2014年职称英语卫生类C新增文章补全短文第四篇

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职称英语综合类补全短文第四篇The First Four Minute逐句翻译

职称英语综合类补全短文第四篇The First Four Minute逐句翻译

The First Four Minutes最初四分钟When do people decide whether or not they want to become friends?人们什么时候决定他们是否愿意成为朋友?During their first four minutes together, according to a book by Dr. Leonard Zunin. In his book, “Contact:The first four minutes" he offers this advice to anyone interested in starting new friendships:“Every time you meet someone in a social situation, give him your undivided attention for four minutes.(1) A lot of people's whole lives would change if they did just that. ”按列奥纳多?祖尼博士的书中所说是在他们相处的最初四分钟。

在他的书《接触:最初四分钟》里,他向所有对开始新的友谊感兴趣的人们提出了这样的建议:“每次你在社交场合遇到什么人时,全神贯注地注意他四分钟。

如果这样做了的话,他们的生活就会完全不同。

”;You may have noticed that the average person does not give his undivided attention to someone he has just met. 你可能已经注意到了,一般人都不会全神贯注地注意一个他刚认识的人。

(2) He keeps looking over the other person's shoulder, as if hoping to find someone more.他不停地往其他人身后看,好像要在屋里其他地方找到更趣的人似的。

2014年《全国职称英语等级考试用书》---------第四部分阅读理解及答案翻译11-20篇

2014年《全国职称英语等级考试用书》---------第四部分阅读理解及答案翻译11-20篇

第十一篇When Our Eyes Serve Our Stomach(当我们的视觉服务于我们的胃口)我们的五官不仅仅让我们感知世界,五官感受还受大脑活动的影响。

一项新的研究发现,饥饿的人比刚刚用过餐的人更能清晰地看到与食物相关的词汇。

数十年来,心里学家已经知道我们的心里活动直接影响到我们的视觉。

例如,贫穷的孩子看到的硬币比实际的要大,饥饿的人看到食物的图片更明亮。

法国的尼斯.索菲亚.安提波利斯大学试图调查这一现象。

发生这种现象是在看到事物的当时,还是稍后延迟到大脑高级思维活动已经介入。

雷戴尔招募了42个健康指数正常的学生作为测试者。

在测试当天,每个学生被告诉在中午到达实验室,这时距上一次用餐时间由3~4小时。

等他们到达实验室时被告知实验时间有延迟。

一半学生被告知十分钟后回来,另一半学生给1个小时的实际先去吃午饭。

所以当实验室一半学生是饥饿状态,而另一半学生刚刚吃过饭。

这个实验,就是要求参与者看着电脑屏幕。

屏幕上的80个单词以1/300秒的频率闪动。

由于字体太小,被测试者只能凭感觉捕捉到字形。

1/4的字是与食物相关的。

每闪动一个单词,被测试者要回答字体的亮度并选择看到的是哪类词:一类是与食物相关的,比如蛋糕;一类是中性词,比如船。

由于每个单词闪动的太快以至于被测试者根本看不清楚词是什么。

饥饿的人看到与食物有关的词更明亮,且能更好地辨认出与食物有关的词。

由于每个词的闪动太快,其实那些被试者根本不会确切地看到什么,这就说明:他们只是感觉不同,根本没经过思考。

雷戴尔给出了这样的解释。

雷戴尔说:“这对我来说是一件伟大的事情。

人类可以真正感知到自身的需要或者为之奋斗的目标。

该实验使我了解这样的事实,即我们的大脑是受我们的动机和需要所支配的。

”1第一段提到的新的研究发现了什么?A 饥饿的人看每一个单词都比普通的人更清晰B 饥饿的人一直都在想与食物相关的词C 饥饿的人比饱腹的人对食物相关的词汇更敏感D 饥饿的人不是低思维的人2 为什么在测试的那天测试有个延迟?A 因为饥饿的人需要时间吃饭B 因为雷戴尔想要形成两组测试人群,饥饿的和饱腹的人C 因为中午对任何测试都不是合适的时间D 因为雷戴尔需要时间选取身体合格的测试者3 作者想要告诉我们什么?A 人类的五官不仅仅让我们感知世界B 我们的感知怎么受我们的思维支配C 我们大脑的活动受到我们的动机和需求的支配D 思维保证我们感知功能的正常运行4 实验的结果表明?A 80个单词在屏幕上闪的太快以至于参与者不能真正感知它们B 饥饿的人更善于认识中性词C 吃过饭的人更善于识别与食物相关的词汇D 参与者仅仅接受它们需要或者他们渴望的词汇5 从这篇文章我们能推知?A 42个参与者对于一个严格的实验来说数目太少B 用饥饿与不饥饿的参与者得出的实验结果是不可靠的C 我们的思维过程独立于我们的感知D 人类可以感知他们所需要的东西在大脑思维没有介入的情况下第十二篇Florida Hit by Cold Air Mass(佛罗里达遭受冷空气袭击)2003年1月,美国东部2/3的地区处于强冷空气团的控制下,强冷空气团给佛罗里达的柑橘树造成了威胁,同时也使北部的港口处于被冻结状态。

2014全国职称英语等级考试卫生类 补全短文译文

2014全国职称英语等级考试卫生类  补全短文译文

第五部分补全短文第一篇身材苗条的女性可能很早就为体重发愁身材瘦削的女性自认为身体肥胖的原因有很多,但是一项新析研究表明态度通常与童年的经历有关。

研究者发现在他们调查的2,400名身材瘦削的女性中,有将近10%的人认为她们太重了。

童年的经历有可能造成对身体形象存有不正确的态度,其中包括:父亲或者母亲生病,或是年幼时便开始酗酒或是过性生活。

以哥本哈根丹麦癌症协会的Susanne Kruger Kjaer博士为首的研究者认为,社会认为的“理想”女性身材趋向偏瘦型身材。

研究者指出,很多体重正常的女性希望体重再减轻—些。

为了调查身材瘦削女性心目中的身体形象,研究者给2,443名27岁到38岁、体重指数在正常值下限的女性发放了问卷。

这些女性被问及从童年经历到目前的运动习惯等因素。

总的来说,大约10%的女性认为她们太胖了。

那些童年或青少年时代经历过某种”严重的生活事件”的人更容易对身体形象存有不正确的态度,这些事件如父亲或者母亲生病或受教育的希望破灭。

那些还不到15岁就有性生活或开始酗酒的女性也同样如此。

与此形成对照的是,研究者报告说,成年后的痛苦事件,例如严重的疾病或严重的婚姻问题,与不正确的身体形象观无关。

加尔和她的同事们写道:“我们的研究结果表明,对自己体型的不满可能在人生根早的时候就产生了。

”第二篇尿床每天晚上全世界会有数百万的孩子尿床。

尿床现象如此普遍,以至于你们班里也可能有别的孩子也尿床。

大多数孩子不会把自己尿床的事告诉朋友,因此很容易感到你是独自一人,好像全世界只有你一个人尿床。

但你并不是一个人。

尿床的学名是夜间遗尿。

遗尿在家族中代代相传.也就是说,如果你有尿床的毛病,很可能你的近亲小的时候也尿床:正如你的那双蓝眼睛可能遗传白你母亲,或者你的两条长腿遗传自你的叔叔,你尿床也可能是遗传所致。

很重要的一点是没有人会故意尿床。

尿床并不意味着你懒惰或是粗俗。

这是件身不由己的事。

因为某些原因,尿床的孩子感觉不到他膀胱已满而起来去上厕所。

2014年职称英语教材卫生类补全短文word版下载-精

2014年职称英语教材卫生类补全短文word版下载-精

第一篇Weight Worries May Start Early for Slim WomenThere is a range of reasons1 why thin women think they‘re too heavy, but the distorted body image may often have its roots in childhood, the results of a new study suggest.Researchers found that among more than 2,400 thin women they surveyed, nearly 10 percent thought they were too heavy. 1According to the study authors, led by Dr. Susanne Kruger Kjaer of the Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, society‘s "ideal" female body is moving toward an un derweight physique. 2To investigate body image among thin women, the researchers gave questionnaires to 2,443 women ages 27 to 38 whose body mass index2 was at the low end of normal3. 3Overall, almost 10 percent of the women thought they were too heavy. Those who reported certain "severe life events" in childhood or adolescence, such as having a parent become ill or having their educational hopes dashed, were more likely than others to have a distorted body image. 4In contrast, traumatic events in adulthood, such as serious illness or significant marital problems, were not related to poor body image, the researchers report. 5词汇:distort /d?'st??t/ vt.扭曲,歪曲Danish /'deini?/ adj.丹麦的underweight /?nd?'we?t/ adj.重量不足的physique /f?'zi?k/ n.体形questionnaire /,kwest??'ne?; ,kestj?-/ n.调查表dash /d??/ vt.使(希望、计划等)破灭,挫败traumatic /tr??'m?t?k; tra?-/ adj.使人不快的,令人痛苦而难忘的adulthood /'?d?lth?d/ n.成年marital /'m?r?t(?)l/ adj.婚姻的;夫妇间的注释:1.a range of reasons :一系列原因2.body mass index:体质指数3.at the low end of normal:正常值的下限4.The same was true of...:……也同样如此练习:A. The same was true of4 women who started having sex or drinking alcohol when they were younger than 15 years old.B. Experiences in childhood, including having an ill parent, or starting to drink or have sex at a particularly young age, were among the risk factors for having a distorted body image.C. "Our results indicate that the risk of being dissatisfied with (one‘s) own body weight may be established early in life," Kjaer and her colleagues write.D. Research suggests that many normal-weight women wish to weigh less.E. If worries have altered your appetite or weight, it will help to talk to someone about it.F. The women were asked about factors ranging from childhood experiences to current exercise habits.答案与题解:1.B文章第一段已经提到,使身体瘦削的女性自认为身体肥胖的原因有很多,但一项新的研究表明,对身体形象所存有的不正确的态度有可能与儿时的经历有关。

2014年职称英语卫生类补全短文精选练习题

2014年职称英语卫生类补全短文精选练习题

2014年职称英语卫生类补全短文精选练习题Home SchoolingAll children in the United States have to receive an education, but the law does not say they have to be educated at school. A number of parents prefer not to send their children to school.(46) There are about 300,000 home-schoolers in the United States today. Some parents prefer teaching their children at home because they do not believe that public schools teach the correct religious values; others believe they can provide a better educational experience for their children by teaching them at home.(47)David Guterson and his wife teach their three children at home. Guterson says that his children learn very differently from children in school: (48) For example, when there is heavy snowfall on a winter day, it may start a discussion or reading about climate, snow removal (去除) equipment, Alaska, polar bears (北极熊), and winter tourism. A spring evening when the family is out watching the stars is a good time to ask questions about satellites and the space program. (49)Home schooling is often more interesting than regular schools, but critics say that home-schoolers are outsiders who might be uncomfortable mixing with other people in adult life. (50) However, most parents don't have the time or the desire to teach their children at home, so schools will continue to be where most children get their formal education.A Interestingly, results show that home-schooled children quite often do better than average on national tests in reading and math.B Critics also say that most parents are not well qualified to teach their children.C Learning starts with the children's interests and questions.D Children who are educated at home are known as "home-schoolers."E In some countries, however, children are educated by their parents.F If the Brazilian rain forests are on the TV news, it could be a perfect time to talk about how rain forests influence the climate, and how deserts are formed46. D47. A48. C49. F50. B。

职称英语2014新增补全短文 Are Online Friends Real Friends 译文

职称英语2014新增补全短文 Are Online Friends Real Friends 译文

Are Online Friends Real Friends?Modern computer technology has made a new kind of human relationship possible: online friendship. ( Online friends,or virtual friends,are people who have become acquainted with each other through the Internet.) Are online friendships as beneficial as face-to-face friendships? What are the advantages and disadvantages of having virtual friends? Can people form strong bonds online? Today these questions are the subject of lively debate.Some people believe that the Internet is the best way to make new friends. It‟s convenient, it‟s fast, and it allows to make contact with different kinds of people from all over the world. When you use social networking websites and chat rooms, you can easily find people with interests and hobbies similar to yours. Information updates and photos add to the experience. Making friends on the Internet is especially good for shy people who feel uncomfortable in social situations. It‟s often easier to share thoughts and feelings online. (In addition, virtual friends can offer emotional support.) They can make people feel less lonely and help them solve problems.Although the Internet can encourage friendship, it has a major disadvantage. (When you’re not face to face, it’s much easier to deceive people.) Online friends only tell you what they want you to know. They sometimes exaggerate their good qualities and hide the less positive ones, so you can‟t be sure of what they really like. That is why you should not give personal information to anyone online unless you‟re totally sure of who that person is.Can online friendship be as meaningful as face-to-face ones? There are different points of view. Researchers at the University of Southern California surveyed 2,000 households in the United States. The results showed that more than 40 percent of participants feel “as strongly about their online buddies”as they do about their “offline”friends. (Researchers also found that it’s not unusual for online friends to become face-to-face friends.)In contrast, th ere are many people who believe that it‟s not possible to have deep relationships with online friends. A young Indian software engineer, Lalitha Lakshmipathy,says,“it‟s good to feel connected with many people, but all my e-buddies are not necessarily my close friends.”(Many people would agree.) They say that it‟s hard to develop feelings of trust and connection when you don‟t share experiences in person.People continue to express different opinions about online friendship. However, most of them would agree that virtual friendships must not replace face-to-face friendships. As one life coach says, “a social networking site should only be the …add on‟ in any relationship.”网友算真正的朋友吗?现在计算机技术使得一种新的人际关系成为可能,即网友。

2014年《全国职称英语等级考试用书》---------第四部分阅读理解及答案翻译1-10篇

2014年《全国职称英语等级考试用书》---------第四部分阅读理解及答案翻译1-10篇

第一篇Ford Abandons Electric Vehicles (福特放弃电动汽车)译文:分析人士评论,福特汽车公司放弃电动汽车的举动有力地证明了这种技术是行不通的。

通用汽车公司和日本本田汽车公司早于1999年就停止了电池动力汽车的生产,转而开发燃料电池和电池内燃混合机,这对消费者更有吸引力。

福特宣布它现在也要做同样的尝试。

3年前,福特推出名为Think City的双排座汽车和Think或Think Neighbor系列高尔夫车,希望能销售5000辆汽车、10000高尔夫车。

但由于需求不足,截至2002年仅生产了大约1000辆汽车,售出的高尔夫车还不足1700辆。

“关键是我们认为电动车不能代表大众市场环保交通的未来”,福特欧洲区的Time Holmes于周五说,“我们感觉自己对电动车已做了最大努力的尝试。

”Think City系列的运行里程仅53英里,电池充电需要6小时。

通用公司的EVI电力车也仅能运行100英里。

昂贵的电池也意味着电动汽车的造价比汽油动力车高出许多。

日本丰田产的RAV4EV系列电动车在美国的售价达42,000美元,而同系列的汽油动力车仅售17000美元。

丰田和日产汽车公司是现在仅存的两大电动车制造商。

“应该说电池电动车已经获得了充分的机会。

福特现已转向电池内燃混合机开发项目,我们应据此评价他们的发展。

”Roger Higman,英国Friends of the Earth 组织的一位高级交通运输代表这样对《环保新闻》评论说。

日本本田和丰田公司推出的混合机汽车在过去几年取得了良好的销售业绩。

混合动力车比汽油机车运行里程更长,电池又可以自行充电。

福特表示,他们认为这样的机车有助于达到美国新制订的车辆排放规定。

不过,这些规定究竟允许怎样的排放物现在还不十分清楚。

六月份通用和戴姆勒克莱斯勒公司赢得一项法庭裁决,可推迟两年执行一项加州法令,该法令要求汽车生产商在2003年前向该州提供10万辆零排放和其他低排放汽车。

2014年职称英语考试综合类C级考试真题及答案

2014年职称英语考试综合类C级考试真题及答案

第一部分:词汇选项下面共有15个句子,每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线,请从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与划线部分意义最相近的词或短语。

1.His heart gave a sudden leap when he saw her.A.hopeB.jumpC.silenceD.life2.Several windows had been smashed.A.cleanedB.replacedC.brokenD.fixed3.The AIDS convention will be held in Glasgow.A.partyB.conferenceC.celebrationD.union4.My principal concern is to get the job done fast.A.mainB.seriousC.deepD.particular5.I’m sure I’ll able to amuse myself for a few hours.A.treatB.holdC.entertainD.keep6.Take some spare clothes in case you get wet.A.extraB.fineC.winterD.outdoor7.The new service helped boost pre-tax profits by 10%.A.proveB.considerC.increaseD.double8.They are trying to identify what is wrong with the present system.A.proveB.considerC.discoverD.imagine9.He made a number of rude remarks about the food.A.signsB.mannersC.noisesmentsck of space forbids further treatment of the topic here.A.preventsB.receivesC.deserversD.accepts11.The worst agonies of the war were now beginning.A.partsB.painsC.aspectsD.results12.His knowledge of French is fair.A.quite goodB.very usefulC.very limitedD.rather special13.The book raised a storm of controversy.A.damageB.voiceC.argumentD.doubt14.Afterwards there was just a feeling of let-down.A.excitementB.angerC.calmD.disappointment15.Some comments are just inviting trouble.A.keeping out ofB.getting intoC.asking forD.suffering from第二部分:阅读判断下面的短文后列出了7个句子,请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断:如果该句提供的是正确信息,请选择A;如果该句提供的是错误信息,请选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及,请选择C。

2014年职称英语考试 卫生类 新增文章汇总 完整版 字典版 可以直接打印

2014年职称英语考试 卫生类 新增文章汇总 完整版 字典版 可以直接打印

psychologist / sa k ləd st / n.心理学家
psychiatrist /sai' kaiətr st/ n.精神病学家(医生)
Austrian /
str ən / adj.奥地利的
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
gender / d endə / n.性别
注释: 1.Sigmund Freud西格蒙德•弗洛伊德(1856—1939),犹太人, 奥地利精神病医生及精神分析学家。精神分析学派的创始人。他 认为被压抑的欲望绝大部分是属于性的,性的扰乱是精神病的根 本原因。著有《性学三论》《梦的释义》《图腾与禁忌》《日常 生活的心理病理学》《精神分析引论》《精神分析引论新编》等。
6b第六段和第七段虽然讲我们是我们自己的医生这是一个比喻意思是我们不用医生我们吃的东西山上的植物具有保健作用
职称英语卫生类教材新增 第二部分 阅读判断 第九篇 What Is a Dream? For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others,however, think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person’s mind and emotions. Before modern times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way. The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud1,was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams (1900), Freud wrote that dreams are an expression of a person’s wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life. The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung2 was once a student of Freud’s. Jung,however,had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For example, people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves. Modern-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example, psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California, Santa Cruz,believes that dreams are tightly linked to a person’s daily life, thoughts, and behavior. A criminal, for example, might dream about crime. Domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop. He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example, the people in men’s dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women’s dreams.3 Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, including both modern and traditional ones. Can dreams help us understand ourselves? Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. However, one thing they agree on this: If you dream that something terrible is going to occur, you shouldn’t panic. The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. It’s important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world. 词汇:

2014年职称英语考试卫生C级真题分析

2014年职称英语考试卫生C级真题分析

2014年职称英语考试卫生C级真题分析第1部分:词汇选项(第1~15题,每题1分,共15分)下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语有括号,请为每处括号部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。

1. He made a number of rude (remarks) about the food.A. signsB. commentsC. mannersD. noises【正确答案】B【考点分析】本题涉及的知识点为:名词变形目标词【解题技巧&步骤】第一步:首先确定目标词,本题的目标词是:remarks, 其为remark的复数形式。

第二步: 接下来在同义词词典中查找remark的同义词中有无与选项一致的单词。

有comment第三步:直接选择B答案,无需再查其他选项意思。

2. The AIDS (conversation) will be held in Glasgow.A. PartyB. conferenceC. celebrationD. union【正确答案】B【考点分析】本题涉及的知识点为:原形目标词【解题技巧&步骤】第一步:首先确定目标词,本题的目标词是:conversation第二步:接下来在同义词词典中查找conversation的同义词中有无与选项一致的单词。

没有,只能通过查词意来解决。

conversation会话,谈话;party聚会,政党;conference 会议,会谈;celebration庆祝;union联盟第三步:将目标词与选项进行对比,最接近的选项是B。

直接选择B答案,无需再查其他选项意思。

3. Lack of space (forbid) further treatment of the topic here.A .receivesB. preventsC .deservesD. accepts【正确答案】B【考点分析】本题涉及的知识点为:动词变形目标词【解题技巧&步骤】第一步:首先确定目标词,本题的目标词是:forbid第二步:由于目标词是动词的第三人称单数形式,因而去掉末尾s变为原形;那么选项也应该变为动词原形,据观察,都是直接去掉s,就是动词原形:receive、prevent、deserve、accept。

职称英语测试题:卫生类-补全短文

职称英语测试题:卫生类-补全短文

职称英语测试题:卫生类-补全短文补全短文You can't change your energy cycle, but you can learn to make your life fit it better. Habit can help,Dr.Kleitman believes. Maybe you're sleepy in the evening but you must stay up late anyway.Counteract your cycle to some extent by habitually staying up later than you want to.If your energyis low in the morning but you have an important job to do early in the day, rise before your usual hour.This won't change your cycle, but you'll get up steam and work better at your low point.If one wants to work more efficiently at his low point in the morning,he should _______.A、change his energy cycleB、overcome his lazinessC、get up earlier than usualD、go to bed earlier【准确答案】 C【答案解析】本题要求读者找出本段中的最后两句,并联系本段开头两句的意思,作出准确判断。

本段开头说,“虽然你无法改变自己的能量周期,但你能够使你的生活适合这个周期。

Dr. Kleitman认为经常性的行为(对你的能量周期)能起作用。

2014年职称英语真题与答案卫生类C级(补全短文)

2014年职称英语真题与答案卫生类C级(补全短文)

Do You Have a Sense of Humor?Humor and laughter are good for us.There is increasing evidence that they can heal us physically,mentally,emotionally,and spiritually.In fact,every system of the body responds to laughter in some positive,healing way.So how can we get more laughter into our lives?(46)Psychologist and author,Steve Wlison,has some answers.Many peoplebelieve that we are born with a sense of humor.They think,“either you've got it,or you don't”Dr.Wilson points out that this false.(47)The parts of brain and central nervous system that control laughing and smiling are mature at birth(48)(After all,when a baby laughs,we don't rush over and say,“That kid has a great sense of humor!”)A sense of humor is something that you can develop over a lifetime.Sometimes people think that they don't have a good sense of humor because they are not good joke tellers.Dr.Wilson reminds us that telling jokes is only one of many ways to expresshumor.(49)Then we will make others laugh,too.A person who has a true sense of humor is willing and able to see the funny side of everyday life.One of the best definition of a sense of humor is“the ability to see the nonserious element in a situation.”Consider this sign from a sore window.“Any faulty merchandise will be cheerfully replanced with merchandise of equal quality.”The store manager probably placed the sign in the window to impress customers with the store's excellent service.(50)As Dr.Wilson says,“a good sense of humor means that you don't have to be funny;you just have to see what's funny.”A He advises us to lose our inhibitions(抑制)and try to laugh at ourselves.B Is it possible to develop a sense of humor?C However,that does not mean that infants have a sense of humor.D What is true,however,it that we are born with the capacityto laugh and smileE Everyone experiences this emotionF He had a serious purpose,but if you have a sense of humor,you will probably find the sign funny!答案:BDCAF。

2014年职称英语卫生类C级-背完必得的15分_完型填空短文(已填答案)-A4精简打印版

2014年职称英语卫生类C级-背完必得的15分_完型填空短文(已填答案)-A4精简打印版

Better Control of TB Seen If a Faster CureIs FoundThe World Health Organization1 estimates that about one-third of all people areinfected with bacteria that cause tuberculosis .Most times, the infection remains inactive. Buteach year about eight million people develop active cases of TB, usually in their lungs.Two million people die of it. The disease has increased with the spread of AIDS and drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis.Current treatments take at least six months. People have to take a combination of several antibiotic drugs daily. But many people stop as soon as they feel better. Doing that can lead to an infection that resists treatment. Public health experts agree that a faster-acting cure for tuberculosis would be more effective. Now a study estimates just how effective it might be. A professor of international health at Harvard University2led the study. Joshua Salomon says a shorter treatment program would likely mean not just more patients cured. It would also mean fewer infectious patients who can pass on their infection to others.The researchers developed a mathematical model to examine the effects of a two-month treatment plan. They tested the model with current TB conditions in Southeast Asia. The scientists found that a two-month treatment could prevent about twenty percent of new cases. And it might prevent about twenty-five percent of TB deaths. The model shows that these reductions would take place between two thousand twelve and two thousand thirty. That is, if a faster cure is developed and in wide use by two thousand twelve.The World Health Organization reductions the DOTS3program in nineteen ninety. DOTS is Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course. Health workers watch tuberculosis patients take their daily pills to make sure they continue treatment.Earlier this year, an international partnership oforganizations announced a plan to expand theDOTS program. The ten-year plan also aims to finance research into new TB drugs. The four most common drugs used now are more than forty years old. The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development4 says its long-term goal is a treatment that could work in as few as ten doses.A Biological Cloc kEvery living thing has what scientists call abiological clock that controls behavior. The biological clock tells (plants)when to form flowers and when the flowers should open. It tells (insects)_ when to leave the protective cocoons and fly away,and it tells animals and human beings when to eat, sleep and wake.Events outside the plant and animal _(affect)_ the actions of some biological clocks. Scientists recently found, for example, that a tiny animal changes the color of its fur _(because of)_ the number of hours of daylight. In the short _(days)__ of winter, its fur becomes white. The fur becomes gray brown in color in the longer hours of daylight in summer.Inner signals control other biological clocks. German scientists found that some kindof internal clock seems to order birds to begintheir long migration _(.flight)_ twice each year.Birds __(prevented from)__ flying becomerestless when it is time for the trip,_(but)__they become calm again when the time of theflight has ended.Scientists say they are beginning to learn which_(parts)__ of the brain contain biological clocks.An American researcher, Martin Moorhead, saida small group of cells near the front of the brain_(. seems)_ to control the timing of some of ouractions. These _(cells)_ tell a person when to _(awaken)_ ,when to sleep and when to seekfood . Scientists say there probably are otherbiological clock cells that control other bodyactivities.Dr. Moorhead is studying _(how)_ ourbiological clocks affect the way we do our work.For example, most of us have great difficulty ifwe must often change to different work hours._(It)_ can take many days for a humanbody to accept the major change in work hours.Dr. Moorhead said industrial officials shouldhave a better understanding of biological clocksand how they affect workers. He said _(such)_understanding could cut sickness and accidentsat work and would help increase a factory’sproduction,One Good Reason to Let Smallpox LiveIt’s now a fair bet that we will never see thetotal extinction of the smallpox virus. The ideawas to cap the glorious achievement of 1980,when smallpox was eradicated in the wild, bydestroying the killer virus in the last two labsthat are supposed to have it—one in the US andone in Russia. If smallpox had truly gone fromthe planet, what point was there in keeping thesereserves?in reality, of course, it was naive to imaginethat everyone would let go of such a potentialweapon. Undoubtedly several nations still havea few vials. And the last “official” stocks of licevirus bred mistrust of the US and Russia, for noobvious gain.Now American researchers have found ananimal model of the human disease, opening theway for tests on new treatments and vaccines.So one again there’s a good reason to keep thevirus—just in case the disease puts in areappearance.How do we_deal with the mistrust of theUS and Russia? Simple Keep the virus underinternational auspices in a well-guarded UNlaboratory that’s open to all countries. The USwill object, of course, just as it rejects amultilateral approach to just about everything.But it doesn’t mean the idea is wrong. If thevirus is useful, then let’s make it the servant ofall humanity—not just a part of it.Diet, Alcohol Linked to Nearly One Third ofCancersDiet is second only to tobacco as a leadingcause of cancer and, along with alcohol, isresponsible for nearly one third of cases of thedisease in developed countries, a leadingresearcher said on Tuesday.Dr. Tim Key, of the University of Oxford,told a cancer conference that scientists are stilldiscovering how certain foods contribute tocancer,but they know that diet, alcohol andobesity . play a major role.“Five percent of cancers could be avoidedif nobody was obese,” he said.While tobacco is blinked to about 30percent of cancer cases, diet is involved in anestimated 25 percent and alcohol in about sixpercent.Obesity raises the risk of breast, womb,bowel and kidney cancer, while alcohol isknown to cause cancers of the mouth, throatand liver, Its dangerous impact is increasedwhen combined with smoking.Key told the meeting of the charityCancer Research UK that other elements ofdiet linked to cancer are still unknown butscientists are hoping that the EPIC study,which is comparing the diets of 500,000people in 10 countries and their risk of cancer,will provide some answers Early results ofthe study have revealed that Norway, Swedenand Denmark have the lowest consumption offruit and vegetables among Europeancountries while Italy and Spain have thehighest. Eating at least five portions of fruitand vegetables a day is recommended toreduce the risk of cancer.Key, principal scientist on the EPICstudy, said it is looking at dietary links tosome of the most common cancers includingcolorectal, breast and prostate.Men Too May Suffer from DomesticViolence(2013已考)Nearly three in 10 men have experiencedviolence at the hands of an intimate partnerduring their lifetimes, according to one of thefew studies to look at domestic violenceand health among men."Many men actually do experience domesticviolence, although we don't hear about itoften," Dr. Robert J. Reid of the University ofWashington in Seattle, one of the study'sauthors, told Reuters Health. "They often don'ttell __ and__ we don't ask. We want to get themessage out to men who do experiencedomestic violence that they are not alone andthere are resources available to them "The researchers asked study participants aboutphysical abuse and non-physical abuse ,such as threats that made them fear for theirsafety, controlling behavior (for example,being told who they could associate with andwhere they could go), and constantname-calling.Among men 18 to 54 years old, 14.2 percentsaid they had experienced intimate partner__violence in the past five years, while 6. 1percent reported domestic violence in theprevious year.Rates were lower for men 55 and older,with5.3 percent reporting violence in the past fiveyears and 2.4 percent having experienced it inthe past 12 months.Overall, 30.5 percent of men younger than 55and 26.5 percent of older men said they hadbeen victims of domestic violence at somepoint in their lives. About half of the violencethe men experienced was physical.However, the physical violence men reportedwasn't as harsh as that suffered by women ina previous study; 20 percent to 40 percent ofthe men rated it as severe, compared to 61percent of womenMen who reported experiencing domesticviolence had more emotional and mentalhealth problems than those who had not,especially older men, the researchers found.。

2014年职称英语卫生类C级---阅读理解练习及译文

2014年职称英语卫生类C级---阅读理解练习及译文

阅读理解(1) Bringing Nanotechnology to Health Care for the poorNanotechnology uses matter at the level of molecules and atoms. Researchers are finding different uses for particles with a length of one nanometer, or one-billionth of a meter. These include things like beauty products1 and dirt-resistant clothing. But one area where many experts believe nanotechnology holds great promise is medicine.Last week, speakers at a program in Washington discussed using nanotechnology to improve health care in developing countries. The program took place at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Peter Singer at the University of Toronto says a nanotechnology called quantum dots2 could be used to confirm cases of malaria. He says it could offer a better way than the traditional process of looking at a person’s blood under a microscope.In poor countries, this process is often not followed. As a result, sick people may get treated for malaria even if they do not have it. Such misuse of medicines can lead to drug resistance. Quantum dots are particles that give off3 light when activated. Researchers are studying ways to program them to identify diseases by lighting up in the presence of targeted molecule. 4Experts say nanotechnology shows promise not just for diagnosing diseases, but also for treating them. Piotr Grodzinski of the National Institutes of Health5 talked about how nanotechnology could make drugs more effective. He talked about cancer drugs already developed with nanotechnology. He says if a drug can target a cancer locally in the body, then much less of it might be needed, and that means lower side effects.6Andrew Maynard is chief scientist for the Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies at the Woodrow Wilson Center. He noted that Brazil, India, China and South Africa are currently doing nanotechnology research that could help poor countries. But he also noted that there is some risk in using nano-materials. He says nanometer-sized particles behave differently in the body and the environment compared to larger particles7. Experts say more investment in research is needed to better understand these risks.练习:1. Which of the following uses of nanotechnology is NOT mentioned in the passage?A. To make beauty products and dirt-resistant clothing.B. To produce better and lighter building materials.C. To help more accurately diagnose diseases.D. To help more effectively treat diseases.2. How can quantum dots be used to confirm diseases?A. By traditionally looking at a person’s blood under a microscope.B. By letting a person take some kind of medicine.C. By lighting up in the presence of a targeted molecule.D. By subjecting a person to an X-ray examination.3. How can nanotechnology be used to make a drug more effective?A. By making a drug target the focus of a disease.B. By changing the structure of the body cells.C. By lowering the side effects caused by a drug.D. By letting a patient take a dose as large as possible.阅读理解文章及练习(2) Medical Journals医学杂志Medical journals are publications that report medical information to physicians and other health professionals.In the past, these journals were available only in print. With the development of electronic publishing. many medical journals now have Web sites on the Internet, and some journals publish only online. A few medical journals, like the Journal of the American Medical Association, are considered general medical journals because they cover many fields of medicine. Most medical journals are specialty journals that focus on a particular area of medicine.Medical journals publish many types of articles. Research articles report the results of research studies on a range of topics varying from the basic mechanisms of diseases to clinical trials that compare outcomes of different treatments. Review articles summarize and analyze the information available on a specific topic based on a careful search of the medical literature. Because the results of individual research studies can be affected by many factors, combining results from different studies on the same topic can be helpful in reaching conclusions about the scientific evidence for preventing, diagnosing or treating a particular disease. Case conferences and case reports may be published in medicaljournals to educate physicians about particular illnesses and how to treat them. Editorials in medical journals are short essays that express the views of the authors, often regarding a research or review article published in the same issue. Editorials provide perspective on how the current article fits with other information on the same topic. Letters to the editor provide a way for readers of the medical journal to express comments, questions or criticisms about articles published in that journal.1.The main readers of medical journals areA. the general public.B. health professionals.C. medical critics.D. news reporters.2.Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. Many medical journals also publish online.B. A few medical journals are general medical journals.C. Most medical journals publish only online.D. Most medical journals are specialty journals.3.How many major types of articles are mentioned in the passage?A. Five.B. Seven.C. Four.D. Six.4.An article dealing with results from different studies on the same topic is calledA. a research article.B. a review article.C. a case report.D. an editorial.5.Letters to the editor enable readers of a medical journal to express comments onA. any medical event.B. articles published in the same issue.C. articles published in that journal.D. medical development.阅读理解文章及练习(3) Cooking Oil Fumes Cause Tumor厨房油烟可致癌The leading cause of lung cancer among women in the city was cooking oil fumes while men are more likely to develop the disease from smoking, said medical experts after a five-year research study.Doctors announced the results yesterday with analysis on some new tendencies in lung cancer.They said patients are younger, especially women.According to the Shanghai Tumor research Institute, more local residents die of lung cancer in the city than anything else.Following breast cancer, it has the second-highest incidence rate."An unhealthy lifestyle is a very important reason for lung cancer, "said Dr He Yumin from Shanghai Minshen Traditional Chinese Medicine Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment Center.He followed 2,276 lung cancer patients for five years.Among them,l,483 were male.Smoking causes 70 percent of cases among men while only l8 percent of female patients developed cancer from smoking or inhaling second-hand smoke, according to the report.However, more than 60 percent of women with the disease had long term, close contact with strong oil fumes from cooking and complained about1 irritated eyes and throat.About 32 percent of women fried foods in boiling oil in unventilated kitchens and about 25 percent of women's bedrooms were adjacent to2 the kitchen.However, local women were surprised to learn cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer.Some claimed they may change food preparation methods."Unless my family and I don't eat at home every day, I must stay in the kitchen to cook, "said Xu Li, a 45-year-oldlocal woman."I know the fumes are bad for the skin, but it is the first time I heard that it can result in lung cancer.I have already started frying less."Doctors said women's lung cancer had few links to personal health and physical condition, but was closely related to family cancer history, unhealthy dietary habits and weak immune systems.Other experts agreed with he3."Smoking is by far the biggest cause4 of lung cancer for men, "said Dr Tan Binyong, honorary president of the Respiratory Disease Institute at Fudan University's Medical College."It's true that second-hand smoke and cooking fumes are the main causes among women."He's research also warned people not to stand near of stalls selling5 fried foods due to the poor quality of oils used.The chance of catching lung cancer is three times higher if exposed to the fume for a long time, 6experts said.练习:1.What a new tendency in lung cancer is concluded by the researchers?A Men are more likely to develop lung cancer than women.B Women are more likely to develop lung cancer than men.C Patients with lung cancer become older, especially males.D Patients with lung cancer become younger, especially females.2.Which of the following diseases is the most common among the local residents in Shanghai?A Heart disease.B Breast cancer.C Infectious diseases.D Lung cancer.3.What symptoms may be' complained of by most women with lung cancer after long term, close contact with cooking oil fumes?A Irritated eyes and throat.B Severe pain in both lungs.C Continuous cough and headache.D Difficulty in breathin9.4.What was the local women's reaction when they learned that cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer?A Happy.B Surprised.C Angry.D Careless5.Which of the following has relatively little connection with women's lung cancer?A Family cancer history.B Unhealthy dietary habits.C Weak immune systems.D Personal health and physical condition.阅读理解文章及练习(4) Multivitamins Urged for All Pregnant WomenA recent study in Tanzania found that when pregnant women took vitamins every day, fewer babies were bom too small. Babies that weigh less than two and one-half kilograms at birth have a greater risk of dying. Those that survive are more likely to experience problems with their development. And experts say that as adults they have a higher risk of diseases including heart disease and diabetes. The World Health Organization1 estimates that every year twenty million babies are bom with low birth weight. Nine out of ten of them are bom in developing countries.The new study took place in Dar es Salaam. 4,200 pregnant women received multivitamins. The pills contained all of the vitamins in the B group along with2 vitamins C and E. They also contained several times more iron and folate than the levels advised for women in developed nations. Pregnant women especially in poor countries may find it difficult to get enough vitamins and minerals from the foods in their diet.The scientists compared the findings with results from a group of 4,000 women who did not receive the vitamins.A report by the scientists, from the United States and Tanzania, appeared in the New England Journal of Medicine,3Wafaie Fawzi of the Harvard University School of Public Health4 led the study. None of the women in the study had HTV, the virus that causes AIDS. The scientists reported earlier that daily multivitamins were a low-cost way to reduce fetal deaths in pregnant women infected with5 HIV. The earlier work in Tanzania also found improvement in the mothers in their number of blood cells known as lymphocytes. Lymphocytes increase the body’s immunity against infection.The new study in pregnant women who were not infected with the AIDS virus found that multivitamins reduced the risk of low birth weight. Just under eight percent of the babies bom to women who took the multivitamins weighed less than 2,500 grams. The rate was almost nine and one-half percent in the group of women who received a placebo, an inactive pill, instead of the vitamins. But the vitamins did not do much to reduce the rates of babies being bom too early or dying while still a fetus. Still, the researchers say multivitamins should be considered for all pregnant women in developing countries.练习:1.How many babies are bom with low birth weight in the developed countries every year according to WHO?A. 20,000,000.B. 18,000,000.C. 2,000,000.D. 38,000,000.2.A pill of multivitamins may contain all of the following substances EXCEPTA. all vitamins in the B group.B. vitamins C and E.C. much iron and folate.D. antiviral substances.3.Which of the following is NOT one of the effects of multivitamins mentioned in the passage?A. To reduce the rate of babies bom too early.B. To reduce the risk of low birth weight.C. To reduce fetal deaths in pregnant women infected with HTV.D. To increase the number of lymphocytes in mothers’blood.4.What a role do lymphocytes play in the human body?A. To reduce the rate of dying while still a fetus.B. To raise the body’s immunity against infection.C. To help prevent the development of heart disease.D. To help prevent the development of diabetes.5.How many percent of babies were bom with low birth weight to women who were not infected with the AIDS virus and took the multivitamins according to a new study?A. Less than 8%.B. About 9.5%.C. L 5%.D 17.5%.阅读理解文章及练习(5) U. S. Eats Too Much Salt 美国人吃盐过量People in the United States consume more than twice the recommended amount1 of salt, raising their risk for high blood pressure, heart attacks and strokes, government health experts said on Thursday.They found nearly 70 percent of U. S. adults are in high-risk groups that would benefit from a lower-salt diet of no more than 1,500 mg per day2,yet most consume closer to 3,500 mg per day.“It’s important for people to eat less salt. People who adopt a heart-healthy eating pattern that includes a diet low in sodium and rich in potassium and calcium can improve their blood pressure,”Dr. Darwin Labarthe of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said in a statement.“People need to know their recommended daily sodium limit and take action to reduce sodium intake,”Labarthe said.The study in CDC’s weekly report on death and disease used national survey data to show that two out of threeadults should be consuming no more than 1,500 mg of sodium per day because they are black or over the age of 40一which are considered high-risk groups.Yet studies show most people in the United States eat 3,436 mg of sodium per day, according to a 2005–2006 CDC estimate.Most of the sodium eaten comes from packaged, processed and restaurant foods. The CDC said it will join other agencies in the Health and Human Services department in working with major food manufacturers and chain restaurants to reduce sodium levels in the food supply.Nationwide, 16 million men and women have heart disease and 5.8 million are estimated to have had a stroke. Cutting salt consumption can reduce these risks, the CDC said.练习:1.Too much salt raises one’s risk forA.high blood pressure.B.heart attacks.C.strokes.D.all of the above.2.How much salt do most American adults eat per day?A.No more than 1,500 mg.B.Closer to 3,500 mg.C.Less than 3,436 mg.D.Closer to 1,500 mg.3.To improve their blood pressure, people should have a dietA.rich in potassium and sodium.B.rich in potassium and calcium.C.rich in calcium arid sodium.D.none of the above.4.The high-risk groups include thoseA.who are black.B.who are over the age of 40.C.who are white and young.D.both A and B.5.Packaged, processed and restaurant foods are known to beA.cheap.B.tasty.C.rich in salt.D.healthy.阅读理解文章及练习(6) Pushbike Peril 自行车的危险Low speed bicycle crashes can badly injure 一or even kill 一children if they fall onto the ends of the handlebars. So a team of engineers is redesigning the humble handlebar in a bid to make it safer.Kristy Arbogast, a bioengineer at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia in Pennsylvania, began the project with her colleagues after a study of serious abdominal injuries in children in the past 30 years showed2 that more than a third were caused by bicycle accidents. "The task was to identify how the injuries occurred and come up with some countermeasures,"3 she says.By interviewing the children and their parents,Arbogast and her team were able to4 reconstruct many of the accidents and identified a common mechanism responsible for serious injuries. They discovered that most occur when children hit an obstacle at a slow speed,causing them to topple over5. To maintain their balance they turn the handlebars through 90 degrees 一but their momentum forces them into the end of the handlebars. The bike then falls over and the other end of the handlebars hits the ground, ramming it into their abdomen6.The solution the group came up with is a handgrip fitted with a spring and damping system.The spring absorbs up to 50 per cent of the forces transmitted through the handlebars in an impact. The grouphopes to commercialize the device,which should add only a few dollars to the cost of a bike. “But our task has been one of education because up until now, bicycle manufacturers were unaware of the problem," says Arbogast.The team has also approached the US Consumer Product Safety Commission to try to persuade manufacturers to adopt the new design. A decision is expected later this year.练习:1.According to the passage, some engineers are trying to improve the handlebars becauseA they are not noble enough.B they may kill children.C they are likely to crash.D they make the bike move at a low speed.2.In paragraph 2,the author mentions a study of serious abdominal injuries A to discuss how abdominal injuries in children occur.B to show that more than a third injuries were caused by bicycle accidents.C to point out what the countermeasures can be.D to tell us why Kristy Arbogast began the project.3.Paragraph 3 mainly discussesA why the children and their parents were interviewed.B when the children turn the handlebars through 90 degrees.C what causes the children to topple over.D how serious injuries occur.4.The passage implies thatA it is not easy to persuade manufacturers to adopt the new design.B the team of engineers has not found any countermeasures.C children like to ride bicycles at a very low speed.D a lot of children were killed in bicycle accidents in the past 30 years.5. In which of the following ways the handgrip work?A It can be commercialized.B It reduces the dangerous forces in bicycle accidents.C It adds a few dollars to the cost of a bike.D It changes the direction of the handlebars in an impact.阅读理解文章及练习(7) Late-night Drinking在深夜饮咖啡Coffee lovers beware. Having a quick “pick-me-up”cup of coffee1 late in the day will play havoc with2 your sleep. As well as being a stimulant, caffeine interrupts the flow of melatonin, the brain hormone that sends people into a sleep.Melatonin levels normally start to rise about two hours before bedtime. Levels then peak between 2 am and 4 am, before falling again.3"It's the neurohormone that controls our sleep and tells our body when to sleep and when to wake,,,says Maurice Ohayon of the Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research Center at Stanford University in California. But researchers in Israel have found that caffeinated coffee halves the body's levels of this sleep hormone.Lotan Shilo and a team at the Sapir Medical Center in Tel Aviv University found that six volunteers slept less well after a cup of caffeinated coffee than after drinking the same amount of decaf. On average, subjects slept 336 minutes per night after drinking caffeinated coffee, compared with 415 minutes after decaf. They also took half an hour to drop off4一twice as long as usual 一and jigged around5 in bed twice as much.In the second phase of the experiment, the researchers woke the volunteers every three hours and asked them to give a urine sample. Shilo measured concentrations of a breakdown product of melatonin. The results suggest that melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers were half those in decaf drinkers. In a paper accepted for publication in Sleep Medicine,the researchers suggest6 that caffeine blocks production of the enzyme that drives melatonin production.Because it can take many hours to eliminate caffeine from the body,Ohayon recommends that coffee lovers switch to decaf after lunch.练习:1. The author mentions "pick-me-up" to indicate thatA melatonin levels need to be raised.B neurohormone can wake us up.C coffee is a stimulant.D decaf is a caffeinated coffee.2.Which of the following tells us how caffeine affects sleep?A Caffeine blocks production of the enzyme that stops melatonin production.B Caffeine interrupts the flow of the hormone that prevents people from sleeping.C Caffeine halves the body's levels of sleep hormone.D Caffeine stays in the body for many hours.3. What does paragraph 3 mainly discuss?A Different effects of caffeinated coffee and decaf on sleep.B Different findings of Lotan Shilo and a team about caffeine.C The fact that the subjects slept 415 minutes per night after drinking decaf.D The evidence that the subjects took half an hour to fall asleep.4. What does the experiment mentioned in paragraph 4 prove? A There are more enzymes in decaf drinkers' urine sample.B There are more melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers' urine sample.C Decaf drinkers produce less melatonin.D Caffeine drinkers produce less sleep hormone.5. The author of this passage probably agrees thatA coffee lovers sleep less than those who do not drink coffee.B we should not drink coffee after supper.C people sleep more soundly at midnight than at 3 am.D if we feel sleepy at night, we should go to bed immediately.阅读理解文章及练习(8) Eat Healthy 健康饮食"Clean your plate!" and "Be a member of the clean-plate club1!’’Just about every kid in the US has heard this from a parent or grandparent. Often, it's accompanied by an appeal:“Just think about those starving orphans in Africa!2" Sure, we should be grateful for every bite of food. Unfortunately, many people in the US take too many bites3. Instead of staying "clean the plate", perhaps we should save some food for tomorrow.According to news reports, US restaurants are partly to blame for the growing bellies. A waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer, with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story.4 Americans traditionally associate quantity with value and most restaurants try to give them that. They prefer to have customers complain about too much food rather than too little.Barbara Rolls, a nutrition professor at Pennsylvania State University; told USA Today that restaurant portion sizes began (o grow in the 1970s, the same time that the American waistline began to expand.Health experts have tried to get many restaurants to serve smaller portions. Now, apparently, some customers are calling for this too. The restaurant industry trade magazine QSR reported last month that 57 percent of more than 4,000 people surveyed believe restaurants serve portions that are too large; 23 percent had no opinion; 20 percent disagreed. But a closer look at the survey indicates that many Americans who can't afford fine dining still prefer large portions. Seventy percent of those earning at least $150,000 per year prefer smaller portions; but only 45 percent of those earning less than $25,000 want smaller.It's not that working class Americans don't want to eat healthy. It's just that, "after long hours at low-paying jobs, getting less on their plate hardly seems like a good deal.5 They live frompaycheck to paycheck, happy to save a little money for next year's Christmas presents.练习:1. Parents in the United States tend to ask their childrenA to save food.B to wash the dishes.C not to waste food.D not to eat too much.2. Why do American restaurants serve large portions?A Because Americans associate quantity with value.B Because Americans have big bellies.C Because Americans are good eaters.D Because Americans are greedy.3.What happened in the 1970s?A The US government recommended the amount of food a restaurant gave to a customer.B Health experts persuaded restaurants to serve smaller portions.C The United States produced more grain than needed.D The American waistline started to expand.4.What does the survey indicate?A Many poor Americans want large portions.B Twenty percent Americans want smaller portions.C Fifty seven percent Americans earn $150,000 per year.D Twenty three percent Americans earn less than $25,000 per year.5.Which of the following is Not true of working class Americans?A They work long hours.B They live from paycheck to paycheck.C They don't want to be healthy eaters.D They want to save money for their children.阅读理解文章及练习(9) U. S. to Start $3.2 Billion Child Health Study in JanuaryA study that will cost $3.2 billion and last more than two decades to track the health of 100,000 U.S. children from before birth to age 21 will be launched in January, U. S. health officials said on Friday.Officials from the U.S. government’s National Institutes of Health said they hope the study, to be conducted at 105 locations throughout the United States, can help identify early-life influences that affect later development, with the goal of learning new ways to treat or prevent illness.The study will examine hereditary and environmental factors such as exposure to certain chemicals that affect health.Researchers will collect genetic and biological samples from people in the study as well as samples from the homes of the women and their babies including air, water, dust and materials used to construct their residences, the NIH said.Officials said more than $200 million has been spent already and the study is projected to cost $3.2 billion.“We anticipate that in the long term1,what we learn from the study will result in a significant savings in the nation’s health care costs,”Dr. Duane Alexander, who heads the NIH’s Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, told reporters.The study will begin in January when the University of North Carolina and the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York start signing up2 pregnant women whose babies will then be followed to age 21.Some of the early findings will be about factors behind pre-term birth3, which has become more common in recent years, according to Dr. Peter Scheidt of the NIH, who heads the study.The people taking part will be from rural, urban and suburban areas, from all income and educational levels and from all racial groups, the NIH said.练习:1.The aim of the study is to find new ways toA. conduct research.B. track public health.C. prevent or treat illness.D. speed up development.2.Researchers will collect all the following EXCEPTA. genetic samples from people in the study.B. biological samples from people in the study.C. samples from the homes of the women and their babies.D. samples of air and water from hospitals.3.It is expected that through the study the nation’s health care costsA. will be lowered in the long run.B. will be significantly increased.C. will be more than $200 million.D. will reach $3.2 billion.4.The babies of the participants will be followedA. throughout their lives.B. for more than two decades.C. from birth to 21 months.D. until they get married.5.Which is NOT true of the people in the study?A. They’ll be from various areas.B. They’ll be from all income levels.C. They’ll be from all educational levels.D. They’ll be from all age groups.阅读理解文章及练习(10) Cigars Instead?Smoking one or two cigars a day doubles the risk of cancers of the lip, tongue, mouth, and throat, according to a government study.Daily cigars also increase the risk of lung cancer and cancer of the esophagus,and increase the risk of cancer of the larynx (voicebox) sixfold1,say researchers at the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Maryland.In addition, the report revealed that smoking three or four cigars a day increased the risk of oral cancer to 8.5 times the risk for nonsmokers2 and the risk of esophageal cancer by four times the risk of nonsmokers.The health effects of smoking cigars is one of eight sections of the article “Cigars :Health Effects and Trends". The researchers report that, compared with a cigarette, a large cigar emits up to 90 times as much carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines.“This article provides clear and invaluable information about the disturbing increase3 in cigar use and the significant public health consequences4 for the country," said Dr. Richard Klausner, director of the National Cancer Institute,in a statement."The data are clear 一the harmful substances and carcinogens in cigar smoke, like cigarettes, are associated with5 the increased risks of several kinds of cancers as well as heart and lung diseases,”he added. “In other words,cigars are not safe alternatives to cigarettes6 and may be addictive. ”"To those individuals who may be thinking about smoking cigars, our advice is —don't.7 To those currently smoking cigars, quitting is the only way to eliminate completely the cancer, heart and lung disease risks,”warned Klausner.According to a National Cancer Institute press release8,there haven't been any studies on the health effects on nonsmokers at cigar social events,but "... a significant body of evidence9 clearly demonstrates an increased lung cancer risk from secondhand smoke. ”练习:1.According to the report, smoking three or four cigars a dayA increases the risk of oral cancer for non-smokers.B greatly increases the risk of oral cancer for smokers.C increases the risk of more than one cancer for non-smokers.D greatly increases the risk of more than one cancer for smokers.。

2014年职称英语卫生类补全短文考前练习

2014年职称英语卫生类补全短文考前练习

2014年职称英语卫生类补全短文考前练习How Did She Conquer the Americans?African-American talk show queen Oprah Winfrey is the world's most powerful celebrity, according to Forbes magazine. ______________(1)Winfrey, 51, draws 30 million viewers weekly in the United States. Her talk show reaches 112 countries. She earned US$225 million over the past 12 months to rank second in celebrity riches.The annual Forbes list gives most weight to annual earnings. ______________(2)"After 21 years, her exciting chat show still rules the airwaves. It created new celebrities and hundreds of millions of dollars in profits," the magazine said.Winfrey is most popular with her popular talk show "The Oprah Winfrey Show". She can always attract the superstars and let them open up to her intimate interviewing style.Last month, American actor Tom Cruise, 42, surprised fans when he celebrated his new romance with 26-year-old actress Katie Holmes. He jumped up and down, shouting "I'm in love." Only a few years ago, Cruise and his ex-wife Nicole Kidman appeared separately on the same show telling the news of their divorce. ______________(3)Winfrey's approach appears to be simple. She is in pursuit of self-improvement andself-empowerment (自强). This has proved to be just what people, especially women, want.Winfrey often talks about her personal secrets on her show. That pulls in viewers. For example, she revealed that she had been sexually abused as a child, and has spoken freely of her struggle with her weight.Winfrey was born to a poor family in Mississippi in 1954. ______________(4) At the age of 19, she became the youngest person and the first African-American woman to anchor (主持) a news programme.Her success has not just been on the screen. Her media group includes a women's TV network and websites for women.Winfrey's work has extended to social change. ______________(5)She testified before the US Senate to establish a national database of dangerous child abusers. President Bill Clinton later signed "Oprah Bill" into law.A But it also looks at the celebrity's presence on the Internet and in the media.B In 1991, she did a lot of work for the National Child Protection Act.C She was not a very successful woman.D She began broadcasting while still at high school.E It placed Winfrey at the top of its annual ranking of the 100 people last week.F The couple had been tight-lipped about their break-up.参考答案:1. E2. A3. F4. D5. B。

2014年新增文章

2014年新增文章
2014年职称英语新增文章汇总
卫生类
阅读判断
第九篇:What Is a Dream?(B级)
第十三篇:Stage Fright(A级)
第十四篇:Azeri Hills Hold Secret of Long Life(A级)
阅读理解
第三十七篇:Hypertension Drugs Found to Cut Risk of Stroke(A级)
补全短文
第四篇:The Bilingual Brain(C级)
第十篇:How Deafenss Makes It Easier to Hear(B级)
第十四篇:A Memory Drug?(A级)
综合类
阅读判断
第九篇:What Is a Dream?(B级)
第十一篇:Stage Fright(A级)
阅读理解
第二十九篇:I’’ll Be Bach(B级)
补全短文
第四篇:The Bilingual Brain(C级)
第十篇:How Deafenss Makes It Easier to Hear(B级)
第十五篇:A Memory Drug?(A级)
2014年职称英语新增文章具体内容更新中!
概括大意
第十三篇:Ward off Trav第十三篇)
阅读理解
第二十九篇:I’’ll Be Bach(B级)
第三十六篇:Life as a Movie Extra(A级)
补全短文
第三篇:Are Online Friends Real Friends?(C级)
第十四篇:The Sandwich Generation(A级)
理工类
阅读判断
第八篇:What Is a Dream?(B级)

2014年职称英语综合类考试教材补全短文文章及译文(4)

2014年职称英语综合类考试教材补全短文文章及译文(4)

2014年职称英语综合类考试教材补全短文文章及译文(4)2014年职称英语考试时间为3月29日。

小编为您整理职称英语教材中,补全短文部分的文章及译文,希望对您有所助益。

The First Four MinutesWhen do people decide whether or not they want to become friends? During their first four minutes together, according to a book by Dr. Leonard Zunin. In his book, “Contact: The first four minutes”he offers this advice to anyone interested in starting new friendships:“(1) A lot of people's whole lives would change if they did just that.”You may have noticed that the average person does not give his undivided attention to someone he has just met.(2)If anyone has ever done this to you, you probably did not like him very much.When we are introduced to new people, the author suggests, we should try to appear friendly and self-confident. In general, he says, “People like people who like themselves1. ”On the other hand, we should not make the other person think we are too sure of ourselves. It is important to appear interested and sympathetic,realizing that the other person has his own needs, fears, and hopes.Hearing such advice, one might say, "But I'm not a fiiendly, self-confident person. That's not my nature. It would be dishonest for me to act that way. ”(3) We can become accustomed to any changes we choose to make in our personality. “It is like getting used to a new car. It may be unfamiliar at first, but it goes much better than the old one. ”But isn't it dishonest to give the appearance of friendly self-confidence when we don't actually feel that way? Perhaps, but according to Dr. Zunin, "total honesty" is not always good for social relationships2 ’ especially during the first few minutes of contact. There is a time for everything, and a certain amount of play-acting may be best for the first few minutes of contact with a stranger3 . That is not the time to complain about one's health or to mention faults one finds in other people. It is not the time to tell the whole truth about one's opinions and impressions.(4) For a husband and wife or a parent and child, problems often arise during their firstfour minutes together after they have been apart. Dr. Zunin suggests that these first few minutes together be treated with care. If there are unpleasant matters to be discussed, they should be dealt with later.The author says that interpersonal relations should be taught as a required course5 in everyschool, along with reading, writing, and mathematics. —(5) That is at least as important as how much we know.词汇:undivided 不分散的,专一的 personality 个性,人格accustomed 惯常的注释:1.People like people who like themselves.人们喜欢那些有自信心的人。

2014全国职称英语等级考试 卫生类 专项突破与专项训练 C级 译文

2014全国职称英语等级考试 卫生类  专项突破与专项训练  C级   译文

职称英语卫生类等级考试B级专项突破阅读判断专项突破一P34想要活到一百岁吗?听听这五个百岁老人的话住在Missouri中心退休社区的五个全是百岁老人的邻居总是被问到:“您们是怎么活到一百岁的?”如果你想活到一百岁,这五个黄金女孩组成的珍贵群体说长寿的关键是努力干你喜欢的工作,并且工作时好好照顾自己的身体。

尽管国内预计大约有七万人现在达到一百岁或者超过一百岁,但是发现五个一百岁的老人住在同一个地方还是很罕见的。

“我认为这是个悲伤的事。

年老是一种态度,我并不感觉到老。

”以前从事教育工作,并且现在仍然开着他的别克车的Leaver这样说道。

不需要太长时间你就会发现Leaver和他的邻居们除了长寿和长寿的健康习惯之外还有许多其他的共同点。

除了stuart是101岁,其他都是一百岁。

尽管他们的视力和听力不如从前,他们都避开了许多老年人常被困扰的疾病。

从leaver 战胜第一次和唯一的一次癌症到现在已经50年了。

联系这五个女性的共同线索是几十年从事她们喜爱的工作,作为农民,设计师,学校督导,图书管理员和秘书。

在他们生命的早期,像她们一样的全职女性就想今天的百岁老人一样罕见。

阅读判断专项突破二P35艾滋世界卫生组织说世界范围内有一千万人携带艾滋病病毒。

专家认为大约有35万人患有艾滋病。

并且,在接下来五年中,会有超过一百万人患上艾滋病。

在美国,大约有五万人死于艾滋病。

美国最高医疗机关说五年前携带艾滋病病毒的美国人中90%以上已经死亡。

艾滋病不能治疗也没有预防艾滋病的疫苗或药物。

然而,专家们对艾滋病的了解已经比几年前多了许多。

现在我们知道。

艾滋病是由病毒引起的。

病毒侵袭健康细胞,包括作为抵抗疾病的防御系统的一部分的白细胞。

它控制健康细胞的遗传物质,强制细胞进行病毒复制。

然后细胞就会死亡。

然后病毒引起的物质继续侵袭,杀死健康细胞。

艾滋病病毒携带在病人的体液中。

艾滋病病毒可以通过性传播或者公用注射静脉药物的工具传播。

也可以通过血液制品或者从艾滋病孕妇传给正在生长的胎儿。

20XX职称英语教材卫生类补全短文新增文章第4篇-职称英语考试.doc

20XX职称英语教材卫生类补全短文新增文章第4篇-职称英语考试.doc

2014职称英语教材卫生类补全短文新增文章第4篇-职称英语考试2014年职称英语教材卫生类补全短文新增文章:The Bilingual Brain第四篇:The Bilingual BrainWhen Karl Kim immigrated to the United States from Korea s a teenager, he had a hard time learning English. Now he speaks it fluently, and he had a unique opportunity to see how our brains adapt to a second language. As a graduate student, Kim worked in the lab of Joy Hirsch, aneuroscientist in New York. 1 They found evidence that children and adults don't use the same parts of the brain when they learn a second language.The researchers used an instrument called an MRI( magnetic resonance imaging) scanner to study the brains of two groups of bilingual people. 2 . The other consisted of people who, like Kim, learned their second language later in life. People from both groups were placed inside the MRI scanner. This allowed Kim and Hirsch to see which parts of the brain were getting more blood and were moreactive. They asked people from both groups to think about what they had done the day before, first in one language and then the other. They couldn't speak out loud because any movement would disrupt the scanning.Kim and Hirsch looked specifically at two language centers in the brain - Broca's area~ , which is believed to control speech production, and Wernicke's area, which is thought to process meaning. Kim and Hirsch found that both groups of people used the same part of Wernicke's area no matter what language they were speaking. 3People who learned a second language as children used the same region in Broca's area for both their first and second languages. People who learned a second language later in life used a different part of Broca's area for their second language. 4 Hirsch believes that whenlanguage is first being programmed in young children, their brains may mix the sounds and structures of all languages in the same area. Once that programming is complete, the processing of a new language must be taken over by a different part of the brain.A second possibility is simply that we may acquire languagesdifferently as children than we do as adults. Hirsch thinks that mothers teach a baby to speak by using different methods involving touch, sound, and sight. 5注释:1.Now he speaks it fluently,and he had a unique opportunity to see how our brains adapt to a second language.现在他说一口流利的英语,并且有一独特的机会来审视我们的大脑是如何适应第二语言的。

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The Bilingual Brain
When Karl Kim immigrated to the United States from Korea’s a teenager,he had a hard time learning English.Now he speaks it fluently,and he had a unique opportunity to see how our brains adapt to a second language.1As a graduate student,Kim worked in the lab of Joy Hirsch,a neuroscientist in New York.
____1____They found evidence that children and adults don’t use the same parts of the brain when they learn a second language.
The researchers used an instrument called an MRI2(magnetic resonance imaging)scanner to study the brains of two groups of bilingual people.____2____. The other consisted of people who,like Kim,learned their second language later in life.People from both groups were placed inside the MRI scanner.This allowed Kim and Hirsch to see which parts of the brain were getting more blood and were more active.They asked people from both groups to think about what they had done the day before,first in one language and then the other.They couldn’t speak out loud because any movement would disrupt the scanning.
Kim and Hirsch looked specifically at two language centers in the brain-Broca's area3,which is believed to control speech production,and Wernicke’s area3,which is thought to process meaning.Kim and Hirsch found that both groups of people used the same part of Wernicke's area no matter what language they were speaking.____3____
People who learned a second language as children used the same region in Broca’s area for both their first and second languages.People who learned a second language later in life used a different part of Broca’s area for their second language.____4____Hirsch believes that when language is first being programmed in young children,their brains may mix the sounds and structures of
all languages in the same area.Once that programming is complete,the processing of a new language must be taken over by a different part of the brain.
A second possibility is simply that we may acquire languages differently as children than we do as adults.Hirsch thinks that mothers teach a baby to speak by using different methods involving touch,sound,and sight.____5____
词汇:
immigrate/??m??gre?t/vt.使移居入境
scanner/?sk?n?/n.扫描仪
bilingual/ba??l??gw(?)l/adj.具备双语能力的
neuroscientist/'nj??r??'sa??nt?st/n.神经系统科学家
unique/ju:?ni:k/adj.独特的
disrupt/dis?r?pt/使中断
注释:
1.Now he speaks it fluently,and he had a unique opportunity to see how our brains adapt to a second language.现在他说一口流利的英语,并且有一独特的机会来审视我们的大脑是如何适应第二语言的。

adapt to:适应
2.MRI(magnetic resonance imaging):磁共振成像
3.Bmca’s area:布洛卡区,也译为布罗卡区是大脑的一区,它主管语言讯息的处理、话语的产生。

与Wernicke’s area共同形成语言系统。

布若卡区与韦尼克
区通常位于脑部的优势半脑(通常位于左侧),这是由于大多数人(97%)是右利的缘故。

1861年法国神经学家兼外科医生保罗。

布罗卡(Paul Broca,1824—1880)对一些失语症患者进行研究及治疗时发现此一区域,位于大脑皮层额下回后部的44、45区,故以其发现者的名字命名为布罗卡区。

练习:
A But their use of Broca’s area was different.
B One group consisted of those who had learned a second language as children.
C How does Hirsch explain this difference?
D We use special parts of the brain for language learning.
E And that is very different from learning a language in a high school or college class.
F Their work led to an important discovery.
答案与题解:
1.F根据本空的后一句:They found evidence that children and adults don’t use the same parts of the brain when they learn a second language.其中they found evidence与discovery相呼应。

2.B依据本空的后一句The other consisted of people who,like Kim,learned their second language later in life.one...the other是一固定搭配,用来比较同类事物。

3.A整段讲的是Kim他们对大脑的两个语言中心的分析,得出两组被试都用Wernicke’s area中同一地带,紧接着该谈被试们使用Broca’s area的情况。

4.C本段的开头谈到孩子学习第一和第二语言都用Broca’s area相同的地带;而成人学习第二语言时使用Broca’s area不同的地带。

后面都是Hirsch对这一现象的解释;He believes…根据上下文C是恰当的。

5.E该句是全文的结束语。

本段前两句都讲成年人与小孩习得语言的不同,Hirsch认为,母亲教小孩说话用不同于成人的方法,比如用触摸、声音和情景。

Different是一关键词,所以,我们在中学和大学课堂学语言的方法和母亲教孩子的方法是不同的。

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