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A.As Level Economics Syllabus2010

General Certificate of Education (International) Syllabus Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary LevelECONOMICS 9708For examination in June and November 2010CIE provides syllabuses, past papers, examiner reports, mark schemes and more on the internet. We also offer teacher professional development for many syllabuses.Learn more at ECONOMICSGCE Advanced Subsidiary Level andGCE Advanced Level 9708for examination in June and November 2010CONTENTSPageINTRODUCTION1AIMS 1ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES 2 SCHEME OF ASSESSMENT 2 CURRICULUM CONTENT 4 APPENDIX: RESOURCE LIST 14INTRODUCTION1 The aim of this syllabus is to enable Centres to develop Economics courses that are suitableboth for Advanced Level candidates and for those seeking a more limited study of the subject.2 In order to increase flexibility of assessment to Centres, the content has been divided into tworoughly equal halves. The essential unity of the subject is preserved by the fact that the papers on the second, or Supplement, part of the syllabus presuppose previous study and understanding of the first, or Core, part of the syllabus, and questions may involve the demonstration of this knowledge and understanding.3 There are three pathways available to candidates:(a) Those candidates who wish to take the whole of the Advanced Level qualification at theend of a course of study take all four papers together.(b) Satisfactory performance on the two Core papers (Papers 1 and 2) makes a candidateeligible for an Advanced Subsidiary Level qualification.(c) Candidates who wish to follow a staged assessment route to the A Level qualificationtake the Advanced Subsidiary Level qualification first. They then need take only the tworemaining papers (Papers 3 and 4) in order to complete the A Level.4 No previous study of the subject is assumed by the syllabus.AIMSThe syllabus is intended to encourage courses that will:(a) provide a basis of factual knowledge of economics,(b) encourage the development in the student of:(i) a facility for self-expression, not only in writing but also in using additional aids suchas statistics and diagrams where appropriate,(ii) the habit of using works of reference as sources of data specific to economics,(iii) the habit of reading critically to gain information about the changing economy in which we live,(iv) an appreciation of the methods of study used by the economist and of the most effective ways in which economic data may be analysed, correlated, discussed andpresented.ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVESCandidates are expected to: 1 DEMONSTRATE KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING of the specified content, 2 INTERPRET economic information presented in verbal, numerical or graphical form, 3EXPLAIN AN D AN ALYSE economic issues and arguments, using relevant economic concepts, theories and information,4EVALUATE economic information, arguments, proposals and policies, taking into consideration relevant information and theory, and distinguishing facts from hypothetical statements and value judgements,5ORGAN ISE, PRESEN T AN D COMMUN ICATE economic ideas and informed judgements in a clear, logical and appropriate form.The Multiple Choice components (Papers 1 and 3) will seek to test particularly Assessment Objectives 1, 2 and 3.The Data Response part of Papers 2 and 4 will seek to test particularly Assessment Objectives 2 and 3, and to a lesser extent Assessment Objectives 1, 4 and 5.The Essay part of Papers 2 and 4 will seek to test particularly Assessment Objectives 1, 3, 4 and 5, and to a lesser extent Assessment Objective 2.SCHEME OF ASSESSMENTAdvanced Subsidiary LevelPaper Type DurationNumber ofquestions Maximum markWeight (% of total marks for syllabus)1Multiple Choice (Core) 1 hour3030401 20 30 (a) Data Response (Core)2(b) Structured Essay (Core)1 hr 30 mins 1 from a choice of 320 30Advanced LevelPaper Type DurationNumber ofquestions Maximum markWeight (% of total marks for syllabus)1Multiple Choice (Core)1 hour3030201 20 152(a) Data Response (Core)(b) Structured Essay (Core)1 hr 30 mins1 from a choice of 320 153 Multiple Choice (Supplement) 1 hour3030 15(a) Data Response(Supplement)1 20 104(b) Essay (Supplement)2 hrs 15 mins2 from a choice of 650 25Papers 1 and 2 for Advanced Level are the same as Papers 1 and 2 for Advanced Subsidiary Level. Papers 3 and 4 will test the topics in the Supplement, but will also require a knowledge and understanding of the topics in the Core.All of the question papers will be available for examination in both June and November.CURRICULUM CONTENTADVANCED SUBSIDIARY (AS) LEVELThe curriculum content for Advanced Subsidiary Level covers the Core curriculum.Advanced Subsidiary Level SyllabusExamples of other concepts and termsincluded1CoreBasic Economic Ideas [Core](a) Scarcity, choice and resource allocationi. Meaning of scarcity and the inevitability of choices at alllevels (individual, firms, governments)ii. Opportunity costiii. Basic questions of what will be produced, how and for whom(b) Different allocative mechanismsi. Market economiesii. Planned economiesiii. Mixed economies(c) Production possibility curve – shape and shifts(d) The margin: decision making at the margin(e) Positive and normative statements(f) Ceteris paribus(g) Factors of production: land, labour, capital, enterprise(h) Division of labour(i) Money: its functions and characteristics bartercheques coincidence of wants command economy costs of production division of labour economic goods economic growth economic problem entrepreneurfixed capitalfixed capital formation free goodsinterestinvestmentlaw (economic) liquidity macroeconomics marketmarket system maximisation measure of value medium of exchange microeconomics nominalother things being equalprimary sector production frontier production transformation curve resources secondary sector Smith, Adam specialisation standard of deferred paymentsstore of wealth tertiary sectorunit of accountwantsworking capitalADVANCED LEVELThe whole of the Core curriculum content opposite, plus the following:Additional material for Advanced Level SyllabusExamples of other concepts and termsincluded1SuppBasic Economic Ideas [Supplement]Efficient resource allocationConcept of economic efficiency: productive and allocative efficiency optimum resource allocationAdditional material for Advanced Level SyllabusExamples of other concepts and termsincluded2SuppThe Price System and Theory of the Firm [Supplement](a) Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility and its relationship toderivation of an individual demand schedule and curveEqui-marginal principleLimitations of marginal utility theory(b) Budget linesIncome and substitution effects of a price change.(c) Short-run production function: fixed and variable factors ofproduction, total product, average product and marginalproductLaw of diminishing returns (Law of variable proportions)(d) Demand for labour:Meaning and factors affecting demand for labourDerivation of individual firm's demand for a factor usingmarginal revenue product theory(e) Supply of labour – meaning and factors affecting supplyNet advantages and the long-run supply of labour(f) Wage determination under free market forces(competitive product and factor markets)The role of trade unions and government in wagedeterminationWage differentials and economic rent(g) Long-run production functionReturns to scale(h) Economist's versus accountant's definition of costsMarginal cost and average costShort-run cost function – fixed costs versus variable costsExplanation of shape of SRAC average fixed cost average variable cost barriers to exitcartelclosed shop collective bargaining decreasing returns diseconomies of scale economies of large dimensionsfinancial economies of scalehorizontal integration immobility of labour imperfect competition increasing returns industrial concentration integrationmarginal physical productmobility of labour monopsonynatural monopolynon-pecuniary advantages occupational mobility paradox of value pecuniary advantages price agreementsAdvanced Subsidiary Level SyllabusExamples of other concepts and termsincluded2CoreThe Price System [Core](a) Individual demand curves(b) Aggregation of individual demand curves to give marketdemand(c) Factors influencing demand(d) Movements along and shifts of a demand curve(e) Price, income and cross- elasticities of demandi. Meaning and calculationii. Factors affectingiii. Implications for revenue and business decisions(f) Firms' supply curvesAggregation of individual firms' supply curves to givemarket supply(g) Factors influencing market supply, including indirect taxesand subsidiesMovements along and shifts of a supply curve(h) Price elasticity of supply: determinants, implications forspeed/ease with which businesses react to changedmarket conditions(i) Interaction of demand and supply: equilibrium price andquantityi. Meaning of equilibrium and disequilibriumii. Effects of changes in supply and demand onequilibrium price and quantityiii. Applications of demand and supply analysis(j) Consumersurplus(k) Prices as rationing and allocative mechanisms ad valorem tax change in demand change in quantity demanded complementary goods composite demand demand conditions demand schedule derived demand direct taxation disequilibrium effective demand elasticequilibrium equilibrium price equilibrium quantity impact of tax incidence of tax income taxinelasticinferior goodjoint demandjoint supplylaw of demandlaw of supplynormal good perfectly elastic perfectly inelastic price mechanism rectangular hyperbola specific tax substitute goods supply conditions total revenueunitary elasticityAdditional material for Advanced Level SyllabusExamples of other concepts and termsincluded2 Supp The Price System and Theory of the Firm [Supplement] –continued(i) Long-run cost functionExplanation of shape of LRACRelationship between economies of scale and decreasingcostsInternal and external economies of scale(j) Survival of small firmsGrowth of firms(k) Relationship between elasticity, marginal, average and totalrevenue for a downward-sloping demand curve(l) Concepts of firm and industry(m) T raditional objective of firm – profit maximisationNormal and abnormal profitAn awareness of other objectives of firm(n) Different market structures – perfect competition, monopoly,monopolistic competition, oligopolyStructure of markets as explained by number of buyers andsellers, nature of product, degree of freedom of entry andnature of information.Contestable markets(o) Conduct of firms – pricing policy and non-price policy,including price discrimination, price leadership models andmutual interdependence in the case of oligopolies(p) Performance of firms – in terms of output, profits andefficiencyComparisons with regard to economic efficiency, barriers toentry, price competition, non-price competition and collusionrisk-bearingeconomies of scalesales maximisationsales revenuemaximisationsatisficing profitssecond-best theorysharessupernormal profittechnical economiestransactions demandfor moneytransfer earningsvertical integrationAdvanced Subsidiary Level Syllabus concepts and termsincluded3CoreGovernment Intervention in the Price System [Core](a) Externalities(b) Social costs as the sum of private costs and external costsSocial benefits as the sum of private benefits and externalbenefits(c) Decision making using cost-benefit analysis(d) Private goods and public goodsMerit goods and demerit goods(e) Government intervention via maximum price controls, pricestabilisation, taxes, subsidies, direct provision of goods andservices excise duties external benefit external cost government expenditure imperfections negative externality non-excludability non-rivalness positive externalityAdvanced Subsidiary Level SyllabusExamples of other concepts and termsincluded4CoreInternational Trade(a) Principles of absolute and comparative advantage, and theirreal-world limitationsOther explanations/determinants of trade flowsOpportunity cost concept allied to trade(b) Arguments for free trade and motives for protection(c) Types of protection and their effects(d) Economic integration: free trade area, customs union,economic union(e) Terms of Trade(f) Components of the balance of payments capital account of balance of payments comparative costs current account of balance of payments current transfers deficitdumpingexportsexternal balance financial account of balance of payments globalisation importsinfant industry argumentinvisible balancenet errors and omissionsquotasurplustarifftrade creationtrade diversion trading possibility curvevisible balanceAdditional material for Advanced Level Syllabus concepts and termsincluded3 Supp Government Intervention in the Price System [Supplement](a) Sources of market failure(b) Meaning of a deadweight lossesMarket imperfections – existence of monopolistic elements(c) Objectives of government microeconomic policy: efficiency,equity(d) Policies to correct market failure: regulationPolicies towards income and wealth redistributionEffectiveness of government policies(e) PrivatisationProblems of transition when central planning in an economyis reducedSupply-side economicsThere is no supplementary material on Section 4 of the syllabus.Advanced Subsidiary Level Syllabus concepts and termsincluded5 Core Measurement in the Macroeconomy [Core](a) Employment StatisticsSize and components of labour forceLabour productivityDefinition of unemploymentUnemployment rate; patterns and trends in(un)employmentDifficulties involved in measuring unemployment(b) General price level: price indicesbase dateconsumer price indexcost of livingdeflationdependency ratiohousehold expenditureparticipation rateRetail Prices Indexweightsworking populationAdditional material for Advanced Level SyllabusExamples of other concepts and termsincluded5 Supp Theory and Measurement in the Macroeconomy[Supplement](a)National income statisticsi. Use of national income statistics as measures ofeconomic growth and living standardsii. Money and real data; GDP deflatoriii. Comparison of economic growth rates and livingstandards over time and between countriesiv. Other indicators of living standards and economicdevelopment(b)Money supplyBroad and narrow money supplyGovernment accounts: government budget, deficit financing(c) The circular flow of income between households, firms,government and the international economy(d) Main schools of thought on how the macroeconomyfunctions – Keynesian and monetarist(e) Aggregate expenditure function (AE)Meaning, components of AE and their determinantsIncome determination using AE-income approach andwithdrawal/injection approach Inflationary and deflationarygaps; full employment level of income versus equilibriumlevel of incomeThe multiplierAutonomous and induced investment; the accelerator(f)Shape and determinants of ADShape and determinants of ASInteraction of AD and AS: determination of level of output,prices and employment(g) Sources of money supply in an open economy (commercialbanks / credit creation, central bank, deficit financing, totalcurrency flow)Relationship between money supply, price level and outputas explained by the Quantity Theory of Money(h) The demand for moneyInterest rate determinationLiquidity Preference theory and Loanable Funds theoryactive balancesat constant pricesat current pricesaverage propensitybalanced budgetcapital:output ratioclosed economyconsumptioncredit multiplierdepreciation (ofcapital)dissavingdistribution of incomegross domesticproductgross national productidle balancesleakageliquidity trapmarginal propensityNational Debtnet domestic productnet national productnet property incomefrom abroadparadox of thriftprecautionary demandfor moneyquality of lifesavingspeculative demandfor moneyyieldAdvanced Subsidiary Level SyllabusExamples of other concepts and termsincluded6 Core Macroeconomic Problems [Core](a) Inflationi. Definition of inflation; degrees of inflationii. Causes of inflationiii. Consequences of inflation(b) Balance of Payments Problemsi. Meaning of balance of payments equilibrium anddisequilibriumii. Causes of balance of payments disequilibriumiii. Consequences of balance of payments disequilibrium ondomestic and external economy(c) Fluctuations in Foreign Exchange Ratesi. Definitions and measurement of exchange rates –nominal, real, trade-weighted exchange ratesii. Determination of exchange rates – floating, fixed,managed floatiii. Factors underlying fluctuations in exchange ratesiv. Effects of changing exchange rates on the economyanticipated inflationappreciationcost-push inflationdemand-pull inflationdepreciationdevaluationfiscal boostfiscal dragforeign exchangehyperinflationIMFJ-curveMarshall-Lernerconditionmenu costspurchasing powerparityQuantity Theory ofMoneyreflationrevaluationtrade-weightedexchange rateunanticipated inflationvelocity of circulationwage driftAdvanced Subsidiary Level SyllabusExamples of otherconcepts and termsincluded7 Core Macroeconomic Policies [Core]Policies designed to correct balance of payments disequilibriumor influence the exchange rateexchange controlsexpendituredampeningexpenditure switchingAdditional material for Advanced Level SyllabusExamples of other concepts and termsincluded6 Supp Macroeconomic Problems [Supplement](a) Economic Growth and Developmenti. Definition of economic growth and developmentii. Indicators of comparative development andunderdevelopment in the world economy – economic,monetary, non-monetary and demographic indicatorsiii. Characteristics of developing economies: populationgrowth and structure, income distribution, economicstructure, employment composition, external trade andurbanisation in developing economies, the nature ofdependency, including the role of multi-nationalcorporations and external debtiv. Actual versus potential growth in national outputv. Factors contributing to economic growthvi. Costs and benefits of growth, including using andconserving resources(b) Unemploymenti. Full employment and natural rate of unemploymentii. Causes of unemploymentiii. Consequences of unemployment(c) Inter-connectedness of problems:Links between macroeconomic problems and theirinterrelatedness, for example• relationship between internal and external value of money• relationship between balance of payments and inflation• relationship between inflation and unemployment; trade-offbetween inflation and unemploymentbirth ratecyclical unemploymentdeath ratedemand-deficiencyunemploymentfrictionalunemploymentgeneral unemploymentmigrationnatural increaseoptimum populationseasonalunemploymentstructuralunemploymentsustainabilitytechnologicalunemploymenttrade cyclevoluntaryunemployment Additional material for Advanced Level SyllabusExamples of otherconcepts and termsincluded7 Supp Macroeconomic Policies [Supplement](a) Objectives of macroeconomic policy: stabilisation, growth(b) Policies towards developing economies; policies of trade andaid(c) Types of policy: Aims and instruments of each policy; howeach is used to control inflation, stimulate employment,stimulate growth and development, correct balance ofpayments disequilibrium; the effectiveness of eachi. Fiscal policyii. Monetary policyiii. Exchange rate policyiv. Supply side policy(d) Conflicts between policy objectives and evaluating policyoptions to deal with problemsautomatic stabilisercanons of taxationmarginal tax ratesopen marketoperationspoverty trapprogressive taxationproportional taxationregressive taxationAPPENDIX RESOURCE LISTThis is NOT a list of prescribed texts, but merely an attempt to provide a range of alternativesfrom which teachers may like to choose.author title publisher ISBN date Anderton, AG Economics AS Level Causeway 19027961282004Bamford, Colin, et al Economics International AS and ALevelCambridge* 052100781X2002Beardshaw, J Economics: A Student’s Guide Longman 027*******2001 Begg, David et al. Economics McGraw Hill 0077107756 2005Gillespie, A Economics A Level ThroughDiagramsOxford 01991342942001Grant, Susan Stanlake’s Introductory Economics Longman 05824054832000Grant, Susan Introductory Economics: A StudyGuide Longman 05823025601997Ison, Stephen Economics FT Prentice Hall 027******* 1999 Sloman, John Essentials of Economics FT Prentice Hall 027******* 2003 * This textbook is endorsed by University of Cambridge International Examinations.DictionariesBannock, Graham et al. (eds) Penguin Dictionary of Economics Penguin 01410107542004Cairns, John et al. Macmillan Dictionary of ModernEconomics Palgrave 03335769341992Wall, Nancy et al. The Complete A-Z Economics andBusiness Studies Handbook Hodder 03408727642003Internet: Teachers will also find useful material on the websites and .。

2010年世界经济体排名

2010年世界经济体排名1、美国United States 142587亿美元2、日本Japan 50730.45亿美元3、中国China49092.81亿美元4、德国Germany 33575.63亿美元5、法国France 26797.60亿美元6、英国United Kingdom $2.198 万亿美元7、意大利Italy $2.09 万亿美元8、巴西Brazil $1.482 万亿美元9、西班牙Spain 14661.27亿美元10、加拿大Canada $1.319 万亿美元11、印度India $1.243 万亿美元12、俄罗斯Russia 12282.01亿美元13、澳大利亚Australia $920 十亿美元14、墨西哥Mexico $866.3 十亿美元15、韩国Korea, South $800.3 十亿美元16、荷兰Netherlands 7942.02亿美元17、土耳其Turkey $593.5 十亿美元18、印尼Indonesia 5418.50亿美元Rank Country / Territory PopulationDate of estimate % of World PopulationSource1 People's Republic of China n21,339,230,000September 1,201019.5%Official Chinese Population Clock2 India1,187,050,000 September 1,201017.3%Official Indian Population Clock3 United States 310,135,000 September 1,2010 4.52% Official United States PopulationClock4 Indonesia 234,181,400 July 2010 3.41% Statistics Indonesia5 Brazil 193,252,604 July 2010 2.81% IGBE Projection6 Pakistan 170,422,000 September 1,2010 2.48% Official Pakistani Population clock7 Bangladesh 164,425,000 2010 2.39% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010 8 Nigeria 158,259,000 2010 2.3% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010 9 Russia 141,927,297January 1,20102.07% Federal State Statistics Service ofRussia10Japan127,380,000 June 1, 20101.86%Official Japan Statistics Bureau11 Mexico 108,396,211 July 1, 2010 1.58%INEGI estimateNational Population Statistics ofMexico [4]12 Philippines 94,013,200 Mid-2010 1.37%National Statistics Office mediumprojection13 Vietnam 85,789,573 April 1, 2009 1.25% Preliminary 2009 census result14Germany81,802,257January 1,2010 1.19%Eurostat estimate15 Ethiopia 79,221,000 July 2008 1.15%Ethiopia Central Statistics Agency16 Egypt 78,932,000 September 1,2010 1.15% Official Egyptian Population clock17 Iran 75,078,000 2010 1.09% 2008 UN estimate for year 201018 Turkey72,561,312 December 31, 20091.06% Turkish Statistical Institute estimate19Dem. Rep. of Congo67,827,0002010 0.99%2008 UN estimate for year 201020 France n365,447,374 January 1,2010 0.95%Official INSEE estimateThe figure for France without the overseas collectivities is 64,667,374.21 Thailand 63,525,062 December 0.92%22 United Kingdom62,008,049 January 1,20100.9% Eurostat estimate23 Italy60,380,912 March 1,20100.88% Official ISTAT estimate24 Myanmar (Burma) 50,496,000 2010 0.74% 2008 UN estimate for year 201025 South Africa49,991,300 July 1, 2010 0.73% Statistics South Africa26 South Korea49,773,145 December31, 20090.72% Statistics Korea27 Spain46,072,834 July 1, 2010 0.67% Official INE estimate28 Ukraine45,871,738 June 1, 2010 0.67% Official UKRSTAT estimate29 Colombia45,601,000 September 1,20100.66% Official Colombian Population clock30 Tanzania45,040,000 2010 0.66% 2008 UN estimate for year 201031 Kenya40,863,000 2010 0.6% 2008 UN estimate for year 201032 Argentina40,518,951 June 30,20100.59% Official INDEC estimate33 Sudan39,154,490 April 22,20080.57% 2008 Sudanese census34 Poland38,167,329 January 1,20100.56% Eurostat estimate35 Algeria35,423,000 2010 0.52% 2008 UN estimate for year 201036 Canada34,228,000 September 1,20100.5% Official Canadian Population clock37 Uganda33,796,000 2010 0.49% 2008 UN estimate for year 201038 Morocco31,909,000 September 1,20100.46% Official Moroccan Population clock39 Iraq31,467,000 2010 0.46% 2008 UN estimate for year 201040 Nepal29,853,000 2010 0.43% 2008 UN estimate for year 201041 Peru29,461,933 June 30,20100.42% Official INEI estimate (in Spanish)42 Afghanistan29,117,000 2010 0.42% 2008 UN estimate for year 201043 Venezuela28,911,000 September 1,20100.42% Official Venezuelan Population clock44 Malaysia28,306,700 July 2009 0.41%Statistic Department of Malaysia 45 Uzbekistan27,794,000 2010 0.4%2008 UN estimate for year 201046 Saudi Arabia26,246,000 2010 0.38% 2008 UN estimate for year 201047 24,333,000 2010 0.35% 2008 UN estimate for year 201048 Yemen24,256,000 2010 0.35% 2008 UN estimate for year 201049 North Korea23,991,000 2010 0.35%2008 UN estimate for year 201050 Mozambique23,406,000 2010 0.34% 2008 UN estimate for year 201051Republic ofChina(Taiwan)n423,131,093March 31,20100.34%Official National Statistics Taiwanestimate52 Syria22,505,000 2010 0.33% 2008 UN estimate for year 201053 Australia n522,443,905 September 1,20100.33% Australian Official Population Clock54 Côte d'Ivoire21,571,000 2010 0.31% 2008 UN estimate for year 201055 Romania21,466,174 January 1,20100.31% Eurostat estimate56 Sri Lanka20,410,000 2010 0.3%2008 UN estimate for year 201057 Madagascar20,146,000 2010 0.29% 2008 UN estimate for year 201058 Cameroon19,958,000 2010 0.29% 2008 UN estimate for year 201059 Angola18,993,000 2010 0.28% 2008 UN estimate for year 201060 Chile17,123,000 September 1,20100.25% Official INE projection (p.36)61 Netherlands16,611,000 September 1,20100.242% Official Netherlands population clock62 Burkina Faso16,287,000 2010 0.24% 2008 UN estimate for year 201063 Kazakhstan16,197,000 January, 120100.24% National Statistics Agency estimate64 Niger15,891,000 2010 0.23% 2008 UN estimate for year 201065 Malawi15,692,000 2010 0.23% 2008 UN estimate for year 201066 Mali14,517,176 April 1, 2009 0.21% Preliminary 2009 census result67 Guatemala14,377,000 2010 0.21% 2008 UN estimate for year 201068 Ecuador14,239,000 September 1,20100.21% Official Ecuadorian population clock69 Cambodia13,395,682 March 3,20080.2% Cambodian 2008 Census70 Zambia13,257,000 2010 0.19% 2008 UN estimate for year 201071 Senegal12,861,000 2010 0.19% 2008 UN estimate for year 201072 Zimbabwe12,644,000 2010 0.18%2008 UN estimate for year 201073 Greece11,306,183 January 1,20100.16% Eurostat estimate74 Chad11,274,106 June 2009 0.16% Chadian 2009 census76 Belgium10,827,519 January 1,20100.16% Eurostat estimate77 Portugal10,636,888 January 1,20100.15% Eurostat estimate78 Czech Republic10,512,397 January 1,20100.15% Eurostat estimate79 Tunisia10,432,500 July 1, 2009 0.15% National Statistics Institute of Tunisia80 Guinea10,324,000 2010 0.15% 2008 UN estimate for year 201081 Rwanda10,277,000 2010 0.15% 2008 UN estimate for year 201082 Dominican Republic10,225,000 2010 0.15% 2008 UN estimate for year 201083 Haiti10,188,000 2010 0.15% 2008 UN estimate for year 201084 Bolivia10,031,000 2010 0.15% 2008 UN estimate for year 201085 Hungary10,013,628 January 1,20100.15% Eurostat estimate86 Serbia n69,856,000 2010 0.14% 2008 UN estimate for year 201087 Belarus9,471,900 May 1, 2010 0.14%National Statistical Committee88 Sweden9,373,379 June 30,20100.14% Statistics Sweden89 Somalia n79,359,000 2010 0.14% 2008 UN estimate for year 201090 Benin9,212,000 2010 0.13% 2008 UN estimate for year 201091 Azerbaijan8,997,400 January 1,2010 0.13%State Statistical Committee ofAzerbaijan92 Burundi8,519,000 2010 0.12% 2008 UN estimate for year 201093 Austria8,372,930 January 1,20100.12% Eurostat estimate94 Switzerland7,782,900 December31, 20090.11%Official Switzerland Statisticsestimate95 Honduras7,616,000 2010 0.11%2008 UN estimate for year 201096 Israel n87,602,400 May 31, 2010 0.11% Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics97 Bulgaria7,576,751 January 1,20100.11% Eurostat estimate98 Tajikistan7,075,000 2010 0.103%2008 UN estimate for year 201099 Hong Kong7,026,400 December31, 20090.102%Hong Kong Census and StatisticsDepartment100 Papua New Guinea6,888,000 2010 0.1% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010101 Togo6,780,000 2010 0.099% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010 102 Libya6,546,000 2010 0.095%2008 UN estimate for year 2010104 Paraguay6,460,000 2010 0.094% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010105 Laos6,436,000 2010 0.094% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010106 El Salvador6,194,000 2010 0.09% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010107 Sierra Leone5,836,000 2010 0.085% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010108 Nicaragua5,822,000 2010 0.085% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010109 Kyrgyzstan5,550,000 2010 0.081% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010110 Denmark5,543,819 June 30,20100.08% Statistics Denmark111 Slovakia5,426,645 March 31,20100.079% Statistics Slovakia112 Finland n95,367,400 September 1,20100.078% Official Finnish Population clock113 Eritrea5,224,000 2010 0.076%2008 UN estimate for year 2010114 Turkmenistan5,177,000 2010 0.075% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010115 Singapore5,076,700 June 30,20100.074% Statistics Singapore116 Norway n104,900,000 September 1,20100.071% Official Norwegian Population clock117 United Arab Emirates4,707,000 2010 0.069%2008 UN estimate for year 2010118 Costa Rica4,640,000 2010 0.068% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010119Central AfricanRepublic4,506,000 2010 0.066% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010120 Ireland4,459,300 April 1, 2009 0.064%Irish Central Statistics Office estimate121 Georgia n114,436,000 January 1,20100.065% National Statistics Office of Georgia122 Croatia4,435,056 January 1,20090.065% Eurostat estimate123 New Zealand4,386,700 September 1,2010 0.064%Official New Zealand Populationclock124 Lebanon4,255,000 2010 0.062% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010125 Puerto Rico3,998,000 2010 0.058% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010126 Palestine3,935,249 0.055% Palestinian Central Bureau ofStatistics127Bosnia andHerzegovina3,760,000 2010 0.055% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010128 Republic of the Congo3,759,000 2010 0.055% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010129 Moldova n123,563,800 January 1,2010 0.052%National Bureau of Statistics ofMoldova130 Liberia3,476,608 March 21,20080.051%2008 Population and HousingCensus131 Uruguay3,372,000 2010 0.049% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010132 Mauritania3,366,000 2010 0.049% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010133 Lithuania3,329,227 January 1,20100.048% Eurostat estimate134 Panama3,322,576 May 16, 2010 0.048% Official INEC preliminary 2010census result135 Armenia3,238,000 January 1,2009 0.047%National Statistical Service ofArmenia136 Albania3,195,000 January 1,20100.047% Institute of Statistics INSTAT Albania137 Kuwait3,051,000 2010 0.044%2008 UN estimate for year 2010 138 Oman2,905,000 2010 0.042%2008 UN estimate for year 2010139 Mongolia2,771,300 September 1,20100.04% Official Mongolian population clock 140 Jamaica2,730,000 2010 0.04%2008 UN estimate for year 2010 141 Latvia2,237,800 July 1, 2010 0.033%Official Statistics of Latvia142 Namibia2,212,000 2010 0.032% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010143 Lesotho2,084,000 2010 0.03% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010144 Slovenia2,063,710 September 1,20100.03% Official Slovenian population clock145Republic ofMacedonia2,048,620January 1,20090.03% Eurostat estimate146 Botswana1,978,000 2010 0.029% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010147 Gambia1,751,000 2010 0.026% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010148 Qatar1,696,563 April 20,20100.025% Preliminary 2010 Census Results149 Guinea-Bissau1,647,000 2010 0.024%2008 UN estimate for year 2010150 Gabon1,501,000 2010 0.022% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010151 Trinidad and Tobago1,344,000 2010 0.02% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010152 Estonia1,340,021 January 1,20100.02% [2]153 Mauritius n131,297,000 2010 0.019% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010154 Swaziland1,202,000 2010 0.018% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010 155 East Timor1,171,000 2010 0.017%2008 UN estimate for year 2010156 Djibouti879,000 2010 0.013% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010159 Cyprus n14801,851 January 1,20100.012% Eurostat estimate160 Guyana761,000 2010 0.011% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010161 Bhutan708,000 2010 0.01% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010162 Equatorial Guinea[5]693,000 2010 0.01% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010163 Comoros n15691,000 2010 0.01% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010 164 Montenegro626,000 2010 0.009%2008 UN estimate for year 2010165 Macau542,200 December31, 20090.008% Macau Statistics and Census Service166 Solomon Islands536,000 2010 0.008%2008 UN estimate for year 2010 167 Western Sahara530,000 2010 0.008%2008 UN estimate for year 2010168 Suriname524,000 2010 0.008% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010169 Cape Verde513,000 2010 0.007% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010170 Luxembourg502,207 January 1,20100.007% Eurostat estimate171 Malta416,333 January 1,20100.006% Eurostat estimate172 Brunei407,000 2010 0.006%2008 UN estimate for year 2010 173 Bahamas346,000 2010 0.005%2008 UN estimate for year 2010174 Belize322,100 June 30,20080.005% Statistical Institute of Belize175 Iceland317,900 April 1, 2010 0.005% Statistics Iceland176 Maldives314,000 2010 0.005% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010177 Barbados257,000 2010 0.004% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010178 Vanuatu246,000 2010 0.004% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010179 Netherlands Antilles201,000 2010 0.003% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010180 Guam180,000 2010 0.003% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010 181 Samoa179,000 2010 0.003%2008 UN estimate for year 2010 182 Saint Lucia174,000 2010 0.003%2008 UN estimate for year 2010183São Tomé andPríncipe165,000 2010 0.002% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010184Federated States ofMicronesia111,000 2010 0.002% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010185 U.S. Virgin Islands109,000 2010 0.002% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010186 Saint Vincent and the109,000 2010 0.002% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010188 Grenada104,000 2010 0.002% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010 189 Tonga104,000 2010 0.002%2008 UN estimate for year 2010 190 Kiribati100,000 2010 0.001%2008 UN estimate for year 2010191 Jersey90,050 Mid 2007 0.001% UN estimate: Series A, Table 2192 Antigua and Barbuda89,000 2010 0.001% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010193Northern MarianaIslands88,000 2010 0.001% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010194 Seychelles85,000 2010 0.001%2008 UN estimate for year 2010195 Andorra84,082 December31, 20090.001% [3]196 Isle of Man80,000 2010 0.001%2008 UN estimate for year 2010 197 American Samoa69,000 2010 0.001%2008 UN estimate for year 2010 198 Dominica67,000 2010 0.001%2008 UN estimate for year 2010 199 Bermuda65,000 2010 0.001%2008 UN estimate for year 2010200 Marshall Islands63,000 2010 0.001% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010201 Guernsey61,811 March 1,20070.001% UN estimate: Series A, Table 2202 Greenland57,000 2010 0.001% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010 203 Cayman Islands57,000 2010 0.001%2008 UN estimate for year 2010204 Saint Kitts and Nevis52,000 2010 0.001% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010205 Faroe Islands48,760 May 1, 2010 0.001% Official statistics of the Faroe Islands206 Liechtenstein35,904 December31, 20090.0005% [4]207 Monaco33,000 2010 0.0005% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010208Turks and CaicosIslands33,000 2010 0.0005% 2008 UN estimate for year 2010209 San Marino32,386 Mid 2008 0.0005% UN estimate: Series A, Table 2 210 Gibraltar31,000 2010 0.0005%2008 UN estimate for year 2010 211 British Virgin Islands23,000 0.0003%UN estimate 212 Cook Islands20,000 0.0003%UN estimate213 Palau20,000 0.0003% UN estimate 214 Anguilla15,000 0.0002%UN estimate 215 Tuvalu10,000 0.0001%UN estimate 216 Nauru10,000 0.0001%UN estimate218 Saint Helenan164,500 0.0001%UN estimate 219 Falkland Islands 3,000 0.00005%UN estimate 220Niue 1,500 0.00003%UN estimate 221 Tokelau1,200 0.00003%UN estimate222 Vatican City 8000.00002%UN estimate223Pitcairn Islands500.000001%UN estimateRankCountryGDP(millions of USD)— World57,937,460[4] — European Union16,447,259[4]1 United States 14,256,2752 Japan 5,068,0593 People's Republic of China4,908,982[2]4 Germany 3,352,7425 France 2,675,9516 United Kingdom2,183,6077 Italy 2,118,264 8 Brazil 1,574,039 9 Spain 1,464,040 10 Canada 1,336,427 11 India 1,235,975 12 Russia 1,229,227 13 Australia 997,201 14 Mexico 874,903 15 South Korea 832,512 16 Netherlands 794,777 17 Turkey 615,329 18 Indonesia539,37719Switzerland494,622RankCountryGDP(millions of USD)— World 58,133,309 1 United States 14,256,300 —Eurozone 12,455,979[3] 2 Japan 5,067,5263People's Republic of China4,909,280[2]4Germany 3,346,702 5France 2,649,390[4] 6United Kingdom2,174,5307Italy 2,112,780 8 Brazil 1,571,979 9 Spain 1,460,250 10 Canada 1,336,067 11 India 1,296,085 12 Russia 1,230,726 13 Australia 924,843 14 Mexico 874,902 15 South Korea 832,512 16 Netherlands 792,128 17 Turkey 617,099 18 Indonesia540,277 19Switzerland500,260RankCountryGDP (millions of USD)— World58,150,000 — European Union 16,240,0001 United States 14,260,000 2Japan5,068,0003People's Republic of China4,909,000[2] 4 Germany 3,353,000 5France 2,676,000 6United Kingdom2,184,000 7 Italy 2,118,000 8 Brazil 1,574,000 9 Spain 1,464,000 10 Canada 1,336,000 11 Russia 1,255,000 12 India 1,236,000 13 Mexico 1,017,000 14 Australia 930,000 15 South Korea 809,700 16 Netherlands 799,000 17 Turkey 608,400 18Indonesia514,90019Switzerland484,10020 Belgium470,40021 Poland430,19722 Sweden405,44023 Norway382,98324 Austria381,88025Republic ofChina (Taiwan)378,96926 Saudi Arabia369,67127 Venezuela337,29528 Greece330,78029 Iran330,46130 Argentina310,06531 Denmark309,25232 South Africa287,21933 Thailand263,88934 Finland238,12835United ArabEmirates229,97136 Colombia228,83637 Portugal227,85538 Ireland227,781—Hong Kong210,73139CzechRepublic194,82840 Israel194,82541 Malaysia191,46342 Egypt187,95443 Singapore177,13244 Nigeria173,42845 Pakistan166,51546 Chile161,78147 Romania161,52148 Philippines160,99149 Algeria140,84850 Hungary129,40751 Peru126,76621 Poland430,07922 Sweden406,07223 Austria384,90824 Norway381,76625 Saudi Arabia369,17926 Iran331,01527 Greece329,92428 Venezuela326,49829 Denmark309,59630 Argentina308,74131 South Africa285,98332 Thailand263,85633United ArabEmirates261,34834 Finland237,51235 Colombia230,84436 Portugal227,67637 Ireland227,193—Hong Kong215,35538 Israel194,79039 Malaysia191,60140CzechRepublic190,27441 Egypt188,33442 Singapore182,23243 Nigeria168,99444 Pakistan166,54545 Chile163,67046 Romania161,11047 Philippines160,47648 Kuwait148,02449 Algeria140,57750 Hungary128,96451 Peru126,73452 New Zealand125,16053 Ukraine113,54520 Belgium461,50021 Poland423,00022 Sweden397,70023 Saudi Arabia384,00024 Austria374,40025 Norway369,00026Republic ofChina (Taiwan)361,50027 Venezuela353,50028 Greece338,30029 Iran331,80030 Denmark308,30031 Argentina301,30032 South Africa277,40033 Thailand266,40034 Finland242,30035 Colombia228,60036United ArabEmirates228,60037 Ireland226,80038 Portugal219,80039 Israel215,700—Hong Kong208,80040 Malaysia207,40041CzechRepublic189,70042 Egypt188,00043 Pakistan166,50044 Nigeria165,40045 Singapore163,10046 Romania160,70047 Philippines158,70048 Chile150,40049 Algeria134,80050 Peru127,40051 Hungary124,20052 New Zealand117,79553 Ukraine116,19154 Kuwait111,30955 Kazakhstan109,27356 Bangladesh94,50757 Vietnam92,43958 Morocco90,81559 Slovakia88,20860 Qatar83,91061 Angola68,75562 Iraq65,83863 Croatia63,18864 Libya60,35165 Ecuador57,30366 Sudan54,67767 Oman53,39568 Syria52,52469 Luxembourg51,73670 Slovenia49,21771 Belarus48,97372 Bulgaria47,10273DominicanRepublic46,74374 Azerbaijan43,11175 Serbia42,87976 Sri Lanka41,32377 Tunisia40,16878 Guatemala37,30279 Lithuania37,25480 Lebanon33,58581 Uzbekistan32,81682 Kenya32,72483 Ethiopia32,31984 Uruguay31,52885 Costa Rica29,31854 Kazakhstan109,11555 Vietnam91,85456 Morocco90,859[9]57 Bangladesh89,37858 Slovakia87,64259 Qatar71,04160 Angola69,06761 Iraq65,83762 Croatia63,03463 Libya62,36064 Oman60,29965 Ecuador57,24966 Sudan54,67767 Luxembourg52,44968 Syria52,17769 Belarus48,98470 Slovenia48,47771 Bulgaria47,10072DominicanRepublic46,59873 Azerbaijan43,01974 Serbia42,59475 Sri Lanka41,97976 Tunisia39,56177 Lithuania37,20678 Guatemala36,78879 Uruguay36,09380 Lebanon34,45081 Uzbekistan32,81782 Kenya30,20083 Costa Rica29,22584 Ethiopia28,53785 Yemen26,36586 Latvia26,19587 Cyprus24,910[10]52 Ukraine115,70053 Kuwait114,90054 New Zealand109,60055 Kazakhstan107,00056 Qatar92,54057 Bangladesh92,12058 Vietnam91,76059 Morocco90,78060 Slovakia88,30061 Iraq70,10062 Angola69,71063 Croatia61,72064 Libya60,61065 Ecuador55,61066 Cuba55,43067 Syria54,35068 Sudan54,29069 Oman52,34070 Slovenia49,55071 Belarus49,04072 Luxembourg46,51073 Bulgaria44,78074DominicanRepublic44,72075 Azerbaijan42,51076 Serbia42,390[5]77 Sri Lanka41,32078 Tunisia39,57079 Guatemala36,47080 Lithuania35,96081 Ethiopia33,92082 Lebanon32,66083 Uruguay31,61084 Turkmenistan30,73085 Uzbekistan30,32086 Burma27,55387 Latvia26,24788 Yemen25,13189 Panama24,71190 Cyprus23,60391 Jordan22,92992 Côte d'Ivoire22,49793 Tanzania22,31894 Cameroon22,22395 El Salvador21,10096Trinidad andTobago20,38097 Bahrain20,21498 Estonia19,12399 Bolivia17,627100Bosnia andHerzegovina17,133101 Uganda15,736102 Ghana15,513103 Paraguay14,668104 Honduras14,268105 Afghanistan14,044106 Zambia13,000107 Senegal12,738108 Nepal12,615109EquatorialGuinea12,222110 Albania12,185111 Iceland12,133112 Jamaica11,903113 Botswana11,630114DemocraticRepublic of theCongo11,108115 Gabon11,016116 Cambodia10,80488 Panama24,71189 Côte d'Ivoire23,04290 Jordan22,78891 El Salvador22,17492 Bahrain21,90393 Cameroon21,83794 Tanzania21,623[11]95Trinidad andTobago21,09796 Turkmenistan19,94797 Estonia19,084—Macau18,59998 Bolivia17,34099Bosnia andHerzegovina17,122100 Uganda15,736101 Ghana15,619102 Paraguay15,015103 Jamaica14,681104 Honduras14,632105 Senegal13,059106 Zambia12,748107 Nepal12,531108 Iceland12,133109 Albania11,834110 Botswana11,630—Channel Islands11,515111 Gabon11,602112DemocraticRepublic of theCongo10,779113 Georgia10,737[12]114 Afghanistan10,624115EquatorialGuinea10,413116 Cambodia10,02886 Kenya30,21087 Costa Rica29,29088 North Korea28,20089 Burma26,52090 Yemen26,24091 Panama24,75092 Latvia24,20093 Cyprus23,22094Trinidad andTobago23,00095 Côte d'Ivoire22,91096 Jordan22,56097 El Salvador22,17098 Tanzania22,16099 Cameroon21,820—Macau21,700100 Bahrain19,360101 Estonia18,050102 Bolivia17,550103Bosnia andHerzegovina16,960104 Uganda15,660105 Ghana14,760106 Brunei14,700107 Honduras14,580108 Paraguay13,610109 Afghanistan13,320110 Senegal12,610111 Nepal12,470112 Zambia12,290113 Jamaica11,920114 Iceland11,780115 Albania11,730116EquatorialGuinea11,180117 Georgia10,737118 Brunei10,546119 Mozambique9,831120Republic of theCongo9,532121 Namibia9,459122 Macedonia9,238123 Mali8,965124 Mauritius8,761125 Armenia8,714126 Madagascar8,551127 Burkina Faso8,105128 Malta7,955129Papua NewGuinea7,907130 The Bahamas7,335131 Chad6,854132 Benin6,672133 Haiti6,558134 Nicaragua6,151135 Laos5,598136 Moldova5,403137 Kosovo5,352138 Niger5,261139 Rwanda5,245140 Tajikistan4,982141 Kyrgyzstan4,570142 Malawi4,570143 Zimbabwe4,397144 Guinea4,394145 Mongolia4,203146 Montenegro4,114147 Barbados3,595148 Fiji3,060149 Mauritania3,029117 Mozambique9,790118 Namibia9,419119 Macedonia9,221120 Madagascar9,052121 Mali8,996122 Armenia8,714123Republic of theCongo8,695124 Mauritius8,599125 Burkina Faso8,141126Papua NewGuinea7,893127 Malta7,449128 The Bahamas7,234129 Monaco6,919130 Haiti6,693131 Chad6,680132 Benin6,656133 Nicaragua6,297—Bermuda6,093134 Laos5,939135 Moldova5,405[13]136 Niger5,384137 Kosovo5,352138 Rwanda5,064139 Liechtenstein5,028140 Tajikistan4,978141 Malawi4,975142 Kyrgyzstan4,578143 Mongolia4,202144 Guinea4,103145 Montenegro4,086—Isle of Man4,076146 Andorra3,712147 Barbados3,682117DemocraticRepublic of theCongo11,100118 Georgia10,980119 Gabon10,940120 Cambodia10,900121 Botswana10,810122 Mozambique9,654123 Mauritius9,156124 Namibia9,039125 Madagascar8,974126 Macedonia8,825127 Mali8,757128 Armenia8,683129Republic of theCongo8,632130Papua NewGuinea8,200131 Burkina Faso7,780132 Malta7,714133 The Bahamas7,403134 Chad6,974135 Haiti6,908—West Bankand Gaza6,641136 Benin6,401137 Nicaragua6,298—FrenchPolynesia6,100138 Laos5,721139 Moldova5,328[8]140 Niger5,323—Jersey5,100141 Rwanda5,011142 Liechtenstein4,993143 Malawi4,909150 Swaziland2,983151 Suriname2,962152 Togo2,865153 Guyana2,024154Central AfricanRepublic1,986155 Sierra Leone1,877156 Eritrea1,873157 Cape Verde1,768158 Lesotho1,602159 Maldives1,357160 Belize1,336161 Burundi1,321162 Bhutan1,269163Antigua andBarbuda1,178164 Djibouti1,049165 Saint Lucia973166 Liberia876167 Guinea-Bissau826168 Seychelles767169 The Gambia736170SolomonIslands657171 Vanuatu635172 Grenada615173 East Timor590174Saint Vincentand the Grenadines567175 Samoa558176Saint Kitts andNevis557177 Comoros532178 Dominica362179 Tonga313180São Tomé andPríncipe191148 Fiji3,034149 Suriname3,033150 Mauritania3,031151 Swaziland2,936152 Togo2,855—Faroe Islands2,198153Central AfricanRepublic2,006154 Sierra Leone1,942155 San Marino1,900—Greenland1,740156 Eritrea1,654157 Lesotho1,602158 Cape Verde1,549159 Belize1,359160 Maldives1,356161 Burundi1,325162 Bhutan1,277163 Guyana1,159164Antigua andBarbuda1,132165 Djibouti1,049166 Saint Lucia946167 Liberia876168 Guinea-Bissau837169 Seychelles764170 The Gambia733171SolomonIslands658172 Vanuatu653173 Grenada627174Saint Vincentand the Grenadines583175 East Timor558176 Comoros549177 Saint Kitts and 545144 Kyrgyzstan4,681145 Tajikistan4,577146 Montenegro4,444147 Guinea4,436148 Mongolia4,212149 Barbados3,595150 Zimbabwe3,556[6]—NewCaledonia3,300151 Mauritania3,241—Kosovo3,237152 Suriname3,147153 Fiji3,048154 Swaziland2,929—Guam2,773155 Togo2,771—Guernsey2,742156 Somalia2,731—Isle of Man2,719—Faroe Islands2,400—Aruba2,258—CaymanIslands2,250157 Sierra Leone2,064—Greenland2,000158Central AfricanRepublic1,983159 Cape Verde1,755160 Eritrea1,694161 Lesotho1,624162 Bhutan1,493163 Burundi1,410164 Belize1,407165 Maldives1,300166 Guyana1,196167 Antigua and 1,180。

INTRODUCTION TO SPATIAL ECONOMETRICS USING R

Caveats
Modifiable areal unit problem (Openshaw and Taylor, 1979)
The choice of spatial weight matrix
The link between spatial modeling and social theories
A spatial perspective better reflects the real world as people are not confined by administrative boundaries.
How Do We Analyze Spatial Data?
Exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA):
County-level mortality data (1998-2002) Independent variables drawn from 2000 Census
Tasks:
Load necessary R packages Read the shapefile containing data Visualize the dependent variable and save it as a figure Generate spatial weight matrix using the shapefile Test spatial dependence (both global and local) Examine if a spatial perspective is better Implement spatial econometrics models Conduct model comparisons

BTBU_4.2 Audit Partner Specialization and Audit Fees_ Some Evidence from Sweden

Audit Partner Specialization and Audit Fees:Some Evidencefrom Sweden*MIKKO ZERNI,University of Vaasa1.IntroductionThe purpose of this study is to examine auditor specialization and pricing at the individual partner level.1In the aftermath of major accounting scandals such as ComROAD AG, Enron,Parmalat,Tyco,Waste Management,and WorldCom,regulators and investment communities have been seeking to restore investor conﬁdence in the capital markets.The response worldwide has been increases in regulation,and in these reforms accounting and auditing have been identiﬁed as priority areas to‘‘ﬁx’’.For instance,with the aim of increasing audit market transparency,the amended European Union’s(EU’s)8th Directive requires the disclosure of engagement partner identity.2Currently,the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board(PCAOB)in the United States is considering a similar requirement.On October6,2008,the U.S.Treasury’s Advisory Committee on the Audit-ing Profession(ACAP)issued itsﬁnal report,which recommends,among other things,‘‘urging the PCAOB to undertake a standard-setting initiative to consider mandating the engagement partner’s signature on the auditor’s report’’(ACAP Report,October6,2008, at VII:19).3According to the ACAP’s recommendation,the requirement for the engage-ment partner to sign the audit report could improve audit quality in two ways:‘‘First,it might increase the engagement partner’s sense of accountability toﬁnancial statement *Accepted by Ferdinand A.Gul.An earlier draft of this paper was entitled‘‘Audit Partner Specialization, Audit Fees,and Auditor-Client Alignments’’.I appreciate the comments received from Ferdinand A.Gul (the associate editor),two anonymous reviewers,Pekka Alatalo(KPMG Finland),Jean C.Bedard(discus-sant),Andy Conlin,Ann Gaeremynck,Kaarina Halonen(PWC Finland),Seppo Ika heimo,Henry Jarva, Juha Joenva a ra,Juha-Pekka Kallunki,Eija Kangas(KPMG Finland),Robert Knechel,Anna-Maija Lantto, Christophe Van Linden,Lasse Niemi,Henrik Nilsson,Mervi Niskanen,Jukka Perttunen,Peter Pope, Markku Rahiala,Veijo Riistama(PWC Finland),Petri Sahlstro m,Stefan Sundgren,Risto Tuppurainen, Soﬁe Vandenbogaerde,Ann Vanstraelen,Markku Vieru,Marleen Willekens,and Erik A stro m(Ernst& Young Sweden).I would also like to thank the participants at the24th Contemporary Accounting Research Conference in Montreal Canada(2009),AFI seminar at Katholieke Universiteit Leuven(2011)and the AFAR workshop in Vaasa(2008)for their comments.I wish to thank Tuomas Anttila,Marja Kauppinen, and Harri Lempola for their excellent research assistance.Financial support received from the NASDAQ OMX Nordic Foundation,the Finnish Foundation for the Advancement of Securities Markets,the Founda-tion for Economic Education,the Ostrobothnia Cultural Foundation,and the Finnish Cultural Foundation is gratefully acknowledged.This research is part of research projects by the Academy of Finland(Grant Numbers140000and126630).All remaining errors are mine alone.1.The terms‘‘auditor specialization’’and‘‘auditor expertise’’,as well as the terms‘‘engagement partner’’,‘‘auditor’’,and‘‘audit partner in charge’’are used interchangeably in this study.2.The new EU directive obligesﬁrms to disclose the identities of individual auditor(s)responsible for theengagement.Speciﬁcally,Article28of the directive2006⁄43⁄EC states:‘‘Where an auditﬁrm carries out the statutory audit,the audit report shall be signed by at least the statutory auditor(s)carrying out the statutory audit on behalf of the auditﬁrm.’’3.The comment period on the concept release ended on September11,2009,and according to the PCAOB’sOfﬁce of the Chief Auditor’s standard-setting agenda,‘‘the Board’s consideration of next steps is pending further action’’(PCAOB,October2010,p.7).Available at:/News/Events/Documents/ 10132010_SAGMeeting/OCA_standards-setting_agenda.pdf.Contemporary Accounting Research Vol.29No.1(Spring2012)pp.312–340ÓCAAAdoi:10.1111/j.1911-3846.2011.01098.xAudit Partner Specialization and Audit Fees313 users,which could lead him or her to exercise greater care in performing the audit. Second,it would increase transparency about who is responsible for performing the audit, which could provide useful information to investors and,in turn,provide an additional incentive toﬁrms to improve the quality of all of their engagement partners.’’Some have compared the initiative to theﬁnancial statement certiﬁcation requirement by top manage-ment stipulated in Section302of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act,arguing that it should help focus engagement partners on their existing responsibilities(see,e.g.,Carcello,Bedard, and Hermanson2009:79).4Changes in legislation and initiatives requiring the disclosure of the identities of individ-ual auditors carrying out audits implicitly acknowledge that a public company audit involves a substantial amount of work by highly skilled individual practitioners exercising their own professional judgment.It is the lead engagement partners working in the city level audit ofﬁces who play a central role in planning and implementing the audit and ulti-mately in determining the appropriate type of audit report to be issued to the client(e.g., Ferguson,Francis,and Stokes2003).Consequently,the engagement partner may play an essential role in the(perceived)audit quality beyond auditﬁrm size and(industry)special-ization at the national and ofﬁce level and should hence not be ignored.The level of audit effort and fees depends on the client’s agency-driven demand for external auditing and on supply-side factors,such as auditﬁrm size,auditor expertise and auditor-perceived risk factors(e.g.,DeFond1992;O’Keefe,Simunic,and Stein1994; Gul and Tsui1998;Bell,Landsman,and Shackelford2001;Johnstone and Bedard2001, 2003;Gul and Goodwin2010;Causholli,De Martinis,Hay,and Knechel2011).From the supply-side perspective,auditors are expected to respond to the higher probability of any irregularities or accounting misstatements by increasing audit effort and charging higher fees.For instance,Gul and Tsui(1998)adopted a supply-side perspective and found that higher inherent risks associated with free cashﬂows are associated with higher audit effort and higher consequent fees.From the demand-side perspective,the appointment of a higher-quality auditor can serve as a signal of an enhanced quality of ﬁnancial disclosure,which will potentially lead to greater value for the audit client by reducing some agency costs.Firm insiders,especially those in the heart of monitoring function(e.g.,independent directors on the boards and audit committees),may be willing to increase audit coverage to create a positive perception about theﬁnancial reporting quality.The positive perception will possibly facilitate theﬁrm to attract investments and fund proﬁtable projects and allowﬁrm insiders to protect their reputation capital,avoid legal liability,and promote shareholder interests.Consistent with the demand-side per-spective,several studies report evidence suggesting that outside directors who act dili-gently demand high quality audits and pay higher audit fees(e.g.,Carcello,Hermansson, Neal,and Riley2002;Abbott,Parker,Peters,and Raghunandan2003;Knechel and Willekens2006).Auditing is generally viewed as a differentiated service with substantial variation observed in audit(effort)fees,even after controlling for observable factors such asﬁrm size and complexity.This differentiation allows clients some choice over the level of audit scrutiny even within audits conducted by the same(tier)auditﬁrms.An important means 4.Recent empirical evidence supports the view that the Sarbanes-Oxley Act Section302chief executive ofﬁ-cer(CEO)and chiefﬁnancial ofﬁcer(CFO)certiﬁcation requirement had a positive effect onﬁnancial reporting quality.For instance,Cohen,Krishnamoorthy,and Wright(2010)report that68percent of practicing auditors interviewed believe that the certiﬁcation requirement has had a positive effect on the integrity ofﬁnancial reports.Moreover,to the extent that the disclosure of engagement partner identity will increase accountability,it may thereby improve audit decisions and judgments.In particular,some studies in the auditing context report evidence indicating that accountability reduces information process-ing biases,and increases consensus and self-insight(e.g.,Johnson and Kaplan1991;Kennedy1993).CAR Vol.29No.1(Spring2012)314Contemporary Accounting Researchof audit product differentiation is through investments in specialization(Simunic and Stein1987;Liu and Simunic2005).By specializing in certain industries,certain size groups,or companies with similar risk proﬁles,individual auditors may be able to differ-entiate their product from those of nonspecialist audit partners(Simunic and Stein1987; Liu and Simunic2005).The Swedish Code for Corporate Governance,for instance, implicitly recognizes auditor specialization in large public companies as one relevant piece of information when assessing the quality of external auditing.5Speciﬁcally,the Code rec-ommends that information on‘‘the audit services performed by the auditor or the auditor in charge in other large companies...and other information that may be important to shareholders in assessing the competence and independence of the auditor,or auditor in charge must be disclosed in a corporate governance report on company’s homepage’’(Ori-ginal Code Sections2.3.2and2.3.3).To justify their presence in the audit market and the potential fee premiums attached to their services,the client must perceive some beneﬁt in hiring a specialist auditor.The premium may,for instance,be attributed to the signal value of hiring a specialist auditor or to the superior advisory or other services provided by that auditor(Titman and Trueman1986).Given that a demand exists for special-ist auditors,that demand gives those auditors a greater‘‘power’’in pricing relative to nonspecialists.This paper is motivated by the lack of archival research examining issues related to engagement partner specialization.In the present study,the use of Swedish data makes it possible to construct individual audit partner client portfolios because each audit report discloses the name of the audit engagement partner.Thus,information on the identity of the audit partner in charge is observable to users ofﬁnancial statements and thereby potentially affects market-assessed perception of ex ante audit rma-tion on the sizes and compositions of the Big4audit partner-speciﬁc client portfolios provides an interesting opportunity to contribute to a more thorough understanding of auditor specialization.More speciﬁcally,it is possible to examine whether the perceived audit quality is affected not only by the brand name of theﬁrm,but also by the charac-teristics and reputation of the engagement partner.In essence,if auditing expertise were wholly transferable and therefore uniformly distributed across audit partners within the ﬁrm,any clientﬁrm would be indifferent to having any audit partner within the Big4 auditors(within a particular Big4auditﬁrm⁄ofﬁce)to conduct the audit.Additionally, there would be no a priori reason why clients would be willing to pay any audit partner related premiums.The empiricalﬁndings indicate systematic differences between audit partner clienteles, suggesting audit partner specialization in different industries and in different size groups. Thisﬁnding is consistent with Liu and Simunic2005,who argue that auditor specializa-tion could be a competitive response by either an auditﬁrm or an individual audit part-ner to induce efﬁcient audits for different types of clients,thereby gaining a limited monopoly power(and earning rents)over the clients in which they specialize.Further-more,consistent with the view that there are returns on investing in specialization,analy-ses of audit fees indicate that both audit partner industry specialization and specialization in large public companies are recognized and valued byﬁnancial statement users and⁄or by corporate insiders,resulting in higher fees within these engagements.According to the empirical analyses,the highest fees are earned by engagement partners who are both 5.The Swedish Corporate Governance Board is responsible for promoting and developing the Code.On July1,2005,the Stockholm Stock Exchange began applying the Swedish Code of Corporate Governance.The Code applies to all Swedish companies listed at the Stockholm Stock Exchange and foreign companies that are listed at the same exchange and whose market capitalization exceeds SEK3billion.For more information,see http://www.corporategovernanceboard.se/.CAR Vol.29No.1(Spring2012)Audit Partner Specialization and Audit Fees315 industry and publicﬁrm specialists.The results may be interpreted to mean that the appointment of a specialist engagement partner is associated with higher(perceived)audit quality,thus justifying the fee premium.6Collectively,theﬁndings of this study support the view that clientﬁrms infer audit quality at least to some extent from the characteris-tics of the individual audit partner in charge.The remainder of the paper is organized as follows.Section2reviews the relevant lit-erature and describes some relevant features of the Swedish audit market.Section3pre-sents the hypothesis,and section4describes the data.Section5describes the methodology used,section6presents the empirical results,and section7concludes the study.2.Literature reviewNational versus local view of the auditor–client relationshipPrior audit research literature is dominated byﬁrm-wide analyses treating the whole accountingﬁrm as the focal point and investigating whether and how auditﬁrm char-acteristics,such as size and industry specialization at the nationalﬁrm level,affect the auditor–client relationship(e.g.,Simunic and Stein1987;Francis and Wilson1988;Bec-ker,DeFond,Jiambalvo,and Subramanyam1998;Francis and Krishnan1999).All these studies implicitly assume that through standardizedﬁrm-wide policies and knowl-edge sharing(e.g.,through training materials,industry-speciﬁc databases,internal benchmarks for best practices,audit system programs,and internal consultative prac-tices),all audits across practice ofﬁces and audit partners within an auditﬁrm are uniform.7However,in practice,it is the individual audit partners from city-level practice ofﬁces who are creating and taking care of the relationship,contracting with the client,adminis-tering the audit engagement,directing the audit effort,interpreting the audit evidence,and ﬁnally issuing the appropriate audit report(Ferguson et al.2003).Because of this decen-tralized organizational structure and because individual audit partners and their character-istics vary across engagements,a research approach allowing each individual partner to be a unique and relevant unit of analysis might be a more reasonable approach than assum-ing that all audits within an auditﬁrm are uniform.Consistent with this intuition,a growing number of recent audit studies have changed the direction from aﬁrm-wide to an ofﬁce-level view of auditﬁrms(e.g.,Reynolds and Francis2000;Ferguson et al.2003;Francis,Reichelt,and Wang2005;Francis and Yu 2009;Reichelt and Wang2010;Choi,Kim,Kim,and Zang,2010).The local stream of audit literature acknowledges the likelihood that part of an auditor’s expertise is uniquely held by individual professionals through their personal knowledge of clients and cannot be 6.From the risk-based audit supply view,an alternative explanation for the observed specialist audit partnerfee premium is that the clients of specialist audit partners are systematically riskier than the clients of non-specialists in dimensions other than those already controlled for in the empirical fee model(or in theﬁrst-stage selection model of the Heckman two-stage approach).Despite using a two-stage Heckman1978pro-cedure and including several audit risk-related control variables in the audit fee model,the empiricalﬁnd-ings remain susceptible to the concern that some of the omitted risk factors recognized and priced by the specialist audit partners that simultaneously determine the alignment of audit partners with engagements would explain the outcome.7.Examples of the information technology systems used in knowledge sharing include KPMG’s KWorld TM,PriceWaterhouseCoopers’s TeamAsset TM and KnowledgeCurve TM,and Ernst&Young’s Knowledge-Web TM.See Vera-Munoz,Ho,and Chow2006for factors affecting knowledge sharing within interna-tional accountingﬁrms,and Banker,Chang,and Kao2002for a detailed description of an international accountingﬁrm’s implementation of audit software and groupware for knowledge sharing.CAR Vol.29No.1(Spring2012)316Contemporary Accounting Researchreadily captured and distributed by theﬁrm to other ofﬁces and clients(e.g.,Ferguson et al.2003).8The results of the empirical studies adopting a local perspective tend to provide a bet-ter understanding of the operations of a Big4auditﬁrm than do studies taking a national perspective.For instance,there is evidence that auditors’reputation for industry expertise is neither strictly national nor strictly local in character.Auditors who are both city and industry leaders are reported to earn fee premiums both in Australia and in the United States,suggesting that there is both a national and local ofﬁce reputation effect in the pric-ing of industry expertise(Ferguson et al.2003;Francis et al.2005).Moreover,both these studiesﬁnd thatﬁrm-level industry specialists alone do not earn statistically signiﬁcant premiums.In another study,Reichelt and Wang(2010)use U.S.data and three proxies for audit quality(abnormal accruals,clientﬁrms’likelihood of meeting or beating ana-lysts’earnings forecasts by one penny per share,and the propensity to issue a going con-cern audit opinion)andﬁnd evidence consistent with the view that audit quality is higher when the auditor is both a national and city-speciﬁc industry expert.Recent and concurrent studies have pushed the local analysis still one step further to the engagement partner level.A growing number of studies use engagement partner data (mainly from Australia and Taiwan)and examine issues such as the relationship between engagement partner tenure and audit quality,producing mixedﬁndings(e.g.,Carey and Simnett2006;Chen,Lin,and Lin2008;Chi,Huang,Liao,and Xie2009).In a recent study,Chin and Chi(2009)use a sample of listedﬁrms in Taiwan to investigate the associ-ation between auditor industry expertise and restatement likelihood at the partner level and at the auditﬁrm level simultaneously.Their evidence suggests that the differences in restatement likelihood due to industry expertise is mainly attributable to the partner-level experts rather than to theﬁrm-level experts.In summary,the recent empirical evidence suggests that auditor expertise has a strong local dimension.The central conceptual question in all the national versus local studies relates to the degree to which there is a transfer of expertise from ofﬁce-based accounting professionals to other auditors and ofﬁces within theﬁrm(Ferguson et al.2003;Francis2004).There are several factors that may deter the transfer of expertise within organizations,including audit ﬁrms(see,e.g.,Szulanski1994,2000;Nonaka and Takeuchi1995).With respect to audit ﬁrms,Vera-Munoz et al.(2006)enumerate several reasons why it is difﬁcult for partners to share knowledge with other partners.First,a considerable amount of knowledge in audit ﬁrms can be difﬁcult to document or transfer.9Second,even if an auditﬁrm manages to 8.As noted by Francis2004,another reason for this development is that Big4market shares continue toexpand globally,leading to low power in research designs of studies comparing large and small auditors because there is such low variance in the experimental variable(i.e.,most observations are audited by large Big4auditors).For instance,according to a recent Government Accountability Ofﬁce(GAO) report,in2006the largest fourﬁrms collected94percent of all audit fees paid by public companies.More-over,according to the same report,82percent of the Fortune1000companies saw their choice of auditors as limited to three or fewerﬁrms,and about60percent viewed competition in their audit market as insuf-ﬁcient(GAO2008).9.According to Polanyi1966,knowledge comes in two types:explicit and tacit.The former is amenable tocodiﬁcation,while the latter is anchored in individual personal beliefs,experiences,and values.For exam-ple,knowledge of generally accepted accounting principles(GAAP)with regard to fair value requirements is explicit knowledge,while an auditor’s insights as to how a client’s management develops fair value esti-mates and whether those estimates conform to GAAP represents tacit knowledge(Vera-Munoz et al.2006).Tacit knowledge is subconsciously understood and applied and is therefore not easily articulated (Polanyi1966).Prior studies further show that most of the knowledge in any organization,including an auditﬁrm,is tacit knowledge(Bonner2000;Knechel2000).Consequently,because differences in knowl-edge between individual auditors within aﬁrm lie primarily in their respective tacit knowledge,which is not easily transferred,it is unlikely thatﬁrm-level practices completely smooth out the differences in the levels of individual audit partner expertise.CAR Vol.29No.1(Spring2012)Audit Partner Specialization and Audit Fees317 collect extensive databases and otherﬁrm-wide knowledge,individual auditors still need to use their own judgment in selecting and applying relevant pieces of information given the task at hand.Third,knowledge-sharing through information technology–based expert knowledge systems is not automatically embraced by everyone.Finally,evaluation appre-hension,performance-based compensation schemes and individual auditors’pursuit of per-sonal beneﬁts and power may deter auditors from sharing what they know.In essence, holding on to information that other peers do not have may ceteris paribus offer competi-tive advantage against those peers,when auditors,like other rational players in the econ-omy,attempt to maximize their own(economic)interests.Collectively,factors identiﬁed above may partly explain the tendency of local audit studies to provide a better understand-ing of the auditor-client relationship thanﬁrm-wide analyses.Factors affecting expertiseThe Merriam-Webster dictionary deﬁnes an‘‘expert’’as having,involving,or displaying a special skill or knowledge derived from training or experience.The psychological literature on expertise has reported two importantﬁndings relevant to the present study.First, domain-speciﬁc knowledge is the essential determinant of expertise.Second,expert knowl-edge is gained through many years of on-the-job experience(e.g.,Chi,Glaser,and Rees 1982;Glaser and Chi1988;Glaser and Bassok1989;Lapre,Mukkerjee,and Van Was-senhove2000).In other words,intensive practice and the repetition of similar tasks are required to build expertise.When applied to auditing,theseﬁndings suggest that having serviced many similar clients in the past may help auditors to develop a specialized knowl-edge of what these clients do and the challenges and issues they face,thereby creating in-depth knowledge of speciﬁc types of clients,leading to higher-quality audits and higher fees in these engagements.Consequently,in the present study,the terms‘‘auditor special-ization’’and‘‘auditor expertise’’are used to refer to the extent of auditors’prior audit experience with similar clients,for instance,clientﬁrms belonging to the same industry or size group.In other words,it is assumed that specialization is needed to gain deep exper-tise.By specializing in certain industries,certain size groups,or companies with similar risk proﬁles,individual auditors may be able to develop and supply the differentiated ser-vice that clients demand and that competitorsﬁnd difﬁcult to duplicate(Simunic and Stein 1987;Liu and Simunic2005).Moreover,auditors will only develop a specialist reputation if this increases the credibility ofﬁnancial reporting and attracts clients.Auditor specialization and audit qualityFor a long time,standard-setters,quasi-regulatory bodies,and empirical audit research have suggested that differences in the level of auditor industry expertise may be one source of variation in audit quality(Hogan and Jeter1999;Gramling and Stone2001;GAO 2008).This body of literature assumes that audit issues are nested within an industry and that accountingﬁrms or individual auditors with many clients within a particular industry have more opportunities to acquire the kind of profound industry knowledge that leads to industry expertise.It is also argued that the heavy investments of industry specialist audi-tors in technologies,physical facilities,personnel,and organizational control systems pro-vide them with both incentives and abilities that make them more likely than nonspecialist auditors to detect and report any irregularities or misrepresentations in clientﬁrms’accounts(Simunic and Stein1987).Prior archival studies tend to document a positive association between auditors’indus-try expertise and the quality ofﬁnancial reporting(e.g.,Carcello and Nagy2002,2004; Balsam,Krishnan,and Yang2003;Krishnan2003,2005;Gul,Fung,and Jaggi2009).Spe-ciﬁcally,industry specialist auditors have been found to be less likely to be associated with Securities and Exchange Commission enforcement actions(Carcello and Nagy,2004).CAR Vol.29No.1(Spring2012)318Contemporary Accounting ResearchTheir clients are also reported to have a lower probability ofﬁnancial fraud(Carcello and Nagy2004,2004),smaller amounts of abnormal accruals,and higher earnings response coefﬁcients(Balsam et al.2003;Krishnan2003,2005).In addition,a recent study by Gul et al.2009reports evidence suggesting that auditor industry specialization is likely to reduce the association between shorter auditor tenure and lower earnings quality.Behavioral research using experimental approaches has examined industry specializa-tion at the individual auditor level.The results of these studies suggest that an individual auditor’s expertise is tied not only to each individual professional and his or her deep per-sonal knowledge of clients but also to the innate abilities of each individual(e.g.,Bonner and Lewis1990;Libby and Tan1994;Owhoso,Messier,and Lynch2002).Overall,the results of studies on auditor specialization suggest that industry specialist auditors deliver higher-quality audits than do nonspecialists and that this difference in quality is also rec-ognized by the audit market.Even though the auditor specialization literature has focused almost entirely on indus-try specialization,it is plausible that there are also other types of auditor specialization besides industry specialization.Accordingly,an investigation of the(Swedish)homepages of the Big4ﬁrms reveals that each of theﬁrms has structured their national practices along both industry lines and client size.All have at least two business lines based on client size:small and medium-sized companies and large public⁄international companies. All fourﬁrms also market a wider variety of specialized expertise,such as specialization in owner-manager companies,family businesses,public sector organizations,and nonproﬁt organizations.Moreover,as noted already,the Swedish Code for Corporate Governance implicitly recognizes auditor specialization in working with different size groups by recom-mending the disclosure of‘‘the audit services performed by the auditor or the auditor in charge in other large companies’’,viewing this as a relevant piece of information for users ofﬁnancial statements.Performing audits of large,complex high-proﬁle clients is likely to require auditor expertise widely different from that required for audits of smaller and simpler closely held clients.A public listing is an important part of auditor business risk(Johnstone and Bedard2003).Because companies listed on a stock exchange receive more media attention and therefore pose a higher litigation and reputational risk,they may require a specialist auditor(Johnstone and Bedard2003).Another clear distinction between audits of public and private companies relate toﬁnancial reporting standards.10In Swe-den,as in all EU member countries,publicly listed companies are required to follow IFRS standards in theirﬁnancial reporting.Whereas Swedish private companies are also allowed to follow IFRS standards in their consolidatedﬁnancial statements,they tend to follow national standards(Bokfo ringsna mndens Anvisningar),which include several signiﬁcant simpliﬁcations compared to IFRS.Accordingly,in the present study,com-pany size and listing status in particular is used as a proxy for client complexity and risk proﬁle.The aforementioned differences between audits of public and private companies make it more likely that client companies will value auditor specialization in particular size groups(i.e.,public versus privateﬁrms).They may also suggest that specialization in a certain size group will overlap somewhat with industry specialization.It appears intuitively more valuable for publicly listed client companies seeking a higher level of audit assurance to hire an engagement partner with relevant industry experience on other large companies with similarﬁnancial reporting requirements,rather than hire an engagement partner with industry experience only on smaller private companies.This potential overlap is further addressed in the empirical results section below.10.I wish to thank an anonymous reviewer for making this point.CAR Vol.29No.1(Spring2012)。

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全新版大学英语视听说教程1（全）

全新版⼤学英语视听说教程1（全）全新版⼤学英语视听说教程1U1ListeningA:1、Answers will vary. . He is picking an asparagus plant;he is a farmer.)2、Answers will vary. . Some people have too much rain;other people do not have enough water.3、Answers will vary.C：1、crucial2、resources3、huge4、on average5、conserve6、requires7、cut8、leak9、wastes10、statisticsD：1、C2、BC3、BE：1、70 22、billion3、9 billion4、1,7995、3,000 13F：1、water brush your teeth2、shorter showers3、meat4、leaky faucetsExtended ListeningExercise A：1、C2、B3、D4、CExercise B：S2: 6、20、25、80S3：put off、dripping、leaky、leave、brushing your teeth、shorter showers、laundry Exercise C：1、C2、B3、B4、A5、AExercise D：wastefula、leave the lights onb、drink half of itc、go badExercise E：3 2 1 4Exercise F：1、D2、B3、AExercise G：1、362、140，0003、 3 17Exercise H：1、B2、A3、B1、agreement world greenhouse emissions2、February 20053、air conditioning jackets and ties4、carbon emissionsSpeakingExercise D：serv nough tis leak cent la get wastTEDTalksC. Vocabulary:1—5:CBBAB6—10:CAACBD. Watch for Main Ideas:4E. Watch for Details:Segment 11、B2、A3、C4、ASegment 2I：You should follow two steps to use a paper towel correctly. A：ShakeB：FoldF. Expand Your Vocabulary：1、B2、A3、A4、BSelf-test1—5:BADAB6—10:DACCB1—5:CADCA6—10:BDDCCA. Communicate：1、Answers will vary. . Africa, east Africa, Tanzania and Kenya2、Answers will vary. . A cheetah is chasing a wildebeest in the Serengeti National Park.3、Answers will vary. . a trip to see animals in their natural habitatB. Think Critically1、photo safari.2、Awesome3、His reasons for going on a safariC. Vocabulary1、cycle2、essential3、a couple of4、motivation5、chases6、illegally7、landscape8、endangered9、extinct10、conservationD. Listen for Main Ideas1、BD2、4-3-1-2E. Listen for Details1、F2、T3、F4、T5、F6、F7、T1、B2、C3、A4、C5、BExtended Listening Exercise A1、B2、C3、DExercise B1、F2、T3、F4、T5、TExercise C1、C2、D3、AExercise D1、low carbon footprint2、environment3、incredible diversityExercise E1、C2、B3、DExercise F1、June 152、NANPA3、20064、outdoors camera interest hills cliffs Park Exercise G2、D3、BExercise H1、a school2、an organization3、a person4、a workshop5、a lakeSpeakingExercise A1、A professional guide.2、They had seven seats.3、In tents, in a camp.4、Female lions5、In the middle of the road6、Lying, sleeping.7、About 10 feet away8、For about 15 minutes.TEDTalksD. Vocabulary1–5:ABACB6—10:ACBBCWatchE. Watch for Main Ideas3F. Watch for Details1、=2、→→3、spctclr 2% ↑m ↑ftH. Watch for Details1 、giant super grapefruit spectacular2、tactile warm charged turquoise straightI. Expand Your Vocabulary1、B after a while2、A I’m just kidding3、A small-scale versionSelf-test1–5: ADCAB6—10:DBCCC1—5: CADDB6–10:DACCAU3ListeningA. Communicate1、Answers will vary. . The photo shows a lot of trafficin a city. It was taken in Xiamen, China.2、Answers will vary. . traffic, long commutes, difficultyparking, accidents3、Answers will varyB. CommunicateAnswers will vary. . The speaker says that cars are not very eco-friendly. Alternative methods of transportation are different ways to travel that are better fo r the environment. An example is riding a bike.C. Vocabulary1、g2、d3、c4、a6、e7、b8、f9、I10、hD. Listen for Main Ideas1、To begin cable car (Mi Teleférico）2、I’m going to present e-bikes (electric bicycles)3、My topic today is electric microcarsE. Listen for DetailsProblems w / travel to / from El Alto & La Paz：dangerousnoisetrafficpollutionBenefits of Mi Teleférico system:convenientcheapeco-friendlyF. Listen for Details1、1,5002、20-303、a penny 1,0004、185、15Exercise G1、T2、F3、T4、T5、FExtended ListeningExercise A2、D3、C4、AExercise B1、F2、F3、TExercise C1、In 20102、Two3、They could communicate with each other and pass each other safely4、General Motors and Shanghai Jiao Tong University.5、Two years.Exercise D1、A3、A4、AExercise EAdvantages of regenerative brakes:1、converted stored used2、wear and tearAdvantages of smart sensors:1、safer2、delays3、passengersAdvantages of magnetic levitation:1、silently2、pollutantsExercise F1、C2、B3、DExercise G1、electric vehicle owners place charge2：a、full battery coverb、Electrify batteriesExercise H1、C2、B3、BExercise I1、2002、Their energy consumption and CO?emissions by 50%.3、Electricity4、It can emit between 20 to 35% less carbon per passenger mileTEDTalks。

广东省统计年鉴2020社会经济发展指标：3-11 历次人口普查人口基本情况(1953-2010年)

300.20
359.83
注：1.“各少数民族 2.“市、镇人数镇人口是指县的市所辖镇的划分。第六次 3.“文盲、半文
Note: a) Population of nationalities.
b) The grouping of all cities
population of residents' Regulations on grouping is in AA2008. c) Illiterate and
3-11 历次人口普查人口基本情况(1953-2010年) Basic Statistics on National Population Censuses (1953-2010)
第一次第二次第三次第四次第五次
第六次
(1953年6 (1964年6 (1982年7 (1990年7 (2000年11 (2010年11
1760.40 7963.04
四、6民5岁族及以上(万人)
65 and Above Population by Ethnicity
(10 000
142.36
292.83
372.58
523.65
708.60
汉族
Han
2972.84 3688.86 5344.98 6247.44 8518.75 10225.32
六、乡受村教人育数程度(万人)
Rural Population
Population with Various Education
Attainments
(10 000 persons)
2620.15
3020.75
4329.06
3973.62
3889.61

大学生信息检索习题以及答案

《大学生信息检索概论》模拟试题一、填空题1、文献的级次分为零次文献、一次文献、二次文献、三次文献2、《中图法》有五个基本部类，分别是马克思主义、列宁主义、毛泽东思想_、哲学；社会科学；自然科学和综合性图书，在此基础上又划分为_22_个大类。

3、按内容可将计算机检索系统的数据库类型分为：文献书目型数据库、事实型数据库、数值型数据库和全文型数据库。

4、我国标准可分为国家标准、部标准和企业标准三大类。

5、在实际检索中，文献的检索方法主要有：直查法、追溯法、工具法和综合法。

6、国际标准化组织简称：ISO 、本标准每5 年修订一次二、选择题1、如果需要检索某位作者的文献被引用的情况，应该使用（ C ）检索。

A．分类索引B．作者索引C．引文索引 D．主题索引2、利用图书馆的据库检索期刊论文时，可供选择的中文数据库是（ D ）。

A．超星数字图书馆 B．万方学位论文 C．国研网 D．维普科技期刊 E.高校财经库3、如果检索有关多媒体网络传播方面的文献，检索式为（A D）。

A．多媒体and 网络传播 B．多媒体＋网络传播 C．多媒体or 网络传播D．多媒体*网络传播4、如果对某个课题进行主题检索时，可选择的检索字段有（ A D E ）。

A．关键词 B．作者 C．刊名 D．题名 E．文摘5、二次文献又称检索工具，包括：（ A C D ）。

A．书目B．百科C．索引D．文摘E．统计数据三、名词解释题1、文献用文字、图形、符号、声频、视频等技术手段记录人类知识的一种载体，或理解为固化在一定物质载体上的知识。

也可以理解为古今一切社会史料的总称。

2、体系分类语言体系语言是以科学分类为基础，运用概念的划分与概括的逻辑方法，形成一个概念等级体系，按知识门类的逻辑次序，按照从总到分，从一般到具体，从低级到高级，从简单到复杂的原则进行概念的综分，层层划分，累累隶属，逐步展开而形成的一个等级体系。

3、引文语言引文语言是根据文献所附参考或引用文献的特征进行检索的语言。

历届诺贝尔经济学奖获得者演讲词

10 Economic Sciences 19691. T HE L URES OF U NSOLVABLE P ROBLEMSDeep in the human nature there is an almost irresistible tendency to concen-trate physical and mental energy on attempts at solving problems that seem to be unsolvable. Indeed, for some kinds of active people only the seemingly un-solvable problems can arouse their interest. Other problems, those which can reasonably be expected to yield a solution by applying some time, energy and money, do not seem to interest them. A whole range of examples illustrating this deep trait of human nature can be mentioned.The mountain climber. The advanced mountain climber is not interested in fairly accessible peaks or fairly accessible routes to peaks. He becomes enthu-siastic only in the case of peaks and routes that have up to now not been con-quered.The Alchemists spent all their time and energy on mixing various kinds of matter in special ways in the hope of producing new kinds of matter. To produce gold was their main concern. Actually they were on the right track in prin-ciple, but the technology of their time was not advanced far enough to assure a success.The alluring symmetry problem in particle physics. Around 1900, when the theory of the atom emerged, the situation was to begin with relatively simple. There were two elementary particles in the picture: The heavy and positively charged PROTON and the light and negatively charged ELECTRON. Subsequently one also had the NEUTRON, the uncharged counterpart of the proton. A normal hydrogen atom, for instance, had a nucleus consisting of one proton, around which circulated (at a distance of 0.5. 10-18 cm) one electron. Here the total electric charge will be equal to 0. A heavy hydrogen atom (deuterium) had a nucleus consisting of one proton and one neutron around which circu-lated one electron. And similarly for the more complicated atoms.This simple picture gave rise to an alluring and highly absorbing problem. The proton was positive and the electron negative. Did there exist a positively charged counterpart of the electron? And a negatively charged counterpart of the proton? More generally: Did there exist a general symmetry in the sense that to any positively charged particle there corresponds a negatively charged counter-part, and vice versa? Philosophically and mathematically and from the view-point of beauty this symmetry would be very satisfactory. But it seemed to be an unsolvable problem to know about this for certain. The unsolvability, however, in this case was only due to the inadequacy of the experimental technology of the time. In the end the symmetry was completely established even experimentally. The first step in this direction was made for the light particles (because here the radiation energy needed experimentally to produce the counterpart, although high, was not as high as in the case of the heavy particles). After the theory of Dirac, the positron, i.e. the positively charged counterpart of the electron, was produced in 1932. And subsequently in 1955 (in the big Berkeley accelerator) the antiproton was produced.The final experimental victory of the symmetry principle is exemplified in the following small summary tableR. A. K. Frisch11Electric charge0-1Note. Incidentally, a layman and statistician may not be quite satisfied with the terminology, because the “anti” concept is not used consistently in connection with the electric charge. Since the antiproton has the opposite charge of the proton, there is nothing to object to the term anti in this connection. The difference between the neutron and the antineutron, however, has nothing to do with the charge. Here it is only a question of a difference in spin (and other properties connected with the spin). Would it be more logical to reserve the terms anti and the corresponding neutr to differences in the electric charge, and use expressions like, for instance counter and the corresponding equi when the essence of the difference is a question of spin (and other properties connected with the spin)? One would then, for in-stance, speak of a counterneutron instead of an antineutron.The population explosion in the world of elementary particles. As research pro-gressed a great variety of new elementary particles came to be known. They were extremely short-lived (perhaps of the order of a microsecond or shorter), which explains that they had not been seen before. Today one is facing a variety of forms and relations in elementary particles which is seemingly as great as the macroscopic differences one could previously observe in forms and relations of pieces of matter at the time when one started to systematize things by considering the proton, the electron and the neutron. Professor Murray Gell-Mann, Nobel prize winner 1969, has made path-breaking work at this higher level of systematization. When will this drive for systematization result in the discovery of something still smaller than the elementary particles?Matter and antimatter. Theoretically one may very precisely consider the existence of the “anti” form of, for instance, a normal hydrogen atom. This anti form would have a nucleus consisting of one antiproton around which circulated one positron. And similarly for all the more complicated atoms. This leads to the theoretical conception of a whole world of antimatter. In theory all this is possible. But to realize this in practice seems again a new and now really unsolvable problem. Indeed, wherever and whenever matter and anti-matter would come in contact, an explosion would occur which would produce an amount of energy several hundred times that of a hydrogen bomb of the same weight. How could possibly antimatter be produced experimentally? And how could antimatter experimentally be kept apart from the normal matter that surrounds us? And how could one possibly find out if antimatter exists in some distant galaxes or metagalaxes? And what reflections would the12 Economic Sciences 1969existence of antimatter entail for the conception of the “creation of the world”, whatever this phrase may mean. These are indeed alluring problems in physics and cosmology which - at least today - seem to be unsolvable problems, and which precisely for this reason occupy some of the finest brains of the world today.Travelling at a speed superior to that of light. It is customary to think that this is impossible. But is it really? It all depends on what we mean by “being in a certain place”. A beam of light takes about two million years to reach from us to the Andromeda nebula. But my thought covers this distance in a few seconds. Perhaps some day some intermediate form of body and mind may permit us to say that we actually can travel faster than light.The astronaut William Anders, one of the three men who around Christmas time 1968 circled the moon in Apollo 8 said in an interview in Oslo (2):“Nothing is impossible . . .it is no use posting Einstein on the wall and say: Speed of light-but not any quicker . . .30 nay 20, years ago we said: Impos-sible to fly higher than 50 000 feet, or to fly faster than three times the speed of sound. Today we do both.”The dream of Stanley Jevons. The English mathematician and economist Stanley Jevons (1835-1882) dreamed of the day when we would be able to quantify at least some of the laws and regularities of economics. Today - since the break-through of econometrics - this is not a dream anymore but a reality. About this I have much more to say in the sequel.Struggle, sweat and tears. This slight modification of the words of Winston Churchill is admirably suited to caracterize a certain aspect of the work of the scientists - and particularly of that kind of scientists who are absorbed in the study of “unsolvable” problems. They pass through ups and downs. Some-times hopeful and optimistic. And sometimes in deep pessimism. Here is where the constant support and consolation of a good wife is of enormous value to the struggling scientist. I understand fully the moving words of the 1968 Nobel prize winner Luis W. Alvarez when he spoke about his wife: “She has provided the warmth and understanding that a scientist needs to tide him over the periods of frustration and despair that seem to be part of our way of life” (3).2. A P HILOSOPHY OF C HAOS. T HE E VOLUTION TOWARDS A M AMMOTH S INGULAR T RANSFORMATIONIn the The Concise Oxford Dictionary (4) - a most excellent book - "philo-sophy"is defined as“love of wisdom or knowledge, especially that which deals with ultimate reality, or with the most general causes and principles of things”.If we take a bird’s eye-view of the range of facts and problems that were touched upon in the previous section, reflections on the “ultimate reality”quite naturally come to our mind.A very general point of view in connection with the “ultimate reality” I developed in lectures at the Institut Henri Poincaré in Paris in 1933. Subse-quently the question was discussed in my Norwegian lectures on statistics (5).R. A. K. Frisch 13The essence of this point of view on “ultimate reality” can be indicated by a very simple example in two variables. The generalization to many variables is obvious. It does not matter whether we consider a given deterministic, em-pirical distribution or its stochastic equivalence. For simplicity consider an empirical distribution.Let x 1 and x 2 be the values of two variables that are directly observed in aseries of observations. Consider a transformation of x 1 and x 2 into a new setof two variables y 1 and y 2. For simplicity let the transformation be linear i.e.The b’s and a’s being constants.(2.2)is the Jacobian of the transformation, as it appears in this linear case.It is quite obvious - and well known by statisticians - that the correlation coefficient in the set (y 1y 2) will be different from-stronger or weaker than-thecorrelation coefficient in the set (x 1x 2) (“spurious correlation”). It all dependson the numerical structure of the transformation.This simple fact I shall now utilize for my reflections on an “ultimate reality”in the sense of a theory of knowledge.It is clear that if the Jacobian (2.2)is singular, something important happens.In this case the distribution of y 1 and y 2 in a (y 1y 2) diagram is at most one-dimensional, and this happens regardless of what the individual observations x 1 and x 2 are - even if the distribution in the (x 1x 2) diagram is a completelychaotic distribution. If the distribution of x 1 and x 2 does not degenerate to apoint but actually shows some spread, and if the transformation determinant is of rank 1, i.e. the determinant value being equal to zero but not all its elements being equal to zero, then all the observations of y 1 and y 2 will lie on a straight linein the (y l y2) diagram. This line will be parallel to the y 1 axis if the first row ofthe determinant consists exclusively of zeroes, and parallel to the y 2 axis if thesecond row of the determinant consists exclusively of zeroes. If the distribution of x 1 and x 2 degenerates to a point, or the transformation determinant is of rankzero (or both) the distribution of y 1 and y 2 degenerates to a point.Disregarding these various less interesting limiting cases, the essence of the situation is that even if the observations x 1 and x 2 are spread all over the (x 1x 2)diagram in any way whatsoever, for instance in a purely chaotic way, the corresponding values of y 1 and y 2 will lie on a straight line in the (y 1y 2) diagramwhen the transformation matrix is of rank 1. If the slope of this straight line is finite and different from zero, it is very tempting to interpret y 1 as the “cause”of y 2 or vice versa. This “cause”,however, is not a manifestation of somethingintrinsic in the distribution of x 1 and x 2, but is only a human figment, a humandevice, due to the special form of the transformation used.What will happen if the transformation is not exactly singular but only14Economic Sciences 1969near to being singular? From the practical viewpoint this is the crucial question. Here we have the following proposition:(2.3)Suppose that the absolute value of the correlation coefficient r x i n(x1x2) is not exactly 1. Precisely stated, suppose that(2.3.1)0 1.This means that ε may be chosen as small as we desire even exactly 0, but it must not be exactly 1. Hence |rX|may be as small as we please even exactly 0, but not exactly 1.Then it is possible to indicate a nonsingular transformation from x1 and x2to the new variables y1 and y2with the following property: However small wechoose the positive, but not 0, number δ, the correlation coefficient rYi n(yl y2) will satisfy the relation(2.3.2) |rY|( 0R. A. K. Frisch 15 techniques. The latter is only an extension of the former. In principle there is no difference between the two. Indeed, science too has a constant craving for regularities. Science considers it a triumph whenever it has been able by some partial transformation here or there, to discover new and stronger regularities. If such partial transformations are piled one upon the other, science will help the biological evolution towards the survival of that kind of man that in the course of the millenniums is more successful in producing regularities. If “the ultimate reality” is chaotic, the sum total of the evolution over time - biological and scientific - would tend in the direction of producing a mammoth singular transformation which would in the end place man in a world of regularities. How can we possibly on a scientific basis exclude the possibility that this is really what has happened? This is a crucial question that con-fronts us when we speak about an “ultimate reality”. Have we created the laws of nature, instead of discovering them? Cf. Lamarck vs. Darwin.What will be the impact of such a point of view? It will, I believe, help us to think in a less conventional way. It will help us to think in a more advanced, more relativistic and less preconceived form. In the long run this may indirectly be helpful in all sciences, also in economics and econometrics.But as far as the concrete day to day work in the foreseeable future is con-cerned, the idea of a chaotic “ultimate reality” may not exert any appreciable influence. Indeed, even if we recognize the possibility that it is evolution of man that in the long run has created the regularities, a pragmatic view for the fore-seeable future would tell us that a continued search for regularities - more or less according to the time honoured methods - would still be “useful” to man.Understanding is not enough, you must have compassion. This search for regularities may well be thought of as the essence of what we traditionally mean by the word “understanding”. This “understanding”is one aspect of man’s activity. Another - and equally important - is a vision of the purpose of the understand-ing. Is the purpose just to produce an intellectually entertaining game for those relatively few who have been fortunate enough through intrinsic abilities and an opportunity of top education to be able to follow this game? I, for one, would be definitely opposed to such a view. I cannot be happy if I can’t believe that in the end the results of our endevaours may be utilized in some way for the betterment of the little man’s fate.I subscribe fully to the words of Abba Pant, former ambassador of India to Norway, subsequently ambassador of India to the United Arab Republic, and later High Commissioner of India to Great Britain:“Understanding is not enough, you must have compassion.” (6).3. A B RIEF S URVEY OF THE D EVELOPMENT OF E CONOMICS IN THE L AST C ENTURY Turning now to the more specifically economic matters, it is inevitable that I should begin by making a brief survey of the development of economics in the last century.In the middle of the 19th century John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) in his famous work “Principles of Economics”said that so far as general principles are concerned the theory of value and price was now completely elaborated.16 Economic Sciences 1969There was nothing more to add, he said, neither for himself nor any other author. To us with our relativistic view on knowledge and the development of science, it is difficult to understand that such a statement could be made. But to the generation that lived at that time these words by Mill appeared to be very close to the truth. In Mill’s “Principles” the ideas of Adam Smith (1723-1790), David Ricardo (1772-l823)and Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834) had been knit together into an organic, logically and seemingly complete whole.Subsequent developments have thoroughly denounced Stuart Mill’s words. Two break-throughs have emerged in economic theory since the time of Stuart Mill.The classical theory of value - as we find it streamlined in Stuart Mill - was essentially a theory of production costs based on the thinking of the private entrepreneur. The entrepreneur will think about as follows: “If I could only cut my selling price I would be able to draw the customers to me. This, how-ever, is also the way my competitors think. So, there emerges a sort of gravita-tional force that pulls prices down. The cost of production is so to speak the solid base on to which the prices fall down and remain. Hence the cost of production is “the cause”of prices. This general viewpoint the classical economists applied with great sagacity to a whole range of commodities , to the relation between wages and profits and to the theory ofinternational prices etc.This theory contains, of course, an irrefutable element of truth. But it is too simple to give even a crude presentation of the forces at play. The economic process is an equilibrium affair where both technological and subjective forces. are at play. The subjective element was nearly left out by the classicists.On this point economic theory was completely renewed in the years between 1870 and 1890 when a number of Austrian economists headed by Karl Menger (1840-1921) undertook a systematic study of the human wants and their place in a theory of prices. Similar thoughts were expressed also by the Swiss Léon Walras (1834-1910) and the Englishman Stanley Jevons (1835-l882). This was the first break-through since Stuart Mill.The Englishman Alfred Marshall (1842-1924) subsequently did much to combine the subjective viewpoint and the cost of production viewpoint. This led to what we now usually speak of as the neo-classical theory.Neither the classicists nor the neo-classicists did much to verify their theo-retical results by statistical observations. The reason was partly that the statistics were poor, and partly that neither the classical nor the neo-classical theory was built out with the systematic statistical verification in view. The architec-tural plan of the theory had so to speak not made room for this verification. This fact was criticized by the German historical school under the leadership of Gustav Schmoller (1838-1917) and by the American institutionalists. These schools, however, had an unfortunate and rather naive belief in something like a “theory-free” observation.“Let the facts speak for themselves”. The impact of these schools on the development of economic thought was therefore not very great, at least not directly. Facts that speak for themselves, talk in a very naive language.A. A. K. Frisch17In the first part of the 20th century the picture changed. Partly under the influence of the criticism of the historical school and the institutionalists the theoreticians themselves took up a systematic work of building up the theory in such a way that the theory could be brought in immediate contact with the observational material. One might say that from now on economics moved into that stage where the natural sciences had been for a long time, namely the stage where theory derives its concepts from the observational technique, and in turn theory influences the observational technique.For the first time in history it now seemed that the work on the theoretical front in economics - now to a large extent mathematically formulated - and the work on the outer descriptive front should converge and support each other, giving us a theory that was elaborate enough to retain the concrete observatio-nal material, and at the same time a mass ofobservations that were planned and executed with a view to be filled into the theoretical structure.Of course, there had been forerunners for such a combination of economic theory, mathematics and statistics even earlier. It was represented by such men as Johan Heinrich von Thünen (1783-l850), Augustin Cournot (1801-1877), A. J. Dupuit (1804-1866) and Hermann Heinrich Gossen (1810-1858). But from the first part of the 20ieth century the movement came in for full. This was the beginning of the econometric way of thinking. And this is what I would call the second break-through since Stuart Mill.A crucial point in this connection is the quantification of the economic concepts, i.e. the attempts at making these concepts measurable. There is no need to insist on what quantitative formulation of concepts and relations has meant in the natural sciences. And I would like to state that for more than a generation it has been my deepest conviction that the attempted quantification is equally important in economics.The quantification is important already at the level of partial analysis. Here one has studied the demand for such important commodities as sugar, wheat, coffe, pig iron, American cotton, Egyptian cotton etc.And the quantification is even more important at the global level. Indeed, at the global level the goal of economic theory is to lay bare the way in which the different economic factors act and interact on each other in a highly complex system, and to do this in such a way that the results may be used in practice to carry out in the most effective way specific desiderata in the steering of the economy.As long as economic theory still works on a purely qualitative basis without attempting to measure the numerical importance of the various factors, practically any “conclusion”can be drawn and defended. For instance in a depression some may say: A wage reduction is needed because that will increase the profits of the enterprises and thus stimulate the activity. Others will say: A wage increase is needed because that will stimulate the demand of the consumers and thus stimulate activity. Some may say: A reduction of the interest rate is needed because this will stimulate the creation of new enter-prises. Others may say: An increase of the interest rate is needed because that18Economic Sciences1969will increase the deposits in the banks and thus give the banks increased capacity of lending money.Taken separately each of these advocated measures contains some particle of truth, taken in a very partial sense when we only consider some of the obvious direct effects, without bothering about indirect effects and without comparing the relative strengths of the various effects and countereffects. Just as one would say: If I sit down in a rowing boat and start rowing in the ordinary way, the boat will be driven backwards because of the pressure exerted by my feet in the bottom of the boat.In a global analysis that shall be useful for practical applications in economic policy in the nation as a whole, the gist of the matter is to study the relative strengths of all relevant effects and countereffects, hence the need for quanti-fication of the concepts.This perhaps is the most general and most salient formulation of the need for econometrics. How far we would be able to go in this direction was of course another question. But at least the attempt had to be made if economics were to approach the state of an applied science.It goes without saying that econometrics as thus conceived does not exhaust all the contents of economics. We still need - and shall always need - also broad philosophical discussions, intuitive suggestions of fruitful directions of research, and so on. But this is another story with which I will not be concerned here (7). Let me only say that what econometrics - aided by electronic computers - can do, is only to push forward by leaps and bounds the line of demarcation from where we have to rely on our intuition and sense of smell.4. S OME H ISTORICAL N OTES ON THE F OUNDING OF T HE E CONOMETRIC S OCIETY In the files of the Oslo University Institute of Economics I have located a folder containing letters and copies of letters dating from the years when the plans for an econometric society took shape. Here are interesting ideas and opinions from outstanding people in different parts of the world. Most of these people have now passed away.One of them was my good friend professor Francois Divisia. His letter of 1 September 1926 from his home in Issy les Moulineaux (Seine) was handwritten in his fine characters, 8 pages to the brim with every corner of the paper used. Most of the letter contained discussions on specific scientific questions, but there were also some remarks of an organizational sort. He spoke for instance of his correspondence with professor Irving Fisher of Yale. About this he said: ”Je suppose qu'il s’agit d’une liste destinée àétablir une liason entre les écono-mistes mathématiciens du monde entier”.Whether this was an independent initiative on the part of Fisher in connection with a plan for a society, or it was an outcome of my previous correspondence with Fisher, I have not been able to ascertain, because the files are missing. Divisia continues:“Dans la politique, je ne suis pas très partisan des organismes internationaux . . .mais dans les domaines desinteresses comme celui de la science, j’en suis au contraire partisan sans restriction”.Answering Divisia in a letter of 4 September 1926 I said inter alia: “JeR. A. K. Frisch19 saisis avec enthousiasme l’idee d’une liste ou d’un autre moyen de communication entre les économistes mathematiciens du monde entier. J’ai eu moi-même l’idée de tâcher de réaliser une association avec un périodique consacré à ces questions. Il est vrai que les périodiques ordinaires tels que la Revue d’économie politique ou l’Economic Journal, etc. acceptent occasionnellement des memoires mathematiques, mais toujours est-il que l’auteur d’un tel memoire se trouve duns l’obligation de restreindre autant que possible l’emploi de symboles mathematiques et le raisonnement par demonstration mathematique.Je connais déjà plusieurs economistes-mathématiciens dans differents pays, et j'ai pensé érire un jour ou l’autre une lettre à chacun d’eux pour avoir leur opinion sur la possiblité d’un périodique, (que dites-vous d’une “Econometrica”?, la soeur du”Biometrika”.) Maintenant je serai heureux d’avoir votre opinion d’abord. Si vous pensez que cela vaut la peine on pourra peut-être commencer par former un cercle restreint qui s’adressera plus tard au public. Dans les années à venir j’aurai probablement l’occasion de voyager souvent en Amérique et en Europe, alors j'aurai l’occasion de faire la connaissance des économistes qui pourront s’intéresser à ce projet, et j’aurai l’occasion de faire un peu de propagande. Peut-être pourra-t-on obtenir l’appui d’une des grandes fondations américaines pour la publication du périodique.Voici une liste de quelque personnes que je connais par correspondance comme étant très intéressées au sujet de l’économie pure: Jaime Algarra, Professeur d’éc. pol. UniversitéBarcelone, L. von Bortkievicz, Professeur de Stat. Univ. Berlin, E. Bouvier, Prof. de S C. fin. Univ. Lyon, K. Goldziher, Prof. Techn. Hochschule, Budapest, K. G. Hagström, Actuaire, Stockholm, Charles Jordan, Docteur és S C., Budapest, Edv. Mackeprang, Dr. polit., Copenhague, W. M. Persons, Prof. de Stat. Harvard Univ. Cambridge. Mass. U.S.A., E. Slutsky, Moscou, A. A. Young, Prof. d’éc. polit., Harvard Univ. Cam-bridge. Mass. U.S.A., P. Rédiadis. Contreamiral, Athènes.”I mentioned also a number of others, among whom were: Anderson, Prof. Ecole Supérieure de Commerce, Varna, Bulgarie, Graziani, Prof. d’éc. pol. Univ. Napoli, Italie, Huber, Dir. de la Stat.gén. de la France, Paris, Ricci, Prof. Univ. Roma, Gustavo del Vecchio R. Univ. Commerciale, Trieste.In a letter of 22 September 1926 Divisia answered inter alia: “Je suis, vous le savez, tout à fait d’accord avec vous sur l’utilité d’une Association Internationale d’Éco-nomie pure et j'aime beaucoup le titre d’"Econometrica" auquel vous avez songé pour un périodique. Toutefois, avant de passer aux realisations, je pense qu’il est indispensable de réunir tout d’abord un certain nombre d’adhésions. .. . je me demande s’il ne serait pas aussi possible et opportun de s’aboucher à une organisation existente comme l’lnstitut international de statistique. . . .Enfin, d’ores et déjà, tout mon concours vous est acquis.”In a letter of 1 November 1926 I wrote to Divisia: “Mon départ pour l’Amérique a été ajourné de quelques mois. J’en ai profité pour écrire aux personnes suivantes: Bortkievicz, Université de Berlin, A. L. Bowley, London School of Economics, Charles Jordan,Université de Budapest, Eugen Slutsky, Moscou, pour avoir leur opinion sur l’utilité et la possibilité de réaliser d’abord un cercle restreint et plus turd peut-être une association formelle . . .J’ai trouvé que je n’ai pas pû expliquer la chose d’une meilleure fagon qu’en copiant certains passages de votre dernière lettre . . .C’est peut-être là une petite indiscretion dont je me suis rendu coupable.”The same day 1 November 1926 I wrote to the four persons in question. In。

连玉君(2010) 一份不太长的Stata简介

一份不太长的Stata简介连玉君中山大学岭南学院arlionn@2010-7-14目录1 Stata概貌 (1)2 为何选择Stata？ (2)3 如何学习Stata？ (4)4 最后的话 (7)参考文献 (7)附录A：一些有用的Stata链接 (9)附录B：43个不可不知的Stata命令 (12)附录C：Stata视频教程 (13)1Stata概貌自从2003年开始使用Stata以来，我一直把“Stata”读为“Stay-ta”。

有一次和一个从日本回来的朋友聊天，她把Stata读为“Star-ta”，让我甚感不适。

经查阅，方才发现，原来“Stata”并非数个单词的缩写（因此其正确拼写为Stata而非STATA），而是由“statistics”和“data”合成的一个新词，Stata公司的员工都将其读做“Stay-ta”。

从这个小小的趣闻中，可以看出Stata在问世之初（1985年）的主要功能在于统计分析和数据处理。

经历了二十余年的发展，Stata已经升级到第11.1版（表1），在不断强化上述功能的同时，Stata在矩阵运算、绘图、编程等方面的功能也在不断加强。

表1 Stata发展历程1.0 January 1985 6.0 January 19991.1 February 1985 7.0 December 20001.2 March 1985 8.0 January 20031.4 August 1986 8.1 July 20031.5 February 1987 8.2 October 20032.0 June 1988 9.0 April 20052.05 June 1989 9.1 September 20052.1 September 1990 9.2 April 20063.0 March 1992 10.0 June 20073.1 August 1993 10.1 August 20084.0 January 1995 11.0 July 20095.0 October 1996 11.1 June 2010Source: /support/faqs/res/history.htmlStata擅长数据处理、面板数据分析、时间序列分析、生存分析，以及调查数据分析，但其它方面的功能也并不逊色（表2）。

欧盟药监局(EMA)-药品检查工作组-年度报告-2010

7 Westferry Circus ● Canary Wharf ● London E14 4HB ● United Kingdom Telephone +44 (0)20 7418 8400 Facsimile +44 (0)20 7418 8595 20 June 2012EMA/INS/GCP/711391/2010 Compliance and InspectionAnnual report of the Good Clinical Practice Inspectors Working Group 2010Adopted by the GCP IWG on 20 June 2012The publication of this report has been delayed due to the migration of inspection data to our new database and the creation of our reporting tool to retrieve the statistics included in this report.1. Introduction (3)2. Meetings (3)3. Inspections conducted in support of the centralised procedure and under national programmes (3)3.1. CHMP requested inspections (3)3.1.1. General overview (3)3.1.2. Categorization of findings (5)3.2. GCP inspections performed under national programmes (7)4. Harmonisation topics (9)4.1. Procedures and guidance documents (9)4.2. Inspection cooperation (9)4.3. GCP training and development (9)5. Topics of interest (10)6. Collaboration with European Commission (11)6.1. Implementation of Directive 2001/20/EC and of Directive 2005/28/EC and related guidance documents (11)6.2. EudraCT database (11)6.3. EU enlargement (11)6.4. Regulation on advanced therapies (11)7. Liaison with other groups (11)7.1. GMDP (11)7.2. PhV IWG (11)7.3. CTFG (11)7.4. CMD(h) (11)7.5. Heads of Medicines Agencies (12)7.6. Other regulatory agencies (12)7.7. Joint meeting with interested parties (12)1. IntroductionThis document is the third annual report of the GCP IWG1. This group was established in 1997 under the scope of Article 57(1)(i) of Regulation (EC) No. 726/2004.The GCP IWG focuses on harmonisation and co-ordination of GCP related activities at Community level. The group's role and activities are described in more detail in its Mandate and Workplan and also in Volume 10, Chapter IV, of the Rules Governing Medicinal Products in the European Union. The group supports the co-ordination of the provision of GCP advice and maintains a dialogue with other groups such as CHMP2, CVMP3, PhV WP4, CMD5, GMDP6 IWG and other groups, as needed, on areas of common interest.This annual report is set out in line with the format and objectives of the 2010 Workplan.2. MeetingsThe plenary GCP IWG took place on: 24 – 25 Feb 2010, 09 – 10 June 2010, 08 – 09 Sep 2010 and 01 – 03 Dec 2010. During 2010, the following GCP inspectors’ subgroups were involved in the discussion of specific topics and drafting documents:•GCP/CMD(h) (refer to section 7.4)•GCP Computer Systems (refer to section 5, 1st bullet point)•CTFG GCP Risk Based Quality Management (refer to section 7.3)A joint meeting with CHMP clinical assessors took place on 2 December (refer to section 4.2a). Delegates from this group are also involved in the Agency’s multidisciplinary working group on 3rd country clinical trials (refer to section 7.6). A workshop with all stakeholders took place on 6-7 September 2010.3. Inspections conducted in support of the centralised procedure and under national programmes3.1. CHMP requested inspections3.1.1. General overviewThe CHMP requested 63 inspections in 2010 and 69 inspections were carried out by the inspectorates of the EU member states in the same year. The number of CHMP requested and conducted inspections is not consistent due to the fact that several inspections requested in the last 3 months of the year 2009 have been conducted in 2010 and some inspections requested in the last 3 months of 2010 will be carried out in 2011. The data in this report relates to inspections carried out..In figure 1, the number of inspections carried out in 2010 is shown by region and type of inspection. Most inspections were carried out in the EU/EEA10 (48%) followed by inspections in the USA (16%) and The Middle East/Asia/Pacific (10%).Figure 1: Inspections conducted per region and type of inspection.1Good Clinical Practice Inspectors Working Group2Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use3Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use4Pharmacovigilance Working Party5Co-ordination Group for Mutual Recognition and Decentralised Procedures6Good Manufacturing Distribution Practice Inspectors Working Group10European Union/European Economic Area/European Free Trade AssociationTable 1. Number of Inspections conducted per region and type of inspection.Non-Routine Routine Total EU/EEA/EFTA 25 8 33 USA 6 5 11 Middle4 3 7 East/Asia/PacificSouth/Central5 16 AmericaCanada 3 2 5 Africa 2 1 3 Australasia/NZ 2 2 CIS 1 1 Eastern Europe (non-1 1 EU)Figure 2: Inspections conducted per type of site and type of inspection.Figure 2 represents the number of inspections conducted per type of site. Most inspections were conducted at clinical investigator sites (71%).3.1.2. Categorization of findingsA total of 1069 deficiencies, comprising 66 critical (6%), 465 major (43%) and 538 minor (50%) were recorded for the 69 inspections conducted in 2010.The main findings observed in the 2010 inspections are detailed below in accordance with the GCP categorization of findings agreed by the GCP IWG.Figure 3. Number of findings with regard to the main categories graded by critical, major and minor.Table 2. Number of findings per sub-category of the top 3 main categories (general, investigational site and trial management) graded by critical, major and minor.# Inspected Deficiencies # InspectedDeficienciesTotal DeficiencyCategory NameDeficiency Sub Category Name Critical Major MinorGeneral Contracts/Agreements 9 10 19 Direct Access to Data 2 2Essential Documents 2 36 82 120Facilities and Equipment 2 2 4Organisation and Personnel 13 33 46Qualification/Training 1 19 32 52Randomization/Blinding/CodesIMP3 6 3 12SOPs 2 25 35 62Source Documentation 4 24 40 68 General Total 14 134 237 385Investigational Site Protocol Compliance (Assessmentof Efficacy)8 16 7 31 Protocol Compliance (Others) 3 11 14 28Protocol Compliance (SafetyReporting)8 13 21Protocol Compliance (SelectionCriteria)7 42 12 61 Reporting in CRF/Diary 2 38 51 91InvestigationalSite Total20 115 97 232Trial Management (Sponsor) Audit 5 1 6 CSR 4 12 11 27 Data Management 4 50 23 77 Document Control 1 6 17 24 Monitoring 6 34 27 67 Protocol/CRF/Diary/Questionnaires 1 5 12 18designStatistical Analysis 2 1 2 5 Trial18 113 93 224 Management(Sponsor)Total3.2. GCP inspections performed under national programmesThe CHMP GCP inspections are just a small part of the total number of inspections performed by the EU/EEA inspectors as there are many others performed as part of their national programmes in the following contexts:Oversight of the conduct of clinical trials in Europe.Marketing Authorization Applications (MRP, DCP or national procedures).The following statistics are based on information obtained from EudraCT.Table 3. Inspections conducted per Region.EU/EEA 563North America 14Rest of the World 45Figure 4. Number of inspections per type of site.Figure 5. Trial specific vs non-trial specific conducted inspectionsTable 4. Trial specific vs non-trial specific conducted inspectionsNumber of Inspections conducted in 2011 Trial Specific 265Non trial specific 217Not answered 140Figure 6. Percentage of inspection in relation to the number of critical and major of findings.4. Harmonisation topics4.1. Procedures and guidance documentsThe GCP Inspection procedures and/or guidance for GCP inspections conducted in the context of the Centralised Procedure have not been revised this year.The following guidance on GCP Inspection required in accordance with article 29 of Directive 2005/28/EC and prepared by the GCP IWG is now publicly available in Chapter IV of Volume 10 of the Rules Governing Medicinal Products in the European Union:•Record keeping and archiving of documents obtained or resulting from the Good Clinical Practice inspection.The following guidance document required by the same article mentioned above is still pending and will be included in the Workplan for 2011:•Actions taken after completion of Good Clinical Practice inspection.4.2. Inspection cooperation•Cooperation between the Member States:−In 2010 all the inspections requested by the CHMP were joint inspections involving inspectors from at least two Member States,− A joint meeting GCP IWG and CHMP assessors took place on 2 December 2010 with practical presentations from the inspectors’ and assessors’ perspective on the experience with some GCP inspections carried out for the centralized procedure. The issues discussed included the interpretation/understanding of findings, communication between inspectors and assessors during the procedure, difference in views, expectations and suggestions for process improvement.•Cooperation with 3rd countries (see also section 7.6)−Observers from countries outside the EU have always been invited to observe the EU GCP inspections performed in those countries in the context of the centralized procedure. In 2010, at least 6 inspections were observed by FDA inspectors and 7 joint inspections were performed together with the FDA. In addition, 2 inspections were observed by TGA (Therapeutic Goods Administration, the Australian regulatory agency), 1 inspection was observed by FDA-Thailand, and 1 inspection was observed by Health Canada.4.3. GCP training and developmentThe following activities have taken place during this year:The 8th GCP IWG Training Course in London (EMA) on 03 – 05 Nov 2010. Participants included inspectors from EEA (Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Netherland, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, UK) and from countries outside the EEA (Bosnia and Herzegovina, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Switzerland, Turkey, Canada, Ghana, Indonesia, Japan, Kenya, Republic of Korea, Nigeria, South Africa, United Republic of Tanzania, USA). The agenda of the course covered the following points:•Data management and Data Safety Monitoring Boards,•Computer systems and validation (eCRFs, e-patient diaries, e-medical records, e-TMF etc.),•Inspections of technical facilities: IVRS system inspections, Clinical Laboratory and Clinical trials pharmacy inspections,•Topic of Interest I:−Follow-up on inspections Inspection of emergency trials,−Adaptive design,−Inspection of clinical trials on advanced therapies,−Inspection of paediatric trials.•Plenary session on case studies – special topics/experiences to be volunteered: −Misconduct at the Investigator’s site: how to approach it,−Academic Trial Inspection,−Fraud and misconduct: how to manage detected cases?•Break-out sessions every day with discussion points on the different topics covered in the agenda. •During the GCP Inspector meetings held in 2010, the following topics have been addressed: −Develop peer review of case studies,−Develop and monitor opportunities for joint inspections.5. Topics of interestThe GCP IWG has published the following documents focused on topics of interest:•Reflection paper on expectations for electronic source data and data transcribed to electronic data collection tools in clinical trials(final version)•Reflection paper on guidance for laboratories that perform the analysis or evaluation of clinical trial samples (for consultation until 28/02/11)Members of the GCP IWG are also supporting the Pharmacokinetics Working Party in the review of the comments of the public consultation of the guideline on validation of bio-analytical method released for public consultation until 31 May 2010.The GCP IWG has under preparation (UP) or pending preparation (PP) the following documents focused on topics of interest which will be included in the 2011 Workplan:•Reflection paper on quality risk management in clinical trials (UP),•Document with specific triggers for assessors in the context of the ethical conduct of clinical trials in countries outside the EU (PP),•Revision of the document on triggers for GCP inspection (PP),•Document for assessors in the context of the assessment of acceptability of clinical trials from 3rd countries (PP).6. Collaboration with European Commission6.1. Implementation of Directive 2001/20/EC and of Directive 2005/28/EC and related guidance documentsSee section 4.1.6.2. EudraCT databaseThe GCP IWG has agreed on the format of reports with information from EudraCT to assist in the prioritization of GCP inspections.6.3. EU enlargement•Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Turkey have been invited and in most of the cases attended, the GCP IWG meetings held in 2010 as observers.•Delegates from these countries have also attended the 8th GCP IWG training workshop in London (see section 4.3).6.4. Regulation on advanced therapiesThe GCP IWG continues with the monitoring of the implementation of GCP guidelines on ATIMPs in clinical trials of advanced therapies.7. Liaison with other groups7.1. GMDPThe GMPD and GCP IWG, through the GCP/GMDP, contributed in 2009 to the revision of Annex 13 (Investigational Medicinal products) which the Commission has published this year in the EudraLex Volume 4 of the Rules Governing Medicinal Products in the European Union.7.2. PhV IWGThe GCP IWG maintains a dialogue with the Pharmacovigilance Inspectors Working Group on areas of common interest and in particular concerning pharmacovigilance issues observed in relation to GCP inspections.7.3. CTFGMembers of the CTFG are involved with members of the GCP IWG in the preparation of the Reflection paper on quality risk management in clinical trials which work is still ongoing.7.4. CMD(h)The GCP IWG and the CMD(h), mainly through the GCP/CMD(h) subgroup has contributed to:•The preparation of a pilot 2010 risk based programme of routine GCP inspections of the Contract Research Organizations most often used in the conduct of the bioequivalence trials included in marketing authorization application in the mutual recognition and Decentralised procedure.•The finalization of a document for assessors on triggers for inspections of Bioequivalence Trials.•The discussion of processes for:−Exchange of information on BE trials/CRO inspections,−Communication of inspections findings,−Improve the exchange of information between inspectors and assessors,−Selection of trial/sites for inspection.7.5. Heads of Medicines AgenciesSee section 7.3.7.6. Other regulatory agencies•EMA FDA GCP initiative:− A Q&A document has been published this year in the EMA external web site to address some questions from the public about this initiative− A report of the outcome of the pilot phase of the EMA FDA GCP initiative with details on the exchanges of information and collaborative inspections is being prepared and will be published in 2011 in the EMA external website•Delegates from the GCP IWG have contributed to the preparation of the “Draft reflection paper on ethical and GCP aspects of clinical trials of medicinal products for human use conducted in countries outside EU and submitted in marketing-authorisation applications to the EMA” and have participated in the International workshop organized by EMA as part of the public consultation of this document on 6-7 September 2010•An International Workshop involving the EU GCP IWG and inspectors from countries outside the EU took place on 8th September 2010. Delegates from Canada, China, Chinese Taipei, Ghana, Singapore, Thailand, US FDA, WHO, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, Russian Federation, Serbia, Singapore, Switzerland. The agenda of this workshop covered the following points:−Sharing of information on GCP activities−Overview of international cooperation initiatives−Joint Inspections•Training Activities/ How to contribute to capacity building:−Communication network for inspection sharing.7.7. Joint meeting with interested partiesA joint meeting of GCP IWG and interested parties did not take place as initially foreseen in the 2009 Workplan, but is scheduled for 2011.For the details of the activities of the GCP IWG for next year see the Workplan for 2011.。

美国人的时间安排调查(2010)(American Time Use Survey(2010))_数据挖掘_科研数据集

美国人的时间安排调查（2010）(American Time UseSurvey（2010）)数据介绍：The American Time Use Survey (ATUS)data include the average amount of time per day in 2010 that individuals worked, did household activities, and engaged in leisureand sports activities.关键词：美国人,时间安排,工作,家务活,休闲和运动, American,timeuse,work,household activities,leisure and sports activities,数据格式：TEXT数据详细介绍：American Time Use Survey News ReleaseFor release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Wednesday, June 22, 2011USDL-11-0919Technical information: (202) 691-6339 * atusinfo@ */tusMedia contact: (202) 691-5902 * PressOffice@American Time Use Survey -- 2010 ResultsIn 2010, 82 percent of employed persons worked on an average weekday,compared with 35 percent on an average weekend day, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. The American Time Use Survey (ATUS)data include the average amount of time per day in 2010 that individuals worked, did household activities, and engaged in leisure and sports activities. Additionally, measures of the average time per day spent providingchildcare--both as a main activity and while doing other things--for the combined years 2006-10 are provided. Except for childcare, activities done simultaneously with primary activities were not collected. For a further description of ATUS data and methodology, see the Technical Note.Working (by Employed Persons) in 2010--Employed persons worked an average of 7.5 hours on the days they worked. More hours were worked, on average, on weekdays than on weekenddays--7.9 hours compared with 5.5 hours. (See table 4.)--On the days that they worked, employed men worked 41 minutes more than employed women. This difference partly reflects women's greater likelihood of working part time. However, even among full-time workers (those usually working 35 hours or more per week), men worked longer than women--8.2 hours compared with 7.8 hours. (See table 4.)--Many more people worked on weekdays than on weekend days: 82 percent of employed persons worked on an average weekday, compared with 35 percent on an average weekend day. These estimates include individuals who worked on the day, regardless of whether they usually work on those days. For example, the 35 percent of workers who worked on a weekend day includes those whose jobs are typically performed on weekends, as well as those who usually work on weekdays but spent time working on the weekend. (See table 4.)--On the days that they worked, 24 percent of employed persons did some or all of their work at home, and 83 percent did some or all of their work at their workplace. Men and women were about equally likely to do some or all of their work at home. (See table 6.)--Multiple jobholders were more likely to work on an average weekend day than were single jobholders--51 percent compared with 34 percent. Multiple jobholders were nearly twice as likely to work at home as were singlejobholders--39 percent compared with 22 percent.(See tables 4 and 6.)--Self-employed workers were three times more likely than wage and salary workers to have done some work at home on days worked—64 percent compared with 19 percent. (See table 7.)--On the days that they worked, 36 percent of employed people age 25 and over with a bachelor's degree or higher did some work at home,compared with only 10 percent of those with less than a high school diploma. (See table 6.) Household Activities in 2010--On an average day, 84 percent of women and 67 percent of men spent some time doing household activities such as housework, cooking,lawn care, or financial and other household management. (For a definition of average day, see the Technical Note.) (See table 1.)--On the days that they did household activities, women spent an average of 2.6 hours on such activities, while men spent 2.1 hours.(See table 1.)--On an average day, 20 percent of men did housework--such as cleaning or doing laundry--compared with 49 percent of women. Forty-one percent of men did food preparation or cleanup, compared with 68 percent of women. (See table 1.)Leisure Activities in 2010--On an average day, nearly everyone age 15 and over engaged in some sort of leisure activity, such as watching TV, socializing, or exercising. Of those who engaged in leisure activities, men spent more time in these activities (5.8 hours) than did women (5.1 hours). (See table 1.)--Watching TV was the leisure activity that occupied the most time (2.7 hours per day), accounting for about half of leisure time, on average, for those age 15 and over. Socializing, such as visiting with friends or attending or hosting social events, was the next most common leisure activity, accounting for nearly three-quarters of an hour per day. (See table 1.)--Men were more likely than women to participate in sports, exercise, or recreation on any given day--22 percent compared with 16 percent. On the days that they participated, men also spent more time in these activities than did women--1.9 hours compared with 1.3 hours. (See table 1.)--On an average day, adults age 75 and over spent 7.7 hours engaged inleisure activities--more than any other age group; 35- to 44-year- olds spent 4.2 hours engaged in leisure and sports activities--less than other age groups. (See table 11.)--Time spent reading for personal interest and playing games or using a computer for leisure varied greatly by age. Individuals age 75 and over averaged 1.1 hours of reading per weekend day and 18 minutes playing games or using a computer for leisure. Conversely, individuals ages 15 to 19 read for an average of 6 minutes per weekend day while spending 1.1 hours playing games or using a computer for leisure. (See table 11.)--Employed adults living in households with no children under 18 engaged in leisure activities for 4.5 hours per day, nearly an hour more than employed adults living with a child under age 6. (See table 8.)Care of Household Children (by Adults in Households with Children) forthe period 2006-10 --Adults living in households with children under 6 spent an average of 2.0 hours per day providing primary childcare to household children. Adults living in households where the youngest child was between the ages of 6 and 17 spent less than half as much time providing primary childcare to household children--47 minutes per day. Primary childcare is childcare that is done as a main activity, such as physical care of children and reading to or talking with children. (See table 9.)--On an average day, among adults living in households with children under 6, women spent 1.1 hours providing physical care (such as bathing or feeding a child) to household children; by contrast, men spent 26 minutes providing physical care. (See table 9.)--Adults living in households with at least one child under 6 spent an average of 5.6 hours per day providing secondary childcare--that is, they had at least one child in their care while doing activities other than primary childcare. Secondary childcare provided by adults living in households with children under 6 was most commonly provided while doing leisure activities (2.2 hours) or household activities (1.3 hours). (See table 10.)--Adults living in households with children under 6 spent more time providing primary childcare on an average weekday (2.1 hours) than on an average weekend day (1.8 hours). However, they spent less time providing secondarychildcare on weekdays than on weekend days--4.6 hours compared with 7.7 hours. (See tables 9 and 10.)Additional DataATUS 2010 data files are available for users to do their own tabulations and analyses. In accordance with BLS and Census Bureau policies that protect survey respondents' privacy, identifying information was removed from the data files and some responses have been edited. The 2010 data files are available on the BLS Web site at /tus/data.htm.Technical NoteThe estimates in this release are based on annual average data from the American Time Use Survey (ATUS).The ATUS, which is conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), is a continuous survey about how individuals age 15 and over spend their time.Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800)877-8339.Concepts and definitionsAverage day. The average day measure reflects an average distribution across all persons in the reference population and all days of the week. Averageday measures for the entire population provide a mechanism for seeing the overall distribution of time allocation for society as a whole. The ATUS collects data about daily activities from all segments of the population age 15 and over, including persons who are employed and not employed. Activity profiles differ based upon age, employment status, gender, and other characteristics. On an average day in 2010, persons in the U.S. age 15 and over did work and work-related activities for 3.5 hours, slept 8.7 hours, spent 5.2 hours doing leisure and sports activities, and spent 1.8 hours doing household activities. The remaining 4.8 hours were spent doing a variety of other activities, including eating and drinking, attending school, andshopping. (See table 1.) By comparison, an average weekday for persons employed full time on days that they worked included 9.1 hours doing work and work- related activities, 7.5 hours sleeping, 2.9 hours doing leisure and sports activities, and 0.9 hour doing household activities. The remaining 3.6 hours were spent in other activities, such as those described above. (These estimates include related travel time.)Many activities typically are not done on a daily basis, and some activities only are done by a subset of the population. For example, only 42 percent of all persons age 15 years and over worked on an average day in 2010 because some were not employed and those who were employed did not work every day. (See table 1.)Average hours per day. The average number of hours spent in a24-hour day (between 4 a.m. on the diary day and 4 a.m. on the interview day) doing a specified activity.Diary day. The diary day is the day about which therespondent reports. For example, the diary day of arespondent interviewed on Tuesday is Monday.Employment status-- Employed. All persons who, at any time during the 7 days prior to the interview:1) Did any work at all as paid employees; worked in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or usually worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in a family-operated enterprise; or2) Were not working but had jobs or businesses from which they were temporarily absent due to illness, bad weather, vacation, childcare problems, labor-management disputes, maternity or paternity leave, job training, or other family or personal reasons, whether or not they were paid for the time off or were seeking other jobs.--Employed full time. Full-time workers are those who usually worked 35 hours or more per week at all jobs combined.--Employed part time. Part-time workers are those who usually worked fewer than 35 hours per week at all jobs combined.--Not employed. Persons are not employed if they do not meet the conditions for employment. The not employed include those classified as unemployed as well as those classified as not in the labor force (using CPS definitions).The numbers of employed and not employed persons in this report do not correspond to published totals from the CPS for several reasons. First, the reference population for the ATUS is age 15 years and over, whereas it is age 16 years and over for the CPS. Second, ATUS data are collected continuously, the employment reference period being the 7 days prior to the interview.By contrast, CPS data are usually collected during the week including the 19th of the month and refer to employment during the week containing the 12th of the month. Finally, the CPS accepts answers from household members about other household members whereas such proxy responses are not allowed in the ATUS. One consequence of the difference in proxy reporting is that a significantly higher proportion of teenagers report employment in the ATUS than in the CPS. While the information on employment from the ATUS is useful for assessing work in the context of other daily activities, the employment data are not intended for analysis of current employment trends. Compared with the CPS and other estimates of employment, the ATUS estimates are based on a much smaller sample and are only available with a substantial lag since ATUS data and estimates are published during the year following data collection.Household children. Household children are children under age 18 residing in the household of the ATUS respondent. The children may be related to the respondent (such as his or her own children, grandchildren, nieces or nephews, or brothers or sisters) or not related (such as foster children or children of roommates).Primary activity. A primary activity is the main activity a respondent was doing at a specified time. With the exception of secondary childcare in table 10, the estimates presented in this release reflect time spent in primary activities only.Secondary activities. A secondary (or simultaneous) activity is an activity done at the same time as a primary activity. With the exception of the care of children under age 13, information on secondary activities is not systematically collected in the ATUS.Secondary childcare. Secondary childcare is care for children under age 13 that is done while doing an activity other than primary childcare, such as cooking dinner. Secondary childcare estimates are derived by summing the durations of activities during which respondents had a household child or their own nonhousehold child under age 13 in their care while doing activities other than primary childcare. It is restricted to times the respondent was awake. Secondary childcare time for household children is further restricted to the time between when the first household child under age 13 woke up andthe last household child under age 13 went to bed. If respondents report providing both primary and secondary care at the same time, the time is attributed to primary care only.Weekday, weekend, and holiday estimates. Estimates for weekdays are an average of reports about Monday through Friday. Estimates for weekend days and holidays are an average of reports about Saturdays, Sundays, and the following holidays: New Year’s Day, Easter, Memorial Day, the Fourth of July, Labor Day,Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas Day. In 2010, the telephone call center was closed the day after the Fourth of July, so data were not collected about this holiday.Reliability of the estimatesStatistics based on the ATUS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, estimates differ from the true population values they represent. The component of this difference that occurs because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. Sample estimates from a given survey design are unbiased when an average of the estimates from all possible samples would yield, hypothetically, the true population value.In this case, the sample estimate and its standard error can be used to construct approximate confidence intervals, or ranges of values that include the true population value with known probabilities. If the process of selecting a sample from the population were repeated many times, an estimate made from each sample, and a suitable estimate of its standard error calculated for each sample, then approximately 90 percent of the intervals from 1.645 standard errors below the estimate to 1.645 standard errors above the estimate would include the true population value. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.The ATUS data also are affected by nonsampling error, which is the average difference between population and sample values for samples generated by a given process. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. Errorsalso could occur if non-response is correlated with time use.Estimates of average hours per day and participation rates are not published unless there are a minimum number of respondents representing the given population. Additional publication criteria are applied that include the number of respondents who reported doing a specified activity and the standard error or coefficient of variation for the estimate. Estimates that are considered "close to zero" or that round to 0.00, are published as approximately zero or "~0." For a detailed description of the statistical reliability criteria necessary for publication, please contact ATUS staff at ATUSinfo@.数据预览：点此下载完整数据集。

文献检索试题（含答案）

文献检索试题（含答案）一、填空题：1. 文献按其加工深度不同可以划分为一次文献、二次文献和三次文献。

2. 信息素质的内涵包括信息需求、信息意识、信息知识、信息道德和信息能力。

3. 构成文献的三要素是内核、物质载体和符号系统。

4. CNKI的中文全称是中国知识基础设施工程。

5. 标准文献的主体是技术标准。

6. 期刊论文的文献出处包括期刊名称、年卷期和起止页码。

7. 在计算机信息检索中，用于组配检索词和限定检索范围的布尔逻辑运算符包括and 、or和not三种。

8. 文件ABC.001.TXT的后缀名是TXT，文件类型是文本文档。

9. 多数网页采用HTML编写，这里的HTML指的是超文本标识语言。

10. 在使用搜索引擎检索时，URL:ustc可以查到网址中带有ustc 的网页。

11. 根据索引编制方式的不同，可以将搜索引擎分为索引型搜索引擎和网络目录型搜索引擎。

12. 按文献的相关度来划分，可以把文献分为核心文献、相关文献、边缘文献。

13. 检索工具具有两个方面的职能：存储职能、检索职能。

14. 利用原始文献所附的参考文献，追踪查找参考文献的原文的检索方法称为追溯法，又称为引文法。

15. 已知一篇参考文献的著录为"Levitan, K. B. Information resource management. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 1986"，该作者的姓是Levitan。

16. 检索语言可分为两大类：分类语言、主题词语言。

17. 在大多数情况下，检索的目的是为了找到相关文献，而不是"答案"。

18. 二八定律在期刊文献检索中的体现是：20％的期刊登载了80％的重要文献，体现这种特性的期刊是核心期刊。

19. 当计算机访问范围受到限制时，可以通过代理服务器访问外部网络。

20. PDF、VIP文件对应的打开程序分别为Adobe Reader，VipBrowser 。

Statistics for Business and Economics(英文版)(pdf 36页)

1. Involves
• Collecting Data
$
• Presenting Data
50
• Characterizing Data 25
2. Purpose
• Describe Data
0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
GX = 30.5 S2 = tion, Inc
1.3
Fundamental Elements of Statistics
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
Fundamental Elements
1. Experimental unit
• Object upon which we collect data
2. Population
• Engineering
– Construction – Materials
• Sports
– Individual & Team Performance
• Business
– Consumer Preferences – Financial Trends
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
Inferential Statistics
1. Involves
• Estimation • Hypothesis
Testing
2. Purpose
• Make decisions about population characteristics
Population?
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
e.g., Average

《信息检索与应用》总复习题

《信息检索》期末复习一、单项选择题1、文摘、题录、目录等属于（B ）。

A、一次文献B、二次文献C、零次文献D、三次文献2、从文献的（B ）角度区分，可将文献分为印刷型、电子型文献。

A、内容公开次数 B 载体类型 C 出版类型 D 公开程度3、按照出版时间的先后，应将各个级别的文献排列成（C ）。

A、三次文献、二次文献、一次文献B、一次文献、三次文献、二次文献C、一次文献、二次文献、三次文献D、二次文献、三次文献、一次文献4、手稿、私人笔记等属于（C ）文献，辞典、手册等属于（C ）文献。

A、一次，三次 B 零次、二次C、零次、三次 D 一次、二次5、逻辑“与”算符是用来组配（C）。

A、不同检索概念，用于扩大检索范围。

B、相近检索概念，扩大检索范围。

C、不同检索概念，用于缩小检索范围。

D.相近检索概念，缩小检索范围。

6、利用文献后面所附的参考文献进行检索的方法称为（A）A、追溯法B、直接法C、抽查法D 综合法7、如果检索结果过少，查全率很低，需要调整检索范围，此时调整检索策略的方法有（B ）等。

A、用逻辑“与”或者逻辑“非”增加限制概念。

B.用逻辑”或“或截词增加同族概念。

C、用字段算符或年份增加辅助限制。

D、用”在结果中检索“增加限制条件。

8、根据国家相关标准，文献的定义是指“记录有关（C）的一切载体。

A、情报 B 、信息C、知识D、数据9、以作者本人取得的成果为依据而创作的论文、报告等，并经公开发表或出版的各种文献，称为（B ）A、零次文献B、一次文献C、二次文献D、三次文献10、哪一种布尔逻辑运算符用于交叉概念或限定关系的组配？（A ）A、逻辑与（AND）B、逻辑或（OR)C、逻辑非(NOT)D、逻辑与和逻辑非11、逻辑算符包括（D）算符。

A、逻辑“与”B、逻辑“或”C、逻辑“非”D、A、B和C12、事实检索包含检索课题（A ）等内容。

A、背景知识、事件过程、人物机构B、相关文献、人物机构、统治数据C、事件过程、国外文献、国内文献D、国内文献、国外文献、统计数据13、区别于一般期刊论文或者教科书，参考工具书的突出特点是（C ）。

统计学专业博士研究生培养方案

3
51
4
2
10-18周
31133004
数理统计学前沿专题（随机过程、时间序列分析、多元分析）
3
51
4
2
10-18周
31133005
统计学专业经典文献
2
34
4
2
公共课、学科基础课
和专业课学分总计
≥33
其他要求
非统计学专业硕士毕业生，应补修统计学专业主要硕士学位课程。
其他培养环节及要求（选填）
毕业论文答辩之前，根据参加学术会议、学术讲座、小组讨论等学术活动，提交10份相关主题的研究报告。
学位论文
（对学位论文的学术水平、创造性成果等方面的要求。）
学位论文学术水平要求。一篇规范的博士学位论文，应当包括以下几个部分：封面与扉页（论文题目和作者），封面用中文，扉页用外文；版权页（论文独创性声明和关于论文使用授权声明）；中文摘要和关键词；Abstract和Key words；目录（必要时，可加图目录或表目录）；符号说明（必要时使用）；正文；参考文献；在读期间科研成果；附录（必要时使用）；致谢（可选）。
一章起，本部分是论文作者对主要研究内容进行论证和说明，是论文的核心。各章结构合理、层次分明、数据可靠、文字简练、说理透彻、推理严谨、立论正确，避免使用口语化表述。（3）
结论。本部分是学位论文的总结，着重阐述作者的创造性工作及所取得的研究成果在本学术领域的地位、作用和意义，还可进一步提出需要讨论的问题和建议，应明确、精练、完整、准确。
培养过程中，博士研究生应根据本学科博士研究生培养方案的规定、学位论文工作的需要和个人特点，通过课堂教学、小组讨论等方式学习有关课程，参加各类学术活动以及导师的课题研究。在拓宽和加深基础理论、专业知识以及掌握学科前沿动态的基础上学会进行创造性研究工作的方法，培养严谨的科学作风。为使博士研究生全面把握本学科发展新进展和本研究方向的国内外研究动态，要求博士研究生在导师指导下定期进行专题研讨。博士研究生在读期间，不得少于1次参加全国性学术会议或相应的学术活动。

Chap018-Employment-and-Unemployment

=
unemployed persons labor force
* 100
For June 2009:
LFPR
=
14,729,000 154,926,000
* 100 = 9.5%
18-6
Employment-Population Ratio
• The employmentpopulation ratio has risen over the past 4 decades.
(4) waiting to report for a new job within 30 days
18-5
Unemployment Rate
Unemployment = Rate
or
unemployed persons unemployed + employed * 100
persons
Unemployment Rate
acceptable wages.
18-10
Stock-Flow Model
• At any point in time, there is a measurable stock of people in each of the three boxes that represent categories of labor force status.
18-7
Unemployment Rate
• The unemployment rate been highly variable over the past 4 decades.
18-8
Advantages of Household Survey
o The unemployment rate and employment-population ratios come from a monthly household survey which has the following advantages:

单词min表示的中文是什么意思

单词min表示的中文是什么意思单词min表示的中文是什么意思英语单词min虽说在日常生活中不是很常用，但是它表示的中文意思我们还是可以了解一下的。

下文是店铺为大家准备的英语单词min表示的中文意思的内容，希望能对大家有所帮助!英语单词min表示的中文意思英 [mn] 美 [mn]Minister 部长;minute 分;minuto (Portuguese or Spanish=minute) 分;1. 最小值：●资料锁定(HOLD)最大值(MAX) 最小值(MIN)锁定功能. ●资料锁定(HOLD)最大值(MAX) 最小值(MIN)锁定功能. ●资料锁定(HOLD)最大值(MAX) 最小值(MIN)锁定功能.2. min：multistage interconnection networks; 多级互连网络3. min：mobile intelligent networks; 移动智能网4. min：multistage interconnected network; 多级互连网5. min：minocycline; 美满霉素英语单词min的单语例句1. Feng Min is a career woman and has been carrying out research in cancer.2. The insurer said the carrying value of its holdings with Min Fa was 412 million yuan on June 30.3. The rotten bodies will contaminate the Min River, which flows into the Yangtze River.4. Chaoyang District Peoples Court said Li Min stole a watch when she was working at her employers house near Beiyuan area on Feb 23.5. While Mins views might be unorthodox, hes no fringe crackpot.6. It is reported that one of the likely candidates is Zhu Min,who has served as special advisor to the managing director since May 2010.7. Xu Min was later found dead with 56 wounds to his body.8. " Zhu Min is expected to be named to deputy managing director, " an IMF board member told Reuters.9. The second buyer Zhu Min testified he bought the camera to film manufacturers who use his companys trademark illegally. 英语单词min的双语例句1. Methods Take one portion of anticoagulation that contains abundant leucocytes, two portions of distilled water or1%HCl2liquores for dilution, and mix them up to hemolyze for ten minutes.取富含白细胞的抗凝血液1份，加蒸馏水或1%HCl2份稀释混匀，使其溶血10min，取15μl制作压片然后用油镜观察。