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UTMI+ Low Pin Interface (ULPI)SpecificationRevision 1.1October 20, 2004Revision HistoryDate CommentRevision Issue0.9 November 12, 2003 Pre-release.1.0rc1 January 3, 2004 Introduce PHY interface “modes”.Update interface timings. Clarify 4-bit data clocking.Clarify sending of RX CMD’s and interrupts.Introduce AutoResume feature.Route int pin to data(3) during 6-pin Serial Mode.Explain VBUS thresholds.Add T&MT diagram and updated text.Add new section to explain how PHY is aborted by Link.Various clarifications.1.0rc2 January 13, 2004 Add block diagram.Tighten interface timing.Modify suspend protocol to more closely resemble UTMI.Add SPKR_L and SPKR_MIC to signal list and T&MTconnector.Various clarifications.1.0rc3 January 19, 2004 Specify that PHY must send RX CMD after Reset.Link + PHY clock startup time of no more than 5.6ms for aperipheral is now mandatory.PHY output delay reduced from 10ns to 9ns.Added link decision time numbers for low speed.Various Clarifications.1.0 February 2, 2004 1.0rc3 adopted as 1.0 release.1.1rc1 September 1, 2004 Various clarifications and fixes to hold time numbers, sendingRXCMDs, FsLsSerialMode, Vbus control and monitoring,Test_J and Tesk_K signalling, Low Power Mode,Hostdisconnect, ID detection, HS SOF packets, interrupts,Carkit Mode, interface protection, No SYNC/EOP mode,linestate filtering, and AutoResume.1.1rc2 October 4, 2004 Re-arranged text in section 3.8.7.3. Updated contributors list.1.1 October 20, 2004 1.1rc2 adopted as 1.1 release.The present Specification has been circulated for the sole benefit of legally-recognized Promoters, Adopters and Contributors of the Specification. All rights are expressly reserved, including but not limited to intellectual property rights under patents, trademarks, copyrights and trade secrets. The respective Promoter's, Adopter's or Contributor's agreement entered into by Promoters, Adopters and Contributors sets forth their conditions of use of the Specification.iiPromotersARC International Inc.Conexant Systems, Inc.Mentor Graphics CorporationPhilipsSMSCTransDimension, Inc.ContributorsVertenten PhilipsBartOkur PhilipsBatuhanBillAnderson MotorolaMcInerney TransDimensionBillBooker CypressBrianARCBelangerChrisKolb ARCChrisChrisSchell PhilipsChung Wing Yan PhilipsSrokaPhilipsDaveWang PhilipsDavidWooten TransDimensionDavidSMSCEricKawamotoPhilipsMackayFarranFrazier ConexantFrankFredRoberts SynopsysFarooqConexantHassanLee TransDimensionHyunParr MentorIanStandiford TransDimensionJayPhilipsTjiaJeromeMentorSaundersMarkMohamed Benromdhane ConexantSMSCMorganMonksISINabilTaklaTengstrand ARCPeterRamanand Mandayam ConexantDouglas MentorRobSaleemMohamed Synopsys(Author)ShaunReemeyer PhilipsCypressSimonNguyenSubramanyam Sankaran PhilipsTexasInstrumentsViningSueRemple QualcommTerryChen ConexantTimothyConexantChangVincentQuestions should be emailed to lpcwg@.iiiTable of Contents1.Introduction (1)1.1General (1)1.2Naming Convention (1)1.3Acronyms and Terms (1)1.4References (1)2.Generic Low Pin Interface (2)2.1General (2)2.2Signals (2)2.3Protocol (3)2.3.1Bus Ownership (3)2.3.2Transferring Data (3)2.3.3Aborting Data (4)3.UTMI+ Low Pin Interface (5)3.1General (5)3.2Signals (6)3.3Block Diagram (7)3.4Modes (9)3.5Power On and Reset (10)3.6Interrupt Event Notification (10)3.7Timing (11)3.7.1Clock (11)3.7.2Control and Data (13)3.8Synchronous Mode (15)3.8.1ULPI Command Bytes (15)3.8.2USB Packets (18)3.8.3Register Operations (30)3.8.4Aborting ULPI Transfers (37)3.8.5USB Operations (39)3.8.6Vbus Power Control (internal and external) (52)3.8.7OTG Operations (52)3.9Low Power Mode (55)3.9.1Data Line Definition For Low Power Mode (55)3.9.2Entering Low Power Mode (55)3.9.3Exiting Low Power Mode (56)3.9.4False Resume Rejection (57)3.10Full Speed / Low Speed Serial Mode (Optional) (58)3.10.1Data Line Definition For FsLsSerialMode (58)3.10.2Entering FsLsSerialMode (59)3.10.3Exiting FsLsSerialMode (60)3.11Carkit Mode (Optional) (61)3.12Safeguarding PHY Input Signals (62)4.Registers (65)4.1Register Map (65)4.2Immediate Register Set (67)4.2.1Vendor ID and Product ID (67)4.2.2Function Control (68)4.2.3Interface Control (69)4.2.4OTG Control (71)4.2.5USB Interrupt Enable Rising (72)4.2.6USB Interrupt Enable Falling (73)4.2.7USB Interrupt Status (74)4.2.8USB Interrupt Latch (75)4.2.9Debug (76)4.2.10Scratch Register (76)4.2.11Carkit Control (77)4.2.12Carkit Interrupt Delay (77)iv4.2.13Carkit Interrupt Enable (78)4.2.14Carkit Interrupt Status (78)4.2.15Carkit Interrupt Latch (79)4.2.16Carkit Pulse Control (79)4.2.17Transmit Positive Width (80)4.2.18Transmit Negative Width (80)4.2.19Receive Polarity Recovery (80)4.2.20Reserved (81)4.2.21Access Extended Register Set (81)4.2.22Vendor-specific (81)4.3Extended Register Set (81)4.4Register Settings for all Upstream and Downstream signalling modes (81)5.T&MT Connector (83)5.1General (83)5.2Daughter-card (UUT) Specification (83)vFiguresFigure 1 – LPI generic data bus ownership (3)Figure 2 – LPI generic data transmit followed by data receive (3)Figure 3 – Link asserts stp to halt receive data (4)Figure 4 – Creating a ULPI system using wrappers (5)Figure 5 – Block diagram of ULPI PHY (7)Figure 6 – Jitter measurement planes (12)Figure 7 – ULPI timing diagram (13)Figure 8 – Clocking of 4-bit data interface compared to 8-bit interface (14)Figure 9 – Sending of RX CMD (17)Figure 10 – USB data transmit (NOPID) (18)Figure 11 – USB data transmit (PID) (19)Figure 12 – PHY drives an RX CMD to indicate EOP (FS/LS LineState timing not to scale) (20)Figure 13 – Forcing a full/low speed USB transmit error (timing not to scale) (21)Figure 14 – USB receive while dir was previously low (22)Figure 15 – USB receive while dir was previously high (23)Figure 16 – USB receive error detected mid-packet (24)Figure 17 – USB receive error during the last byte (25)Figure 18 – USB HS, FS, and LS bit lengths with respect to clock (26)Figure 19 – HS transmit-to-transmit packet timing (29)Figure 20 – HS receive-to-transmit packet timing (29)Figure 21 – Register write (30)Figure 22 – Register read (31)Figure 23 – Register read or write aborted by USB receive during TX CMD byte (31)Figure 24 – Register read turnaround cycle or Register write data cycle aborted by USB receive (32)Figure 25 – USB receive in same cycle as register read data. USB receive is delayed (33)Figure 26 – Register read followed immediately by a USB receive (33)Figure 27 – Register write followed immediately by a USB receive during stp assertion (34)Figure 28 – Register read followed by a USB receive (34)Figure 29 – Extended register write (35)Figure 30 – Extended register read (35)Figure 31 – Extended register read aborted by USB receive during extended address cycle (36)Figure 32 – PHY aborted by Link asserting stp. Link performs register write or USB transmit (37)Figure 33 – PHY aborted by Link asserting stp. Link performs register read (38)Figure 34 – Link aborts PHY. Link fails to drive a TX CMD. PHY re-asserts dir (38)Figure 35 – Hi-Speed Detection Handshake (Chirp) sequence (timing not to scale) (40)Figure 36 – Preamble sequence (D+/D- timing not to scale) (41)Figure 37 – LS Suspend and Resume (timing not to scale) (43)Figure 38 – FS Suspend and Resume (timing not to scale) (44)Figure 39 – HS Suspend and Resume (timing not to scale) (46)Figure 40 – Low Speed Remote Wake-Up from Low Power Mode (timing not to scale) (47)Figure 41 – Full Speed Remote Wake-Up from Low Power Mode (timing not to scale) (48)Figure 42 – Hi-Speed Remote Wake-Up from Low Power Mode (timing not to scale) (49)Figure 43 – Automatic resume signalling (timing not to scale) (50)Figure 44 – USB packet transmit when OpMode is set to 11b (51)Figure 45 – RX CMD V A_VBUS_VLD ≤Vbus indication source (54)Figure 46 – Entering low power mode (55)Figure 47 – Exiting low power mode when PHY provides output clock (56)Figure 48 – Exiting low power mode when Link provides input clock (56)Figure 49 – PHY stays in Low Power Mode when stp de-asserts before clock starts (57)Figure 50 – PHY re-enters Low Power Mode when stp de-asserts before dir de-asserts (57)Figure 51 – Interface behaviour when entering Serial Mode and clock is powered down (59)Figure 52 – Interface behaviour when entering Serial Mode and clock remains powered (59)Figure 53 – Interface behaviour when exiting Serial Mode and clock is not running (60)Figure 54 – Interface behaviour when exiting Serial Mode and clock is running (60)Figure 55 – PHY interface protected when the clock is running (62)Figure 56 – Power up sequence when PHY powers up before the link. Interface is protected (63)Figure 57 – PHY automatically exits Low Power Mode with interface protected (63)Figure 58 – Link resumes driving ULPI bus and asserts stp because clock is not running (64)viFigure 59 – Power up sequence when link powers up before PHY (ULPI 1.0 compliant links) (64)Figure 60 – Recommended daughter-card configuration (not to scale) (83)viiTablesTable 1 – LPI generic interface signals (2)Table 2 – PHY interface signals (6)Table 3 – Mode summary (9)Table 4 – Clock timing parameters (11)Table 5 – ULPI interface timing (13)Table 6 – Transmit Command (TX CMD) byte format (15)Table 7 – Receive Command (RX CMD) byte format (16)Table 8 – USB specification inter-packet timings (26)Table 9 – PHY pipeline delays (27)Table 10 – Link decision times (28)Table 11 – OTG Control Register power control bits (52)Table 12 – Vbus comparator thresholds (52)Table 13 – RX CMD VbusValid over-current conditions (53)Table 14 – Vbus indicators in the RX CMD required for typical applications (54)Table 15 – Interface signal mapping during Low Power Mode (55)Table 16 – Serial Mode signal mapping for 6-pin FsLsSerialMode (58)Table 17 – Serial Mode signal mapping for 3-pin FsLsSerialMode (58)Table 18 – Carkit signal mapping (61)Table 19 – Register map (66)Table 20 – Register access legend (67)Table 21 – Vendor ID and Product ID register description (67)Table 22 – Function Control register (68)Table 23 – Interface Control register (70)Table 24 – OTG Control register (71)Table 25 – USB Interrupt Enable Rising register (72)Table 26 – USB Interrupt Enable Falling register (73)Table 27 – USB Interrupt Status register (74)Table 28 – USB Interrupt Latch register (75)Table 29 – Rules for setting Interrupt Latch register bits (75)Table 30 – Debug register (76)Table 31 – Scratch register (76)Table 32 – Carkit Control Register (77)Table 33 – Carkit Interrupt Delay register (77)Table 34 – Carkit Interrupt Enable register (78)Table 35 – Carkit Interrupt Status Register (78)Table 36 – Carkit Interrupt Latch register (79)Table 37 – Carkit Pulse Control (79)Table 38 – Transmit Positive Width (80)Table 39 – Transmit Negative Width (80)Table 40 – Receive Polarity Recovery (81)Table 41 – Upstream and downstream signalling modes (82)Table 42 – T&MT connector pin view (84)Table 43 – T&MT connector pin allocation (84)Table 44 – T&MT pin description (85)viii1. Introduction1.1 GeneralThis specification defines a generic PHY interface in Chapter 2.In Chapter 3, the generic interface is applied to the UTMI+ protocol, reducing the pin count for discrete USB transceiver implementations supporting On-The-Go, host, and peripheral application spaces.Convention1.2 NamingEmphasis is placed on normal descriptive text using underlined Arial font, e.g. must.Signal names are represented using the lowercase bold Arial font, e.g. clk.Registers are represented using initial caps, bold Arial font, e.g. OTG Control.Register bits are represented using initial caps, bold italic Arial font, e.g. USB Interrupt Enable Falling. 1.3 Acronyms and TermsA-device Device with a Standard-A or Mini-A plug inserted into its receptacleB-device Device with a Standard-B or Mini-B plug inserted into its receptacleDeviceDRD Dual-RoleFPGA Field Programmable Gate ArraySpeedFS FullHNP Host Negotiation ProtocolHS Hi-SpeedLink ASIC, SIE, or FPGA that connects to an ULPI transceiverLPI Low Pin InterfaceSpeedLS LowOTG On-The-GoPHY Physical Layer (Transceiver)PLL Phase Locked LoopSE0 Single Ended ZeroSIE Serial Interface EngineSRP Session Request ProtocolT&MT Transceiver and Macrocell TesterULPI UTMI+ Low Pin InterfaceUSB Universal Serial BusUSB-IF USB Implementers ForumUTMI USB 2.0 Transceiver Macrocell InteraceUUT Unit Under Test1.4 References[Ref 1] Universal Serial Bus Specification, Revision 2.0[Ref 2] On-The-Go Supplement to the USB 2.0 Specification, Revision 1.0a[Ref 3] USB 2.0 Transceiver Macrocell Interface (UTMI) Specification, v1.05[Ref 4] UTMI+ Specification, Revision 1.0[Ref 5] CEA-2011, OTG Transceiver Specification[Ref 6] CEA-936A, Mini-USB Analog Carkit Interface Specification[Ref 7] USB 2.0 Transceiver and Macrocell Tester (T&MT) Interface Specification, Version 1.212. Generic Low Pin Interface2.1 GeneralThis section describes a generic low pin interface (LPI) between a Link and a PHY. Interface signals are defined and the basic communication protocol is described. The generic interface can be used as a common starting point for defining multiple application-specific interfaces.Chapter 3 defines the UTMI+ Low Pin Interface (ULPI), which is based on the generic interface described here. For ULPI implementations, the definitions in chapter 3 over-ride anything defined in chapter 2.2.2 SignalsThe LPI transceiver interface signals are described in Table 1. The interface described here is generic, and can be used to transport many different data types. Depending on the application, the data stream can be used to transmit and receive packets, access a register set, generate interrupts, and even redefine the interface itself. All interface signals are synchronous when clock is toggling, and asynchronous when clock is not toggling. Data stream definition is application-specific and should be explicitly defined for each application space for inter-operability.Control signals dir, stp, and nxt are specified with the assumption that the PHY is the master of the data bus. If required, an implementation can define the Link as the master. If the Link is the master of the interface, the control signal direction and protocol must be reversed.Signal Direction DescriptionPHY Interfaceclock I/O Interface clock. Both directions are allowed. All interface signals are synchronous to clock.data I/O Bi-directional data bus, driven low by the Link during idle. Bus ownership is determined by dir. The Link and PHY initiate data transfers by driving a non-zero pattern onto the data bus. LPI defines interface timing for single-edge data transfers with respect to rising edge of clock. An implementation may optionally define double-edge data transfers with respect to both rising and falling edges of clock.dir OUT Direction. Controls the direction of the data bus. When the PHY has data to transfer to the Link, it drives dir high to take ownership of the bus. When the PHY has no data to transfer it drives dir low and monitors the bus for Link activity. The PHY pulls dir high whenever the interface cannot accept data from the Link. For example, when the internal PHY PLL is not stable.stp IN Stop. The Link asserts this signal for 1 clock cycle to stop the data stream currently on the bus. If the Link is sending data to the PHY, stp indicates the last byte of data was on the bus in the previous cycle. If the PHY is sending data to the Link, stp forces the PHY to end its transfer, de-assert dir and relinquish control of the the data bus to the Link.nxt OUT Next. The PHY asserts this signal to throttle the data. When the Link is sending data to the PHY, nxt indicates when the current byte has been accepted by the PHY. The Link places the next byte on the data bus in the following clock cycle. When the PHY is sending data to the Link, nxt indicates when a new byte is available for the Link to consume.Table 1 – LPI generic interface signals22.3 ProtocolOwnership2.3.1 BusThe PHY is the master of the LPI bi-directional data bus. Ownership of the data bus is determined by the dir signal from the PHY, as shown in Figure 1. When dir is low, the Link can drive data on the bus. When dir is high, the PHY can drive data on the bus. A change in dir causes a turnaround cycle on the bus during which, neither Link nor PHY can drive the bus. Data during the turnaround cycle is undefined and must be ignored by both Link and PHY.The dir signal can be used to directly control the data output buffers of both PHY and Link.Figure 1 – LPI generic data bus ownershipData2.3.2 TransferringAs shown in the first half of Figure 2, the Link continuously drives the data bus to 00h during idle. The Link transmits data to the PHY by driving a non-zero value on the data bus. To signal the end of data transmission, the Link asserts stp in the cycle following the last data byte.In the second half of Figure 2, the Link receives data when the PHY asserts dir. The PHY asserts dir only when it has data to send to the Link, and keeps dir low at all other times. The PHY drives data to the Link after the turnaround cycle.The nxt signal can be used by the PHY to throttle the data during transmit and receive. During transmit, nxt may be asserted in the same cycle that the Link asserts stp.Figure 2 – LPI generic data transmit followed by data receive2.3.3 AbortingDataThe PHY can assert dir to interrupt any data being transmitted by the Link. If the Link needs to interrupt data being received from the PHY, it asserts stp for one clock cycle, as shown in Figure 3. This causes the PHY to unconditionally1 de-assert dir and accept a complete data transmit from the Link. The PHY may re-assert dir again only when the data transmit from the Link has completed.Figure 3 – Link asserts stp to halt receive data1 The PHY will not de-assert dir if the ULPI interface is not usable. For example, if the internal PLL is not stable.3. UTMI+ Low Pin Interface3.1 GeneralThis section describes how any UTMI+ core can be wrapped to convert it to the smaller LPI interface. The generic interface described in chapter 2 is used as a starting point. This section always over-rides anything stated in chapter 2. While this specification details support of UTMI+ Level 3, PHY implementers may choose to support any of the Levels defined in UTMI+.ULPI defines a PHY to Link interface of 8 or 12 signals that allows a lower pin count option for connecting to an external transceiver that may be based on the UTMI+ specification. The pin count reduction is achieved by having relatively static UTMI+ signals be accessed through registers and by providing a bi-directional data bus that carries USB data and provides a means of accessing register data on the ULPI transceiver.This specification relies on concepts and terminology that are defined in the UTMI+ specification [Ref 4]. Specifically, if a ULPI PHY design is based on an internal UTMI+ core, then that core must implement the following UTMI+ features.Linestate must accurately reflect D+/D- to within 2-3 clocks. It is up to individual Link designers to use Linestate to time bus events.Filtering to prevent spurious SE0/SE1 states appearing on Linestate due to skew between D+ and D-. Filtering of 14 clock cycles is required in Low Speed, and 2 clock cycles in Full Speed and Hi-Speed modes.The PHY must internally block the USB receive path during transmit. The receive path can be unblocked when the internal Squelch (HS) or SE0-to-J (FS/LS) is seen.TxReady must be used for all types of data transmitted, including Chirp.Due to noise on the USB, it is possible that RxActive asserts and then de-asserts without any valid data being received, and RxValid will not assert. The Link should operate normally with these data-less RxActive assertions.As shown in Figure 4, a PHY or Link based on this specification can be implemented as an almost transparent wrapper around existing UTMI+ IP cores, preserving the original UTMI+ packet timing, while reducing pin count and leaving all functionality intact. This should not be taken to imply that other implementations are not possible.Figure 4 – Creating a ULPI system using wrappers3.2 SignalsTable 2 describes the ULPI interface on the PHY. The PHY is always the master of the ULPI bus. USB and Miscellaneous signals may vary with each implementation and are given only as a guide to PHY designers.Signal Direction DescriptionPHY Interfaceclock I/O Interface clock. The PHY must be capable of providing a 60MHz output clock. Support for an input 60MHz clock is optional. If the PHY supports both clock directions, it must not use the ULPI control and data signals for setting the clock direction.Data bus. Driven to 00h by the Link when the ULPI bus is idle. Two bus widths are allowed:• 8-bit data timed on rising edge of clock.data I/O• (Optional) 4-bit data timed on rising and falling edges of clock.dir OUT Controls the direction of the data bus2. The PHY pulls dir high whenever the interface cannot accept data from the Link. For example, when the internal PLL is not stable. This applies whether Link or PHY is the clock source.stp IN The Link must assert stp to signal the end of a USB transmit packet or a register write operation, and optionally to stop any receive. The stp signal must be asserted in the cycle after the last data byte is presented on the bus.nxt OUT The PHY asserts nxt to throttle all data types, except register read data and the RX CMD. Identical to RxValid during USB receive, and TxReady during USB transmit. The PHY also asserts nxt and dir simultaneously to indicate USB receive activity (RxActive), if dir was previously low. The PHY is not allowed to assert nxt during the first cycle of the TX CMD driven by the Link.USB InterfaceD+ I/O D+ pin of the USB cable. Required.D- I/O D- pin of the USB cable. Required.ID IN ID pin of the USB cable. Required for OTG-capable PHY’s.VBUS I/O V BUS pin of the USB cable. Required for OTG-capable PHY’s. Required for driving V BUS and the V BUS comparators.MiscellaneousXI IN Crystal input pin. Vendors should specify supported crystal frequencies. XO OUT Crystal output pin.C+ I/O Positive terminal of charge pump capacitor.C- I/O Negative terminal of charge pump capacitor.SPKR_L IN Optional Carkit left/mono speaker input signal.SPKR_MIC I/O Optional Carkit right speaker input or microphone output signal.RBIAS I/O Bias current resistor.Table 2 – PHY interface signals2 UTMI+ wrapper developers should note that data bus control has been reversed from UTMI to ensure that USB data reception is not interrupted by the Link.3.3 BlockDiagramAn example block diagram of a ULPI PHY is shown in Figure 5. This example is based on an internal UTMI+ Level 3 core [Ref 4], which can interface to peripheral, host, and On-The-Go Link cores. A description of each major block is given below.ULPI InterfaceUSBCableChargePumpCapacitor Figure 5 – Block diagram of ULPI PHYUTMI+ Level 3 PHY coreThe ULPI PHY may contain a core that is compliant to any UTMI+ level [Ref 4]. Signals for 16-bit data buses are not supported in ULPI. While Figure 5 shows the typical blocks for a Level 3 UTMI+ core, the PHY vendor must specify the intended UTMI+ level, and provide the functionality necessary for compliance to that level.ULPI PHY WrapperThe ULPI PHY wrapper of Figure 5 reduces the UTMI+ interface to the Low Pin Interface described in this document. All signals shown on the UTMI+ Level 3 PHY core are reduced to the ULPI interface signals clock, data, dir, stp, and nxt. The Register Map stores the relatively static signals of the UTMI+ interface. Crystal Oscillator and PLLWhen a crystal is attached to the PHY, the internal clock(s) and the external 60MHz interface clock are generated from the internal PLL. When no crystal is attached, the PHY may optionally generate the internal clock(s) from an input 60MHz clock provided by the Link.General BiasingInternal analog circuits require an accurate bias current. This is typically generated using an external, accurate reference resistor.DrvVbusExternal and ExternalVbusIndicatorThe PHY may optionally control an external VBUS power source via the optional pin DrvVbusExternal. For example, the external supply could be a charge pump or 5V power supply controlled using a power switch. The external supply is controlled by the DrvVbus and the optional DrvVbusExternal bits in the OTG Control register. The polarity of the DrvVbusExternal output pin is implementation dependent.If control of an external VBUS source is provided the PHY may optionally provide for a VBUS power source feed back signal on the optional pin ExternalVbusIndicator. If this pin is provided, the use of the pin is defined by the optional control bits in the OTG Control and Interface Control registers. See Section 3.8.6.3 for further detail.Power-On-ResetA power-on-reset circuit must be provided in the PHY. When power is first applied to the PHY, the power-on-reset will reset all circuitry and leave the ULPI interface in a usable state.Carkit OptionThe PHY may optionally support Carkit Mode [Ref 6]. While in Carkit Mode, the PHY routes speaker and microphone signals between the Link and the USB cable. In carkit mono mode, SPKR_L inputs a mono speaker signal and SPKR_MIC outputs the microphone signal, MIC. In carkit stereo mode, SPKR_L inputs the left speaker signal, and SPKR_MIC inputs the right speaker signal, SPKR_R.3.4 ModesThe ULPI interface can operate in one of five independent modes listed in Table 3. The interface is in Synchronous Mode by default. Other modes are enabled by bits in the Function Control and Interface Control registers. In Synchronous Mode, the data bus carries commands and data. In other modes, the data pins are redefined with different functionality. Synchronous Mode and Low Power Mode are mandatory.Mode Name Mode DescriptionSynchronous Mode This is the normal mode of operation. The clock is running and is stablewith the characteristics defined in section 3.6. The ULPI interface carriescommands and data that are synchronous to clock.Low Power Mode The PHY is powered down with the clock stopped. The PHY keeps dirasserted, and the data bus is redefined to carry LineState and interrupts.See section 3.9 for more information.6-pin FS/LS Serial Mode (optional) The data bus is redefined to 6-pin serial mode, including 6 pins to transmit and receive serial USB data, and 1 pin to signal interrupt events. The clock can be enabled or disabled. This mode is valid only for implementations with an 8-bit data bus. See section 3.10 for more information.3-pin FS/LS Serial Mode (optional) The data bus is redefined to 3-pin serial mode, including 3 pins to transmit and receive serial USB data, and 1 pin to signal interrupt events. The clock can be enabled or disabled. See section 3.10 for more information.Carkit Mode (optional) The data bus is redefined to Carkit mode [Ref 6], including 2 pins for serial UART data, and 1 pin to signal interrupt events. The clock may optionally be stopped. See section 3.11 for more information.Table 3 – Mode summary。

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Gpupdate命令详解

Gpupdate命令详解刷新本地和基于 Active Directory 的组策略设置，包括安全设置。

该命令可以取代 secedit 命令中已经过时的 /refreshpolicy 选项。

MS-DOS命令语法gpupdate [/target:{computer|user}] [/force] [/wait:value] [/logoff] [/boot]MS-DOS命令参数/target:{computer|user}只处理 Computer 设置或当前的 User 设置。

默认情况下，将同时处理计算机设置和⽤户设置。

/force忽略所有处理优化并重新应⽤所有设置。

/wait:value策略处理等待完成的秒数。

默认值是 600 秒。

0 表⽰“不等待”，⽽ -1 表⽰“⽆限期等待”。

/logoff刷新完成后才注销。

当客户端的组策略扩展没有进⾏后台刷新循环处理，但执⾏了⽤户登录处理时，例如⽤户软件安装和⽂件夹重定向，这时需要使⽤该选项。

如果没有调⽤要求⽤户注销的扩展，则该选项⽆效。

/boot刷新完成后重新启动计算机。

当客户端的组策略扩展没有进⾏后台刷新循环处理，但执⾏了起动计算机的处理时，例如计算机软件安装，这时需要使⽤该选项。

如果没有调⽤要求重新启动计算机的扩展，则该选项⽆效。

/?在命令提⽰符显⽰帮助。

MS-DOS命令注释如果出现了语法错误，则会以类似于该“帮助”主题的⽅式显⽰语法摘要。

MS-DOS命令范例下⾯的范例说明了如何使⽤ gpupdate 命令：gpupdategpupdate /target:computergpupdate /force /wait:100gpupdate /boot。

lambdaupdate的用法

lambdaupdate的用法
lambda函数是Python中的一种匿名函数，可以快速定义简单的函数。

而lambdaupdate则是一个函数，用于修改已定义的lambda函数。

lambdaupdate的语法如下：
lambdaupdate(var1, var2, ..., expression)
其中`var1, var2, ...`是lambda函数的参数，`expression`是对lambda函数进行修改或更新的表达式。

下面通过示例来展示lambdaupdate的用法：
python
add = lambda x, y: x + y
print(add(2, 3)) # 输出结果为5
# 使用lambdaupdate修改lambda函数的表达式
lambdaupdate(add, lambda x, y: x * y)
print(add(2, 3)) # 输出结果为6
在上面的示例中，首先定义了一个lambda函数`add`，它接受两个参数x和y，
返回它们的和。

然后使用`lambdaupdate`函数修改了`add`函数的表达式，将原来的加法运算改为乘法运算。

最后再次调用`add`函数，结果变为了乘法运算的结果。

lambdaupdate函数的作用是在不改变原始lambda函数的名称和参数的情况下，修改或更新lambda函数的表达式，使其具有新的功能。

这在一些需要动态修改函数行为的场景中非常有用。

高斯数据库update语句格式

高斯数据库update语句格式高斯数据库update语句格式是用来更新数据库表中现有记录的一种SQL语句。

在高斯数据库中，update语句的格式通常为：UPDATE table_nameSET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, ...WHERE condition;其中，关键字UPDATE用于指定要更新的表，table_name表示要更新的表名；SET子句用于指定要更新的列和它们的新值，列名和对应的新值之间用等号连接，多个列之间用逗号隔开；WHERE子句用于指定更新记录的条件，只有满足条件的记录才会被更新。

在编写高斯数据库的update语句时，需要注意以下几点：1. 更新的表名必须是数据库中已存在的表名，否则会报错；2. SET子句中指定的列名必须是数据库表中已存在的列名，否则会报错；3. WHERE子句中的条件表达式必须能够准确地定位到要更新的记录，否则可能会更新到不想更新的记录；4. 更新的值必须符合相应列的数据类型，否则会导致更新失败；5. 更新操作会直接修改数据库表中的记录，需谨慎操作，以免造成数据错误。

举例来说，如果我们有一个名为“students”的表，其中包含学生的学号（id）、姓名（name）、年龄（age）等字段，现在要将学号为“1001”的学生的年龄更新为“20”，对应的update语句可以如下编写：UPDATE studentsSET age = 20WHERE id = 1001;这条语句的含义是：更新表“students”中学号为“1001”的学生的年龄为“20”。

在实际应用中，可以根据具体的更新需求来编写update语句，确保更新的准确性和有效性。

sqlsugar update语句

sqlsugar update语句SQLSugar是一个轻量级ORM库，用于简化与数据库的交互。

其中，update语句用于更新数据库中的数据。

下面列举了一些常用的SQLSugar update语句的示例。

1. 更新单个字段的值：```csharpDb.Updateable<Student>().SetColumns(it => == "T om").Where(it => it.Id == 1).ExecuteCommand();```这个示例演示了如何更新名为"Tom"的学生的姓名，通过指定条件`it.Id == 1`来确定要更新的记录。

2. 更新多个字段的值：```csharpDb.Updateable<Student>().SetColumns(it => new Student { Name = "Tom", Age = 18 }).Where(it => it.Id == 1).ExecuteCommand();```这个示例演示了如何同时更新姓名和年龄字段的值。

3. 更新字段的值为另一个字段的值：```csharpDb.Updateable<Student>().SetColumns(it => == it.Nickname).Where(it => it.Id == 1).ExecuteCommand();```这个示例演示了如何将昵称字段的值更新到姓名字段。

4. 批量更新多个记录的值：```csharpDb.Updateable<Student>().SetColumns(it => it.Age == it.Age + 1).Where(it => it.Age > 20).ExecuteCommand();```这个示例演示了如何将年龄大于20的学生的年龄加一。

高斯数据库update语句格式

高斯数据库update语句格式在数据库管理系统中，`UPDATE`语句是用来修改表中已存在记录的数据。

高斯数据库（GaussDB）作为一种高性能的数据库管理系统，其`UPDATE`语句的格式和使用规范对于数据库的维护和数据的准确性至关重要。

本文将详细解析高斯数据库中`UPDATE`语句的格式、使用方法及注意事项，旨在为数据库管理员和开发者提供清晰、详细的指导。

`UPDATE`语句的基本格式在高斯数据库中，`UPDATE`语句的基本语法结构如下：```sqlUPDATE 表名称SET 列名称1 = 值1, 列名称2 = 值2, ...WHERE 条件;```表名称：指定要更新记录的表。

列名称：指出要修改的列。

值：列将被更新的新值。

条件：指定哪些记录需要被更新。

如果省略`WHERE`子句，所有记录都会被更新，这可能导致大量的数据变动，应当谨慎使用。

使用实例假设有一个名为`employees`的表，包含`employee_id`、`name`、`salary`等列，现在需要将`employee_id`为`1001`的员工薪资更新为`50000`。

```sqlUPDATE employeesSET salary = 50000WHERE employee_id = 1001;```这个语句将只更新`employee_id`为`1001`的记录中的`salary`列。

高级用法多列更新：可以同时更新多个列的值，只需在`SET`子句中用逗号分隔不同的列即可。

```sqlUPDATE employeesSET salary = 60000, department = 'Finance'WHERE employee_id = 1002;```使用表达式：`SET`子句中的值不仅可以是静态值，也可以是基于当前列值的表达式。

```sqlUPDATE employeesSET salary = salary * 1.05WHERE department = 'Sales';```这个语句将`Sales`部门所有员工的薪资提高5%。

mybatis-plus lambdaupdate in用法 -回复

mybatis-plus lambdaupdate in用法-回复MyBatis-Plus Lambda Update 使用介绍MyBatis-Plus 是一个能够简化MyBatis 开发的工具，其提供了许多便捷的功能和方法来简化数据库操作的编写。

其中之一就是Lambda Update，它能够让我们使用Lambda 表达式来构造Update 语句，简化了代码的编写和维护。

本文将一步一步深入Lambda Update 的使用方法，并给出一些示例代码。

1. Lambda Update 简介Lambda Update 是MyBatis-Plus 的一种update 方法，它的特点是可以使用Lambda 表达式来指定更新的条件和字段，而不再需要手动编写SQL 语句。

这种方法能够有效地减少因为手写SQL 语句带来的错误和不便，同时提升了代码的可读性和维护性。

2. 更新对象中的字段使用Lambda Update，我们可以更新一个对象中的特定字段。

首先，我们需要创建一个UpdateWrapper 对象，然后使用lambda 表达式指定更新条件和字段。

示例如下：javaUpdateWrapper<User> updateWrapper = newUpdateWrapper<>();mbda().eq(User::getId, 1).set(User::getName, "John").set(User::getAge, 30);userMapper.update(null, updateWrapper);上述代码中，我们通过eq() 方法指定了更新条件（id=1），然后使用set() 方法更新了name 和age 字段的值。

最后，调用userMapper.update() 方法来执行更新操作。

3. 更新满足条件的所有记录Lambda Update 也支持更新满足条件的所有记录。

lambdaupdate setsql用法

lambdaupdate setsql用法LambdaUpdateSetSQL是一种用于更新数据库中数据的Lambda表达式。

它可以将SQL语句嵌入到Lambda表达式中，并通过mbdaUpdate()方法来执行更新操作。

使用LambdaUpdate SetSQL的步骤如下：1. 创建一个LambdaUpdate对象，该对象用于执行更新操作。

2. 使用LambdaUpdate中的set()方法设置要更新的字段和值。

3. 使用LambdaUpdate中的setSql()方法设置要更新的字段和值的SQL语句。

4. 使用LambdaUpdate中的where()方法设置更新数据的条件。

5. 调用mbdaUpdate()方法，传入LambdaUpdate对象，执行更新操作。

下面是一个使用LambdaUpdate SetSQL进行更新操作的示例代码： ```javaLambdaUpdate<User> lambdaUpdate = newLambdaUpdate<>(User.class);lambdaUpdate.setSql('name = CONCAT(name, '_updated')'); lambdaUpdate.where(User::getId, 1);mbdaUpdate(lambdaUpdate);```该示例中，我们创建了一个LambdaUpdate对象，并使用setSql()方法设置要更新的字段和值的SQL语句。

在此示例中，我们使用CONCAT函数将'name'字段的值与'_updated'拼接起来，从而实现将该字段的值更新为原来的值加上'_updated'后缀。

在where()方法中，我们设置了更新数据的条件，即id等于1。

最后调用mbdaUpdate()方法，传入LambdaUpdate对象，执行更新操作。

updata语句

updata语句Update语句是用于更新或替换数据库表中的数据的一种SQL语句，它拥有很多的功能和特性，可以帮助我们快速的更新和替换表中的内容。

Update语句通常用于更新数据库中表的某个字段，以更新或更改表中数据。

Update语句可以用于更新表中单个字段，也可以用于更新多个字段。

它也可以用于约束条件下更新表中数据，可以用来更新表中的指定字段，也可以使用总和函数为字段指定特定的值，甚至可以使用子查询更新表中的一列值。

Update语句也可以用于替换表中的数据。

例如，可以使用Update 语句替换表中的某个值，也可以使用Update语句替换表中的多个值。

Update语句还可以用于更新表中的一列值，如把表中的一列值替换为另一列值。

Update语句也可以用于增加表中的字段或者更改字段的类型。

例如，可以使用Update语句将表中的一列更改为另一种数据类型，或者将某列更新为新增加的字段。

Update语句还可以用于删除表中的字段，例如可以使用Update语句将某列从表中删除。

此外，Update语句也可以用于更新视图，以更新视图中某些字段的内容。

还可以用Update语句更新与某个索引相关的字段，以更新或更改索引的内容。

Update语句的一些典型的用法如下：1）更新某个字段：UPDATE名 SET段名=新值 WHERE束条件;2）更新多个字段：UPDATE名 SET段名1=新值1,字段名2=新值2 WHERE束条件;3）替换表中的某个值：UPDATE名 SET段名=新值 WHERE段名=旧值;4）替换表中多个值：UPDATE名 SET段名1=新值1,字段名2=新值2 WHERE段名1=旧值1段名2=旧值2;5）更新一列值：UPDATE名 SET段名1=字段名2 WHERE束条件; 6）更新一列值为总和：UPDATE名 SET段名=SUM(字段名1,字段名2) WHERE束条件;7）更新一列值为子查询：UPDATE名 SET段名=(SELECT段1 FROM2 WHERE束条件) WHERE束条件;8）更新视图：UPDATE图名 SET段名1=新值1,字段名2=新值2 WHERE束条件;9）更新索引：UPDATE引名 SET段名1=新值1,字段名2=新值2 WHERE束条件;Update语句是SQL语句中常用的一个操作，它可以帮助我们快速的更新和替换表中的内容。

gorm update case when写法

gorm update case when写法
在GORM中，可以使用`Case`方法来实现`CASE WHEN`写法。

下面是一个示例：
```go
type User struct {
ID uint
Name string
Role string
IsActive bool
}
// 更新用户角色为管理员，如果用户状态为启用，则同时更新IsActive字段为true；否则不做更新
func UpdateUserRole(db *gorm.DB) error {
return db.Model(&User{}).
Where("role = ?", "user").
Update("role", gorm.Expr("CASE WHEN is_active THEN ? ELSE role END", "admin")).
Updates(User{IsActive: true}).Error
}
```
在上面的示例中，`UpdateUserRole`方法使用`Model`方法指定
要更新的模型，并使用`Where`方法进行筛选条件。

在`Update`方法中，我们使用`gorm.Expr`来构建`CASE WHEN`语句，如
果`is_active`为真，则更新为`admin`，否则不做更新。

然后使
用`Updates`方法更新`IsActive`字段。

请注意，示例中的字段和条件仅供参考，你需要根据自己的实际需求进行调整。

lambdaupdate用法

文章标题：深度探讨lambdaupdate用法随着人工智能和机器学习技术的不断发展，lambdaupdate用法逐渐成为了热门话题。

在本文中，我将为您全面评估lambdaupdate用法，从简到繁地探讨这一主题，帮助您更深入地理解lambdaupdate的概念和应用。

1. lambdaupdate的基本概念让我们从lambdaupdate的基本概念开始。

在编程和计算机科学领域，lambdaupdate是指一种特殊的函数，它可以在不改变函数名称的情况下，更新函数的定义。

这种方式带来了极大的灵活性，使得程序员们能够更加高效地编写代码和管理函数的变化。

2. lambdaupdate的应用场景接下来，让我们一起探讨lambdaupdate的应用场景。

lambdaupdate广泛应用于机器学习和深度学习领域，特别是在模型训练和参数优化的过程中。

通过lambdaupdate，我们可以动态地调整模型的参数，以适应不断变化的数据和需求，从而提高模型的性能和准确性。

3. lambdaupdate的语法和示例考虑到您可能对lambdaupdate的语法和具体示例感兴趣，我将为您介绍一些常见的lambdaupdate用法。

在Python编程语言中，lambdaupdate通常以一种简洁的语法形式存在，例如：```pythonmodel.update(lambda x: x*2)```上面的代码示例展示了如何使用lambdaupdate来更新模型中的参数，使每个参数值都乘以2。

这种简洁而强大的语法形式，使得lambdaupdate成为了编程中不可或缺的工具。

4. 个人观点和理解在我看来，lambdaupdate的使用不仅可以提高代码的简洁性和可读性，还可以增强程序的灵活性和可维护性。

通过灵活地更新函数的定义，我们可以更好地应对各种复杂的问题和需求，从而更好地服务于现代软件开发的需求。

总结回顾通过本文的深度探讨，我相信您对lambdaupdate的概念和应用场景有了更深入的理解。

java中frame类中的常用方法update

java中frame类中的常用方法update在Java中，Frame类是java.awt包中的一个类，它表示一个顶层窗口。

Frame类中的常用方法update是用于更新Frame的显示界面。

以下是update方法的详细说明：方法签名：public void update(Graphics g)参数：- g：一个Graphics对象，用于进行绘图操作。

返回值：无。

方法说明：- update方法是Frame类的一个回调方法，在调用repaint方法时会自动调用该方法。

- 在update方法中可以使用Graphics对象进行绘图操作，来更新Frame 的显示。

- update方法在默认情况下会清空Frame的内容，并调用paint方法来重绘Frame的显示。

- 如果要自定义update方法的行为，可以重写该方法。

示例代码：```javaimport java.awt.*;public class MyFrame extends Frame {public MyFrame() {setSize(400, 300);setVisible(true);}public void update(Graphics g) {// 在update方法中绘制一个矩形g.setColor(Color.RED);g.fillRect(100, 100, 200, 100);}public static void main(String[] args) {new MyFrame();}}上述代码中，我们自定义了一个MyFrame类继承自Frame，重写了update方法，在update方法中绘制了一个红色矩形。

当我们运行该代码时，会显示出一个大小为400x300的窗口，并在窗口内绘制了一个红色矩形。

sqlsugar updatecolumns error

sqlsugar updatecolumns error SQLSugar是一个轻量级的ORM（对象关系映射）框架，用于简化在.NET 开发中与数据库交互的过程。

它提供了丰富的API和便捷的方法，使开发人员能够更加高效地操作数据库。

然而，有时候在使用SQLSugar的过程中，我们可能会遇到一些问题。

其中之一就是"updatecolumns"方法的错误。

一、问题的背景在实际应用中，我们常常需要更新数据库表中的某些字段，而保持其他字段的值不变。

SQLSugar提供了"updatecolumns"方法来满足这个需求。

但是，在使用这个方法时，有时会出现一些错误。

接下来，我们一步一步来分析这个问题并逐步解决它。

二、了解updatecolumns方法在正式解决问题之前，我们先了解一下"updatecolumns"方法。

这个方法是用来更新指定字段而不更新其他字段的。

SQLSugar的更新操作默认是更新所有字段，但是有时我们只希望更新部分字段。

这个方法就可以很方便地实现这个功能。

三、问题分析当我们使用"updatecolumns"方法时，可能会遇到以下一些错误情况：1. 参数错误：传入的参数不正确，导致程序无法正确执行更新操作。

2. 字段不存在：传入的字段在数据库表中不存在。

3. 更新失败：程序执行更新操作时出现异常，更新失败。

解决这些问题的关键是找到出错的原因，并逐步解决它们。

四、解决方法1. 参数错误：检查传入的参数是否正确。

首先，确认表名和字段名是否正确。

其次，检查传入的更新条件是否有效。

最后，检查更新的值是否有效。

如果有任何错误，修正它们并重新运行程序。

2. 字段不存在：确认数据库表中是否存在要更新的字段。

使用SQL查询来检查表结构，确保要更新的字段名称是正确的。

如果字段不存在，可以通过添加字段来解决这个问题。

3. 更新失败：如果更新操作失败，可能是由于其他原因导致的。

适用于操作系统的 Dell Update Package 用户指南说明书

适于操作系统的 Dell™ Update Package 用户指南注和小心本说明文件中的信息如有更改，恕不另行通知。

未经 Dell Inc. 书面许可，严禁以任何形式复制这些材料。

本文中使用的商标：Dell ™、DELL ™ 徽标和 OpenManage ™ 是 Dell Inc. 的商标。

Microsoft ® 和 Windows ® 是 Microsoft Corporation 在美国和/或其它国家/地区的商标或注册商标。

Intel ® 是 Intel Corporation 在美国和其它国家/地区的注册商标。

Red Hat ® 和 Red Hat Enterprise Linux ® 是 Red Hat, Inc. 在美国和其它国家/地区的注册商标；SUSE ™ 是 Novell, Inc. 在美国和其它国家/地区的商标；VMware ® 和 ESX Server ? 是 VMware, Inc. 在美国和/或其它管辖区域的注册商标或商标；Citrix ® 和 XenServer ® 是 Citrix Systems, Inc. 在美国和/或其它国家/地区的商标或注册商标。

本说明文件中述及的其它商标和产品名称是指拥有相应商标和产品名称的公司或其制造的产品。

Dell Inc. 对其它公司的商标和产品名称不拥有任何所有权。

2010 年 7 月Dell Update Package 使用入门使用 Dell Update Packages使用 Dell Linux 联机存储库执行 BIOS 和固件更新Unified Server Configurator - Lifecycle Controller Enabled 中的更新和回滚命令行界面参考 Linux 故障排除 Windows 故障排除和常见问题可信平台模块 (TPM) 和 BitLocker 支持 Microsoft Windows Server 2008 用户帐户控制注： "注"表示可以帮助您更好地使用计算机的重要信息。

composer更新指定包composer常用命令

composer更新指定包composer常⽤命令composer config -l #查看⼀下当前项⽬的composer镜像composer list 显⽰所有命令composer show 显⽰所有包信息composer install 在 composer.json 配置中添加依赖库之后运⾏此命令安装composer create-project laravel/laravel Laravel –prefer-dist “5.1.*” 创建项⽬composer search packagename 搜索包composer update 更新所有包composer update monolog/monolog 更新指定包composer remove monolog/monolog 移除指定的包composer require monolog/monolog 添加指定包composer require monolog/monolog:1.19 添加指定包和版本composer require monolog/monolog=1.19composer require monolog/monolog 1.19这边需要注意的是更换镜像不要进⾏全局更换的命令⽽是要针对这个项⽬去更换镜像所以我们在这个项⽬的根⽬录下也就是composer.json的路径下针对这个项⽬进⾏更换镜像使⽤阿⾥云镜像！composer config repo.packagist composer https:///composer/需要把composer镜像地址改为国内的会快很多,执⾏下⾯两⾏命令安装composer config -g repo.packagist composer https://composer require doctrine/dbal #doctrine/dbal 要安装的包selfupdate更新 composer 本⾝，请经常执⾏ composer selfupdate 以保持 Composer ⼀直是最新版本。

cudagetdeviceproperties returned 30

cudagetdeviceproperties returned 30
（原创版）
目录
1.概述
2.获取 CUDA 设备属性的函数
3.返回的属性值
4.结论
正文
1.概述
本文主要介绍在 CUDA（Compute Unified Device Architecture，统一设备架构）编程中，如何获取设备属性以及相关函数返回的属性值。

CUDA 是一种由 NVIDIA 推出的通用并行计算架构，允许开发人员使用 NVIDIA 的 GPU 进行高性能计算。

2.获取 CUDA 设备属性的函数
在 CUDA 编程中，我们可以使用`cudaGetDeviceProperties()`函数来获取设备的属性。

这个函数需要传递一个 CUDA 设备句柄作为参数，设备句柄可以通过`cudaCreateDevice()`函数或者`cudaGetDevice()`函数获取。

3.返回的属性值
在使用`cudaGetDeviceProperties()`函数时，会返回一个包含设备属性的结构体。

在这个结构体中，我们可以找到诸如设备名称、设备 ID、显存容量、CUDA 版本等信息。

本文中，`cudaGetDeviceProperties()`
返回了一个值为 30 的整数，表示设备属性中的某个值。

4.结论
通过使用`cudaGetDeviceProperties()`函数，我们可以方便地获取CUDA 设备的各种属性。

这对于开发人员在编写高性能计算程序时，根据设备的性能和特性进行优化具有重要意义。

gameframework update底层实现方式 -回复

gameframework update底层实现方式-回复Game Framework 是一个用于构建和管理游戏的开源框架，它提供了丰富的功能和工具，以帮助开发者更高效地创建游戏。

在本文中，我们将探讨Game Framework 的底层实现方式，以及它是如何工作的。

Game Framework 的底层实现方式是基于面向对象编程（Object-Oriented Programming，OOP）和设计模式的原理。

它使用了一些常见的设计模式，如单例模式、工厂模式和观察者模式等，以实现游戏逻辑的创建、组织和管理。

首先，Game Framework 使用了单例模式来保证只有一个实例化的框架对象。

这是通过定义一个私有的构造函数和一个公共的静态方法，该方法返回一个单一的实例来实现的。

这样一来，所有的游戏对象都可以通过访问这个实例来进行通信和交互，确保了整个游戏框架的一致性和稳定性。

其次，Game Framework 还使用了工厂模式来创建游戏对象。

在框架中，有一些核心的游戏对象，如游戏场景、游戏物体和游戏管理器等，这些对象的创建过程是相对复杂的。

为了简化这个过程，框架中引入了一个工厂类，它负责根据开发者的需求来创建不同类型的游戏对象。

开发者只需要提供一些必要的参数，就能够轻松地创建一个新的游戏对象，并将其添加到场景中。

另外，Game Framework 还应用了观察者模式来处理游戏事件的监听和处理。

在游戏中，有很多可能发生的事件，如玩家输入、游戏状态变化等，需要及时响应和处理。

为了实现这一功能，Game Framework 引入了一个观察者接口和一个事件管理器。

开发者可以通过实现观察者接口，并将自己注册到事件管理器中，以接收特定事件的通知。

当一个事件被触发时，事件管理器会自动通知所有注册的观察者，并调用它们相应的处理方法，从而实现事件的监听和处理。

此外，Game Framework 还采用了组件化的设计思想。

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•
Thickened Feedings
• Meta-analyses review of 20 studies
•
1966-2003 Ph probe studies found that thickened feeds reduce the severity and frequency of emesis

Diagnostic Studies
•
• • •
Barium swallow - 60% accurate, mainly for anatomical abnormalities Endoscopy - to dx esophagitis which is rare Esophageal ph probe - gold standard
Natural History: Children Vs. Adults
• Birth to 2 years
Physiologic, especially < 6 months 90% resolve by 12-18 months

• 2 years to adulthood
Vomiting is never physiologic GERD is chronic relapsing disease
QuickTime?and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
More Definitions
• Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) =
•
•
physiologic reflux GERD = gastroesophageal reflux disease = reflux with complications Dysphagia = difficulty or problems with swallowing

Normal Daily GE Reflux
Hassall E 2005
Nelson SP 1998
20 GER episodes/24 hours are normal!!
GER Symptoms
• Vomiting (72%) • Abdominal pain (36%) • Feeding problems (29%) • Failure to thrive (28%) • Irritability (19%) • Heartburn (1%)
Prognosis
• Considered benign, most resolve
• •
spontaneously by 12-18 months Peak age of GER is 5 months of age Rare complications
Esophagitis with hematemesis Anemia Respiratory (cough, apnea, wheezes) Delayed feeding skills
ProtonPump 0.7-3 mg/k/d Inhibitor(PPI)
Prokinetic Prokinetic PPI 0.5 mg/k/d 20 mg/k/d 0.5 mg/k/d
Indications for Surgery
•
After all medical interventions have been tried
Prevalence and Natural History (Nelson SP 1998)
• Survey of parents of 63 children with
•
vomiting at 6 - 12 months vs 92 controls Results:
4 times feeding refusal compared to control Longer feeding time, >1 hr Parents had more anxiety re feeding No difference in ENT problems/wheezing between the groups

Treatments
• • • • • • •
Milk thickeners Positioning Formula changes H2 antagonists** Metoclopramide** Proton pump inhibitors* Surgery*
* No studies **Inconclusive
Ewer AK 1999 Tobin JM 1997
Positioning and Gastric Residuals
•
The amount of gastric residuals 1 hour after feeding are the following in decreasing order:
Indications for Investigation < 2 Years Old
• Irritability with feeds • Recurrent pneumonias/chronic cough • Unhappy infant • Failure to thrive • Torticollis (?Sandifer’s syndrome) • Persistent vomiting at 18 - 24 months
Gastro-esophageal Reflux in Children Less Than 2 Years of Age
Dr. Gary Chan Neonatologist PCMC
Definition
•
Passive transfer of gastric contents into the esophagus due to transient or chronic relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter
Gum Thickeners
• Water soluble polysaccharides from •
plants, microorganisms that increase viscosity in a liquid by trapping waee on food additives) No adverse physiologic effects on hematology, chemistry, or immunology
• No or little pressure on infant’s stomach

Diaper changing or too tight fitting diaper will GER
Positioning
Due to the posterior position of the esophagus, gastric acid is closest to the esophagus when the infant is sitting or supine. In the prone position the gastric content is farthest away from the esophagus

Detects only acid events, not non-acid events <5% reflux over 24 hours is normal? # Episodes > 5 minutes
•
GE Scintiscan - to dx aspiration pneumonia and postprandial reflux. False positives are common Impedance monitoring - detects fluid and gas independent of ph. Norms not established

•

Failure to thrive Life threatening symptoms Severe aspiration Severe esophagitis or strictures Severe airway damage
Craig WR, Cochrane DatabaseSyst Rev, 2004
Feeding Position
• Frequent small, or continuous feedings
• 30 - 45 degrees left side with straight
spine and head up with support

Left Supine Prone Right Cohen S 2004
Formula Changes for GERD
•
• •
Not effective: human milk v whey dominant formula v MCT enriched formulas (Tolia V 1992)
Sleep Positioning
• Supine, prone, right lateral, left lateral? • Prone and left lateral positions decrease •
reflux over 48 hrs compared to the other positions (P<0.001) Caution - prone position may increase SIDS
Antacid 1p/120 mL Constipation, Al, Mg Rafts formed 5 mL/120 mL