Effect of dietary coarsely ground corn on broiler live performance, gastrointestinal
考研英语阅读理解标准90篇+提高30篇unit-20
考研英语阅读理解标准90篇+提⾼30篇unit-20Unit 20Care and diligence bring luck.谨慎和勤奋才能抓住机遇。
P art ADirections：Read the following texts. Answer the questions blow each text by choosing [A],[B],[C] or [D].Text 1With advancing age, our bodies experience an inevitable loss of bone. Two major studies in elderly populations now underscore the importance of dietary protein in this structural erosion, which can lead to osteoporosis. The reports come to sharply different conclusion, however, about the effect of animal protein on the rate of bone loss.In one study, diets rich in animal protein correlated with greater bone loss and fracture risk. In the other, animal protein appeared to protect bone.Such contradictions, “which are not very satisfying”, often emerge from observational studies where researchers record the natural habits and health of people, notes Robert P. Heaney of Creighton University Medical Center in Omaha, Neb. “That’s not a criticism of such studies,” he says, “just a reminder of the uncontrollable variables common in populations.”However, he notes, the new studies are important because they’re in the vanguard of efforts to understand protein’s impact on age-related bone loss. This condition underlies a growing U.S. epidemic of hip fractures. Treating them costs more than $ 10 billion annually.The first of the new analyses computed bone loss over 7 years in some 750 elderly women, all taking part in a larger osteoporosis study that’s been running since 1986 at four U.S. sites.Women eating the most animal protein—roughly four times their vegetable protein intake—lost 0.8 percent of the bone in their hips annually, notes endocrinologist Deborah E. Sellmeyer, director of the University of California, San Francisco-Mount Zion Osteoporosis Center. This is four times the rate of bone loss in participants who ate about equal parts animal and vegetable protein.The risk of hip fractures in women eating the highest proportion of animal protein was 3.7 times that in women regularly downing equal quantities of animal and vegetable protein, the team reports in the January America Journal of Clinical Nutrition.The findings make sense, Sellmeyer argues, because digestion of animal protein releases large amounts of acid that the kidneys must excrete. Previous studies showed that when kidney function decreases with age and calcium intake drops, the body draws upon skeletal calcium to buffer the resulting buildup of acid, thus eroding bone. Most of the women in this study consumedonly about half of the 1,500 milligrams of daily calcium recommended for people their age.1. Which of the following statements about observational studies is true?[A] They often lead to contradictive conclusions.[B] They remind people of the uncontrollable variables in life.[C] They are often criticized by researchers.[D] Researchers record the natural habits and health of people by them.2. According to Heaney, why are the two studies important?[A] Because they reduce the number of U.S. epidemic of hip fractures.[B] Because they are the first to study protein’s effect on bone loss of elders.[C] Because they cost more than $10 billion annually.[D] Because they show observational studies can lead to contradictive conclusion.3. According to the text, the first study shows[A] elderly women take in more animal protein than vegetable protein.[B] digestion of animal protein releases more acid than that of vegetable protein.[C] diets rich in animal protein will lead to greater bone loss and fracture risk.[D] there are many uncontrollable variables in populations.4. According to previous studies, which of the following is true?[A] The amount of acid released by digestion of animal protein increases as people age.[B] Most elderly women can only take in about half of the required amount of calcium.[C] As people age, the kidney function and calcium intake increase.[D] The skeletal calcium will decrease if people can’t take in enough calcium.5. The author may go on to talk about[A] the suitable amount of animal protein for elderly people to take.[B] how to improve the intake of calcium.[C] the report of the second new analysis.[D] the significance of the new analyses.Text 2Insurance in respect of the property will be carried out by the Society in accordance with the rules and the mortgage conditions which such insurance companies as the Society may determine. The Society has a wide experience of insurance companies and of the terms offered by their policies, and places insurance with many companies who are able to provide the cover which the Society considers necessary. You may like the Society to insure with a particular company, and if so please contact immediately the Branch Office to which you submitted your application for loan, and so long as that company and its terms are acceptable to the Society the cover will be arranged accordingly. If you should suggest a company and it is not one with which the Society does business you will be informed and offered a choice of other companies. You may request change of insurance company at any time during the life of the mortgage. If your mortgage is under the endowment scheme or supported by an insurance guarantee or if the documents of title specify the company to be used it may not be possible to accept your choice.The initial sum insured will be the figure shown under the heading “Amount of Property Insurance” in the Details of Loa n. This figure is the amount recommended by the Society’s value, as his estimate of the replacement cost of the building at the date of valuation, unless some otheramount has been agreed in writing between you and the Society. No warranty is given or implied that the amount of insurance will cover complete loss.You are reminded that the market value of your property bears no relationship to the cost of replacement. The amount for which the property is insured should therefore represent not less than the cost, at the time of repair or replacement, of rebuilding all the property covered in the same materials, form, style and condition as when it is new. It should also include in complying with the requirements of the Local Authority and in removing debris, etc. The term“property”includes domestic outbuilding, garages, walls, landlords’ fixtures and fittings, etc., but excludes the value of the land.The market value of a house is therefore likely to be less than the cost of rebuilding, especially if the property is elderly. Even if the property is recently built, the work involved in reinstatement will be more expensive than the building cost which can be achieved by a builder building on an estate basis.6. Where is the text probably taken from?[A] An advertisement. [B] An information booklet.[C] A newspaper article. [D] A formal speech.7. If a customer suggests an insurance company，[A] the Society may not be able to agree to the company.[B] the Society will provide a list of alternative companies.[C] the Society will not accept responsibility for the policy.[D] it is impossible to change that company later on.8.Which of the following is true when you insure your property?[A] You should use the market value as a guide.[B] You should take the advice of your Local Authority.[C] Garages and garden sheds are not usually included.[D] You should not take the land value into account.9.When does rebuilding a property cost more than its market value?[A] Only if the property is old.[B] Particularly if the property is new.[C] Whatever the age of the property.[D] As the cost of rebuilding rises.10.We can infer from the text that[A] the Society is experienced in offering suggestions to insurance companies.[B] the insurance company will refuse your application if your choice violate its rules.[C] after evaluation, the initial sum insured will be figured out by the Society’s value.[D] the amount for which the property is insured is required by the Local Authority.Text 3Imagine that I have $100 and I offer you $ 20 of it, no strings attached. You’d take it, right? Any fool would; it’s a windfall. But imagine further that you know I must give away part of my $ 100 or lose it all. All of a sudden my motives aren’t entirely altruistic, but I’m still offering you free money. Take it or leave it, but no negotiation allowed. How would you feel? What would you do?If you were like a lot of people who have answered these questions in a psychological experiment over the years, you would now feel conflicted. Many of these people actually walked away from the deal, even though it would have meant a no-strings-attached twenty bucks in their pockets. Why? Because the arrangement is fundamentally unfair, and once you know this your basic sense of moral indignation clicks in. Your emotions and principles trump your pure rationality.Psychologists have demonstrated this in the laboratory, time and time again. It’s known as the Ultimatum Game, and its counterintuitive findings are part of a broad new understanding of how the human brain and mind work. Consider another experiment from the emerging field of social neuroscience. Psychologist John Bargh flashed words in front of volunteers, but so rapidly that they did not register in the conscious mind. Some of the words had to do with rudeness (like impolite and obnoxious) while others were the opposite (respect, considerate). The volunteers were later put in a simulated situation in which they could be civil toward one another—or not. Many who had seen the words associated with rudeness were not.Two-thirds of the volunteers who had been primed with rudeness words interrupted another person afterward, compared to only 16 percent of those primed with politeness words.Marketers and politicians are already familiar with these advances in brain science, and are using this knowledge to control our behavior. Advertisements are deliberately designed to target the emotional brain and create bonds, even cravings (one of our basest and most powerful emotional drives). Extensive research shows that our brains have certain hardwired inclinations that might be exploited. For example, our brains tend to register frequently heard facts as true, even if they are patently false. As a result, our memories and beliefs are highly malleable and unreliable. We also tend, if unchecked by the conscious reasoning mind, to focus overly on risk, inconvenience, hassles—anything negative. And researchers have found that we all carry around an innate hostility toward “otherness,” which means anyone not like us.Despite remarkable progress in understanding the brain’s anatomy and biochemistry, the organ is far too complex an array of interconnected circuits to be that easily manipulated with simple subconscious stimuli. Advertis ers may be disappointed to hear it, but there is no “Buy now!” switch hidden among the neurons and synapses.11. 100 dollar deal suggests that[A] money is nothing compared with moral principles.[B] where there is no pain, there is no gain.[C] emotional reaction often overpowers rational thinking.[D] a motive is often at work when money is given away.12. J ohn Bargh’s experiment wanted to find out[A] whether words were better memorized through conscious training.[B] how people’s minds reacted to words of rudeness or politeness.[C] how the emotional parts of our brains can be manipulated.[D] what kind of words had the greatest effect on people’s minds.13. Politician can persuade us to believe what is apparently false by[A] creating our desire for it. [B] repeating it frequently.[C] bringing it to our conscious mind. [D] pretending to reject it themselves.14. What can we infer from the last paragraph?[A] Some findings in modern neuroscience have been misused,[B] Not many advertisements are as well-written as they should be.[C] People’s subconscious mind is not so easily manipulated.[D] There are many things yet unknown to today’s neuroscientists.15. Which of the following is closest to the messge the text tries to convey?[A] The latest advances in neuroscience. [B] Marketing and mind control.[C] Advertisement writing techniques. [D] The conflict between emotions and principles.Text 4The making of classifications by literary historians can be a somewhat risky enterprise. When Black poets are discussed separately as a group, for instance, the extent to which their work reflects the development of poetry in general should not be forgotten, or a distortion of literary history may result. This reminder is particularly relevant in an assessment of the differences between Black poets at the turn of last century (1900-1909) and those of the generation of the 1920’s. These differences include the bolder and more forthright speech of the later generation and its technical inventiveness. It should be remembered, though, that comparable differences also existed for similar generations of White poets.When poets of the 1910’s and 1920’s are considered together, however, the distinctions that literary historians might make between “conservative”and “experimental”would be of little significance in a discussion of Black poets, although theseremain helpful classifications for White poets of these decades. Certainly differences can be noted between “conservative”Black poets such as Countee Cullen and Cluade McKay and “experimental”ones such as Jean Toomer and Langston Hughes. But Black poets were not battling over old or new styles; rather, one accomplished Black poet was ready to welcome another, whatever his or her style, for what mattered was racial pride.However, in the 1920’s Black poets did debate whether they should deal with specifically racial subjects. They asked whether they should only write about Black experience for a Black audience or whether such demands were restrictive.③It may be said, though, that virtually all these poets wrote their best poems when they spoke out of racial feeling, race being, as James Weldon Johnson rightly put it, “inevitably the thing the Negro poet knows best.”At the turn of the 20th century, by contrast, most Black poets generally wrote in the conventional manner of the age and expressed noble, if vague, emotions in their poetry. These poets were not unusually gifted, though Roscoe Jamision and G. M. McClellen may be mentioned as exceptions. They chose not to write in dialect, which, as Sterling Brown has suggested,“meant a rejection of stereotypes of Negro life,” and they refused to write only about racial subjects. This refusal had both a positive and a negative consequence. As Brown observes, “V aluably insisting that Negro poets should not be confined to issues of race, these poets committed (an) error... they refused to look into their hearts and write.” These are important insights, but one must stress that this refusal to look within was also typical of most White poets of the United States at the time. They, too, often turned from their own experience and consequently produced not very memorable poems about vague topics, such as the peace of nature.16. In the author’s opinion, the attitude toward classification in the literary history should be[A] enthusiastic. [B] sympathetic.[C] defensive. [D] cautious.17. According to paragraph 2, what counts most for Black poets is[A] the making of classification by literary historians.[B] the distinction between “conservative” and “experimental”.[C] racial achievement despite differences in poetic styles.[D] the classifications of the white poets of their decade.18 An issue facing Black poets in the 1920’s was whether they should[A] achieve a consensus on new techniques of poetry.[B] write exclusively about and for Blacks.[C] withdraw their support from a repressive society.[D] identify themselves with an international movement of Black writers.19. According to the text, most turn-of-the-century Black poets generally[A] wrote in ways that did not challenge accepted literary practice.[B] used dialects to express their inner feeling and values.[C] expressed complex feelings in the words of ordinary people.[D] interpreted the frustrations of Blacks to an audience of Whites20. Sterling Brown is mentioned in the last paragraph in order to[A] present an interpretation of some Black poets that contradicts that of the author’s.[B] introduce a distinction between Black poets who used dialect and White poets who did not.[C] suggest the effects of some Black poets’ decision not to write only about racial subjects.[D] prove that Black poets rejected the racial discrimination of their time.Part BDirections:You are going to read a text about the tips on Building Leadership Power, followed by a list of examples or explanations. Choose the best item from the list [A]-[F] for each numbered subheading (1-5). There is one extra item which you do not need to use.Some people see the leader as a motivator, while others define a leader as one having extraordinary vision and decision-making power. Several noted authors in the field offer sound definitions of leadership.There are many different power bases that a leader can use and exploit. There are three types of positive power that effective leaders use: charismatic power, expert power and referent power.This article teaches the technique of building these powers.21. Promote an image of expertiseAfter all, if you’ve worked hard to gain knowledge, it’s fair that you get credit for it.22. Get the power to rouseThe inspiration is the subject of the “Get the Power to Rouse” module. In it, you’ll learn how motivation works, and find out how best to motivate and inspire your team, with the huge performance improvements that come with this.23. Task allocationIn any team sport, a lot of time is spent choosing the players who will play in each game. The selection process also involves deciding the position where each team member will play, based on the player’s skill, form (current ability to perform well) and the likely opposition that the team will face.24. Keep your eye on the targetNotice I didn’t say “Keep Your Eye on the Goal”. If I looked at the goal when shooting the basketball, I missed more shots than if I looked at the top corner of the square on the backboard. Just like creating and concentrating on supportive marketing steps help you achieve the ultimate goal.25. Harmonize the teamOnce you’ve identified strengths and areas of development, harmonizing skill gives you the skills and techniques you need to build a well-balanced leadership style. You’ll develop the emotional sureness of touch shown by the best leaders, and learn to build the team consciousness, mutually trusting relationships with team members needed if your team is to perform “as one”. This is the classic model of leadership. It creates an immensely positive impact on the team’s emotional climate.In conclusion, as the amelioration of the modern corporate governance nowadays, leadership has never been more important. Governments, businesses, nonprofit organizations, and international alliances all seek excellent leaders. And building excellent leadership is not as complicated as you may imagine. Besides, since society has changed hugely over the last 50 years, citizens are individually more powerful, and employees are more able to shift jobs, few of us enjoy having power exerted over us. These changes make flexible and powerful leadership skills more necessary than ever before. [A] When to the extent that people on the team are really mad at one certain person or more over there, or they can’t stand the team leader, they will not contribute their best. Then they won’t work well with other people; they won’t be seamless in their efforts. And the actual performance of the team will be lowered directly.[B] For example, a visionary leader may clearly articulate where the team is going but not how it will get there. This sets people free to innovate, experiment, and take calculated risks. To be effective using this module, a leader needs a well-developed sense of empathy. You have to be able to read people, to sense what they are feeling and if they resonate with the picture you are painting.[C] An important tactic is to make subtle references to prior education or experience (e.g., “When I was chief engineer at GE, we had a problem similar to this one”). Beware; however, this tactic can easily be overdone.[D] For example, if you need 720 new customers this year to make a half a million dollars, then you need 60 new customers per month (720/12 months). If you normally get a 2% response from your marketing methods, then you know you need to contact 3,000 people each month through your marketing methods to get 60 new customers (60 is 2% of 3,000).[E] If, as a leader, one of his primary concerns is not the welfare of his team, then he will never know just how successful they can be. Positive regard for your people leads to the best customer service, the highest level of contribution by each team member and the highest profits.[F] Besides, where you have a gap, you may need to train existing team members, or recruit to fill the gap. Often, training isthe best option: Not only is it usually cheaper, you also know more about the individual’s talents and working methods. On the downside, a newly trained person usually has plenty of theory, but lacks the experience of putting that training into practice.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.26)The race for high-definition television is considered important by some experts because the technology may represent more than a path to sparkling images and sound as good as that on compact discs. Some experts see it creating a wide variety of new uses, including video systems for education, industry, medical imaging and the military.27)Moreover, the technology is so demanding electronically, requiring scores of advanced new computer chips, that it is seen as a new driving force for the semiconductor industry, potentially providing greater demand than computers. Both Europe and Japan have based their efforts on the development of analog systems that use wavelike transmission signals. These signals can easily be disrupted by static. Moreover, they are broadcast by satellites (Japan has one in orbit and Europe will soon) and are therefore not available to regular television viewers.28)Satellite transmissions aimed at a small geographic area or nation are relatively easy to accomplish, but experts say they cannot rival the economic advantages of terrestrial broadcasting that allows local programming and local advertising. The basic goal of high-definition television is to increase the number of lines in a television picture, thus sharpening it. The challenge is not just the making of high-quality picture tubes. It also is devising a way to process and transmit all the extra information that is needed to animate the added scanning lines.The solution is signal compression. It relies heavily on digital processing, which breaks the analog signals from a camera into digital pulses that are sliced, diced and rearranged with high precision. In a technique known as conditional replenishment, a series of images is digitally analyzed and object moving. The static background is sent only once.29)Another technique reduces the data flow even further by taking into account that the human eye perceives fewer details on a moving object than a stationary one.30)Both Europe and Japan do some of this kind of digital signal compression, but then they switch back to analog signals for transmission to television sets, since that was the accepted approach when they started their work.The advantage of digital transmissions is error reduction. Electronic flaws, called noise, that invade an analog signal are sometimes nearly impossible to differentiate from the signal itself. But since a digital signal is made up of a string of simple pulses, noise stands out and is easily removed. Similar techniques of digital transmission are how deep-space probes send back stunning photos like Voyager 2 recently radioed from Neptune(海王星).做题点拨与全⽂翻译Part AText 1语境词汇1.inevitable a.不可避免的，必然的2.underscore v.强调3.protein n.蛋⽩质4.erosion n.腐蚀，侵蚀，磨损；削弱，减少5.osteoporosis n.⾻质疏松症6.correlate vi.(to, with)相关，关联v.使相互关联7.fracture n.⾻折，破裂v.(使)破裂8.vanguard n.先驱，先锋9.endocrinologist n.内分泌学专家10.excrete v.排泄，分泌11.buffer v.缓解，起缓冲作⽤n.缓冲器12.skeletal a.⾻骼的难句突破1.The risk of hip fractures in women (eating the highest proportion of animal protein) was 3.7 times that in women (regularly downing equal quantities of animal and vegetable protein), the team reports [in the January America Journal of Clinical Nutrition].【分析】复合句。
发酵玉米蛋白粉饲料及其在动物生产中的应用
酵母世界Yeast World亠五洲科峰C ofine浙江科蜂生杨技术有限公司电话：************* 传真：*************网址：发酵玉采蛋自粉饲料及其在动杨生产中的应用■:匚..、：.y(黑龙江八一农垦大学动物科技学院/黑龙江省寒区饲料资源高效利用与营养调控重点实验室.黑龙江大庆163319)摘 要：玉米蛋白粉是一种优质的植物性蛋白质饲料，但其含有较多的不可溶性蛋白和抗营养因子，且氨基酸含量不平衡，动物不易吸收、微生物发酵可以改善玉米蛋白粉的营养价值，经过发酵可以降解玉米蛋白粉内的 抗营养因子，提高氨基酸和可溶性蛋白的含量。
文章综述了玉米蛋白粉发酵过程中的菌种选择、发酵工艺、发酵后的营养价值及其在动物生产中的应用。
以期为发酵玉米蛋白粉在动物生产中的应用提供参考。
关键词：发酵玉米蛋白粉；菌种选择；发酵工艺；营养价值；动物生产应用中图分类号：S816.6 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1001-0084(2021)02-0028-04Fermented Corn Gluten Meal Feed and Its Application in Animal ProductionXU Chao, ZHANG Xinyu, ZHENG Xiqun, JIANG Ning, LI Muyang, ZHANG Aizhong **收稿日期：2021-01-10基金项目：黑龙江省“百千万”T.程科技重大专项(2020ZX06B01)作者简介：徐超(1994—),男.贵州绥阳人，硕士研究生，研究方向为反刍动物营养。
*通讯作者：张爱忠(1964-),男，河北故城人，教授.博上，博士生导师，研究方向为反刍动物营养、饲料资源开发与利用.aizh-**************.cn(Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization and Nutrition Control of Feed Resources in Heilonjgiang Province.College of Animal Science and Technology. Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University. Daqing 163319. Heilongjiang China)Abstract ： Corn gluten meal is a high-quality plant-based protein feed, but it contains more insoluble protein and anti-nutritional factors, and the amino acid content is unbalanced, which makes difficult for animals to absorb.Microbial fermentation can in 1 p rove the nutritional value of corn gluten powder. After fermentation, it can degrade the anti-nutritional factors in corn gluten powder and increase the content of amino acids and soluble protein. Theselection of strains, fermentation technology, nutritional value after fermentation and its application in animalproduction during the fermentation of corn gluten meal were reviewed in this article. It will provide a reference forthe application of fermented com gluten meal in animal production.Key words ： fermented corn gluten meal: strains selection; fermentation process; nutritional value; animal pro duction applications玉米是我国的主要粮食作物之一，具有适应 环境能力强、产量高、营养价值高等特点，是食品加工、饲料生产的主要原料来源。
饲料中脂肪的吸收利用与
肉鸡对不同来源脂肪的消化率
3-4周龄
大于8周龄
消化率（%） 消化率（%）
豆油
96
96
玉米油
84
95
牛油
70
76
摘自：Poultry Nutrion
肉仔鸡对能量的需要
营养物质 代谢能 Kcal/kg 粗蛋白质 %
雏鸡料 3100
23
中期料 3200 20
脂肪的其他作用
除简单脂类参与体组织的构成外，大多数脂类，特 别是磷脂和糖脂是细胞膜的重要组成成分。
促进碳水化合物和蛋白质在小肠的吸收。 是脂溶性维生素A、D、E、K的溶剂，促进维生素
的吸收。 形成新组织和修补旧组织不可缺少的物质。类脂中
的固醇、磷脂等广泛地存在于机体内的器官、组织 细胞中。
降低胴体品质，在饲料中加入脂肪后，如 代谢转化不当，会造成大量的脂肪堆积。
油脂的酸败，油脂长期在空气或微生物的 作用下，可使其变性，产生有害物质，酸 败的油脂是有害的，过量食入会出现缺硒 或维生素E类似的症状。
酸败的饲料营养价值下降，维生素遭到破 坏，肠道微生物发生变化，引起采食量下 降和拉稀。
影响脂肪消化吸收的因素
4、畜禽生长阶段(年龄)：幼龄动物消化道发育不完全，胆汁 酸盐和脂肪酶分泌不足以消化吸收饲料中的油脂，被幼龄 畜禽排出体外。
5、油脂添加量：肉鸡后期及哺乳母猪日粮中油脂添加比例 超过3％时，添加的高比例油脂所需要的胆汁酸盐量大大 超过了畜禽体内能够分泌的量，油脂的乳化不彻底，常导 致畜禽的腹泻，造成畜禽生产的损失。
饲料中脂肪的吸收利用与
脂肪的额外能量效应
饲粮添加一定水平的油脂替代等能值的碳水化合物和蛋白质， 能提高饲粮代谢能，使消化过程中能量消耗减少，热增耗降低， 使饲粮的净能增加，当植物油和动物脂肪同时添加时效果更加 明显，这种效应称为脂肪的额外能量效应或脂肪的增效作用。
非淀粉多糖酶在猪生产中的作用
202114养猪 SWINE PRODUCTION(2)效延缓肌肉中无氧酵解反应，从而提高pH（班博等，2018）[2]。
4 结论在本试验条件下，与对照组相比，生长肥育猪饲粮中添加0.5~1 kg/t胍基乙酸显著降低了料重比和滴水损失，显著提高了宰后肌肉pH。
参考文献[1] Stead L M, Au K P, Jacobs R L, et al . Methylation demand andhomocysteine metabolism: effects of dietary provision of creatine and guanidinoacetate[J]. American journal of pgysiology-endocrinology and metablosim, 2001, 281(5): 1095-1100.[2] 班博，蒋庆友，杨泰，等.胍基乙酸的生理作用和机理及其在肉鸡、猪生产方面的应用[J].动物营养学报，2018，30（12）：4799-4805.[3] Jayaraman B, Kinh L, Huyen L T T, et al . Supplementation ofguanidinoacetic acid to pig diets: Effects on performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality[J]. Journal of animal science, 2018, 96(6): 2332-2341.[4] 李洁蕾，郝月，顾宪红.胍基乙酸对保育猪生长性能、抗氧化能力和糖代谢关键酶的影响[J].动物营养学报，2017，29（10）：3773-3780.[5] Vogtmann H, Pfirter H P, Prabucki A L. A new method ofdetermining metabolisability of energy and digestibility of fatty acids in broilers chickens[J]. British Poultry Science, 1975,16(5): 531-534.[6] AOAC. Official Methods of Analysis[S]. 17th ed. Assoc Off AnalChem, 2000 Gaithersburg, MD.[7] Stein H H, Kim S W, Nielsen T T, et al . Standardized ilealprotein and amino acid digestibility by growing pigs and sows[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2001, 79(8): 2113-2122.[8] Ao X, Yan L, Meng Q W, et al . Effects of Saururus chinensisextract supplementation on growth performance, meat quality and slurry noxious gas emission in finishing pigs[J]. Livestock science, 2011, 138(1): 187-192.[9] 王欢，王为雄，汪宏云，等．胍基乙酸在育肥猪中应用效果研究[J].粮食与饲料工业，2015，12（3）：47-49.[10] 张德福，李易明，田耀耀，等．胍基乙酸对猪生长性能和饲养经济效益的影响[J].中国饲料，2016（18）：29-31，35.[11] Wang L S, Shi B M, Shan A S, et al . Effects of guanidinoaceticacid on growth performance, meat quality and antioxidation in growing-finishing pigs[J]. Journal of animal and veterinary advances, 2012, 11(5): 631-636.[12] 刘洋，李蛟龙，张林，等.胍基乙酸和甜菜碱对育肥猪肌肉能量代谢和肉品质的影响[J ].畜牧兽医学报，2015，46（9）：1557-1563.[13] 潘宝海，孙冬岩，田耀耀.胍基乙酸对育肥猪生长性能、胴体品质及肉品质的影响[J ].中国畜牧杂志，2016，52（19）：38-41.（编辑：富春妮）非 淀 粉 多 糖 酶 在 猪 生 产 中 的 作 用王晓佳（抚顺市农业特产学校，辽宁 抚顺 113123） 中图分类号：S816.7 文献标志码：Ａ 文章编号：1002-1957(2021)02-0014-03摘 要 非淀粉多糖酶包括木聚糖酶、甘露聚糖酶、纤维素酶、葡聚糖酶等，是一类重要的功能性饲料添加剂，能够有效降解饲料中具有抗营养作用的非淀粉多糖，从而提高饲料利用率，改善猪的生产性能和肠道健康。
马匹粪污处理与综合利用模式研究
2018年第5期（总第256期） 文献综述69马匹粪污处理与综合利用模式研究余 刚 （武汉商学院 湖北 武汉 430056）中图分类号：S851.2+4 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1007-1733(2018)05-0069-02我国马术俱乐部快速发展的同时，马匹饲养造成的环境污染问题也日益严重，制约了马术俱乐部的持续发展。
本文针对马术俱乐部运营过程中产生的马匹粪污环境污染问题，创建合理化模式，为解决马匹饲养污染，探索健康可持续发展的马术俱乐部发展模式提供理论依据，以促进我国马术运动持续健康发展。
1 问题的由来马匹是草食性动物，粪污产生量较大。
健康马匹每天排粪次数大致是8~12次，排粪量10~25kg ，一昼夜排尿约5~8次，尿量3~6L 。
马匹粪污对环境的污染问题由来已久，早在100多年前，当时世界上的大城市如伦敦、纽约等都饲养了大量的马匹。
因为当时最先进的交通工具“马车”需要马匹做为动力，当时的马车就相当于现代社会的汽车，承担着人和货物的运输重任，整个社会的运转离不开马。
当时伦敦的马，有约30万匹。
伦敦这些马每天能产生3000t 马粪，30万升的马尿。
随着城市越来越发达，马车越来越多，相应地，拉车的马也越来越多，马粪的排泄也就越来越庞大。
以致当时很多大城市都陷入了“马粪危机”。
甚至有人预言，到了1930年，曼哈顿的马粪将堆到人们三楼的窗户。
1894年《泰晤士报》也预测：在接下来的50年里，伦敦将被高达9英尺的马粪所淹没。
虽然由于汽车的出现，马车逐渐消失，使得上述预言没有成真。
但是，马匹依然没有彻底退出城市的舞台，以马术运动和马术俱乐部的形式继续存在于世界各个城市中，其产生的粪污问题也依然困扰着马业发展。
2 马匹粪污处理现状随着我国经济的快速发展，物质生活资料的丰富，生活水平的不断提高，余暇时间的增多，人们从事休闲娱乐的愿望日益强烈，马术运动已成为一种休闲文化活动而受到人们的广泛欢迎。
目前，我国特别是经济较发达地区，如北京、上海、广东、浙江、江苏、以及湖北、安徽、四川、内蒙古和重庆等地已有很多大中型的马术俱乐部，粗略估计，我国目前马术俱乐部大约有1400余家，并且新开俱乐部数量持续保持高速增长。
如何提高饮食效果英语作文
如何提高饮食效果英语作文One way to improve the effectiveness of your diet is to focus on portion control. By being mindful of the amount of food you eat, you can avoid overeating and better manage your weight.Another important aspect of a successful diet is to make healthy food choices. This means opting for whole, unprocessed foods such as fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains, while limiting the intake of sugary, fatty, and processed foods.In addition, staying hydrated is essential for a successful diet. Drinking plenty of water not only helps to keep you feeling full, but also aids in digestion and can prevent overeating.Furthermore, incorporating regular exercise into your routine can greatly enhance the effects of your diet. Exercise helps to boost metabolism, burn calories, andbuild lean muscle, all of which contribute to weight management and overall health.Moreover, getting enough sleep is crucial for the success of your diet. Lack of sleep can lead to increased hunger and cravings, as well as a decrease in energy levels, making it more difficult to stick to a healthy eating plan.Lastly, it's important to stay consistent and patient with your diet. Results may not come overnight, but with dedication and perseverance, you can achieve your healthand fitness goals.。
The Effects of Diet and Exercise on Metabolism
The Effects of Diet and Exercise onMetabolismIntroductionMetabolism refers to the process by which our body converts food into energy. The higher our metabolism, the more calories we burn, and the easier it is for us to maintain a healthy weight. Diet and exercise play an important role in regulating and enhancing our metabolism. In this article, we will examine the effects of diet and exercise on metabolism in detail.Diet and MetabolismDiet is one of the primary factors that influence our metabolism. The food we eat is broken down into glucose, which is used by our body cells for energy. The metabolism-boosting effects of diet can be greatly enhanced by eating a balanced diet that includes complex carbohydrates, proteins, and healthy fats.Complex carbohydrates, such as whole grains and vegetables, provide the body with a consistent source of glucose, which helps to stabilize blood sugar levels and prevent spikes in insulin. This, in turn, helps to regulate our metabolism and prevent the accumulation of excess body fat.Proteins also play a crucial role in metabolism. They are essential for building and repairing muscle tissue and can help to boost our resting metabolic rate, which means the number of calories burned at rest.Healthy fats, such as those found in nuts, seeds, and avocados, also help to increase metabolism by providing a sustained source of energy and promoting healthy hormone production.Exercise and MetabolismExercise is another important factor that can significantly affect our metabolism. When we exercise, our body needs more energy, and therefore, more calories are burned. Exercise can also help to boost our resting metabolic rate, which means that we burn more calories even when we are at rest.High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been shown to be particularly effective for increasing metabolism. This type of training involves short bursts of intense exercise followed by periods of rest or low-intensity activity. HIIT not only helps to burn calories during the workout but also promotes the production of human growth hormone (HGH), which is essential for building and repairing muscle tissue.Strength training is another form of exercise that can help to increase metabolism. By building muscle tissue through strength training, we can increase our resting metabolic rate and burn more calories even when we are not exercising.ConclusionDiet and exercise are two crucial factors that play a significant role in regulating and enhancing our metabolism. A balanced diet consisting of complex carbohydrates, proteins, and healthy fats can help to stabilize blood sugar levels and prevent the accumulation of excess body fat. Exercise, particularly high-intensity interval training and strength training, helps to increase metabolism by burning calories and building muscle tissue. Incorporating these lifestyle changes can help us achieve and maintain a healthy weight and boost our overall health and well-being.。
少吃肉类将减少碳排放英文作文
少吃肉类将减少碳排放英文作文Reducing meat consumption has become increasingly recognized as an effective strategy to mitigate carbon emissions and combat climate change. The impact of meat production on the environment is substantial, with livestock farming accounting for a significant portion of global greenhouse gas emissions. By consuming less meat, individuals can play a crucial role in reducing their carbon footprint and promoting environmental sustainability.One of the primary reasons why meat consumption contributes to carbon emissions is the extensive resources required for livestock farming. Producing meat necessitates vast amounts of land, water, and feed, leading to deforestation, water depletion, and habitat destruction. Additionally, the process of raising livestock generates methane, a potent greenhouse gas that significantly contributes to global warming. By opting for plant-based alternatives or reducing meat consumption, individuals can alleviate the strain on natural resources and help mitigate climate change.Moreover, adopting a diet focused on plant-based foods offers numerous health benefits. Research has shown that diets high in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes are associated with lower risks of chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and certain types of cancer. By shifting towards a more plant-based diet, individuals can improve their overall health and well-being while simultaneously reducing their environmental impact.Furthermore, reducing meat consumption aligns with ethical considerations regarding animal welfare. Industrial livestock farming often entails cramped and unsanitary conditions for animals, leading to suffering and poor quality of life. By consuming less meat or opting for products from ethical and sustainable sources, individuals can contribute to the promotion of humane treatment of animals and support more compassionate agricultural practices.Encouragingly, there has been a growing trend towards plant-based eating in recent years, driven by increasing awareness of the environmental and health implications ofmeat consumption. Many individuals are exploring vegetarian and vegan lifestyles, while others are simply incorporating more plant-based meals into their diets. Restaurants, food companies, and supermarkets are also responding to this shift by offering a wider range of plant-based options, making it easier for consumers to make sustainable food choices.In conclusion, reducing meat consumption is a practical and impactful way for individuals to reduce their carbon footprint, improve their health, and support ethical agricultural practices. By making conscientious choices about the foods we consume, we can collectively work towards a more sustainable and compassionate future for both the planet and its inhabitants.。
侹康饮食作文英语
The Essence of Balanced DietIn the fast-paced world we live in, the importance of a healthy diet cannot be overstated. A balanced diet, which incorporates a variety of nutrients in the right proportions, is crucial for maintaining good health and preventing chronic diseases.The foundation of a balanced diet is the intake offruits and vegetables, which are rich in vitamins, minerals, and fiber. These nutrients help to boost the immune system, keep the heart healthy, and regulate digestion. Furthermore, fruits and vegetables are low in calories and high in water content, making them ideal for weight management.Whole grains are another essential component of a balanced diet. They provide energy-rich carbohydrates, as well as protein and fiber. Unlike processed grains, whole grains retain their natural nutrients, which are essential for maintaining good health.Proteins are also crucial for growth and repair of body tissues. Lean meat, fish, eggs, and legumes are excellent sources of protein. However, it is important to consumethem in moderation, as excessive protein intake can have negative effects on health.Fats and oils are essential for maintaining good health, but it is crucial to choose the right kinds. Unsaturated fats, found in olive oil, avocados, and nuts, arebeneficial for heart health. On the other hand, saturated fats and trans fats, commonly found in processed foods and fast food, should be avoided.In addition to these macronutrients, a balanced diet should also include a variety of micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals. These nutrients are essential for various bodily functions and should be obtained through a diverse diet.To ensure a balanced diet, it is important to planmeals and snacks carefully. Meals should include a varietyof foods from all food groups, and snacks should benutrient-dense and low in calories. Additionally, it is essential to stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water and avoiding sugary drinks.In conclusion, a balanced diet is the key tomaintaining good health and preventing chronic diseases. Itis important to include a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, protein sources, and healthy fats in the diet, while avoiding processed foods and sugary drinks. By making smart food choices and staying hydrated, we can enjoy a healthy and active lifestyle.**平衡饮食的精髓**在这个快节奏的世界里，健康饮食的重要性不言而喻。
吃粗粮利于健康英文作文
吃粗粮利于健康英文作文英文：Eating coarse grains is beneficial to our health. Coarse grains refer to grains that have not been refined, such as whole wheat, brown rice, and corn. These grains are rich in dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals, which can help prevent chronic diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and certain types of cancer.Personally, I have incorporated more coarse grains into my diet and have noticed positive changes in my health. For example, I used to suffer from constipation, but since eating more whole grains, I have had more regular bowel movements. Additionally, I feel more energized and less bloated after meals.Another benefit of eating coarse grains is that they are often cheaper than refined grains. This makes them a more affordable option for those on a budget. In fact, manycultures around the world have traditionally relied on coarse grains as a staple food.Overall, I believe that incorporating more coarse grains into our diets is a simple and effective way to improve our health. Whether it's swapping white rice for brown rice or choosing whole wheat bread over white bread, small changes can make a big difference.中文：吃粗粮有益于健康。
低糖饮食英语作文
低糖饮食英语作文In recent years, the low-sugar diet has gained significant traction as a lifestyle choice aimed at promoting better health and well-being. This dietary approach emphasizes the reduction of sugar intake, which is crucial in preventing and managing various health conditions such as diabetes, obesity, and heart disease. The following essay will explore the benefits of a low-sugar diet, the challenges one might face, and strategies to successfully adopt this way of eating.Firstly, the benefits of a low-sugar diet are manifold. By consuming fewer sugary foods and beverages, individuals can experience a stabilization in blood sugar levels, leading to increased energy and reduced cravings. Moreover, a diet lowin sugar can contribute to weight loss, as excessive sugar consumption is often linked to weight gain and obesity. Additionally, cutting down on sugar can improve dental health by preventing the development of cavities and gum disease.However, transitioning to a low-sugar diet is not without its challenges. Sugar is a common ingredient in many processed foods, making it difficult to avoid without careful scrutiny of food labels. Furthermore, sugar cravings can be powerful, especially for those who are accustomed to a diet high in sweets. To overcome these challenges, it is essential to develop strategies that support a low-sugar lifestyle.One effective strategy is to replace sugary snacks withhealthier alternatives such as fresh fruits, nuts, and yogurt. These options provide natural sweetness and are packed with nutrients that can help satisfy cravings without the negative effects of added sugars. Another approach is to gradually reduce sugar intake rather than going cold turkey, which can help the body adjust to the change more comfortably.Education and awareness are also key components in adopting a low-sugar diet. Understanding the different names for sugaron food labels, such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose, can help consumers make informed choices. Additionally, cookingat home more often allows for greater control over the ingredients used, ensuring that sugar is limited.In conclusion, a low-sugar diet is a valuable tool for improving health and reducing the risk of chronic diseases. While the transition may be challenging, with the right strategies and a commitment to healthier choices, individuals can successfully navigate this dietary change and reap thelong-term benefits of a sugar-conscious lifestyle.。
啮齿动物热量限制的注意事项
啮齿动物热量限制的注意事项张少红;陈国芳;刘超【摘要】热量限制在延缓衰老、抗癌、治疗糖尿病等慢性代谢疾病的作用显著,目前热量限制的方案并没有统一的标准,具有明显争议.限食的时间长短、组份、喂养的时间段不同,动物的种类等都可能影响实验的结果,本文就热量限制过程中的相关影响因素进行综述.%Calorie restriction has a significant role in delaying aging, anti-cancer, and treating chronic metabolic diseases such as diabetes. Currently, there is no uniform standard scheme for calorie restriction programs, which is obviously controversial. The length of time, the composition of food, the feeding time and the type of animal may affect the results of the experiment. This paper reviews the relevant influence factors in the process of calorie restriction.【期刊名称】《中国医药导报》【年(卷),期】2019(000)011【总页数】4页(P157-160)【关键词】啮齿动物;热量限制;方案;影响因素【作者】张少红;陈国芳;刘超【作者单位】南京中医药大学附属中西医结合医院内分泌科, 江苏南京 210028;南京中医药大学附属中西医结合医院内分泌科, 江苏南京 210028;南京中医药大学附属中西医结合医院内分泌科, 江苏南京 210028【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R376热量限制（calorie restriction，CR）是一种能量摄入减少（一般将摄入量减少15%～40%），但保证具有足够营养的供应，亦称限食。
高考英语最新热点时文阅读：代糖到底能减肥吗？世卫组织和热量控制协会吵起来了(含练习题)
WHO guideline on sweeteners sparks criticism 代糖到底能减肥吗？世卫组织和热量控制协会吵起来了……中文新闻：代糖到底能减肥吗？世卫组织和热量控制协会吵起来了……世界卫生组织近期发布一份关于非糖甜味剂的新指南警告说，从长远来看，甜菊糖、阿斯巴甜、三氯蔗糖等代糖无助于人们减肥，反而可能对健康构成威胁。
世界卫生组织在一份声明中说，对现有证据的系统回顾“表明，使用NSS(非糖甜味剂)对成人或儿童减少体脂没有任何长期好处”。
“审查的结果还表明，长期使用非糖甜味剂可能存在潜在的不良影响，例如增加二型糖尿病、心血管疾病和成人死亡率的风险，”它补充说。
世卫组织营养和食品安全司司长弗朗西斯科·布兰卡说:“人们需要考虑其他方法来减少游离糖的摄入量，例如食用含有天然糖的食物，如水果，或食用不加糖的食品和饮料。
”英文新闻：WHO guideline on sweeteners sparks criticismSugar substitutes such as stevia, aspartame and sucralose do not help people lose weight in the long run and may instead pose health risks, the World Health Organization has warned.A systematic review of the available evidence “suggests use of NSS [non-sugar sweeteners] does not confer any long-term benefit in reducing body fat in adults or children,” the WHO said in a statement.“Results of the review also suggest there may be potential undesirable effects from long-term use of NSS, such as an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and mortality in adults,” it added.“People need to consider other ways to reduce free sugars intake, such as consuming food with naturally occurring sugars like fruit, or unsweetened food and beverages,” said Francesco Branca, WHO director for nutrition and food safety.重点词汇1. substitute英[ˈsʌbstɪtjuːt]美[ˈsʌbstɪtjuːt]n.替代品，代替物2. cardiovascular英 [ˌkɑːdiəʊˈvæskjələ(r)] 美 [ˌkɑːrdioʊˈvæskjələr]adj.心血管的，心脏强化运动的听双语新闻-填词WHO guideline on sweeteners sparks criticismSugar substitutes such as stevia, aspartame and sucralose do not help people lose weight in the long run and may instead pose health risks, the World Health Organization has warned.A 1 review of the available evidence “suggests use of NSS [non-sugar sweeteners] does not confer any long-term benefit in reducing body fat in adults or children,” the WHO said in a statement.“Results of the review also suggest there may be potential 2 effects from long-term use of NSS, such as an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and mortality in adults,” it added.“People need to consider other ways to reduce free sugars intake, such as consuming food with naturally occurring sugars like fruit, or unsweetened food and beverages,” said Francesco Branca, WHO director for 3 and food safety.听双语新闻-语法填空WHO guideline on sweeteners sparks criticismSugar substitutes such as stevia, aspartame and sucralose do not help people lose weight in the long run and may instead pose health risks, the World Health Organization has 1 (warn).A systematic review of the available evidence “suggests use of NSS [non-sugar sweeteners] does not confer any long-term benefit in reducing body fat in adults or children,” the WHO said in a statement.“Results of the review also suggest there may be potential undesirable 2 (effect) from long-term use of NSS, such as an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and mortality in adults,” it added.“People need to consider other ways to reduce free sugars intake, such as 3 (consume) food with naturally occurring sugars like fruit, or unsweetened food and beverages,” said Francesco Branca, WHO director for nutrition and food safety.填词练习答案1. systematic2. undesirable3. nutrition语法填空答案1. warned2. effects3. consuming。
高一练习题制作希腊烤羊里脊英语作文
高一练习题制作希腊烤羊里脊英语作文In recent years, the Mediterranean diet has gained popularity for its health benefits and delicious flavors. One iconic dish that represents this cuisine is Greekstyle grilled lamb loin. This succulent and flavorful dish is a favorite among food enthusiasts worldwide. Today, we will explore the process of preparing this mouthwatering delicacy.To begin, gather the necessary ingredients for the marinade. You will need olive oil, lemon juice, garlic, fresh herbs such as rosemary and oregano, salt, and pepper. These ingredients come together to create a marinade that infuses the lamb loin with a burst of Mediterranean flavors.Next, prepare the lamb loin by trimming off any excess fat and silver skin. This will ensure that the meat cooks evenly and absorbs the flavors of the marinade. Score the surface of the lamb loin with a sharp knife to allow the marinade to penetrate deeply, enhancing the taste and tenderness of the meat.In a bowl, combine the olive oil, lemon juice, minced garlic, chopped herbs, salt, and pepper to create the marinade. Place the lamb loin in a resealable plastic bag or a shallow dish, and pour the marinade over the meat. Make sure the lamb loin is wellcoated with the marinade, then seal the bag or cover the dish with plastic wrap. Refrigerate the lamb loin for at least afew hours, or ideally overnight, to allow the flavors to develop and permeate the meat.When you are ready to cook the lamb loin, preheat the grill to mediumhigh heat. Remove the lamb loin from the marinade and let any excess drip off. Grill the lamb loin for about 1520 minutes, turning occasionally, until it reaches your desired level of doneness. For a mediumrare finish, the internal temperature should read around 145°F (63°C) on a meat thermometer.Once the lamb loin is cooked to perfection, let it rest for a few minutes before slicing and serving. The juicy, tender meat infused with the flavors of the Mediterranean marinade is sureto delight your taste buds and impress your guests.In conclusion, the process of preparing Greekstyle grilled lamb loin is a delightful culinary experience that showcases the rich and vibrant flavors of the Mediterranean region. Whether enjoyed at a festive gathering or a cozy dinner at home, this dish is a true celebration of good food and good company. Treat yourself to this exquisite dish and savor the taste of Greece right in your own kitchen.。
让脂肪氧化率更高运动员表现更佳
让脂肪氧化率更高运动员表现更佳佚名【期刊名称】《中国食品工业》【年(卷),期】2018(000)007【总页数】2页(P30-31)【正文语种】中文德国弗莱堡大学体育与运动科学系的Daniel König教授及其团队进行的一项科学研究表明，在提前摄入帕拉金糖™后，耐力项目运动员“保持了更稳定的血糖曲线和更高的脂肪氧化，因而与麦芽糖糊精相比，帕拉金糖™有更好的循环特性”。
该研究采用了随机双盲交叉试验，对比了帕拉金糖™和麦芽糖糊精的能量转换效率，即脂肪和碳水化合物两者作为能量来源的转换效率，及其对人体机能的影响。
该试验招募了20名富有经验的自行车车手，每人先饮用750ml含糖量为10%的饮料，再进行90分钟的中等强度耐力运动（最大摄氧量60%），然后进行计时体能测试。
研究结果显示，当运动员饮用含有帕拉金糖™的饮料时，他们在90分钟的耐力测试中显示出更高的脂肪氧化率，并在随后的冲刺测试中表现更好。
平均而言，与饮用含麦芽糖糊精的饮料的运动员相比，饮用含帕拉金糖™饮料的运动员能提前整整一分钟完成计时测试，并能在测试的最后五分钟仍然有力地踩动踏板。
结果还表明帕拉金糖™能够稳定运动员的血糖曲线，在耐力运动前血糖升高较少，而在耐力运动中则能够保持这一血糖水平。
这就加快了能量代谢时脂肪燃烧的速率，减少了碳水化合物的氧化。
这些代谢改善的关键在于帕拉金糖™的生理特性：作为一种可以被缓慢且充分利用的碳水化合物，帕拉金糖™能够以一种更稳定的方式供能，即在较长时间内以较低的血糖水平提供能量。
正如试验报告解释的那样，这种特性使得运动员“在一开始的耐力运动中更依赖通过脂肪氧化供能，从而节省了糖原”。
该研究的结果表明，碳水化合物的类型对能量的转换率和耐久性起着重要作用。
传统的运动饮料和包装零食通常富含高血糖指数的碳水化合物，比如麦芽糖糊精或葡萄糖，直到最近才出现了低血糖指数、高耐受性的代糖。
而这项研究表明，如果在特定情况下想要或者需要较高的脂肪氧化率，比如在基本的耐力训练或者耐力运动竞赛的关键阶段，BENEO的帕拉金糖™能够以其稳定且持续的碳水化合物供能带来显著优势。
初二测试题制作希腊烤羊里脊配橄榄油英语作文
初二测试题制作希腊烤羊里脊配橄榄油英语作文For many food enthusiasts, the tantalizing flavors of Greek cuisine hold a special place in their hearts. Today, we embark on a culinary journey to create a mouthwatering dish Greekstyle grilled lamb loin with olive oil. This delightful recipe brings together the rich taste of succulent lamb loin and the exquisite aroma of premium olive oil, capturing the essence of Mediterranean gastronomy.To begin, let us gather our ingredients. The star of our dish is the tender lamb loin, a cut known for its delicate texture and robust flavor. Next, we need a selection of traditional Greek spices such as oregano, thyme, and rosemary, which will infuse our meat with a harmonious blend of earthy notes. Additionally, we require fresh garlic cloves to add a pungent kick and a squeeze of zesty lemon juice to brighten the overall profile.The first step in preparing our Greekstyle grilled lamb loin is to marinate the meat. In a bowl, combine the olive oil, minced garlic, oregano, thyme, rosemary, and a splash of lemon juice. Massage this aromatic mixture onto the lamb loin, ensuring that every inch is coated with the flavorful marinade. Cover the bowl and let the meat marinate in the refrigerator forat least two hours, allowing the seasonings to penetrate theflesh and enhance its taste.As the lamb loin absorbs the marinade, we can prepare ourgrill for cooking. Preheat the grill to a mediumhigh temperature, ensuring that the grates are clean and welloiled to prevent sticking. Once the grill is hot and ready, place the marinated lamb loin onto the grates, allowing it to sear and caramelize to perfection.Cook the lamb loin for about 1520 minutes, turning it occasionally to ensure even cooking on all sides. The meatshould develop a beautiful charred exterior while remainingjuicy and tender inside. To test for doneness, use a meat thermometer to ensure that the internal temperature reaches145°F (63°C) for mediumrare or adjust according to your preferred level of doneness.Once the lamb loin is cooked to perfection, remove it fromthe grill and let it rest for a few minutes before slicing. This resting period allows the juices to redistribute, ensuring a moist and flavorful outcome. To serve, thinly slice the grilled lamb loin and drizzle with a final touch of extravirgin oliveoil for an added layer of richness and depth.In conclusion, the creation of our Greekstyle grilled lambloin with olive oil is a culinary delight that celebrates the vibrant flavors of the Mediterranean. From the herbinfusedmarinade to the sizzling grill marks, this dish embodies the essence of Greek cuisine in every bite. So gather your ingredients, fire up the grill, and indulge in the exquisite taste of this delectable recipe. Bon appétit!。
FDA《食物影响的生物利用度及饮食条件下的生物等效性研究》简介
FDA《食物影响的生物利用度及饮食条件下的生物等效性研究》简介I 前言本指南为新药临床试验（INDs）、新药上市申请（NDAs）、仿制药申请和补充申请（ANDAs）的申办和/或申请者提供了食物对生物利用度和饮食条件下生物等效性研究的建议。
本指南适用于速释制剂和缓控释制剂。
本指南指出当用于口服制剂时，如何和21CFR320，314.50(d)(3)和314.94(a)(7)对BA、BE要求一致。
本指南对试验设计、数据分析、药物标签、试验如何实施方面提出了建议和参考。
II 背景食物影响生物利用度的研究通常在IND阶段的新药和药物上进行，目的是比较饮食和禁食情况下，食物对新药的吸收速度和程度的影响。
另一方面，针对ANDAs，饮食条件下生物等效性研究是比较在饮食情况下与对照品（RLD）的生物等效性。
A：食物影响生物利用度可能的机制食物可能改变药物的生物利用度，可能影响参比制剂和试验制剂的生物等效性。
食物对生物等效性的影响可能带来临床上严重后果。
食物可能通过如下方式改变生物利用度：•延迟胃排空；•刺激胆汁流量；•改变胃肠道（GI）pH值；•增加内脏的血流量；•改变药物的代谢；•与制剂或药物发生物理和化学反应刚刚摄取食物后服药，食物对药物生物利用度影响往往是最大的。
食物的营养成分、热量、食物的体积和食物的温度能改变胃肠道的生理环境，由此影响药物在胃肠道内的滞留时间、溶解度、渗透性和机体可利用度。
通常情况下，高脂、高热量食物更容易影响胃肠道的生理功能，结果导致药物或制剂的生物利用度发生较大的改变。
我们建议在食物影响生物利用度及饮食条件下生物等效性研究中采用高热量和高脂肪食物。
B：食物对药物制剂的影响制剂和食物同服，可以通过影响药物本身或制剂来改变制剂的生物利用度。
事实上，没有特殊的研究手段，很难准确地知道食物影响生物利用度的机制。
对于那些高溶解性和渗透性药物（BCS Class I）制成的迅速溶解的速释制剂，由于药物吸收不受pH和吸收位置的影响，食物的影响很小，溶解度变化也不敏感。
目的是节约粮食的英语作文
目的是节约粮食的英语作文1. Food is a precious resource that we often take for granted. We consume it without much thought, not realizing the impact it has on our environment and our future generations. It's time we start valuing and conserving our food.2. Imagine a world where we waste less food. This would not only save us money but also reduce the strain on our planet's resources. By being mindful of what we buy, cook, and consume, we can make a significant difference.3. One way to save food is by planning our meals in advance. By creating a weekly meal plan, we can ensure that we only buy what we need and avoid impulse purchases. This not only reduces food waste but also saves us time and energy.4. Another way to conserve food is by storing it properly. Many of us are guilty of throwing away foodbecause it has gone bad. By understanding the proper storage techniques for different types of food, we can extend their shelf life and reduce waste.5. Portion control is also crucial in saving food. We often serve ourselves more than we can eat, resulting in leftovers that eventually go to waste. By being mindful of our portion sizes and only taking what we can finish, we can minimize food waste.6. Donating excess food to those in need is another effective way to save food. Instead of throwing away leftovers or unused ingredients, we can give them to food banks or shelters. This not only helps those who are less fortunate but also reduces food waste.7. Composting is a great way to repurpose food scraps and reduce waste. Instead of throwing them in the trash, we can create nutrient-rich compost that can be used in gardens or farms. This not only reduces waste but also helps to improve soil quality.8. Lastly, raising awareness about the importance of food conservation is crucial. By educating others about the impact of food waste and sharing tips on how to save food, we can create a collective effort to reduce waste and protect our resources.In conclusion, saving food is not only about reducing waste but also about protecting our environment and ensuring a sustainable future. By planning our meals, storing food properly, controlling portions, donating excess food, composting, and raising awareness, we can all contribute to this important cause. Let's start valuing and conserving our food today.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Effect of dietary coarsely ground corn on broiler live performance, gastrointestinal tract development,apparent ileal digestibility of energy and nitrogen,and digesta particle size distribution and retention time Y.Xu,C.R.Stark,P.R.Ferket,C.M.Williams,W.J.Pacheco,and J.Brake1 Prestage Department of Poultry Science,North Carolina State University,Raleigh,NC27695-7608ABSTRACT Dietary structural material has been reported to improve broiler live performance and gas-trointestinal tract(GIT)function.In this50d cage study,the effects of coarsely ground corn(CC)in-clusion on broiler live performance,GIT development, apparent ileal digestibility(AID)of energy and nitro-gen(N),and digesta particle size distribution and re-tention time were investigated.This study included3 CC inclusions(0,25,and50%fine corn[FC]replaced by CC),with6replicate cages of10birds per treatment. The feed conversion ratio(FCR)at35and42d was improved(P<0.01)as the dietary inclusion of CC in-creased without effect on feed intake.The50%CC diet increased absolute and relative gizzard weight at42d of age as compared to diets with0and25%CC(P<0.01). Dietary CC increased absolute proventriculus weight at 28d of age(P<0.05).A numerically lower gizzard di-gesta pH(P<0.08)was observed at28d but not42d of age,and there was no difference in proventriculus, jejunum,or ileum digesta pH at28or42d of age.The 25and50%CC treatments increased the digesta reten-tion time at30and45d of age(P<0.05and P<0.01, respectively).The25and50%CC treatments improved AID of energy by7.1and8.2%,respectively,when com-pared with the0%CC treatment,and they improved AID of N by12.2and12.4%,respectively(P<0.01). The digesta particles in the jejunum exhibited a simi-lar distribution,with a dgw(geometric mean diameter by mass)of218,204,and181µm when0,25,of50% CC diets were consumed,respectively.In conclusion, birds fed pelleted and screened diets that contained25 and50%CC exhibited increased BW,improved FCR, and increased AID of energy and N,which was proba-bly due to enhanced gizzard development and greater digesta retention time.Key words:coarse corn,gizzard,gastrointestinal tract development,digestibility,digesta retention time2015Poultry Science94:53–60/10.3382/ps/peu015INTRODUCTIONFeed particle size reduction has long remained the central paradigm of feed milling,but feed particle size has a paradoxical role in poultry nutrition.From a feed manufacturing perspective,smaller feed particle size has been found to improve mixing efficiency and uniformity,reduce ingredient segregation during further handling,and improve pelleting efficiency and quality (Behnke,2001).However,as the particle size of the grain decreases,the cost to grind the grain increases (Behnke,2001).From a nutritional perspective,smaller particle grind size increases relative surface area,im-C The Author2015.Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Poultry Science Association.This is an Open Access article dis-tributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial License(/licenses/by-nc/ 4.0/),which permits non-commercial re-use,distribution,and repro-duction in any medium,provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use,please contact journals.permissions@.Received April8,2014.Accepted September21,2014.1Corresponding author:jbrake@proves digestibility by exposing ingredient substrates todigestive enzymes,and reduces selective feeding by theanimal.However,birds have been found to have an in-stinctive preference for coarse feed particles to stimulategizzard function,which has been suggested controls gutmotility(Duke et al.,1977;Ferket and Gernat,2006).A fully functional gizzard has been thought toimprove nutrient digestibility though enhanced gas-trointestinal tract(GIT)function and greater digestaretention time(Amerah et al.,2008).The developmentand integrity,digestive functions,maintenance require-ment,and digesta retention time of the GIT have allbeen reported to be influenced by enhanced gizzard ac-tivity,which has been demonstrated to respond quicklyto changes in feed structural material under certain cir-cumstances(Hetland et al.,2002,2003;Gabriel et al.,2003,2008;Senkoylu et al.,2009).The importance ofthe physical structure of the diet as a means to im-prove feed efficiency and live performance has becomeincreasingly recognized,and coarser feed structure hasexhibited a positive influence on nutrient digestibilityand animal live performance(Nir et al.,1995;Amerahet al.,2008;Samu et al.,2010).A better understanding53by guest on February 22, 2015/Downloaded from54XU ET AL.Table1.Ingredient composition and calculated analysis for broiler starter,grower,andfinisher dietsItem Starter Grower Finisher Ingredient%Corn50.5154.1961.20Soybean meal(SBM;48%CP)33.7923.2216.07Distillers dried grains with solubles(DDGS) 6.0015.0015.00Poultry byproduct meal 2.00 1.00 1.00Limestone0.970.930.95Dicalcium phosphate,18%P 1.93 1.41 1.46DL-Methionine0.280.130.10L-Lysine0.120.220.28L-Threonine0.120.120.08Sodium chloride0.500.500.50Vitamin premix10.050.050.05Choline chloride,60%0.100.100.10Trace mineral premix20.200.200.20Selenium premix30.100.100.10Coccidiostat40.050.050.05Poultry fat 3.23 2.76 2.85100.00100.00100.00 Calculated analysisME,kcal/g 2.85 2.90 2.95Protein,%23.0020.0017.00Calcium,% 1.000.800.80Available phosphorus,%0.500.400.40Total lysine,% 1.31 1.130.97Total methionine+cysteine,% 1.000.820.71Analyzed nutrientsGross Energy,kcal/g 3.61 3.71 3.73CP,%22.321.218.01The vitamin premix supplied the following per kg of feed:vitamin A,6601IU;cholecalciferol,1980 IU;niacin,55mg;α-tocopheral,33mg;pantothenic acid,11mg;riboflavin,6.6mg;pyridoxine,4mg;menadione,2mg;thiamin,2mg;folic acid,1.1mg;biotin,0.13mg;and vitamin B12,0.02mg.2The mineral premix supplied the following per kg of feed:Zn,120mg;Mn,120mg;Fe,80mg;Cu, 10mg;I,2.5mg;Co,1.0mg.3Selenium premix provided0.2ppm Se.4Monensin was included at99mg/kg(Coban90,Elanco Animal Health,Indianapolis,IN).of the interaction between feed structure and GIT de-velopment and function has become critical to opti-mization of feed manufacturing strategies and broiler live performance.The objectives of the current study were to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of roller mill coarsely ground corn(CC)on broiler live perfor-mance,GIT development and function,apparent ileal digestibility(AID)of energy and nitrogen(N),and digesta particle size distribution and retention time.MATERIALS AND METHODSFeed Formulation,Manufacture,and Experiment DesignBroiler diets(Table1)were formulated and manu-factured to meet or exceed the NRC suggested mini-mum requirements of broilers(NRC,1994).The same crumbled starter diet was used for all birds,while three coarsely ground corn(CC)inclusions in the grower and finisher diets were produced by replacing0,25,or50% of fine corn(FC)with CC.The FC and soybean meal (SBM)were ground with a hammermill(Model1522, Roskamp Champion,Waterloo,IA)equipped with two 2.4mm screens,while the CC was ground with a two-pair roller mill(Model C128829,RMS,Tea,SD)witha gap setting of0%opening(0.15to0.18mm)on thetop pair of rollers and100%opening(7.16mm)on the bottom pair of rollers.Dry ingredients were blended ina double ribbon mixer(TRDB126-0604,Hayes&StolzInd.Mfg.Co.,Fort Worth,TX)to produce the mash diet,which was conditioned at85◦C for45s and pel-leted with a ring die(4.4by35mm)pellet mill(ModelPM1112-2,California Pellet Mill Co.,Crawfordsville, IN).Pellets were cooled with ambient air in a counter-flow cooler(Model VK09×09KL,Geelen CounterflowUSA Inc.,Orlando,FL).The starter feed was providedas crumbles,and subsequent feeds were fed as pellets,with fines removed with a pellet screener(Model35/7Roto-Shaker,Sprout Bauer,Inc.,Muncy,PA).Particlesize distribution was determined by ASAE StandardS319.3(ASAE Standards,2003a),and the pellet dura-bility index was determined by ASAE Standard S269.4 (ASAE Standards,2003b).The particle size method included agitators(14rubber balls,5plastic cleaners,and4bristle sieve cleaners),which were placed on sieve numbers8to270to break up agglomerations.A dis-persing agent(silicon dioxide SSA-58,Gilson,Lewis Center,OH)was also added at0.5g/100g sample priorto shaking to facilitate material movement through the sieves(Stark and Chewning,2012).by guest on February 22, 2015/Downloaded fromPARTICLE SIZE AND BROILER PERFORMANCE55Husbandry PracticesThe care of the birds in the study conformed to the Guide for Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Re-search and Teaching(FASS,2010).Ross344×708 (Aviagen,Huntsville,AL)1-d-old male broiler chicks were feather sexed,weighed,and randomly distributed among18cages with10chicks each within3custom-designed brooding battery cages(Alternative Design, Siloam Springs,AR)in an environmentally controlled room.Care was taken to distribute incubator position effects uniformly among all of the broiler pens.Each pen was61cm in width,46cm in length,and61cm in height.Each cage was randomly assigned to1of3 dietary treatments(0,25,or50%CC),with a total of6 replicates per treatment.The chicks were given a bud-get of0.9,2.7,and3.6kg starter,grower,and finisher diet,respectively.Each cage had2nipple drinkers and 1feeder for ad libitum consumption of feed and water, respectively.The lighting program consisted of23h of light and1h of darkness for the50d experimental pe-riod.The room temperature was35◦C from1to2d,32 to33◦C from3to7d,30to32◦C from8to15d,and then22to30◦C from16to50d.Data CollectionInitial pen group BW was determined at placement. Feed intake and BW by cage were recorded at14,28, 35,and42d of age.Birds were observed twice daily, and mortalities were removed and their BW was in-cluded in the feed conversion ratio(FCR)calculation. One bird per cage at28d and two birds per cage at42d of age of average BW were weighed individually,killed by cervical dislocation,and had gizzard and proven-triculus excision.The surrounding fat was trimmed. Then organ contents were removed,rinsed,and blot-ted dry and then weighed and expressed as a percent-age of BW(mg/g BW).The pH of the gizzard and proventriculus contents was measured with a portable pH meter(HACH IQ150pH/mV/Temperature System, Loveland,CO).Viscera were excised,and gut section (duodenum,jejunum,ileum,and colon)lengths,as well as total gut length(from gizzard pylorus to distal colon) were measured.A15cm section of jejunum and ileum were excised,digesta content was removed,and fat was trimmed for tensile strength measurement using an In-stron Tensile Tester5542w/50N load cell(Instron Corp.,Norwood,MA).Bluehill2software was used for data collection and analysis(Instron proprietary soft-ware).The particle size distribution of jejunum digesta content was measured with a laser diffraction particle size analyzer(Model LS13320,Beckman Coulter,Inc., Brea,CA).Celite was added to the finisher diet as an indigestible marker to determine apparent ileal digestibility(AID) of energy and nitrogen(N).At50d of age,3birds of average BW per cage were necropsied to collect ileal content.Ileal digesta were collected(2cm posterior of Meckel’s diverticulum to2cm anterior of the ileal-cecal junction)by gently squeezing the ileal contents in a manner that provided a sample sufficient for digestibil-ity analysis.Ileal content was analyzed for moisture (Method934.01,AOAC,2006a),crude protein(Method 990.03,AOAC,2006b),acid insoluble ash(Vogtmannet al.,1975),and gross energy(Merrill and Watt,1973). Gross energy was determined using an adiabatic bomb calorimeter(Model C5003,IKA,Wilmington,NC).Ap-parent ileal digestibility of energy and N were calculated using the following equation:AID=100%−[(ID×AF)/(AD×IF)]∗100% Where:AID=Apparent ileal digestibility(%)ID=Marker concentration in diet(%)AF=Energy or N concentration in ileal digesta(%)AD=Energy or N concentration in diet(%)IF=Marker concentration in ileal digesta(%)Digesta retention time was determined at30and45dof age.After a12h feed withdrawal period,6birds per treatment(a total of18birds)were put into individ-ual cages,each bird was orally administered a gelatin capsule that contained85mg chromium oxide as an indigestible marker,and the birds were returned to ad libitum feeding.Beginning1h after the gelatin capsulewas administrated,feces were observed every15min,and the time of the appearance of clear green–colored feces was recorded as the passage time.Statistical AnalysisResults were analyzed as a one-way treatment structure using a completely randomized design of CC inclusion(0,25,or50%).The cage served as the exper-imental unit for the statistical analysis of the live per-formance data.All data were analyzed using GLM pro-cedure of SAS(SAS Institute,2012).Differences were considered significant at P<0.05or P<0.01as in-dicated,and the differences between means were sepa-rated by least significant difference.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe geometric mean diameter by mass(dgw)and particle size distribution of fine corn(FC),course corn (CC),and mash diets prior to pelleting with0,25,and 50%CC replacing FC are shown in Figures1and2.Thedgw of FC,CC,soybean meal(SBM),and distillers dried grains with solubles(DDGS)prior to mixing was 294;1,362;491;and414µm,respectively.As the0,25,and50%CC replaced FC in the diets,the dgw of mash diets prior to pelleting increased in a stepwise manner from432to640µm,respectively.The hammermill and roller mill have been two grinding devices commonlyby guest on February 22, 2015/Downloaded from56XU ET AL.Figure1.The geometric mean diameter by mass(dgw)and particle size distribution of fine corn(FC)and coarse corn(CC)prior to mixing.Figure2.The geometric mean diameter by mass(dgw)and particle size distribution of mash diets after mixing but prior to pelleting with 0,25,and50%coarse corn(CC)replacing fine corn(FC).used to reduce the particle size of feed grains. Hammermill grinding creates a wider particle size dis-tribution,while roller mill grinding creates a more com-pact or narrow particle size distribution(Nir et al., 1995).By blending corn ground by these two grind-ing devices,a biphasic distribution of particle size(as demonstrated in Figure1)was produced,with the in-tention of having larger particles stimulate gizzard func-tion and smaller particles help maintain pellet quality and improve digestion and nutrient absorption.Pellet quality of the0,25,and50%CC diets as determined by the pellet durability index(PDI)was92,93,and90%, respectively,with a pellet rate of522,454, and438kg/h,respectively.As demonstrated by Angulo et al.(1996),pellet durability is inversely related to particle size,likely because smaller particles have more contact points within the pellet(Behnke,2001).How-ever,particle size is not the only factor that has been reported to influence pellet quality.Thomas and Poe (1996)and Briggs et al.(1999)reported that ingredi-ent composition,steam condition,production output,and die and roller dimension greatly influence final pel-let quality.The effects of dietary CC inclusion on feed intake, BW,and feed conversion ratio(FCR)of broilers are shown in Table2.There were no significant treatment effects on live performance parameters at14d of age.The birds’feed intake was similar among all treatments,but greater BW was obtained at28(P<0.01),35(P<0.01),and42d of age(P<0.05)when birds wereby guest on February 22, 2015/Downloaded fromPARTICLE SIZE AND BROILER PERFORMANCE57 Table2.Effect of dietary coarse corn(CC)inclusion on feed intake,BW,and feed conversion ratio(FCR)of broilers at14,28,35,and42d of ageCC1n Feed intake BW FCR214d28d35d42d14d28d35d42d14d28d35d42d(g)(g/g)0%65612387365352574741621B2284B2929b 1.31 1.77 1.82A 1.94A25%65702406367053504771720A2400A3118a 1.32 1.73 1.74B 1.86B50%65612355361351544691696A2408A3059a 1.33 1.69 1.69B 1.82BSEM38377111362031430.020.030.020.02P-value0.580.560.810.420.53<0.010.010.020.650.12<0.01<0.01a-b Means within a column with different superscripts differ significantly(P<0.05).A-B Means within a column with different superscripts differ significantly(P<0.01).1Treatments consisted of diets with0,25,or50%CC inclusion.2FCR=Feed intake per pen/total pen BW gain,including BW of mortality that occurred during each time period.3SEM=Standard error of the means for CC inclusions effect(n=6).Table3.Effect of dietary coarse corn(CC)inclusion on absolute and relative weight of gizzard,proventriculus,and pancreas,and gizzard to proventriculus ratio at28and42d of ageCC1n Gizzard Proventriculus G/P Ratio3Pancreas28d42d28d42d28d42d28d42d28d42d42d(g)(mg/g BW)(g)(mg/g BW)(g/g)(g)(mg/g BW)0%613.4720.96C7.81 6.60C 4.31b10.26 2.50 3.26 3.12 2.11B 4.61 1.3625%617.4625.73B10.327.63B 5.28a9.97 3.18 2.97 3.21 2.84A 4.57 1.3050%617.9428.34A9.438.75A 5.48a8.77 2.88 2.71 3.28 3.44A 4.72 1.33SEM2 1.460.820.940.350.310.650.190.220.270.170.180.04P-value0.09<0.010.19<0.010.040.200.080.200.91<0.010.830.67a-c Means within a column with different superscripts differ significantly(P<0.05).A-B Means within a column with different superscripts differ significantly(P<0.01).1Treatments consisted of diets with0,25,or50%CC inclusion.2SEM=Standard error of the means for CC inclusions effect(n=6).3G/P Ratio=Gizzard:proventriculus.Table4.Effect of dietary coarse corn(CC)inclusion on digesta pH and intestinal length at28and42d of ageCC1n Digesta pH at28d Digesta pH at42d Intestinal length at42dProventriculus Gizzard Jejunum Ileum Jejunum Ileum Duodenum Jejunum Ileum Colon Total length Length/length BW(cm)(cm/kg)0%6 5.43 4.67 5.86 6.17 6.00 6.3215.0875.5479.5836.33185.2954.4925%6 5.21 4.38 5.76 6.22 6.13 6.2615.9674.2177.7539.08183.8852.1850%6 5.11 4.10 5.82 6.29 6.06 6.3615.9275.4679.1739.51186.4652.70SEM20.120.160.050.070.110.170.39 1.11 1.900.56 3.290.92P-value0.200.080.720.550.690.880.210.640.780.200.860.191Treatments consisted of diets with0,25,or50%CC inclusion.2SEM=Standard error of the means for CC inclusions effect(n=6).fed25and50%CC.Improved FCR was observed at35d and42d for the birds fed25and50%CC diets,respec-tively,as compared to those fed0%CC(P<0.01).In-consistent results of the influence of corn particle size on broiler live performance have been reported to be due to differences in feed form(Reece et al.,1985;Chewn-ing et al.,2012),corn dgw and particle size distribution (Reece et al.,1986;Dozier et al.,2006),and pellet qual-ity(Parsons et al.,2006).Lott et al.(1992)observed im-proved broiler live performance when corn particle size decreased from1173to710µm,but Nir et al.(1994) reported improved broiler live performance when corn particle size increased from525to897µm.Reece et al. (1986)reported that both fine(679µm)and coarse (1289µm)corn improved BW gain and feed efficiencyas compared with medium ground corn(987µm).Theyalso found that broilers fed a pelleted diet containing a 50%FC and50%CC combination(908µm)performed better than broilers fed medium ground corn(987µm), confirming that particle size distribution is important.In the present study,a single crumbled starter(0to14d)without CC was employed,and thereafter,100% pellets(15to49d)with25or50%CC inclusion feed were employed.Similar feed intake and improved live performance were observed due to25and50%CC when compared to0%CC.This procedure was followed be-cause broiler chicks may not have the gizzard capacityto fully utilize a diet containing50%CC at an earlyby guest on February 22, 2015/Downloaded from58XU ET AL.age(Lily et al.,2011),and pellet quality could be a confounding factor that would be inversely related to CC inclusion.The effects of dietary CC inclusion on absolute and relative gizzard and proventriculus weight,as well as gizzard to proventriculus ratio,are shown in Table3. The25and50%CC treatments resulted in a marginal increase(P=0.09)in absolute gizzard weight at28d of age as compared to the0%CC inclusion treatment. The25and50%CC treatments increased both ab-solute and relative gizzard weight at42d of age in a stepwise manner as compared to the0%CC treatment (P<0.01).Dietary25and50%CC increased absolute proventriculus weight at28d of age as compared to0% CC(P<0.05),but no other differences were observed for absolute and relative proventriculus weight at either 28or42d of age.Gizzard to proventriculus ratio was increased at42d of age by25and50%CC as com-pared to0%CC(P<0.01).Several researchers have reported that gizzard weight increases with increased corn particle size independently of the physical form of the diet(Oliver and Jonker,1997;Dahlke et al.,2003). Parsons et al.(2006)reported that absolute and relative gizzard weight increase as corn particle size increases (from781;950;1,042;1,109;to2,242µm).Healy(1992) reported increased weights of gizzard and proventricu-lus for broilers fed900µm corn compared with300µm corn.Apparently,birds adjusted their mechanical and enzymatic digestion according to feed structure.Fur-thermore,Gabriel et al.(2008)reported that dietary whole wheat inclusion increased pancreas weight by 12%,but CC had no effect in the present study.The effect of dietary CC inclusion on digesta pH and intestinal length at28and42d of age is shown in Table4.A numerically lower pH of gizzard digesta (P<0.08)but not proventriculus digesta was observed at28d of age,and there were no effects for either at42d.There was also no difference in jejunum and ileum digesta pH at28or42d of age.The pH was higher for gizzard contents and lower for intestinal con-tents than typically reported in the literature,which may be due to differences in digesta quantity,reten-tion time,and the chemical characteristics of water,lit-ter,and feed in the gizzard-proventriculus region.Cages also prevented consumption of litter fiber that could have influenced gastrointestinal tract(GIT)function of these rapidly growing broilers.Several reports have demonstrated that dietary structure,such as coarse grain or fiber,decreases the pH of gizzard contents by a magnitude of between0.2and1.2units(Dahlke et al.,2003;Engberg et al.,2004;Gabriel et al.,2008; Senkoylu et al.,2009).Diet nutrient composition,wa-ter intake,feed consumption,and the tightly regulated acid–base balance of an animal could have been major confounding factors that masked any pH effect.Intesti-nal segment length as well as the ratio of total length to BW was not influenced by dietary CC inclusion at 42d of age.There have been conflicting reports concerning howthe relative size of intestinal segments is modified by coarse diet structure.Amerah et al.(2007)reportedthat all gut segments were shorter in birds fed coarsely ground grain particles than those fed finer grain parti-cles in a mash diet,but there were no differences foundin gut length when a pelleted feed form was used.Tay-lor and Jones(2004)found greater duodenum lengthwith whole wheat(200g/kg in a pelleted diet)but no difference in duodenum weight.No difference in gut seg-ment length was observed in the present study,whichmay be due to a45-d-old broiler being relatively matureand consuming screened pellets.The effect of dietary CC inclusion on intestinal tensile strength at28and42d,digesta retention time at30and45d,and apparent ileal digestibility(AID)of energyand nitrogen(N)at50d of age are shown in Table5.Di-etary inclusion of50%CC tended to increase(P<0.08)the tensile strength of the ileum at28d of age comparedto the0%CC treatment.The25and50%dietary CC inclusion increased digesta retention time at30and45dof age(P<0.05and P<0.01,respectively),and therewas a difference between these two CC treatments at30d but not at45d,which probably reflected increasedGIT maturity.In comparison to the0%inclusion treat-ment,25and50%CC treatments improved AID of energy by7.1and8.2%,respectively.The AID of Nwas less than expected but could have been negatively influenced by the inclusion of digesta from the proxi-mal third of the ileum in the present samples,as Kluthet al.(2005)reported significantly reduced digestibilityin this segment of the ileum.Nevertheless,the AID ofN was improved by the presence of25and50%CC by12.2and12.4%,respectively,but there was no differ-ence between the25and50%CC treatments.Sacranie (2006)hypothesized that dietary inclusion of larger feed particles increased intestinal tensile strength due to in-creased muscular activity associated with reverse peri-stalsis.However,Dozier et al.(2006)reported that in-testinal tensile strength was not affected by dietary CC treatments(15,25,and35%CC).The increased di-gesta retention time observed with coarse feed parti-cles in the present study corroborated other research rger particles have been reported to be re-tained within the digestive tract longer than fine parti-cles(Denbow,2000)because coarse feed particles needto be ground to a certain critical size before they can be expelled from the gizzard(Clemens et al.,1975;Moore, 1999).A number of studies have shown improved nu-trient utilization when birds are fed structural materialin their diet(Preston et al.,2000;Svihus and Hetland, 2001;Rougiere et al.,2009).Parsons et al.(2006)re-ported coarse grinding of corn increases the efficiencyof N and lysine retention in broiler diets.The improved digestibility of nutrients may arise from lower digestapH and enhanced peptic digestion as well as increased enzyme-substrate interaction because of the greater re-tention time elicited by dietary CC inclusion.by guest on February 22, 2015/Downloaded fromPARTICLE SIZE AND BROILER PERFORMANCE59 Table5.Effect of dietary coarse corn(CC)inclusion on intestine tensile strength at28and42d,digestaretention time at30and45d,and apparent ileal digestibility of energy and nitrogen at50d of ageCC1n Tensile strength Digesta retention time Apparent ileal digestibilityJejunum Ileum Jejunum Ileum Energy Nitrogen28d42d30d45d50d(N)(h)(%)0%6 2.35 1.90 2.98 2.43 1.58c 3.54B54.6B44.0B25%6 2.10 2.07 3.18 2.78 1.75b 4.52A61.7A56.1A50%6 2.32 2.69 3.04 2.65 1.96a 4.32A62.8A56.4ASEM20.310.190.560.390.090.27 4.3 6.5P-value0.560.080.660.71<0.05<0.01<0.01<0.01a-c Means within a column with different superscripts differ significantly(P<0.05).A-B Means within a column with different superscripts differ significantly(P<0.01).1Treatments consisted of diets with0,25,or50%CC inclusion.2SEM=Standard error of the means for CC inclusions effect(n=6).Figure3.The geometric mean diameter by mass(dgw)and particle size distribution of jejunum digesta of birds at42d of age fed0,25,and 50%coarse corn(CC)diets.The dgw and particle size distribution of jejunum di-gesta at45d are shown in Figure3.The dgw of jejunum digesta was218,204,and181µm with0,25,and50% CC inclusion,respectively.As expected,these three treatments had similar jejunum digesta particle size dis-tribution;Clemens et al.(1975)and Moore(1999)re-ported that coarse feed particles needed to be ground to a certain critical size before they could exit the giz-zard.Ferrando et al.(1987)suggested that the thresh-old particle size is between500and1,500µm before it will leave the gizzard in chickens.Hetland et al.(2002, 2003)as well as Amerah et al.(2008)reported that a majority of the particles entering the duodenum are smaller than100µm,even when considerable amounts of whole wheat or coarse grain particles are added to the diet.ACKNOWLEDGMENTThis material is based on research supported by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture,U.S.De-partment of Agriculture,under Agreement No.2010-1375.REFERENCESAmerah,A.M.,V.Ravindran,R.G.Lentle,and D.G.Thomas.2007.Performance and digestive tract characteristics of broilersas influenced by particle size and feed form.Proc.Aust.Poult.Sci.Symp.19:85–88.Amerah,A.M.,V.Ravindran,R.G.Lentle,and D.G.Thomas.2008.Influence of feed particle size on the performance,energyutilization,digestive tract development,and digesta parametersof broiler starter fed wheat-and corn-based diets.Poult.Sci.87:2320–2328.by guest on February 22, 2015/Downloaded from。