语言学Chapter4课后练习答案

ChaPter 4 ReViSiOn EXerCiSeS

1.What is syntax?

SyntaX is a branch Of IinglnStiCS that StIldieS how WOrdS are Conlbined to fbnn SelltenCeS and the nιles that govern the fbnnation Of SelltenCeS ・

2.What is PhraSe StrUCtUre rule?

The grammatical mechanism that regulates the aιτangement Of elements (i.e. specifiers, heads, and COmPlenIentS) that make UP a PhIaSe is Called a PIUaSe StlllCnUe rule.

The PIIraSe StrUCtUraI nιle for NR VR AR and PP Can be Written as follows:

NPf(Det)N(PP)…

VPf(Qual)V(NP)…

AP-*(Deg) A (PP) ...

PP-*(Deg)P(NP) ...

We Can fbπnulate a Single general PIlIaSal StnICtlIral IlIIe in WliiCh X StandS for the head N, \； A Or P.

Tlle XP nιle: XP-*(specifier) X (COmPlement)

3.What is category? HOW to determine a word,s category?

CategOIy refers to a group Of IinglIiStiC items WIliCh fulfill the Sanle or similar ftinctions iιι a PartiCUIar IanglIage SUCh as a SenteIice, a IloUn PIIraSe Or a Verb.

TO deteπιιine a WOrd,s category, tlιree Criteria are USUalIy employed, IlameIy meaning, inflection and distribution. The most reliable Of detemiining a word's CategOry is its distribution・

4∙ What is COOrdinate StrUCtUre and What PrOPertieS does it have?

TlIe StnICtlire fbnned by joining two Or more elements Of the Same type Witll the IIelP Of a COlIJunCtiOn is CaIled COOrdillate structure.

It has four important properties:

1)there is no Iimit On the InUnber Of COOrdinated CategorieS that Can

appear prior to the COlymICtiOn・

2) a CategOIy at any IeVel (a head Or an entire XP) Can be COOrdinated ・

3)COOrdinated CategOrieS must be Of the Same type.

4)the CategOIy type Of the COOrdinate PIIlaSe is identical to the

CategOry type Of the elements being CoIIjOined・

5.What elements does a PhraSe COlItain and What role does each element play?

APhIaSe USUally COlltainS the fbllowiιιg e lements: head. SPeCifier and COmPlement. SOnIetimeS it also COntamS another kind Of element teπned modifier.

TIIe role each element Can play:

Head:

Head is the WOrd around WlliCh a PhIaSe is fbιιned.

SPeCifier:

SPeCifier has both SPeCial SemantiC and SylltaCtiC roles・ SemantiCaIly5 it helps to make IllOre PreCiSe the IileaIling Of the head・

Syntactically, it typically maiks a PhIaSe boundary.

Complement:

COmPlementS are themselves PhIaSeS and PrOVide infbmιation about entities and IOCatiOnS WhOSe existence is implied by the meaning Of the Ilead・

Modifier:

MOdifIerS SPeCify OPtiOnalIy expressible PrOPertieS Of the heads・

6.What is deep StruCtUre and What is SUrfaCe structure?

There are two IeVeIS Of SyntaCtiC StrUCtUre・ The first, f∂πned by the XP nιle in accordance With the head,s SUbCategOriZatiOn properties, is

CaIIed deep StrUCtUre (Or D-S仃uctιιre). The second, COneSPOnding to the final SyntaCtiC f∂πn Of the SentenCe WhiCh results from appropriate Uansfdnnations, is CalIed SUrfaCe StrUCtUre (Or S-StrUCtUre).

7.IndiCate the CategOry Of each WOrd in the following sentences.

a)The Old Iady got Off the bus carefully.

TT I I ∖

Det A N ∖r P Det N AdV

b)The Car SIlddenIy CraShed OntO the river bank.