial. Exams can be stressful, but it is essential to remember that they are just a part of the learning process. By approaching them with a positive mindset and a focus on personal growth, students can turn this challenge into an opportunity for self-discovery and achievement.In conclusion, effective exam preparation requires a combination of strategic planning, active learning, time management, and a positive attitude. By embracing these principles and staying focused on the end goal, students can confidently face the exams and achieve their desired results.。
缓解舞弊的压力英语作文
缓解舞弊的压力英语作文英文：As a student, I understand the pressure of academic performance and the temptation to cheat in order to achieve good grades. However, I believe that there are several ways to relieve the pressure of cheating and promote academic integrity.Firstly, I think it's important for schools to create a supportive and nurturing environment where students feel comfortable seeking help when they are struggling withtheir studies. For example, my school has a peer tutoring program where older students help younger ones with their homework and studying. This not only provides academic support but also fosters a sense of community and collaboration among students.Secondly, I believe that educators should focus on teaching students the value of hard work and perseverance.Instead of just emphasizing the importance of getting good grades, teachers should encourage students to take pride in their efforts and the knowledge they gain from their studies. For instance, my history teacher always tells us that it's not just about memorizing facts for the test, but about understanding the significance of historical events and their impact on the world today.Furthermore, I think it's crucial for schools to have strict policies and consequences for cheating. When students know that there are serious repercussions for dishonesty, they are less likely to succumb to the pressure of cheating. My school has a zero-tolerance policy for cheating, and the consequences range from failing the assignment to suspension, depending on the severity of the offense.In addition, I believe that promoting a culture of academic integrity through positive reinforcement can also help alleviate the pressure of cheating. For example, my school recognizes students who demonstrate honesty and integrity with awards and public acknowledgment. This notonly motivates students to uphold ethical standards but also sets a positive example for others.Ultimately, I believe that by creating a supportive and nurturing environment, teaching the value of hard work, enforcing strict policies, and promoting a culture of integrity, we can effectively alleviate the pressure of cheating and foster a community of honest and dedicated learners.中文：作为一名学生，我理解学业成绩的压力以及为了取得好成绩而诱发作弊的诱惑。
留学生怕耽误学习请你提出建议英语作文
留学生怕耽误学习请你提出建议英语作文Fear of falling behind in studies is a common concern among international students. The pressure of excelling in a new academic environment, adapting to a different teaching style, and overcoming language barriers can often lead to stress and anxiety about keeping up with coursework. In order to address this issue, it is important for international students to develop effective strategies for managing their time, staying organized, seeking help when needed, and maintaining a healthy work-life balance.One of the key factors in avoiding falling behind in studies is time management. International students should create a schedule that allows for sufficient time to complete assignments, study for exams, attend classes, and participate in extracurricular activities. By prioritizing tasks and setting aside dedicated study time, students can ensure that they are able to stay on top of their coursework and avoid last-minute cramming.Another important aspect of staying on track academically is staying organized. This includes keeping track of deadlines, maintaining a tidy study space, and creating a system for managing notes and materials. By staying organized, studentscan avoid missing important assignments or forgetting key information, which can lead to falling behind in their studies.Seeking help when needed is also crucial for international students who are worried about falling behind. Many universities offer resources such as tutoring services, academic advisors, and writing centers that can provide support and guidance to students who are struggling with their coursework. Additionally, forming study groups with classmates or seeking help from professors can also be beneficial in overcoming academic challenges.Maintaining a healthy work-life balance is essential for preventing burnout and ensuring academic success. International students should prioritize self-care activities such as exercise, socializing, and relaxation in order to recharge and stay motivated. By taking care of their physical and mentalwell-being, students can ensure that they have the energy and focus needed to excel in their studies.In conclusion, international students who are worried about falling behind in their studies can benefit from implementing effective time management strategies, staying organized, seeking help when needed, and maintaining a healthy work-life balance. By taking proactive steps to manage their workload andprioritize their well-being, students can alleviate their fears and set themselves up for academic success.。
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/Manufacture Engineers, Part B: Journal of EngineeringProceedings of the Institution of Mechanical/content/228/11/1393The online version of this article can be found at:DOI: 10.1177/0954405414521190originally published online 4 February 20142014 228: 1393Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture Meng Fan-Jun, Li Xun, Chen Zhi-Tong and Wang Xiao-WenStudy on the cantilever grinding process of aero-engine bladePublished by: On behalf of:Institution of Mechanical Engineers can be found at:Manufacture Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of EngineeringAdditional services and information for/cgi/alerts Email Alerts:/subscriptions Subscriptions: /journalsReprints.nav Reprints:/journalsPermissions.nav Permissions:/content/228/11/1393.refs.html Citations:What is This?- Feb 4, 2014OnlineFirst Version of Record- Oct 31, 2014Version of Record >>OriginalArticleProc IMechE Part B:J Engineering Manufacture2014,Vol.228(11)1393–1400ÓIMechE2014Reprints and permissions:/journalsPermissions.navDOI:10.1177/0954405414521190Study on the cantilever grindingprocess of aero-engine bladeMeng Fan-Jun,Li Xun,Chen Zhi-T ong and Wang Xiao-WenAbstractAn aero-engine blade is the typical thin-walled workpiece with low rigidity.The machining accuracy of the aero-engine blade with sculptured surfaces has been a research focus in the aviation industry.This article presents a new cantilever grinding process for the high precision machining of aero-engine blade.Only one end of a blade is fixed and the other end is free in order to eliminate the deformation of blade caused by over-positioning.Moreover,the vibration of aero-engine blade can be reduced so that the surface quality of blade can be improved in the grinding.The grinding para-meters are optimized for the low deflections of blade.The types of tool path are also discussed in this article.Finally, the computer numerical control machining examples are implemented.The measurement results show that the profile errors of suction/pressure surface machined by the proposed process do not exceed0.02mm.And the machining accu-racy of leading/trailing edge with a radius of about0.05mm is acceptable.KeywordsCantilever,grinding,blade,thin-walled,computer numerical controlDate received:5July2013;accepted:3January2014IntroductionBlades are the typical thin-walled workpieces,which are important components of an aero-engine.The surface quality of the blades can influence the performance of aero-engine.The high precision machining technology of aero-engine blade is important for the development of aviation industry,which represents the comprehen-sive national strength.1It is almost impossible to avoid the deformation of aero-engine blade in the computer numerical control (CNC)machining.So many literatures are published for investigating how to machine the blade or thin-walled workpiece with low deformation.The fixture is necessary in the machining process. But over-positioning would bring errors caused by clamping force.Chen et al.2indicated that the fixture layout and clamping force could affect the distribution and value of machining deformation.And a model with multi-objectives was established and optimized for reducing the machining deformation and improving the distribution condition.Liu et al.3,4proposed a method for optimizing the number and positions of locators by finite element method in the machining of a workpiece with low rigidity.A new fixture layout was obtained with fewer locators,which could ensure the same machining precision.Wang et al.5,6first analyzed the locating error and machining error of a turbine blade. Then the suggestions were given to decrease the locat-ing error.And the elastic deformation of a fixture and turbine blade system was analyzed by finite element method considering many factors.6Methods were stud-ied in the literatures2–6for offering an optimal fixture layout and proper clamping force,which could control the deformation of workpiece.Shan et al.7suggested a new strategy for improving the rigidity of aero-engine blade in the finishing stage. The geometry of blade was reconstructed in the rough-ing and semi-finishing stage for better rigidity of blade, which was managed by adopting uneven offset values along the radial and cross-sectional direction.So the rigidity of blade in the finishing stage was improved, and a better machining accuracy could be achieved, even though only one rabbet was fixed.The negative influence of clamping force on the blade surfaces was also eliminated.School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation,Beihang University, Beijing,People’s Republic of ChinaCorresponding author:Li Xun,School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation,Beihang University,Beijing100191,People’s Republic of China.Email:lixun@Bera et al.8introduced the previous works about reducing the deformation of thin-walled workpiece. The previous research attempts were divided into three categories including the process design approach,the online adaptive control approach and the off-line tool path modification approach.Then a force model was established for predicting the tool deflection and the deformation of workpiece,which were compensated subsequently by modifying the tool path.Habibi et al.9 gave a review of researches about tool deflection and error compensation.A special software was used to generate the compensated tool path.Methods were pro-posed in the literatures8,9for generating the optimal tool path with error compensation to reduce the defor-mation of workpiece.Lee et al.10,11analyzed and com-pared the deflections of thin plate machined by four cutting orientations with different cutting directions. Lee et al.11offered that the cutter orientation of vertical outward with tilt angle of45°was the best cutting strat-egy in high-speed ball end milling of cantilever-shaped thin plate.But the error compensation was not taken into account in their work.Wan et al.12presented three methods for selecting the feed per tooth and depth of cut simultaneously. Appropriate cutting parameters were offered.Ryu and Chu13analyzed the effects of tool teeth numbers,tool geometry and cutting conditions on the form error of side wall.Optimal method for reducing errors was sug-gested.Methods were presented in the literatures12,13 for optimal cutting conditions with the appropriate cut-ting force.As previously mentioned,the problem of deforma-tion in the machining of thin-walled workpiece attracted many attentions,and many findings had been obtained.But the high performance of aero-engine demanded the increasing requirements on the machin-ing precision and efficiency at the moment.Denkena et al.14presented a status review about five-axis grind-ing of sculptured surfaces with toric tools.A better shape accuracy and surface quality could be obtained using grinding wheels.So this article presents a grind-ing process with the cantilever fixation of aero-engine blade by considering the theory of cantilever beam and the advantages of grinding.This grinding process can improve the machining precision of blade in the finish-ing stage with improved machining efficiency.The remainder of this article is organized as follows. The cantilever grinding process is discussed in section ‘‘Cantilever grinding of aero-engine blade.’’Machining examples are implemented in section‘‘Machining exam-ples’’to prove the availability and effectiveness of canti-lever grinding process.Conclusions are provided in section‘‘Conclusion.’’Cantilever grinding of aero-engine blade Cantilever grinding is a process where only one end of the blade is fixed and the other end is free while machining using a grinding wheel.The deformation of the blade can decrease due to the advantages of grind-ing,such as the ability to remove small allowance and the low continuous grinding force.Cantilever grinding process is capable of machining the aero-engine blade with the reduced deformation. The study is carried out on the fixation of blade and the grinding strategy.Fixation of aero-engine bladeAs shown in Figure1(a),the two ends of the aero-engine blade are all fixed in the milling or grinding to limit the deformation.But it would bring new errors caused by clamping force.When the blade is unfixed, the clamping stress would be released,which can cause the new deformation.The deformation of blade caused by the residual stress is also restricted because of the over-positioning in the machining process.But it would reduce the machining accuracy after the fixture is removed.The clamping force and residual stress can bring the deformation of aero-engine blade.15–17So the compensation methods are popular in the machining of blade with two ends fixed.When only one rabbet of the blade is fixed,there is no additional force on the surface of blade,as shown in Figure1(b).So the errors brought by clamping force could be eliminated in the cantilever grinding process. And the complicate fixture can increase the unnecessary machining cost.15Furthermore,the residual stress of material can be released in the machining process so that the deformation of blade decreases.The deforma-tion of the blade is related to the cutting force directly. The ability to remove trace amounts of materials in the grinding is helpful for controlling the deformation of blade.The grinding force can be optimized by grinding parameters and grinding process with a certain grinding efficiency.Then the aero-engine blade with lower defor-mation and higher machining quality can beobtained. Figure1.Fixation of aero-engine blade:(a)fixation with over-positioning and(b)cantilever fixation.1394Proc IMechE Part B:J Engineering Manufacture228(11)Machining of leading/trailing edgeThe leading edge and trailing edge are important for the aerodynamic performance of the aero-engine blade.18The tool path for machining leading/trailing edge could be generated around the circumference or following the axial direction,which are illustrated in Figure 2(a)and (b),respectively.As shown in Figure 2(a),the tool path is generated around the circumference with the great acceleration between the adjacent tool position points because the radius of leading/trailing edge is small.It would dete-riorate the machining precision and make overcut on the leading/trailing edge.The tool path shown in Figure 2(b)is generated fol-lowing the axial direction of leading/trailing edge.That the cutter moves with a lower acceleration is better for the surface quality of leading/trailing edge.So the grinding direction is along the axial line in the cantilever grinding of leading/trailing edge.And the tool path can be generated by iso-scallop or iso-parameter method when the acceleration is acceptable.Machining of suction/pressure surfaceThe grinding strategy and machining parameters for suction surface and pressure surface are very important.The grinding direction of tool path for suction/pressure surface is parallel with that for leading/trailing edge in order to avoid marks on the surface of blade.The fol-lowing experiments are carried out to study the process of cantilever grinding.A thin-walled plate (material:supper alloy GH4169)is fixed on the fixture,as shown in Figure 3.The canti-lever length denoted by H is 50mm and the width of plate denoted by W is 13mm.T is the thickness of plate and t denotes the thickness of plate after machining.w is the interval between the adjacent tool paths called strip width.But the actual number of tool path is not illustrated in Figure 3.Then the plane S 1is machined by a grinding wheel and the length denoted by L of plane S 1is 40mm.S 2and S 3are the planes that would not be machined.The maximum deviation denoted by K between the planes S 2and S 3in the thickness direction is measured after grinding,which is partly in response to the deformation of plate.And the sign of K is also shown in Figure 3.As shown in Figure 3,single plane is machined along the tool path.The cubic boron nitride (CBN)grinding wheel is used in this article.The wheel speed is 33.0m/s and the feed rate is 1200mm/min,which are uniform in the experiments of section ‘‘Cantilever grinding of aero-engine blade.’’Five thin-walled plates are machined to study the influences of grinding depth a p and thickness T on the deformation.The detailed results are shown in Table 1.According to Table 1,the deformation of thin-walled plate is related to the thickness T of plate and the grinding depth a p .The greater a p is,the greater the deformation of plate is.The grinding force would become greater with the increase in a p ,so the deforma-tion of plate is greater.The thinner plate has thelowerFigure 3.Single machined plane with grindingwheel.Figure 2.Grinding direction for leading/trailing edge:(a)tool path around the circumference and (b)tool path following the axial line.T able 1.Results of single-plane grinding (mm).Plate number w T t a p K 1 2.03.5 2.50.010.12020.030.15230.060.1654 2.01.00.030.45050.050.470Fan-Jun et al.1395rigidity,so the deformation of a plate with smaller T is greater with the same grinding force.It is obvious that the grinding process and parameters in this experiment are not available for the blade using cantilever fixation according to the unacceptable deformation.The most important study on cantilever grinding process is to find the proper strategy that can reduce the deflections of thin-walled plate with the same grind-ing efficiency.Two other experiments are designed as follows to achieve this objective.A new experiment is implemented,as shown in Figure 4.Double planes of the plate are machined as an actual blade.The front plane is first machined with grinding depth a p using grinding wheel along the simi-lar tool path in the first experiment.Then the back plane is machined with the same machining parameters and the similar tool path.This process is called the sequential grinding of double planes.The plate is machined with two groups of machining parameters,as shown in Table 2when t is equal to 1.44and 1.28mm,respectively.The measure results of K are also shown in Table 2.Other parameters are the same as in the first experiment.Under the same material removal rate (MRR),the deformation of plate with the smaller strip width andthe greater a p is lower according to Table 2.This is a useful conclusion for cantilever grinding.So the machining parameters with the smaller strip width and the greater a p are selected in the cantilever grinding process.In order to improve the rigidity of plate in the grind-ing process,the symmetrical tool path,as shown in Figure 5,is applied in the third experiment.The front plane and the back plane are machined in turn with the same machining parameters along the symmetrical tool path,which is different to that in the second experi-ment.And this process could be named the symmetri-cal grinding of double planes.The values of K are measured when t is equal to 3.3,2.9and 2.5mm,respectively.The results are shown in Table3.Figure 5.Double machined planes with the symmetrical toolpath.Figure 4.Double machined planes with the sequential tool path.T able 2.Results of double-plane grinding (mm).Plate number T w a p t K 61.61.60.01 1.440.0400.80.021.280.0101396Proc IMechE Part B:J Engineering Manufacture 228(11)According to Table 3,the deformation of this plate is small using the symmetrical grinding method.It is because the rigidity of plate using the symmetrical grinding is better than that in the sequential grinding.This experiment proves that the deformation of plate could not exceed 0.01mm with the MRR of 24.0mm 3/min for the optimized grinding parameters.According to the machining results of three experi-ments,the machining parameters with smaller strip width w and greater grinding depth a p are better for machining the plate with low deformation if the MRR is same.And the rigidity of plate is an important factor that influences the deformation.The symmetrical grind-ing style with optimized machining parameters can decrease the deformation of plate further.So the canti-lever grinding process in this article can be used for machining the thin-walled plate with low deformation.Machining examplesMachining examples are implemented in this section for proving the effectiveness of cantilever grinding process.Three-axis cantilever grinding of leading/trailing edgeThe leading/trailing edges (material:1Cr11Ni2W2MoV)with different radii are machined by the three-axis canti-lever grinding process.The machining effectiveness of leading/trailing edge is shown in Figure 6.The tool path is generated by iso-parameter method and the scallop height does not exceed 0.001mm.Thespeed of CBN grinding wheel is 33.0m/s and the feed rate is 1200mm/min.The profile of leading/trailing edge with small radius is satisfying.Three-axis cantilever grinding of a ruled surfaceAs shown in Figure 7,a ruled surface (material:1Cr11Ni2W2MoV)with a weak joint is machined using the three-axis cantilever grinding process.The height of grinding area is 30mm.And the weak joint is 9mm (width)35mm (height)3 2.5mm (thickness).The sequential grinding style in section ‘‘Cantilever grinding of aero-engine blade’’is used in the machining of this blade.The speed of CBN grinding wheel is 33.0m/s and the feed rate is 1500mm/min.And the scallop height of suction/pressure surface is within 0.005mm.The suction/pressure surface of this blade isfirstFigure 7.Ruled surface with a weakjoint.Figure 6.Cross section of leading/trailingedge.Figure 8.Measure results of the ruled surface.T able 3.Results with symmetrical tool path (unit:mm).Plate number w T a p t K 70.83.50.023.30.0052.90.002.520.005Fan-Jun et al.1397machined in the finishing stage.Then the leading/trail-ing edge is finished.The suction/pressure surface is measured along two ruled lines,as shown in Figure 7.There are 20measure points sampled for every ruled line from the top of suc-tion/pressure surface to the bottom.Machining error is the deviation between the machined part with the designed part,which includes the dimension error,pro-file error and position error.The measure results in this article directly show the values of machining error.Profile error is the deviation of line or surface in the geometric shape.The value of profile error is defined as the amplitude of variation in machining errors at the measure points.According to Figure 8,the main reason of overcut is that the diameter of CBN grinding wheel in tool path generation is less than the actual value of diameter.The machining errors are mostly fluctuant in the range of 20.065to 20.045mm.And the thickness at the top of this blade is greater than that at the bottom because of the deformation of blade in the grinding progress.According to the amplitude of variation in machining errors,the deflection of this blade should not exceed 0.02mm,which proves that the deformation of this blade is sufferable,although there is a weak joint with lower rigidity.Cantilever grinding of a blade with a three-axis machineThe length of this aero-engine blade (material:1Cr11Ni2W2MoV)is about 49.5mm and the maxi-mum length of chord line is about 19.5mm.As shown in Figure 9,this aero-engine blade is machined by the cantilever grinding process on a three-axis numerical control (NC)machine tool.The sequential grinding style in section ‘‘Cantilever grinding of aero-engine blade’’is used in the machining of this blade.The speed of CBN grinding wheel is 33.0m/s and the feed rate is 1500mm/min.And the scal-lop height of suction/pressure surface is within 0.005mm.Then the suction surface and pressure surface are measured.There are 40measure points on everycross-sectional curve.The results are shown in Figures 10and 11.According to Figures 10and 11,the machining errors are negative due to the diameter error of CBN grinding wheel.The machining errors of suction/pres-sure surface are fluctuant in the range of 20.045to 20.030mm.And the profile error of suction/pressure surface is within 0.02mm.If the position of section curve Z =15.5mm at the bottom of blade is defined as the reference,the deflection of this blade is about 0.01mm at the section curve Z =43.5mm.The machining efficiency of this blade is good using the cantilever grinding process.And machining cost is lower due to utilizing the three-axis machine tool com-pared with a five-axis machine.Cantilever grinding of a blade with a five-axis machineAnother aero-engine blade (material:1Cr11Ni2W2MoV)is machined on a five-axis NC machine tool.ThelengthFigure 9.Three-axis cantilever grinding of ablade.Figure 10.Measure results of suctionsurface.Figure 11.Measure results of pressure surface.1398Proc IMechE Part B:J Engineering Manufacture 228(11)of this blade is about 41.0mm and the maximum width of chord line is about 44.0mm.The symmetrical grinding style in section ‘‘Cantilever grinding of aero-engine blade’’is applied in the machin-ing of this blade.And the machining parameters are same as in section ‘‘Cantilever grinding of a blade with a three-axis machine.’’The machining errors of suction/pressure surface are measured on the coordinate mea-suring machine (CMM)as shown in Figure 12.Thereare 80measure points on every cross-sectional curve.And the errors of four cross-sectional curves are shown in Figure 13.According to Figure 13,the machining errors of suc-tion/pressure surface are fluctuant in the range of 0–0.02mm.And the profile error of suction/pressure sur-face is not beyond 0.02mm.Because the maximum length of chord line is greater than the length of this blade,the rigidity is lower while the machining errors are greater at the leading/trailing edge.And the deflec-tion of this blade is not beyond 0.01mm at the section curve Z =71.0mm,while the section curve Z =52.0mm is the datum at the bottom of blade.So the machining errors are greater at the nearby area of lead-ing/trailing edge.The effectiveness of cantilever grinding process for aero-engine blade is proved by the machining results from the above four grinding examples.Conclusion1.The fixture layout for cantilever grinding is simple,which can reduce machining cost.Only one end of the blade is fixed,which could decrease the influ-ence of fixture and avoid errors caused by the clamping force.2.The magnitude of grinding force is appropriate for the machining of aero-engine blade with low deflections.The machining parameters with smaller strip width and proper grinding depth would make better grinding effectiveness under a certain grind-ing efficiency.The symmetrical tool path genera-tion is better for improving the rigidity of blades in the cantilever grinding process.3.The profile error of suction/pressure surface machined by the cantilever grinding process does not exceed 0.02mm.And the leading/trailing edge with a radius of about 0.05mm can be machined using the cantilever grinding process.The cantile-ver grinding process can be applied both in the three-and five-axismachining.Figure 12.A machined aero-engine blade inmeasurement.Figure 13.Measure results of cross-sectional curves.Fan-Jun et al.1399Declaration of conflicting interestsThe authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.FundingThis study was partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number 51105024)and the National Science and Technology Major Project(grant number2013ZX04001051). 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Appendix1Notationa p grinding depthH cantilever length of plateK maximum deviation between the planes S2 and S3L length of plane S1S1plane machined by a grinding wheelS2plane for measure at the top of plateS3plane for measure at the bottom of plate t thickness of plate after grindingT thickness of plate before grindingw strip widthW width of plate1400Proc IMechE Part B:J Engineering Manufacture228(11)。