PLC's Application in Automation Diesel Generator Sets
柴油机术语中英对照
冲击螺钉 连接 连接法兰 适配器 雇员 点燃 点火温度 切迹，凹口 指导 应用领域 设备，仪器 控制面板 应用 近似的 工作台 动力活塞 容差，公差，（加工）余量 工件 工作压力 备案 臂，柄，杆 装置，装配部件 加强 芳香的 布置，设计 费用 石棉 沥青质 灰，粉尘 大气条件 大气压力 证书 哑元，虚拟的 奥氏体的 自动化 自动起动 自动停车 无间断发电机组 烧毁 蒸发冷却器 蒸发 垃圾，碎片 脱脂，除油 脱脂剂 脱落，剥落 除湿 废气 排气脉冲 排气口，排气通道 排气消声器 消声器 排气背压 脱气 废气锅炉 排气歧管，排气集管 Document Classification: Sheet name: GLOSSARY1 Page: 2/59
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PLC应用英文资料外文翻译--PLC在冰蓄冷中央空调系统控制中的应用
PLC in the Ice Storage Central Air-conditioningSystem of Control1 IntroductionIce storage air-conditioning is the Central V alley will be redundant power grid electricity at night to form ice cold storage, electricity consumption peak during the day when the ice will melt to provide air-conditioning services. As in most parts of China's electricity at night is much lower than during the day, using ice cold storage central air conditioning can significantly reduce the user's operating costs.Ice storage central air-conditioning system configuration of equipment than conventional air-conditioning system to increase the number and require a higher degree of automation, but it automatically to meet the requirements of the air-conditioned buildings throughout the day under the conditions of the day will be with all the energy spent, the largest At least to save operating costs.2 Control system.Control system from the next crew (the scene control workstations) and PC (central management workstations), with the crew using programmable logic controller (PLC) and touch screen, PC using industrial-grade computers and printers, system configuration necessary if the annex Communications equipment interface cards, modems, etc., to achieve the parameters of the storage system and automatic intelligent run.The crew at the scene and touch-screen system can control parameter settings and data. PC remote management and printing, which includes the crew and all the features touch screen. Following the system as a whole crew of the industrial PLC as the core, the automated control. Control equipment and devices include: detection sensor components, electrical valves, converter, and so on.2.1 Under the machine system (Regional workstations)2.1.1 TP21 touch-screenTP27 used as a color touch-screen operation panel, completely replace the conventional switch button, light, and other devices to control more interviews counters clean. And, TP27 touch screen can be realized at the scene state, system settings, the model chosen, the set of parameters, fault recording, load records, time period, real-time data, load curve and reporting statistics, and other functions, the Chinese user interface intuitive and friendly.2.1.2 SIEMENS PLCSIMATIC S7-300 series PLC applied to all walks of life and various occasions in the detection, monitoring and control of automation, its power to both the independent operation of, or connected to a network able to achieve complex control.The photoelectric products with isolation, high electromagnetic compatibility; have high industrial applicability, allowing the ambient temperature of 60 ℃; has strong anti-jamming and anti-vibration and impact resistance, so in a harsh working environment has been widely Applications.I also mean freedom of communication S7-300 type PLC' s a very unique feature, which allows S7-300-PLC can deal openly with any other communications equipment, communications controller, or PLC S7-300 type can be defined by the user's own Communications protocol (of the agreement ASCII), the baud rate to 1.5 Mbit / s (adjustable). So that can greatly increase the scope of communications so that the control system configuration more flexible and convenient. Of any kind with a serial interface peripherals, such as: printers or bar code readers, Drives, a modem (Modem), the top PC-connected, and so can be used. Users can program to develop communication protocols, the exchange of data (for example: ASCII character code), RS232 interfaces with the equipment can also be used PC / PPI cable linking the free communication communications.When the PC offline, under the control of the next crew, the whole system can operate normally.2.2 Computer System (central management workstations)2.2.1 PCPC that is by control centre, mainly by the PC and laser printer components, using SIMA TIC WINCC software platform, the all-Chinese interface, friendly man-machine dialogue. Managers and operators can be observed through a PC, shown in the various kinds of information to understand the present and past the ice-storage operation of the automatic control system and all the parameters, and through the mouse to print equipment management and implementation tasks.2.2.2 WINCC software platformWINC C software in the field of automation can be used for all the operators’ control and monitoring tasks. Can be controlled in the process of the events clearly show, and shows the current status and order records, the recorded data can show all or select summary form, or may be required for editing, printing and output statements and trends .WINCC able to control the critical situation in the early stages of the report, and the signal can be displayed on the screen, can also use sound to be felt. It supported by online help and operational guidelines to eliminate failure. WINCC a workstation can be devoted to the process control to the process so that important information not is shielded. Software-assisted operation strategy ensures that the process was not illegal to visit and to provide for non-industrial environment in the wrong operation.WINCC is MICRSOFT WINDOWS98 or WINDOWS NT4.0 operating system, running on a PC object-oriented class 32-bit applications, OLE through the window and ODBC standard mechanism, as an ideal partner to enter the communications world WINDOWS, it can be easily WINCC To integrate a company-wide data processing system.3 The control of ice storage system3.1 control objectives, scope and mainly controlled equipmentStorage control system control Objective: To host the refrigeration, ice storage devices, plate heat exchanger, and the system pumps, cooling towers, pipeline control valve system to control and adjust ice storage system of the status of the operation mode, in the most economical Circumstances to the terminal to provide a stable water temperature. At the same time, improve the level of automation and improve the management efficiency and reduce management labor intensity.Control of the entire ice storage systems, including the parameters of state, state and control equipment, the main control equipment are: the status of host duplex, electrical valves, cooling towers, cooling pumps, ice storage devices, the primary glycol pump, plate heat exchanger, and Sub-glycol pumps.3.2 controlControl features include the entire ice storage system stability, economic operation with the features.3.2.1 Condition conversion featureAccording to the season and operation of machinery, automatic control system with the following conditions conversion features:a) duplex host status at the same time cooling ice-making mode; b) duplex host the status of a separate ice-making mode; c) host and the cooling mode of ice storage devices; d) the ice-melting separate cooling mode; e) alone for the host Cold mode.3.2.2 The status of Commitment, display and fault alarm functionsControl system according to the schedule in chronological order, with load forecasting software, host and external control refrigeratio n equipment and the number of start and stop all surveillance equipment, working conditions and operating parameters, such as: - refrigeration host Commitment, status and fault alarm - host refrigeration Operating parameters - host of dry cooling protection - host forrefrigeration/return water temperature, pressure, telemetry and display; - chilled water pumps start and stop, status and fault alarm - glycol pump start and stop, status and fault alarm - cooling Pump Commitment, status and fault alarm-the pressure of the bypass with significant pressure measurement Show-the cooling tower fan Commitment, status and fault alarm;For cooling tower/backwater temperature control and display - for / return water temperature, pressure remote control and display - the import and export side of plate heat exchanger temperature control and display - into the ice storage devices, export control and temperature telemetry Show - chilled water flow control and display backwater - electric valve switch, regulating valve and-control and display - outdoor temperature and humidity control and display telemetry - ice storage and display of measurement - the end of cooling load control.3.2.3 Data recording and printingControl system on some points need to monitor the trend recorded throughout the year; the entire control system can be in the load (including the biggest daily total load and full-load) and equipment uptime tables and charts to record for users. All monitoring points and the calculation of the data can be automatically print regularly.3.2.4 Manual / automatic conversion featureControl system configuration flexibility of manual / automatic conversion features.3.2.5 Optimized controlAccording to outdoor temperature, weather, the weather trend, history and other data automatically host the ice-melting or priority. Meet the load in the end, under the premise of daily End of cold storage, to run as little as possible hosts. Give full play to advantages of ice cold storage system, saving operating costs.3.2.6 Features automatic operationFrom the host computer system can work, according to a timetable for theautomatic ice-making and control system operation, the status of conversion, the system for automatic fault diagnosis, and remote alarm. Touch-screen display system running, processes, the parameters of nodes, running records, police records.3.2.7 Holidays set featuresAccording to the timetable system can be run automatically, but also can be pre-set holidays, ice control certificates and certificates of ice time, the system does not need the holiday season, when the supply of places to stop air-conditioning cooling.3.2. 8 Under the crew operating functionsThe crew operating functions are as follows:a) man-machine dialogue. The operator through the touch panel can be interactive, user interface completely in the culture, with tips, help, and the set of parameters, key settings, fault enquiries, history, and other functions.b) System settings. Including the operation of password settings, running set up, run the timetable set records overflow with automatic / manual / test selection, holiday settings, the system set of parameters (including the node temperature, pressure, the flow of the medium, the reservoir of ice, ice-making Rate, the ice-melting rate, the valve open, end load, and so on.) .c) Record of failure, running records, historical records.3.3 Remote ControlControl system through telephone lines or broadband, connections with the expert system, the system operational control, parameter changes, such as data collection, the system continuously improved and upgraded version of the software, allows users to get better service. Remote Control is aimed at users through the PSTN (public switched network transmission) of frozen remote monitoring station at different places. At the same time can achieve long-range adjustment, remote monitoring and timely maintenance, and other online, thus greatly reduce the intensityof the work, reducing costs of the project.3.4 Systems to controlControl system design and friendly interface, PLC and touch screen can be extended, the content can be extended, the parameters can be modified through the 485 communications interface or communication protocol to achieve BAS cold storage and ice-controlled system integration, saving investment, facilitate management. Centralized control system, reducing the driving force for counter area, the driving force for unity cabinet models, the same style, size line. System to control the following:a) sewage pump control; b) wind, ventilation control; c) live pump regulator; d) pump-time operation, detection, alarm; e) leaching pump regulator control; f) to build automatic control of lighting at night contour ; g) with low measurement, switch status detection and alarm.ConclusionThrough the PLC in the ice storage air-conditioning systems, to promote the use of the PLC verify the reliability of the system features, and ensure the safe operation of the system and effective energy-saving, but also for building equipment control system controller Selection of a new way. I believe in the near future, an increasing number of PLC systems in the ice storage air-conditioning systems in the use of the increasingly mature, in buildings and plant control systems will also play a role.PLC在冰蓄冷中央空调系统控制中的应用1引言冰蓄冷中央空调是将电网夜间谷荷多余电力以冰的冷量形式储存起来，在白天用电高峰时将冰融化提供空调服务。
西门子凯姆尼茨工厂采用自动化小型零件拣选系统说明书
SiemensChemnitz, GermanyLarger capacities on a smaller areaDematic optimises Siemens small parts warehouse in collaboration with STILLThe company decided to switch to a goods-to-person small item picking system featuring an AutoStore ™ system. Long-time partner, Still Intralogistics Consulting, developed the new logistics concept, which included the automation of the small parts warehouse with an AutoStore system. Siemens commissioned intralogistics specialist Dematic with thecompact small parts picking system and the direct connection to the conveyor system.Around 46,000 switchgears and customised electroniccomponents for the global market are manufactured annually at Siemens WKC. Over the years, the volume and throughput in the warehouse have increased significantly. This made it necessary to reorganise the entire warehouse management: “Until then, we were still working with a manual modular rack warehouse,” reports Carsten Sambo, Head of Inbound Logistics, Siemens WKC. However, the former manual warehouse was no longer meeting current requirements.Development, engineering, production,testing, and pre-commissioning — theSiemens plant for Combination Technology in Chemnitz, Germany (Siemens WKC) is a leader in switchgear construction for machine tools and production machines in Europe. Here, the technology corporation manufactures advanced electrical equipment as well as assemblies and devices formachine and plant manufacturers worldwide. This also includes projects in the logistics and automotive industries. Its previous manual shelf storage system for small parts hadreached its capacity limits, so Siemens WKC was looking for a more efficient solution.“With the new warehouse, we are well prepared for the future ...”Carsten SamboHead of Inbound Logistics, Siemens WKCC A S E S T UD YAutomation of the Production Warehouse with AutoStoreSiemens initiated the search for a new solution: “Our goal was to make planning and production as efficient as possible. At the same time, the lead time was to be reduced and, of course, the costs were to be lowered,” explains Sambo. The new storage systems, including the conveyor technology, needed to be installed on the same floor space in the existing building and during ongoing operations.Long-time partner, Still Intralogistics Consulting, took on the initial planning of the logistics concept. This included automating the small parts warehouse with an AutoStoresystem to improve the supply of small parts to production. “We already had very good experience with an AutoStore storage system at a Siemens plant in Bad Neustadt (EWN),” explains Sambo. It accommodates up to four times more stock than the previous manual system. After only a short introductory phase, the Siemens WKC also achieved improved picking performance with 75 retrieval positions per hour (previously only 30 retrieval positions per hour). With the help of thesystem, this performance will increase by at least another 15 per cent.As a global distribution partner for AutoStore, Dematic was brought in for its extensive experience and expertise. Siemens commissioned Dematic (a sister company of STILL in the KION Group) as a system integrator to implement the AutoStore system and connect it using Dematic conveyor technology for automation that optimizes the material flow for production supply. A major advantage of this unit load picking solution is that it requires very little space. Siemens can use the space gained for storing larger material items, such as enclosures for switchgear. STILL supplied a racking system for around 12,000 storage locations and 2,100 square metres of platform space as part of the overall logistics concept. Capacities significantly increasedThe conveyor system implemented by Dematic has two levels. In the goods receiving area, incoming parcels are first scanned and transported to the upper level via a lift. There, the goods are automatically and randomly distributed to the eight transfer stations. Empty AutoStore totes from the lower level go to the workstations. The totes are loaded with inventory and conveyed to the automatic small parts store. A scale checks the weight of the totes to ensure that they do not exceed the permissible maximum weight of 30 kilograms. Transfer cells automatically deliver the totes into the AutoStore system where the mobile robots can then take the inventory and store it. The compact AutoStore system itself occupies an area of only 760 square metres. It contains a total of more than 45,000 bins, which are divided into different compartments and can thus hold several different products.With a request comes from production, the picking process starts — the provision of goods to the internal logistics, which prepares the materials according to production requirements and makes them available for production. The inventory for the orders are collected by the 34 mobile robots that travel on top of the AutoStore system. They pick the boxes from the grid and bring them to the port, where employees can carry out their picking activities without interruption. Previously, they had to travel long distances to pick the individual items. With the same number of employees, Siemens can now handle more orders in less time. “The system is highly efficient and with significantly fewer errors in the picking process,” says CarstenSambo.TECHNICAL DATA • 8 Transfer Stations• AutoStore ® foot print: 760 suqare metres • 45,000 bins • 34 robots • 5 picking ports•7.000 different picking positions dailyp o w e r t h e f u t u r e o f c o m m e r c e d e m a t i c .c o m2O r d e r -N o . C E _C S -1080-E N | 09/21 +49 69 583025-0CUSTOMER BENEFITS • Four times more stock in the same floor space• No more unproductive walking routes • Lower error rate• Decentralised organisation of robots minimises downtime• Modular design allows for easy expandability •Forecasting function and night shift reallocation allows faster access to the required goodsABOUT THE CUSTOMERThe Siemens Systems Engineering Plant (WKC) in Chemnitz has a long tradition in controlcabinet construction for machine tools as well as a wide range of industries in general mechanical and plant engineering. This also includesprojects in the logistics and automotive sectors. The range of services includes the completespectrum from application engineering, material logistics and assembly of electrical equipment to testing and pre-commissioning. Deliveries are made to customers worldwide. The specific scope of services is determined individually by the respective customer on an order-by-order basis. WKC is also a recognized competence centre for the climatization of control cabinets. It has his own test laboratory with associated possibilities for performing load test. WKC is in addition a certified UL panel shop.Equipped for the futureThe AutoStore system can store up to four times more stock in the same footprint than conventional storage systems.“The cube-storage system is a self-supporting aluminium grid whose modular structure allows containers to be stacked closely next to and on top of each other. Furthermore, it is organised in a decentralised manner — if a robot breaksdown, the system continues to run,” explains Sambo, adding, “We have daily call-offs of more than 7,000 different picking positions. To be able to access the required goods quickly in the morning, we have programmed a forecast function for stock removal or night shift transfer.” Overnight, the demand for the next day is checked. The determined materials are transferred from the lowest levels of the AutoStore system to the upper area of the grid. “This ensures that the required containers can be accessed quickly with the start of the early shift.”The small parts warehouse concept was developed with close collaboration among Siemens, Dematic, and STILL. In the end, Sambo sums it up, “We are now well prepared for the future, with scalability already taken into account during the planning stage. We’ve been able to increase the storage and picking capacities as well as make the entire warehouse management more efficient.” The fact that the production supply was maintained without interruptions during installation was a personal highlight for the Siemens project manager.。
罗曼尼亚国防护卫舰T22号改装动力系统的自动化控制说明书
U.P.B. Sci. Bull., Series D, Vol. 83, Iss. 1, 2021 ISSN 1454-2358 AUTOMATION CONTROL FOR REVAMPING THE PROPULSION SYSTEM OF A NAVY FRIGATEFilip NICULESCU1, Claudia BORZEA2, Iulian VLĂDUCĂ3, Andrei MITRU4, Mirela VASILE5, Alexandra ȚĂRANU6, Gabriel DEDIU7The paper presents the replacement of the current propulsion system of a T22 Romanian defence frigate with a Pratt & Whitney turboprop engine. Due to becomingout-of-date and reaching the maximum operation hours and expected lifetime, turbineengines need to be replaced. A ST40M engine of 4 MW power was tested in-house andinstalled on the frigate, replacing one of the Rolls Royce Tyne engines and proving itsreliability. After the revamp, the defence ship will be equipped with two ST40Mengines for cruise speed, and two Rolls Royce Olympus gas turbines for sprint speed.For the control, monitoring and warning functions, a modern automation andelectronic control system was designed and implemented, customised for the ship. Thelocal control panel displays the real time parameters and virtual engine controls. Amathematical model was developed for estimating the maximum power that can beachieved. Bench tests with the engine were performed to assess its behaviour andimplement the automation control program, prior to onboard commissioning tests. Keywords: automatic control system, PLC electronic control, gas turbine, turboprop engine, marine equipment1. IntroductionA marine propulsion system’s purpose is to convert a primary form of energy into mechanical power, and to convey this one to the propulsion system, in order to ensure the necessary torque for driving the propeller. Gas turbine engines experience degradations over time that cause great concern regarding engine reliability, availability, and operating costs [1, 2, 3]. Therefore, after becoming out-of-date and beginning to be unreliable for the precision required in marine ships, these engines need to be replaced.The paper presents the replacement of an out-of-date marine gas turbine engine with a newer propulsion system, on a T22 frigate. The new Pratt & Whitney 1PhDStud.Eng.,ScientificResearcherIII,INCDTCOMOTI,Romania,************************* 2PhDStud.Eng.,ScientificResearcherIII,INCDTCOMOTI,Romania,************************ 3PhDStud.Eng.,ScientificResearcherIII,INCDTCOMOTI,Romania,************************ 4PhDStud.Eng.,ScientificResearcherIII,INCDTCOMOTI,Romania,********************** 5PhDStud.Eng.,ScientificResearcher,INCDTCOMOTI,Romania,***********************6PhDStud.Eng.,ResearchAssistant,INCDTCOMOTI,Romania,**************************7PhDStud.Eng.,ScientificResearcherIII,INCDTCOMOTI,Romania,***********************258 F. Niculescu, Claudia Borzea, I. Vlăducă, A. Mitru, Mirela Vasile, Alexandra Țăranu, G. Dediu ST40M is derived from the PW150A aviation turboprop engine [4]. Its power is the same as the one of the old engine, Rolls Royce Tyne [5], namely 4 MW. However, after the last capital revision of the Tyne engine, the maximum power obtained decreased to less than 3 MW.Fig. 1. T22 frigate to be revamped [6]ST40M is currently being used only on the series of Norwegian small superfast, stealth missile corvettes Skjold, powered by a Combined Gas-and-Gas (CoGaG) propulsion system consisting of four Pratt & Whitney gas turbine engines: two ST18M with output power of 2,000 kW gas turbines for cruise speed, and two larger ST40M turbines of 4,000 kW for sprint speed [7]. These gas turbines have been tailored for marine applications and offer high efficiency and low weight [8].Pratt & Whitney ST18 engines have been used for cogeneration purposes, at Suplacu de Barcău power plant, installed and commissioned by the Romanian Research and Development Institute for Gas Turbines COMOTI. The power plant was built with the aim of studying the efficiency in growing oil production with lower costs for the electrical and thermal energy used in oil field. Each line consists of an electrical generator powered by one aero derivative ST18 turbine engine, a heat recovery steam generator with afterburner, and linked installations. The ST18M proved its efficiency and reliability, with 32,000 hours between overhauls. Operating over 55,000 hours from 2004 to 2008, the two lines of the cogeneration plant provided an efficiency of 85% [9]. These gas turbines are tailored for marine applications, with high efficiency and low weight.2. Mathematical model regarding engine operationFrom energetic point of view, a marine propulsion system consists of the power source (main propulsion engine) and the energy consumer (thruster). Among currently used marine thrusters, propellers best cater for current naval technology, most frequently used, and generally most efficient type of marine propulsion [10].Automation control for revamping the propulsion system of a navy frigate 259 Pratt & Whitney delivers ST40M power prop engine (Figure 2), without the control electronics. For functioning as cruise engine, this one has to be adapted to the specific type of ship.Fig. 2. Section through the 3D CAD model of ST40M gas turbine engine The characteristic curve of ST40M gas turbine, given in the specifications [11] for natural gas fuel operation, shows the relation between the output power at shaft and the exhaust fuel gas flow. Relying on specified characteristic for power in relation with the fuel gas discharge flow, we extracted the data in Table 1, using the exhaust gas flow (G gT), calculated with the relation:G gT=G c∙(α∙L0+1)(1) where: G c–fuel flow in kg/s; α – air excess; L0 – stoichiometric coefficient iterated determining the excess air α used to calculate the power (3728 kW) from Table 1, using natural gas fuel, for which the stoichiometric coefficient L0 is 17.16.Table 1In Table 2 we determined Q cn (exhaust gas flow injected in the combustion chamber of the turboprop engine) and the maximum shaft power in relation to the experimental fuel flow.260 F. Niculescu, Claudia Borzea, I. Vlăducă, A. Mitru, Mirela Vasile, Alexandra Țăranu, G. DediuTable 2cnAt a fuel flow Q cn of 19 l/min, a maximum exhaust gas flow of 13.6 kg/s at a power of 3728.7 kW was calculated iteratively using relation (1). For this shaft power, we also determined the acceleration percentage and the fuel flow. Table 3 shows experimental data acquired, the bolded values being used for computations.Table 3Depending on the propulsion turbine speed NTL, the parabolic variation curves for acceleration (Throttle [%]), and fuel flow Q cn) were determined, which allowed to calculate the acceleration percentage at 9900 rpm, namely 81.8%. The values of the free turbine speed and fuel flow required for acceleration of 81.8% and 100% respectively were determined using the universal characteristic of the turbine given by relation (2) hereinafter.W̅̅̅TP=f(G gT,N TP)(2) where: G gT is the exhaust gas flow and N TP is the propulsion turbine speed.Automation control for revamping the propulsion system of a navy frigate 261The variation curves and their polynomial approximation equations for propulsion turbine speed and fuel flow in relation with throttle opening percentage are represented on the graphs below.a) b) Fig. 3. a) Propulsion turbine speed and b) Fuel flow, depending on throttle opening percentageHaving the temperatures before and after the propulsion turbine, using the actual diesel fuel flow Q cn in (kg/s), we can obtain the free turbine power W TP :W TP =G gT ∙(H ITT −H 6)∙ηT (3)where: H ITT and H 6 are the exhaust gas enthalpies before and after turbine, depending on exhaust gas temperatures and excess air α, consider ed constant.G gt was determined, considering the stoichiometric coefficient of diesel fuel, L 0 = 14.7. The enthalpies were calculated according to the thermodynamic tables for exhaust gases using the excess air coefficient α = 2.991 [12]. Considering turbine efficiency ηT = 0.86, we obtain the real shaft power, W TP-cor in Table 4, along with the enthalpies for ITT and T 6M , with respect to the temperatures from Table 3. The shaft power is also given according to these parameters.Table 4y = 0.0258x 2+ 70.036x + 3921.2020004000600080001000012000020*********N T P [R P M ]THROTTLE OPENING [%]Propulsion turbine speed vs. throttle opening Throttle vs. NTP y = 0.0006x2 + 0.1408x + 3.2733051015202530020406080100F U E L F L O W [L /M I N ]THROTTLE OPENING [%]Fuel flow vs. throttle opening Throttle vs. fuel flow262 F. Niculescu, Claudia Borzea, I. Vlăducă, A. Mitru, Mirela Vasile, Alexandra Țăranu, G. DediuThe subsequent graphs show the power variation with throttle opening and with exhaust gas flow respectively, in the experimental data domain.a) b) Fig. 4. Shaft power variation with: a) throttle opening and b) exhaust gas flowFrom the ST40M data [11], the maximum power is 4040 kW, for fuel flow at 100% operation, at a gas flow of 13.88 kg/s (30.6 lb/s). Thus, at an acceleration of 81.8% we would have a theoretical axis power of 3304.72 kW. The difference between the two power values is:δcalculation =(P theoretical@81.8% − W TP−corrected )Ptheoretical@81.8%∙100 =19.1% (4)It has been demonstrated that changing the fuel from natural gas to diesel can modify the parameters with 2-4%, at the same shaft power [13]. Therefore, since the ship uses diesel, the total maximum difference from the theoretical power would be about 21-22%.The propulsion turbine rotation speed NTP at maximum power would be below 12000 rpm (Figure 3), while the theoretical rotation speed is ~14000 rpm[11]. To sum up, because the lifetime of Tyne turboprop engine has shortened, both the acquired data and computations show that we would have a decrease in the maximum theoretical power with ~20%, down to 3100-3200 kW.3. Automation and electronic control system designChoosing a propulsion system for maritime applications supposes the integration of a large number of elements into a limited functional space, choosing its components (propulsion engine, gear transmission and thruster), and adjusting them according to the imposed constraints and available space, as well as arranging the components in such a configuration so as to comply with the required performance [10, 14]. The advantages of electronic control in terms of accuracy and 020406080100050010001500200025003000T h r o t t l e [%]Power [kW]Power vs. throttle opening02468101214050010001500200025003000F l o w [k g /s ]Power [kW]Power vs. Exhaust gas flowAutomation control for revamping the propulsion system of a navy frigate 263 adaptability to various differing requirements are renowned for a long time. Among the available control systems [15], electronic control currently offers the highest reliability and adaptability, and can easily and rapidly be custom tailored for any arising situation or parameter change [16]. An automated electronic control system with programmable logic controller (PLC) was designed, built, installed and tested together with the ST40 engine for the replacement of the old propulsion system.The gas turbine control is performed from the engines room of the ship, situated on the deck above the hull, where the four propulsion engines of the frigate are installed. The gas turbines control is realized from the Panel PC on the local control cabinet (LCP) interfacing the PLC. This one receives the operator’s command, analyses the cruise mode of the ship, the regimes of the other propulsion systems, and conveys the electronic command to the PLC, which triggers the actuation elements for driving the engines. The PLC also monitors and acquires the parameters for operation in optimum conditions, setting thresholds for a safe and secure operation. The Panel PC offers all the functionalities of a computer, enabling the software program modification on-site, with all sequences and parameter limits.The PLC assembly located in the local control cabinet is connected to the current adapters located in the junction boxes (temperatures – TJB, pressures – PJB, speeds and vibrations– VJB), in close proximity of the engine. The PLC’s central processing unit (CPU) communicates over Ethernet with the Panel PC on the local control cabinet in engines room, and with the control panel and tests computer in the engines control room. Bench tests (Figure 5a) of the engine with the automation system were conducted according to the ones recommended by manufacturer, after which this one was installed in the place of a Tyne on the frigate (Figure 5b).a) b)Fig. 5. ST40M gas turbine: a) on test bench, and b) installed on the ship The block diagram of the automation system hardware physical components is presented in Figure 6 hereinafter. Placing the transducers configuration considered the distance from measured parameter, ease of debugging, and minimizing the environmental influences on the devices (such as a potential salt water penetration inside the ship, humidity, ambient temperature and pressure, etc.).264 F. Niculescu, Claudia Borzea, I. Vlăducă, A. Mitru, Mirela Vasile, Alexandra Țăranu, G. DediuFig. 6. Block diagram of the automation control systemThe designed automation system enables an integrated engine control and monitoring with programmable logic controller. The programmed sequences implemented in Proficy Machine Edition, the software for VersaMax PLCs, are presented hereinafter.•START-UP. The conditions that must be met for the start-up sequence to begin are: Cool engine (inter turbine temperature ITT<150°C); Fuel pressure >0.8 bar; Engine speed <1000 rpm; Deactivated stop valves (stop valves bypass the fuel tray so that it does not get into the engine); An override button is provided, allowing engine start-up overseeing the above two temperature and pressure conditions. There are three start-up possibilities, presented hereinafter.a)Cold start-up– is performed without fuel ignition, only by gradually opening the air inlet valve and, depending on the pressure attained, it is tried to maintain the engine at a speed of 6000 rpm. During in house tests, we obtained an 8 bar pressure, rendering a speed of ~5000 rpm.b)Deco start-up– when it was just taken out of the warehouse (the fuel valve is opened at 15% and the fuel is cleaned of impurities).Automation control for revamping the propulsion system of a navy frigate 265 In cold and deco start-up modes, the engine functions for 45 s and then stops.c)Hot start-up–begins with opening the air inlet valve. When the engine reaches 3200 rpm, the speed is maintained constant by controlling the air valve. When reaching this speed, the spark plugs are ignited. The fuel valve is opened progressively. If 15 seconds after it has reached 3200 rpm, the inter-turbine temperature ITT does not increase over 150°C, the engine is automatically shut down, since not reaching this temperature means that the spark plugs did not ignite.If ITT > 150°C, the opening of the fuel valve is continued and, at 1600 rpm, the spark plugs are turned off and the air valve is closed. The opening of the air valve is being carried on. If within 50 seconds after reaching 3200 rpm, from the moment fuel supply has started, the speed has not reached 19000 rpm, the engine is emergency shut down and the bypass valves are opened. The threshold speed between start-up and normal regime operation is 19700 rpm.•NORMAL REGIME OPERATION. Hereinafter, if the hot start-up sequence finished successfully and all conditions are met, after reaching 20000 rpm, no action is taken for the next 3 minutes, as it is an interval reserved for thermal stabilization. In emergency situations that can arise during frigate operation on sea, this condition can be overridden. After these 3 minutes, the speed can be modified both from the power control lever (PCL) situated in engines control room, as well as by pressing the virtual arrows on the touchscreen panel. The only difference is that propeller angle cannot modified from the operator panel. Initially, the angle is 0°, the blades being in the same plane, perpendicular on the engine shaft. From the lever, the angle can be modified, for allowing ship advancing.The command of ST40M gas turbine engine can thus be performed from the local control panel or from the engine control room. The so-called remote control from engines room is realised by means of the power control lever situated on the ship control board. ST40M also has two surge valves after the second compressor stage, namely valve 2.2 and valve 2.7. Valve 2.2 is gradually closed from the fully opened position at 20900 rpm, to completely closed at 23200 rpm. Valve 2.7 is closed at 21500 rpm, being an all or nothing flow control valve.In the speed domain from 20000 rpm to 29500 rpm, the ship is in normal operation, being ab le to be controlled according to captain’s orders.•SHUTDOWNa)Normal shutdown– can be activated either automatically by exceeding the set limits of less important parameters (such as fuel pressure, oil pressure, oil temperature, vibrations etc.), or manually by pushing the shutdown button (usually for the sprint engines to enter regime or for accosting. The engine is decelerated until reaching 20000 rpm, maintaining it at this idle speed for 5 minutes. During this time, while the engine cools down, in case it was shutdown due to exceeding a parameter limit, there is another override button that cancels the shutdown sequence (for unexpected situations during frigate operations on sea). If the engine shutdown266 F. Niculescu, Claudia Borzea, I. Vlăducă, A. Mitru, Mirela Vasile, Alexandra Țăranu, G. Dediu has not been cancelled during these 5 minutes, the stop valve is opened and the fuel valve is closed, the engine stopping completely in about 1 minute (speed 0).b)Emergency shutdown– occurs when one of the important parameters (such as turbines speeds or ITT exceed the prescribed limits. The fuel is cut, the air valves and surge valves are opened, the air valve is closed, and the spark plugs are closed. It is realised by pushing either of the two emergency shutdown (ESD) buttons – one placed on the local control panel near the engine, and one on the remote control box upstairs in engine control room. In this room where the engines control is performed, there is a switch for controls commutation on deck to the ship’s captain.The tests performed on the ship involved a minimal intervention in the automatic control of engines and propellers. The throttle controlling the power of the old engine was used for the new engine so that this signal is acquired, and depending on it, the engine provides the necessary power to the ship (up to around3.5 MW). The high-pressure compressor signal (throttle position) is converted intoa unified 4-20mA signal by the pressure transducer. Its value is converted, by the implemented software program of the PLC, into the corresponding speed of the high-pressure compressor required for the ST40M gas turbine. Relying on this signal, the position or opening of the fuel valve is regulated automatically, for setting the desired speed of the ship. The main screen with ST40M diagram and real time parameter values displayed on the LCP is presented in Figure 7.Fig. 7. Main screen with gas turbine and important parameters during operationAutomation control for revamping the propulsion system of a navy frigate 267The graph in Figure 8, represented with acquired parameters, shows that during tests the engine reached a speed between ~22,000÷28,800 rpm. By using solely this engine, the ship was driven up to a cruise speed of 8 knots (~22 km/h).Fig. 8. Evolution of the acquired values for the speed of the high-pressure compressorThe inter turbine temperature is considered to be at least 800°C by fuel flow decrease condition (ITT lim = 800°C). At every time increment Δt = 0.4 s, this condition is verified.4. ConclusionsThe evolution of the essential parameters recorded and acquired for ST40M gas turbine engine shows the stability of the engine in every functioning regime (idle and loaded). The implemented automated electronic control system has proved reliable, accomplishing the optimum control of the gas turbine, with the functions of monitoring, displaying and acquiring of the values of operation parameters. The operation was performed in good conditions and a safe and smooth engine characteristic was achieved by setting the temperature limiting protection. The touch screen control panels interfacing the PLC provide an easily and safely controlled operation, facilitating the revamp of the frigates by replacing the out-of-date Rolls Royce Tyne engine with Pratt & Whitney ST40M marine gas turbine engine, together with developing and implementing the afferent electronics tailored for this specific application. The chosen configuration of the system has proved its compatibility with the given naval requirements, also being easily adaptable.AcknowledgementThe work presented herein was funded by the Operational Programme Human Capital of the Ministry of European Funds through the Financial Agreement 51675/09.07.2019, SMIS code 125125.S p e e d [r p m ]Time [s]268 F. Niculescu, Claudia Borzea, I. Vlăducă, A. Mitru, Mirela Vasile, Alexandra Țăranu, G. Dediu We would like to thank our colleague Adrian Săvescu, for his essential contribution of elaborating and implementing the PLC software embedding the operation sequences, and for providing important information for the present paper.R E F E R E N C E S[1]Y.G. Li and P. Nilkitsaranont, "Gas Turbine Performance Prognostic for Condition-BasedMaintenance", Applied Energy 86, no. 10 (2009).[2]P. Laskowski, "Damages to Turbine Engine Components", in Scientific Journal of SilesianUniversity of Technology. Series Transport 94 (2017).[3] D. Burnes, A. Camou, "Impact of Fuel Composition on Gas Turbine Engine Performance", inJournal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 141, no. 10 (2019).[4]"PW100-150 - Pratt & Whitney", Pwc.ca, https://www.pwc.ca/en/products-and-services/products/regional-aviation-engines/pw100-150 [Accessed: 28.04.2020]. [5]"Rolls-Royce Engines: Tyne - Graces Guide", , 2019,https:///Rolls-Royce_Engines:_Tyne. [Accessed 29.04.2020].[6] E. Pascu, "Fregata …Regina Maria”, de 15 ani în serviciul Forțelor Navale Român e",Defenseromania.ro, 2020, https://www.defenseromania.ro/fregata-regina-maria-de-15-ani-in-serviciul-for-elor-navale-romane_602768.html. [Accessed 03.05.2020].[7]"Skjold Class" (Archived report), pdf, 2018, , 2013,https:///archive/disp_pdf.cfm?DACH_RECNO=1014. [8]"P&W to Power Norwegian Navy “Skjold” Patrol Boats", , 2019,/articles-view/release/3/32064/p%26w-turbines-for-%E2%80%98skjold%E2%80%99-boats-(jan.-20).html. [Accessed 30.04.2020].[9]M. Borzea, G. Fetea, R. Codoban, "Implementation and Operation of a Cogeneration Plant forSteam Injection in Oil Field", in Volume 7: Education; Industrial and Cogeneration; Marine;Oil and Gas Applications, 2008.[10]G. Samoilescu, D. Iorgulescu, R. Mitrea, L.D. Cizer, "Propulsion Systems in MarineNavigation", in International Conference Knowledge-based Organization 24, no. 3 (2018). [11]"PW Power Systems ST18/ST40"(Archived report), pdf, 2018, ,2020, https:///archive/disp_pdf.cfm?DACH_RECNO=1327 [Accessed: 28.04.2020].[12]H. Kayadelen, Y. Ust, "Thermodynamic Properties of Engine Exhaust Gas for Different Kindof Fuels", Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 307, pp. 247-259, 2014. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03967-1_19.[13]M. Elgohary, I. Seddiek, "Comparison between Natural Gas and Diesel Fuel Oil Onboard GasTurbine Powered Ships", Journal of King Abdulaziz University, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 109-127, 2012. DOI: 10.4197/mar.23-2.7.[14]C.G. Hodge, "The Integration of Electrical Marine Propulsion Systems", in InternationalConference on Power Electronics Machines and Drives, 2002.[15]B. MacIsaac, R. Langton, "Marine Propulsion Systems", in Gas Turbine Propulsion Systems,2011.[16]F. Niculescu, A. Savescu, "Aspects Regarding the Control and Regulation of an IndustrialTurbine", 11th International Symposium on Advanced Topics in Electrical Engineering, 2019.。
外文翻译---PLC在蒸汽锅炉汽包液位PID控制系统的应用分析
附录2：外文翻译PLC in steam boiler steam drum fluid position PID controlsystem applied analysis1 introductionThe industry steam boiler steam drum water monitor duty is the control causes it for the water current capacity with the transpiration rate maintenance dynamical equilibrium, maintains the steam drum water level in the craft permission scope, is guarantees the boiler safety in production movement the essential condition, also is one of boiler regular production movement major targets or quotas. If the water level excessively is high, affects the soft drink separation the effect, the use was mad the equipment breaks down; But the water level excessively low can destroy the soft drink circulation, is serious when causes the explosion of a boiler, therefore the boiler steam drum water level must strictly control. In order to guarantee the boiler to produce stable, reliable and the economical movement, we designed use the performance to be advanced the boiler PID automatic control system which forever great automatic equipment and so on FBs-PLC, frequency conversion velometer, computer application will compose. This control system through examination water vapor pressure, temperature, movement physical quantity and so on steam drum fluid position, in movement process entire automatic control, has guaranteed the industry boiler security stable highly effective movement.2 industries boilers related craft introductionThe steam boiler is the factories and mines important power equipment, its duty is the supplies qualified stable steam, satisfies the load the need. Therefore, boiler production process each main parameter all must strictly control. But holds the very great proportion using the afterheat gas as the heat change medium afterheat boiler in the nation, its energy conservation falls consumes the effect especially to be obvious. Some chemical plant sulfuric acid afterheat boiler is the furnace gas which comes outusing the ebullition stove (mainly is SO2) the hyperpyrexia, takes it as the heat change object, through afterheat boiler vice- mid-production pressure steam for each production branch factory use, also has guaranteed the production need, also had achieved the energy conservation falls the goal which consumes. The boiler is a more complex controlled member, provides the qualified steam for the guarantee to meet the load need, if the necessary design control system must satisfy each main craft parameter the need. Afterheat boiler technical process like chart 1 shows:3 controls difficulties analysisThe boiler computer control is a new technology which the recent years developed. It is the microcomputer soft, the hardware, the automatic control, the boiler energy conservation and so on several technical in close integration with product, as the boiler control device, its primary mission is guaranteed the boiler the security, is stable, the economical movement, reduces operator's labor intensity. Uses the micro computer control, can carry on the process to the boiler the automatic detection, the automatic control and so on many functions. It is adjusted the quantity is the steam drum water level, but adjusts the quantity is for the water current capacity, through to gives the water current capacity the adjustment, enables the steam drum interior the material to achieve the dynamical equilibrium, changes in the permission scope, although the boiler steam drum water level assumes the positive characteristic to the vapor current capacity and for the fluent quantity change response, but when load (vapor current capacity) sharp growth, performance actually similar counter response characteristic, namely so-called false water level. Creates this reason is because time load increase, causes the dome pressure to drop, causes the steam drum 内水boiling temperature to drop, the water ebullition suddenly intensifies, forms the massive steam bubbles, but makes the water level to raise. The steam drum water monitor system, in the essence is maintains the boiler turnover water volume balance the system. It is by the water level took the water volume balance or not control target, through adjusts the water volume how many to achieve the turnover balance, maintains the steam drum water level in the soft drink separation contact surfacebiggest steam drum nearby the position line, enhances the boiler the vaporization efficiency, the guarantee production safety. Because the boiler water level system is equipped with the balance of the ability to control the object, in the movement has the false water level phenomenon, in the practical application may use the water level single impulse, the water level steam quantity double impulse and the water level, the steam quantity according to the situation, gives the water volume three impulses the control systems. The so-called three impulses governing system is gives water current capacity W, steam drum water level H, the steam current capacity D three variables adjusts after the operation gives the water valve the governing system. Concrete adjustment process block diagram like chart 2 shows.First and obtains respective signal through vapor stream quantitative change delivering for fluent quantitative change delivering while by the corresponding scale-up factor, may adjust the steam current capacity through the scale-up factor or give the water current capacity to the governing system influence dynamics. Changes delivering through the difference pressure to obtain the water level signal to take host adjustment signal H. If the water level supposes the definite value is G, then should have under the equilibrium condition D×Dk-W×Wk+H-G=0 relational type existence. Dk is steam discharge coefficient Wk gives the water discharge coefficient. If again establishes time, guaranteed D×Dk=W×Wk that may obtain H=G under the stable state. This time the regulator output on with conforms to the correspondence, stops to the water valve in some position. If has or many signals changes, the state of equilibrium is destroyed, the PI adjustment module output will certainly to change. When the water level elevated, then the adjustment module output signal reduces, causes to close slightly for the water regulating valve. Otherwise, when the water level reduces, the adjustment module output value increases, causes to open in a big way to the water valve. The practice proved three impulses can maintain the water level for the water single pole regulator system stably, also gives the water regulating valve movement to be steady. The boiler also has a quite important control loop for the aqueous system in is for the hydraulic pressure return route, because the steam drum internal pressure is higher, must make up the water to the boiler to have toprovide a higher pressure, enhances the hydraulic pressure for the hydraulic pressure return route function, enables the water normally to pour into the steam drum. But in the steam current capacity had not achieved when full load, to gives the water current capacity the request not to be high. Generally uses the feed pump in the old style boiler system continuously by the labor frequency way revolution, reduces the hydraulic pressure with the return valve to prevent the cartridge igniter, now generally uses through the frequency changer constant pressure water supply way control hydraulic pressure. Boiler to water volume through steam drum fluid position adjustment. The steam drum fluid position survey selects floats the tube liquidometer. For the effective use transformation waste heat, reduces the consumption, decreases the labor intensity, is advantageous is stable to the overall craft, requests the steam drum fluid position automatic control, when regular production the undulation should be smaller than ±5%. The PID adjustment steam outlet valve may the very good control dome pressure. After drives normally undulates the scope not to be big, may not consider. The transformed load undulation, the pre-heater boiler for the water temperature change, the boiler load undulation, dumps pollutants the quantitative change these factors to have to consider to the steam drum fluid position influence. Take the steam drum fluid position as the main tuning parameter, take gives the water current capacity as the vice- accent parameter, take the steam current capacity as a forward feed, but the adjustment effect is very bad. Causes the steam drum fluid position major rises and falls. Considered this waste heat boiler controlled variable coupling small, flow simple, produces the steam quantity to be also stabler, we are inspired from in operator's operation, thinks the reduction thus to stabilize to the water volume undulation to the water temperature becomes this waste heat boiler fluid position control the main point. Therefore we select "to the steam decide the water + fluid position forward feed" the ratio control plan, plan diagram like chart 3 shows.中文原文PLC在蒸汽锅炉汽包液位PID控制系统的应用分析1 引言工业蒸汽锅炉汽包水位控制的任务是控制给水流量使其与蒸发量保持动态平衡，维持汽包水位在工艺允许的范围内，是保证锅炉安全生产运行的必要条件，也是锅炉正常生产运行的主要指标之一。
FESTO IO-Link 产品说明书
All set for automation with IO-Link®Point-to-point!Standardised IO-Link technology (IEC 61131-9) makescommunication with sensors and actuators simple and economical. The result of an evolutionary development, this low-cost connectiontechnology with three or five conductors is used for point-to-point connection without complex wiring and with minimal material requirements.Parameterisation made easy Software-supportedparameterisation of intelligent sensors and actuators via the IO-Link master makes it extremely easy to set andreassign parameters. All descrip-tion files are stored in the central IODD finder database. Theautomatic parameter assignment server function (data storage) following device replacement is an especially convenient feature.Less downtime, increased productivityThe comprehensive exchange of diagnostic and operational data between device and master systems speeds up troubleshooting and forms the basis for condition monitoring systems.Safe investment thanks to standardisationAn international, open and fieldbus-independent IO-Link standard supports existing and future connection concepts.Easier to installUncomplicated wiring of the sensor-actuator combinations with standardised, unscreened cables reduces material costs, simplifies logistics and saves time.Easier communicationMore flexible communication thanks to standardisation, from the control level to the field level, and compatible with Industry 4.0 host environments.IO-Link – the intelligent “last step” in automationIO-Link is not a new bus system, but a new kind of interface which expands fieldbus and Industrial Ethernet systems. IO-Link allows you not only to transmit process data, but also to download parameter data from the control system to the sensor or actuator, and to send diagnostic data in the other direction to the control system.Whereas integrating a fieldbusinterface all the way down to thelowest field level used to be verycostly, digital or analogue valuescan now be transmitted with onlya simple 3- or 5-wire cable – withno special features in terms ofscreening, twisting, impedanceor terminating resistance.The gateway between thefieldbus and one or more IO-Linkslaves is normally provided bya fieldbus device with multipleIO-Link master channels. Insmaller machines or systems,which may not require a fieldbusbecause of their size, the PLCacts as the IO-Link master.What does IO-Link do?• Serial, bidirectional communication interface for sensors and actuators• Simplified commissioning of a wide range of devices based on standardised profiles• Point-to-point connection at field level with master-device communication • Can be used either for simplesensors or for very complexsensor-actuator combinations• One standard connection formeasuring or switchingsensors as well as for fielddevices with a mix of signalsand data• Compatible with standardcables and connectors• Parameter assignment serverfunction (data storage) for thefast and easy replacement ofsensors and actuators. If anIO-Link device fails, the oldsettings are automaticallytransferred to the replacementdevice by the IO-Link master• Device description file IODDfor easy parameterisation onthe PC with a graphical userinterface: https://ioddfinder.What are the key features of IO-Link?A mass of expertiseFesto is a member of all the globally relevant fieldbus/Ethernet organisations as well as AS-Interface and IO-Link. We have been developing fieldbus-capable electronic components for more than 25 years, and we are a global market leader in intelligent pneumatics and in technical basic and further training.All fieldbus/Ethernet, AS-Interface and IO-Link products are suitable for use as “contributors” interms of Industry 4.0. IO-Link offers a clear and machine-readable data structure. Festo offers you a comprehensive IO-Link portfolio for integrated solutions from the mechanical system to the cloud.Professional and consistent decentralisation: the compact controller CECC with four IO-Link master ports doesn’t just reduce the cost of installing and networking intelligent sensors and valve terminals. It also provides valuable diagnostic options. The automation system CPX-E with 4-way IOL master in IP20 is a new addition.Economical and efficient installationLow-cost standard cables and IO-Link for valve terminals instead of multi-pin plugs allow simple, decentralised diagnostic messagesand offer distinct technical advantages, such as more flexible installation, improved energy chain feed-through, and optimum adaptation to humid or particularly harsh ambient conditions.Secure processes and data transmissionProportional pressure regulators VPPM or vacuum generators OVEM connected to the IO-Link master do not need a screened analogue cable, making the signal level less prone to interference. Para m eterisation and data storage take place in the IO-Link master (parameter assignment server function), so that devices can be restarted after replacement.Easy integration of complex sensorsThe uniform interface in IO-Link replaces individual sensor connections, e.g. with a mix of analogue and digital signals. That means that even position transmitters SDAT and parame -terisable pressure and flow sensors can be integrated and installed at low cost.Secure: valve terminals with type B portsValve terminals from Festo have a galvanically isolated power supply to the electronics and valves. They communicate using the IO-Link V1.0 and V1.1 protocol with a baud rate according to COM3. And astype B port devices, they ensure that valves can be shut down securely after emergency off.Other IO-Link devices from Festo have a type A port and protocol V1.1.IO-Link benefits with FestoThe benefits of Industry 4.0 and IO-LinkInstallation, parameterisation and diagnostics in peak formDSBF DRRD DSBC DSBGCPV MPA-L VTUB VTOC VTUG SDATElectrical connections Pneumatic connections* Installation system CTEL, bus node CTEU, adapter CAPC for 2 Festo I-Port/IO-Link devicesESG ELGR EPCOCTSL -M8CTSL -M12SCDNOVELCMMO-STCMMO-STSPAESPANSFAHSFAWCompact controller CECC as master (port type B, V1.1)IO-Link and products from Festo• CECC-LK and CECC-S can also be operated as IO-Link devices on any IO-Link master module • For activating electric and pneumatic actuators for small tasks• Stand-alone or in mechatronic solutions via CODESYS V3.5 provided by Festo, with OPC UA for Industry 4.0Features• Hybrid: direct activation and connection of electric and pneumatic actuators via CANopen• Can be integrated into higher-level systems via Modbus/TCP • Compact and with more functionsTerminal CPX (port type B, V1.0)Allows one or more master interfaces for IO-Link devices to be integrated when used as remote I/O or in conjunction with valve terminals.Currently available for:PROFINET SERCOS III EtherNet/IPCoDeSys controller CPX-CEC-V3-5(≥SP7)Features• On-site installation• Control platform to IP65• Integrated in a valve terminal MPA or VTSA• Comprehensive function integration• Simple control of pneumatic or electric actuators• Plus: individual IO-Link third-party devices can be connected in the near/direct vicinity of the valve terminalValve terminal MPA-L (port type B, V1.1)Expandable in individual steps.Features• Light, cost effective andcorrosion-resistant thanksto sub-base with polymertechnology• Wide range of electricalconnection options frommulti-pin plug up to fieldbusthanks to Festo I-Port (IO-Link)and CPX • Low-cost and tamper-proof fixed restrictor with vertical pressure shut-off plateto replace valves during operation, and pressure regulator• Three combinable valve sizes for flow rates of upto 850 l/min, optionallyin polymer or metal designCPX-E modular remote I/O and control systemPowerful and extremely compact system for factory automation focusing on the function of motion control (CODESYS V3). Profinet, EtherNet/IP, EtherCAT or OPC UA for Industry 4.0 are available for integration in existing host environments, plus a 4-way IO-Link master module for system expansion.Features• High performance (Dual Core766 MHz, 512 MB RAM)• Integrated bus masterinterfaces:−EtherCAT master• Integrated bus slave interfaces:−PROFINET device−EtherNet/IP slave(from the end of 2018)• Bus modules:−PROFIBUS−PROFINET−EtherCAT−EtherNet/IP(with Modbus/TCP)• USB interface• SD card interface• Optional display• Modern programming systemCODESYS V3 to IEC 61131-3>SP10• Integration of motion fun c tions(SoftMotion)• UL/CSA, C-Tick, IEC ExcertificationsValve terminal VTUG (port type B, V1.1)Compact with high flow rate: VTUG with plug-in.Features• A wealth of electricalconnection options from multi-pin plug up to fieldbus thanksto Festo I-Port (IO-Link)• Manifold rails for directintegration and optimisedinstallation in control cabinets• Electrically and pneumaticallyactuated valves for vacuumapplications even in an ATEXenvironment• Three valve sizes for flow ratesof 220 up to 1300 l/minInput module CTSL (port type A, V1.0)16 inputs on 8xM12 or 16xM8.Features• Display of the input statuses for each input signal via an assigned LED• Operating voltage supply 24 V DC for all connected sensors• M12: DUO plug connector with double allocation• Labelling options on all sides with large, hinged inscription label• Earthing plate and H-railmounting already integratedValve terminal VTOC (port type B, V1.0)Valve terminal CPV (port type B, V1.0)Pilot/miniature valve terminalMaximum power density, light and compact.Features• Wide range of electricalconnection options thanks to Festo I-Port (IO-Link)• Interlock option for more safetyFeatures• Electrically actuated valves for vacuum applications even in an ATEX environment • ATEX certification as per EU ATEX directive• Manifold rails for direct integration and optimised installation in control cabinets • Three valve sizes for flow ratesof 400 up to 1600 l/minProportional pressure regulator VPPM (port type A, V1.1)Position transmitter SDAT (port type A, V1.1)First proportional valve with IO-Link connection technology.Piston position detection with high repetition accuracy, whether for monitoring screwing-in processes, riveting, ultrasonic welding, pressing or adhesive bonding, or for object detection.Features• Short cycle times thanks to point-to-point connection • Choice of 3 regulator settings • Easy connection to the system • Adjustable pressure rangesApplications• Pressure regulation • Checking • Metering • Pressing • Press fittingMain industry segments • Special purpose machines, food and beverage, printing and paper, automotive, electronics and assemblyFeatures• Analogue feedback signal for piston position • Optimised for T-slots • Insertable from above• Sensing ranges from 50 to 160 mm• SDAT-MHS and SMAT-8M: transmitter solutions for large and small drives• High repetition accuracy • Programmable IO-Link/switching output• Five sensing ranges to match the most important standard strokes• Sensor function and mechanical mounting suitable for all FestodrivesSignal converters SCDN The signal converter detects analogue current or voltagesignals from sensors (transmitters). Connection to the higher-level system is provided by IO-Link. Process values can be read out and parameters changed and transmitted to additional devices.Features• Transmitter signal range scalable (e.g.: 1 … 5 V)• Measured value indicator can be individually configured • Min./max. monitoring • PNP/NPN, switchable • Eco mode• Tamper protection with security code• Filter can be adjusted to smooth the signals• Quick and easy setting of theswitching points via teach-inFlow sensor SFAW and SFAH (port type A, V1.1)Motor controller CMMO-ST (port type A, V1.1)Features• For liquid media• Clip connection for quick replacement• For measuring flow rate, volume and temperature, e.g. when monitoring a cooling circuit• Rotatable sensor display which can be aligned after installation for optimum viewing• Sensor can be rotated around its longitudinal axis when installed• Display switches between red and blue for visual feedback on system status• Sensor SFAH for air and non-corrosive gasesFeatures• Optimised Motion Series: the entire system, consisting of actuator, permanentlyintegrated stepper motor with servo functionality, servo controller and cabling, can be ordered with one order code and is easy to configure via web serverPerfect for use with:• Electric cylinder EPCO • Electric axis ELGR • Rotary driveClosed-loop servo controller as a position controller for stepper motors on IO-Link.System structure with power supply unit, motion controller CECC and laptop for simpleparameterisation via web serverPressure transmitters SPAE and pressure sensors SPAU and SPAN (port type A, V1.1)FeaturesSPAE: very small pressure sensor with indicator for core pneumatic applications• Ideal for vacuum applications with pick & place in assembly and testingSPAN: compact 30x30 mmpressure sensor with wide range of variants in pressure range up to 16 bar• Electrical compatibility with all controllers• Tamper protection• Attractive price and great performanceSPAU: universal pressure sensor and transmitter for all non-corrosive gases• Uniquely flexible connection concept• Quick and easy mounting and commissioning• Visual pressure statusindication: blue for pressure OK, red for pressure not OKSPAUSPANSPAESFAWSFAHAutomation with IO-Link ® – Subject to change – 2018/0511Vacuum generator OVEM and OVEL (port type A, V1.1)Connecting cable NEBU-… compatible with IO-Link Features• Digital setpoint/actual value transfer, convenient parame-terisation and accurate diagnostic feedback.• Device exchange withautomatic re-parameterisation.• Ejector pulse: quick, precise and reliable, separately controllable.The modular vacuum generator series OVEM offers a wide range of individually selectablefunctions, so that a solution for a huge variety of applications can be found.• OVEM monitors the setevacuation and ejection time for each cycle. With automatic and timely error reporting. Additionally: LCD displayFeatures• M8/M12 and other connecting cables available in standard lengths as stock items• Modular cable system with individually configurable connecting cables M8/M12 – precisely tailored toyour application and your requirementsSpecial catalogue “Electrical Connection Technology” available. Individual advicepossible with “cable folder”.OVELOVEM135618 e n 2018/05 – E r r o r s a n d o m i s s i o n s e x c e p t e dIO-Link – created for greater productivityDiagnostics:Festo IO-Link masters have a comprehensive range of diagnostic options – seen here using the CPX interface as an example (I-Port interface for IO-Link). The “IOL_Call” module also allows seamless integration into a Siemens diagnostic environment.Web server in PROFINET fieldbus nodeFesto Maintenance Tool FMT, error message from an IO-Link third-party deviceYour goal is to increase productivity. Automation with innovative IO-Link products from Festo takes you directly to your goal. Judge for yourself:Take your future into your own hands:with IO-Link and electric automation from FestoSecurity• IO-Link provides a secure connection for analogue, binary and serialcommunication devices.Typical IO-Link applications for complex sensor technology and terminals: in the body shop and in automotive assembly, for personal protection with safety fences, in heavy machinery construction and for machine tools, at manual workstations, assembly cells, input/output stations etc.EfficiencyIO-Link is a uniform,standardised and therefore efficient technology for installation and wiring.SimplicityIO-Link devices are quick and easy to parameterise – and can be put back into operation immediately after replacement without the need for engineering software tools.CompetencyFesto offers a comprehensive range of products for IO-Link from a single source: several masters, pressure and flowsensors, displacement encoders/position transmitters, five valve terminal series, proportionalpressure regulators, vacuumgenerators, stepper motor controllers and the connecting cables. In addition, Festo has awealth of application knowledge in factory and processautomation, as well as basic and further training for industrial users – right up to Industry 4.0.。
西门子SIMATIC自动化工具V4.0 SP3更新3说明书
SIMATICSIMATIC Automation ToolV4.0 SP3 Update 3 Product information Product Information V4.0 SP3 UPD3, 03/2023A5E45044283-AISiemens AGDigital IndustriesPostfach 48 48A5E45044283-AI Ⓟ 03/2023 Subject to change Copyright © Siemens AG 2023.All rights reservedLegal informationWarning notice systemThis manual contains notices you have to observe in order to ensure your personal safety, as well as to prevent damage to property. The notices referring to your personal safety are highlighted in the manual by a safety alert symbol, notices referring only to property damage have no safety alert symbol. These notices shown below aregraded according to the degree of danger.DANGER indicates that death or severe personal injury will result if proper precautions are not taken.WARNINGindicates that death or severe personal injury may result if proper precautions are not taken.CAUTION indicates that minor personal injury can result if proper precautions are not taken.NOTICEindicates that property damage can result if proper precautions are not taken.If more than one degree of danger is present, the warning notice representing the highest degree of danger will be used. A notice warning of injury to persons with a safety alert symbol may also include a warning relating to property damage.Qualified PersonnelThe product/system described in this documentation may be operated only by personnel qualified for the specific task in accordance with the relevant documentation, in particular its warning notices and safety instructions.Qualified personnel are those who, based on their training and experience, are capable of identifying risks and avoiding potential hazards when working with these products/systems.Proper use of Siemens productsNote the following:WARNINGSiemens products may only be used for the applications described in the catalog and in the relevant technicaldocumentation. If products and components from other manufacturers are used, these must be recommended or approved by Siemens. Proper transport, storage, installation, assembly, commissioning, operation andmaintenance are required to ensure that the products operate safely and without any problems. The permissible ambient conditions must be complied with. The information in the relevant documentation must be observed.TrademarksAll names identified by ® are registered trademarks of Siemens AG. The remaining trademarks in this publication may be trademarks whose use by third parties for their own purposes could violate the rights of the owner.Disclaimer of LiabilityWe have reviewed the contents of this publication to ensure consistency with the hardware and softwaredescribed. Since variance cannot be precluded entirely, we cannot guarantee full consistency. However, theinformation in this publication is reviewed regularly and any necessary corrections are included in subsequent editions.Table of contents1Security information (4)2SIMATIC Automation Tool features (5)3What's new? (6)4Additional information (8)4.1Representation of local modules in the Device table (8)4.2Representation of distributed I/O in the Device table (8)4.3Working with older SIMATIC Automation Tool projects (9)4.4IP address change operation fails on ET 200 devices (9)4.5Software controller program updates (10)4.6Selecting file for firmware update memory card (10)SIMATIC Automation Tool V4.0 SP3 Update 3 Product informationSecurity information 1Siemens provides products and solutions with industrial security functions that support thesecure operation of plants, systems, machines and networks.In order to protect plants, systems, machines and networks against cyber threats, it isnecessary to implement – and continuously maintain – a holistic, state-of-the-art industrialsecurity concept. Siemens’ products and solutions constitute one element of such a concept.Customers are responsible for preventing unauthorized access to their plants, systems,machines and networks. Such systems, machines and components should only be connectedto an enterprise network or the internet if and to the extent such a connection is necessaryand only when appropriate security measures (e.g. firewalls and/or network segmentation)are in place.For additional information on industrial security measures that may be implemented, pleasevisit (https:///industrialsecurity).Siemens' products and solutions undergo continuous development to make them moresecure. Siemens strongly recommends that product updates are applied as soon as they areavailable and that the latest product versions are used. Use of product versions that are nolonger supported, and failure to apply the latest updates may increase customers' exposure tocyber threats.To stay informed about product updates, subscribe to the Siemens Industrial Security RSSFeed visit (https:///cert).SIMATIC Automation Tool features 2You use the SIMATIC Automation Tool for maintenance and commissioning of networkdevices.The SIMATIC Automation Tool provides these features:•Scan the network and create a table that maps the accessible devices on the network•Identify devices by flashing device LEDs or HMI screens•Set device IP, subnet, and gateway addresses•Set the PROFINET name for a device•Put a CPU in RUN or STOP mode•Set the time in a CPU to the current time in your programming device•Download a program to a CPU or HMI device•Perform file operations for recipes, data logs, and other files on SIMATIC memory cards in CPUs•Back up and restore CPUs and HMI devices•Retrieve service data•Read the diagnostic buffer of a CPU•Perform a CPU memory reset•Reset CPU to factory default values•Reset communication parameters•Update device firmware•Export device diagnostics•Export device information•Export of PC data•Schedule device operations•Archive SIMATIC Automation Tool projects and filesSee the User Guide for details about product operation.What's new? 3 What's new in V4.0 SP3?This release provides support for the following:•Secure communication to CPUs using certificates and TLS•Configuration data protection•PROFIsafe address assignment for local and distributed F-IO•Creation of memory cards•Additional reset to factory defaults options•Additional options when formatting a memory card•S7-1500 R/H CPUs–[P] indicates Primary–[B] indicates Backup– indicates RUN-Redundant mode for the two CPUs•Enhancements for inserting single or multiple devices into the Device Table•Filtered scan•Event log filtering•Reminder for activating downloaded firmware in two-step firmware updates•Changes in licensing requirements for features•Additional devices and firmware versions that TIA Portal V17 supportsWhat's new in V4.0 SP3 Update 1?Update 1 provides the following:•Support for additional devices and features in the Device Catalog.•Improvements to the Insert Multiple Devices dialog:–The dialog automatically retains entries for disconnected devices. If you successfullyadd a device to the Device Table, the SIMATIC Automation Tool removes the entry fromthe dialog.–When you save a project, the application also saves changes to the dialogWhat's new in V4.0 SP3 Update 2?Update 2 corrects a problem with program updates for TIA Portal projects earlier than V17.What's new?What's new in V4.0 SP3 Update 3?Update 3 provides significant performance improvements when you perform operations on alarge quantity of devices.NOTEWhen you install Update 3, you get all improvements from prior updates.Additional information 4 4.1 Representation of local modules in the Device tableIn the Device table, the SIMATIC Automation Tool only displays actual modules that arephysically connected to the CPU in the "Local Modules" folder. Modules that are configured,but physically not present, do not appear in the "Local Modules" folder. The Device table doesnot include empty slots. The "Slot" number column shows the physical location of themodule.The name for the local module is the configured name if the actual module matches theconfigured module; otherwise, the name is the same as in the "Device Type" column. The"Device Type" column comes from the actual module. All device data for each column comesfrom the actual module and not the configured module except for the "Configured Version"field. The "Configured Version" field is empty if the configured device does not match theactual device.If the configured device does not match the actual device, the SIMATIC Automation Tooldisables firmware update and PROFIsafe address assignment until you correct theconfiguration. To correct the configuration, follow these steps:1. In the TIA Portal, correct the device configuration for the CPU and local modules in theSTEP 7 project.2. Download the hardware configuration to the CPU.3. Scan the network in the SIMATIC Automation Tool or refresh the CPU.The Read Service Data operation is the only operation that the SIMATIC Automation Toolenables if the actual module does not match the configured module.NOTEDirectly connected Interface Modules (IMs)The SIMATIC Automation Tool handles a directly connected IM as described above and not asa distributed I/O module (Page 8).4.2 Representation of distributed I/O in the Device tableIn the Device table, the SIMATIC Automation Tool only displays configured distributed I/Omodules in a folder under a CPU. The Device table shows modules in the "Distributed I/O"folder as follows:•You configured the modules as distributed I/O in the device configuration in the STEP 7 project.•You downloaded the hardware configuration of the project to the CPU.The modules might or might not be physically present. You might have swapped out modulesfor different modules. The configured modules might not match the actual modules. TheDevice table does not include empty slots. The "Slot" number column shows the physicallocation of the module.Additional information4.4 IP address change operation fails on ET 200 devicesThe name for the distributed I/O module is the configured name. All device data for eachcolumn comes from the configured module and not the actual module, except for thefollowing:•Serial Number•Hardware Version•Firmware VersionThese columns come from the actual device. These columns are empty or "0" if theconfigured device does not match the actual device.The SIMATIC Automation Tool compares the article number of the configured module to thearticle number of the actual module. If the article numbers match, the SIMATIC AutomationTool displays the actual online values for Serial Number, Hardware Version, and FirmwareVersion.If the configured device does not match the actual device, the SIMATIC Automation Tooldisables firmware update and PROFIsafe address assignment until you correct theconfiguration. To correct the configuration, follow these steps:1. In the TIA Portal, correct the device configuration for the CPU and local modules in theSTEP 7 project.2. Download the hardware configuration to the CPU.3. Scan the network in the SIMATIC Automation Tool or refresh the CPU.The Read Service Data operation is the only operation that the SIMATIC Automation Toolenables if the actual module does not match the configured module.4.3 Working with older SIMATIC Automation Tool projectsThe SIMATIC Automation Tool can open projects from V3.1 and later. After opening a projectfrom an earlier version, scan the network and reinsert any devices that are behind routers.The latest S7‑1200 and S7‑1500 CPUs have additional security features that were not presentin earlier firmware versions. Scanning the network and reinserting devices behind routers isnecessary to work with these devices.4.4 IP address change operation fails on ET 200 devicesCauseA PROFINET name change operation was performed before an IP address change operation.RemedyFollow these steps:1. Reset the device to factory defaults.2. Set the IP address.3. Set the PROFINET name.Additional information4.6 Selecting file for firmware update memory card4.5 Software controller program updatesThe SIMATIC Automation Tool does not prohibit program updates to software controllerswhen the program update contains a CPU version change. Siemens recommends, however,that you use the program update feature only for code updates and not for CPU versionupdates.4.6 Selecting file for firmware update memory cardTo create a firmware update memory card, you must select a file from the firmware updatefolder. You cannot browse to and select a file from another location.。
Programmable logic controller
Programmable logic controllerA programmable logic controller (PLC) or programmable controller is a digital computer used for automation of electromechanical processes, such as control of machinery on factory assembly lines, amusement rides, or lighting fixtures. PLCs are used in many industries and machines. Unlike general-purpose computers, the PLC is designed for multiple inputs and output arrangements, extended temperature ranges, immunity to electrical noise, and resistance to vibration and impact. Programs to control machine operation are typically stored in battery-backed or non-volatile memory. A PLC is an example of a real time system since output results must be produced in response to input conditions within a bounded time, otherwise unintended operation will result.1.HistoryThe PLC was invented in response to the needs of the American automotive manufacturing industry. Programmable logic controllers were initially adopted by the automotive industry where software revision replaced the re-wiring of hard-wired control panels when production models changed.Before the PLC, control, sequencing, and safety interlock logic for manufacturing automobiles was accomplished using hundreds or thousands of relays, cam timers, and drum sequencers and dedicated closed-loop controllers. The process for updating such facilities for the yearly model change-over was very time consuming and expensive, as electricians needed to individually rewire each and every relay.In 1968 GM Hydramatic (the automatic transmission division of General Motors) issued a request for proposal for an electronic replacement for hard-wired relay systems. The winning proposal came from Bedford Associates of Bedford, Massachusetts. The first PLC, designated the 084 because it was Bedford Associates' eighty-fourth project, was the result. Bedford Associates started a new company dedicated to developing, manufacturing, selling, and servicing this new product: Modicon, which stood for MOdular DIgital CONtroller. One of the people who worked on that project was Dick Morley, who is considered to be the "father" of the PLC. The Modicon brand was sold in 1977 to Gould Electronics, and later acquired by German Company AEG and then by French Schneider Electric, the current owner. One of the very first 084 models built is now on display at Modicon's headquarters in North Andover, Massachusetts. It was presented to Modicon by GM, when the unit was retired after nearly twenty years of uninterrupted service. Modicon used the 84moniker at the end of its product range until the 984 made its appearance.The automotive industry is still one of the largest users of PLCs.2.DevelopmentEarly PLCs were designed to replace relay logic systems. These PLCs were programmed in "ladder logic", which strongly resembles a schematic diagram of relay logic. This program notation was chosen to reduce training demands for the existing technicians. Other early PLCs used a form of instruction list programming, based on a stack-based logic solver.Modern PLCs can be programmed in a variety of ways, from ladder logic to more traditional programming languages such as BASIC and C. Another method is State Logic, a very high-level programming language designed to program PLCs based on state transition diagrams.Many early PLCs did not have accompanying programming terminals that were capable of graphical representation of the logic, and so the logic was instead represented as a series of logic expressions in some version of Boolean format, similar to Boolean algebra. As programming terminals evolved, it became more common for ladder logic to be used, for the aforementioned reasons. Newer formats such as State Logic and Function Block (which is similar to the way logic is depicted when using digital integrated logic circuits) exist, but they are still not as popular as ladder logic.A primary reason for this is that PLCs solve the logic in a predictable and repeating sequence, and ladder logic allows the programmer (the person writing the logic) to see any issues with the timing of the logic sequence more easily than would be possible in other formats.2.1ProgrammingEarly PLCs, up to the mid-1980s, were programmed using proprietary programming panels or special-purpose programming terminals, which often had dedicated function keys representing the various logical elements of PLC programs. Programs were stored on cassette tape cartridges. Facilities for printing and documentation were very minimal due to lack of memory capacity. The very oldest PLCs used non-volatile magnetic core memory.More recently, PLCs are programmed using application software on personal computers. The computer is connected to the PLC through Ethernet, RS-232, RS-485 or RS-422 cabling. The programming software allows entry and editing of the ladder-style logic. Generally the software provides functions for debugging andtroubleshooting the PLC software, for example, by highlighting portions of the logic to show current status during operation or via simulation. The software will upload and download the PLC program, for backup and restoration purposes. In some models of programmable controller, the program is transferred from a personal computer to the PLC though a programming board which writes the program into a removable chip such as an EEPROM or EPROM.3.FunctionalityThe functionality of the PLC has evolved over the years to include sequential relay control, motion control, process control, distributed control systems and networking. The data handling, storage, processing power and communication capabilities of some modern PLCs are approximately equivalent to desktop computers. PLC-like programming combined with remote I/O hardware, allow a general-purpose desktop computer to overlap some PLCs in certain applications. Regarding the practicality of these desktop computer based logic controllers, it is important to note that they have not been generally accepted in heavy industry because the desktop computers run on less stable operating systems than do PLCs, and because the desktop computer hardware is typically not designed to the same levels of tolerance to temperature, humidity, vibration, and longevity as the processors used in PLCs. In addition to the hardware limitations of desktop based logic, operating systems such as Windows do not lend themselves to deterministic logic execution, with the result that the logic may not always respond to changes in logic state or input status with the extreme consistency in timing as is expected from PLCs. Still, such desktop logic applications find use in less critical situations, such as laboratory automation and use in small facilities where the application is less demanding and critical, because they are generally much less expensive than PLCs.In more recent years, small products called PLRs (programmable logic relays), and also by similar names, have become more common and accepted. These are very much like PLCs, and are used in light industry where only a few points of I/O (i.e. a few signals coming in from the real world and a few going out) are involved, and low cost is desired. These small devices are typically made in a common physical size and shape by several manufacturers, and branded by the makers of larger PLCs to fill out their low end product range. Popular names include PICO Controller, NANO PLC, and other names implying very small controllers. Most of these have between 8 and 12 digital inputs, 4 and 8 digital outputs, and up to 2 analog inputs. Size is usuallyabout 4" wide, 3" high, and 3" deep. Most such devices include a tiny postage stamp sized LCD screen for viewing simplified ladder logic (only a very small portion of the program being visible at a given time) and status of I/O points, and typically these screens are accompanied by a 4-way rocker push-button plus four more separate push-buttons, similar to the key buttons on a VCR remote control, and used to navigate and edit the logic. Most have a small plug for connecting via RS-232 or RS-485 to a personal computer so that programmers can use simple Windows applications for programming instead of being forced to use the tiny LCD and push-button set for this purpose. Unlike regular PLCs that are usually modular and greatly expandable, the PLRs are usually not modular or expandable, but their price can be two orders of magnitude less than a PLC and they still offer robust design and deterministic execution of the logic.4.PLC Topics4.1.FeaturesThe main difference from other computers is that PLCs are armored for severe conditions (such as dust, moisture, heat, cold) and have the facility for extensive input/output (I/O) arrangements. These connect the PLC to sensors and actuators. PLCs read limit switches, analog process variables (such as temperature and pressure), and the positions of complex positioning systems. Some use machine vision. On the actuator side, PLCs operate electric motors, pneumatic or hydraulic cylinders, magnetic relays, solenoids, or analog outputs. The input/output arrangements may be built into a simple PLC, or the PLC may have external I/O modules attached to a computer network that plugs into the PLC.4.2System scaleA small PLC will have a fixed number of connections built in for inputs and outputs. Typically, expansions are available if the base model has insufficient I/O.Modular PLCs have a chassis (also called a rack) into which are placed modules with different functions. The processor and selection of I/O modules is customised for the particular application. Several racks can be administered by a single processor, and may have thousands of inputs and outputs. A special high speed serial I/O link is used so that racks can be distributed away from the processor, reducing the wiring costs for large plants.4.3User interfacePLCs may need to interact with people for the purpose of configuration, alarmreporting or everyday control.A simple system may use buttons and lights to interact with the user. Text displays are available as well as graphical touch screens. More complex systems use a programming and monitoring software installed on a computer, with the PLC connected via a communication interface.4.4CommunicationsPLCs have built in communications ports, usually 9-pin RS-232, but optionally EIA-485 or Ethernet. Modbus, BACnet or DF1 is usually included as one of the communications protocols. Other options include various fieldbuses such as DeviceNet or Profibus. Other communications protocols that may be used are listed in the List of automation protocols.Most modern PLCs can communicate over a network to some other system, such as a computer running a SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) system or web browser.PLCs used in larger I/O systems may have peer-to-peer (P2P) communication between processors. This allows separate parts of a complex process to have individual control while allowing the subsystems to co-ordinate over the communication link. These communication links are also often used for HMI devices such as keypads or PC-type workstations.4.5ProgrammingPLC programs are typically written in a special application on a personal computer, then downloaded by a direct-connection cable or over a network to the PLC. The program is stored in the PLC either in battery-backed-up RAM or some other non-volatile flash memory. Often, a single PLC can be programmed to replace thousands of relays.Under the IEC 61131-3 standard, PLCs can be programmed using standards-based programming languages. A graphical programming notation called Sequential Function Charts is available on certain programmable controllers. Initially most PLCs utilized Ladder Logic Diagram Programming, a model which emulated electromechanical control panel devices (such as the contact and coils of relays) which PLCs replaced. This model remains common today.IEC 61131-3 currently defines five programming languages for programmable control systems: FBD (Function block diagram), LD (Ladder diagram), ST (Structured text, similar to the Pascal programming language), IL (Instruction list,similar to assembly language) and SFC (Sequential function chart). These techniques emphasize logical organization of operations.While the fundamental concepts of PLC programming are common to all manufacturers, differences in I/O addressing, memory organization and instruction sets mean that PLC programs are never perfectly interchangeable between different makers. Even within the same product line of a single manufacturer, different models may not be directly compatible.5.PLC compared with other control systemsPLCs are well-adapted to a range of automation tasks. These are typically industrial processes in manufacturing where the cost of developing and maintaining the automation system is high relative to the total cost of the automation, and where changes to the system would be expected during its operational life. PLCs contain input and output devices compatible with industrial pilot devices and controls; little electrical design is required, and the design problem centers on expressing the desired sequence of operations. PLC applications are typically highly customized systems so the cost of a packaged PLC is low compared to the cost of a specific custom-built controller design. On the other hand, in the case of mass-produced goods, customized control systems are economic due to the lower cost of the components, which can be optimally chosen instead of a "generic" solution, and where the non-recurring engineering charges are spread over thousands or millions of units.For high volume or very simple fixed automation tasks, different techniques are used. For example, a consumer dishwasher would be controlled by an electromechanical cam timer costing only a few dollars in production quantities.A microcontroller-based design would be appropriate where hundreds or thousands of units will be produced and so the development cost (design of power supplies, input/output hardware and necessary testing and certification) can be spread over many sales, and where the end-user would not need to alter the control. Automotive applications are an example; millions of units are built each year, and very few end-users alter the programming of these controllers. However, some specialty vehicles such as transit busses economically use PLCs instead of custom-designed controls, because the volumes are low and the development cost would be uneconomic.Very complex process control, such as used in the chemical industry, may require algorithms and performance beyond the capability of even high-performance PLCs. Very high-speed or precision controls may also require customized solutions; forexample, aircraft flight controls.Programmable controllers are widely used in motion control, positioning control and torque control. Some manufacturers produce motion control units to be integrated with PLC so that G-code (involving a CNC machine) can be used to instruct machine movements.PLCs may include logic for single-variable feedback analog control loop, a "proportional, integral, derivative" or "PID controller". A PID loop could be used to control the temperature of a manufacturing process, for example. Historically PLCs were usually configured with only a few analog control loops; where processes required hundreds or thousands of loops, a distributed control system (DCS) would instead be used. As PLCs have become more powerful, the boundary between DCS and PLC applications has become less distinct.PLCs have similar functionality as Remote Terminal Units. An RTU, however, usually does not support control algorithms or control loops. As hardware rapidly becomes more powerful and cheaper, RTUs, PLCs and DCSs are increasingly beginning to overlap in responsibilities, and many vendors sell RTUs with PLC-like features and vice versa. The industry has standardized on the IEC 61131-3 functional block language for creating programs to run on RTUs and PLCs, although nearly all vendors also offer proprietary alternatives and associated development environments.6.Digital and analog signalsDigital or discrete signals behave as binary switches, yielding simply an On or Off signal (1 or 0, True or False, respectively). Push buttons, limit switches, and photoelectric sensors are examples of devices providing a discrete signal. Discrete signals are sent using either voltage or current, where a specific range is designated as On and another as Off. For example, a PLC might use 24 V DC I/O, with values above 22 V DC representing On, values below 2VDC representing Off, and intermediate values undefined. Initially, PLCs had only discrete I/O.Analog signals are like volume controls, with a range of values between zero and full-scale. These are typically interpreted as integer values (counts) by the PLC, with various ranges of accuracy depending on the device and the number of bits available to store the data. As PLCs typically use 16-bit signed binary processors, the integer values are limited between -32,768 and +32,767. Pressure, temperature, flow, and weight are often represented by analog signals. Analog signals can use voltage or current with a magnitude proportional to the value of the process signal. For example,an analog 0 - 10 V input or 4-20 mA would be converted into an integer value of 0 - 32767.。
Indradrive 系列 故障代码
Error MessagesF9001 Error internal function call.F9002 Error internal RTOS function callF9003 WatchdogF9004 Hardware trapF8000 Fatal hardware errorF8010 Autom. commutation: Max. motion range when moving back F8011 Commutation offset could not be determinedF8012 Autom. commutation: Max. motion rangeF8013 Automatic commutation: Current too lowF8014 Automatic commutation: OvercurrentF8015 Automatic commutation: TimeoutF8016 Automatic commutation: Iteration without resultF8017 Automatic commutation: Incorrect commutation adjustment F8018 Device overtemperature shutdownF8022 Enc. 1: Enc. signals incorr. (can be cleared in ph. 2) F8023 Error mechanical link of encoder or motor connectionF8025 Overvoltage in power sectionF8027 Safe torque off while drive enabledF8028 Overcurrent in power sectionF8030 Safe stop 1 while drive enabledF8042 Encoder 2 error: Signal amplitude incorrectF8057 Device overload shutdownF8060 Overcurrent in power sectionF8064 Interruption of motor phaseF8067 Synchronization PWM-Timer wrongF8069 +/-15Volt DC errorF8070 +24Volt DC errorF8076 Error in error angle loopF8078 Speed loop error.F8079 Velocity limit value exceededF8091 Power section defectiveF8100 Error when initializing the parameter handlingF8102 Error when initializing power sectionF8118 Invalid power section/firmware combinationF8120 Invalid control section/firmware combinationF8122 Control section defectiveF8129 Incorrect optional module firmwareF8130 Firmware of option 2 of safety technology defectiveF8133 Error when checking interrupting circuitsF8134 SBS: Fatal errorF8135 SMD: Velocity exceededF8140 Fatal CCD error.F8201 Safety command for basic initialization incorrectF8203 Safety technology configuration parameter invalidF8813 Connection error mains chokeF8830 Power section errorF8838 Overcurrent external braking resistorF7010 Safely-limited increment exceededF7011 Safely-monitored position, exceeded in pos. DirectionF7012 Safely-monitored position, exceeded in neg. DirectionF7013 Safely-limited speed exceededF7020 Safe maximum speed exceededF7021 Safely-limited position exceededF7030 Position window Safe stop 2 exceededF7031 Incorrect direction of motionF7040 Validation error parameterized - effective thresholdF7041 Actual position value validation errorF7042 Validation error of safe operation modeF7043 Error of output stage interlockF7050 Time for stopping process exceeded8.3.15 F7051 Safely-monitored deceleration exceeded (159)8.4 Travel Range Errors (F6xxx) (161)8.4.1 Behavior in the Case of Travel Range Errors (161)8.4.2 F6010 PLC Runtime Error (162)8.4.3 F6024 Maximum braking time exceeded (163)8.4.4 F6028 Position limit value exceeded (overflow) (164)8.4.5 F6029 Positive position limit exceeded (164)8.4.6 F6030 Negative position limit exceeded (165)8.4.7 F6034 Emergency-Stop (166)8.4.8 F6042 Both travel range limit switches activated (167)8.4.9 F6043 Positive travel range limit switch activated (167)8.4.10 F6044 Negative travel range limit switch activated (168)8.4.11 F6140 CCD slave error (emergency halt) (169)8.5 Interface Errors (F4xxx) (169)8.5.1 Behavior in the Case of Interface Errors (169)8.5.2 F4001 Sync telegram failure (170)8.5.3 F4002 RTD telegram failure (171)8.5.4 F4003 Invalid communication phase shutdown (172)8.5.5 F4004 Error during phase progression (172)8.5.6 F4005 Error during phase regression (173)8.5.7 F4006 Phase switching without ready signal (173)8.5.8 F4009 Bus failure (173)8.5.9 F4012 Incorrect I/O length (175)8.5.10 F4016 PLC double real-time channel failure (176)8.5.11 F4017 S-III: Incorrect sequence during phase switch (176)8.5.12 F4034 Emergency-Stop (177)8.5.13 F4140 CCD communication error (178)8.6 Non-Fatal Safety Technology Errors (F3xxx) (178)8.6.1 Behavior in the Case of Non-Fatal Safety Technology Errors (178)8.6.2 F3111 Refer. missing when selecting safety related end pos (179)8.6.3 F3112 Safe reference missing (179)8.6.4 F3115 Brake check time interval exceeded (181)Troubleshooting Guide | Rexroth IndraDrive Electric Drivesand ControlsI Bosch Rexroth AG VII/XXIITable of ContentsPage8.6.5 F3116 Nominal load torque of holding system exceeded (182)8.6.6 F3117 Actual position values validation error (182)8.6.7 F3122 SBS: System error (183)8.6.8 F3123 SBS: Brake check missing (184)8.6.9 F3130 Error when checking input signals (185)8.6.10 F3131 Error when checking acknowledgment signal (185)8.6.11 F3132 Error when checking diagnostic output signal (186)8.6.12 F3133 Error when checking interrupting circuits (187)8.6.13 F3134 Dynamization time interval incorrect (188)8.6.14 F3135 Dynamization pulse width incorrect (189)8.6.15 F3140 Safety parameters validation error (192)8.6.16 F3141 Selection validation error (192)8.6.17 F3142 Activation time of enabling control exceeded (193)8.6.18 F3143 Safety command for clearing errors incorrect (194)8.6.19 F3144 Incorrect safety configuration (195)8.6.20 F3145 Error when unlocking the safety door (196)8.6.21 F3146 System error channel 2 (197)8.6.22 F3147 System error channel 1 (198)8.6.23 F3150 Safety command for system start incorrect (199)8.6.24 F3151 Safety command for system halt incorrect (200)8.6.25 F3152 Incorrect backup of safety technology data (201)8.6.26 F3160 Communication error of safe communication (202)8.7 Non-Fatal Errors (F2xxx) (202)8.7.1 Behavior in the Case of Non-Fatal Errors (202)8.7.2 F2002 Encoder assignment not allowed for synchronization (203)8.7.3 F2003 Motion step skipped (203)8.7.4 F2004 Error in MotionProfile (204)8.7.5 F2005 Cam table invalid (205)8.7.6 F2006 MMC was removed (206)8.7.7 F2007 Switching to non-initialized operation mode (206)8.7.8 F2008 RL The motor type has changed (207)8.7.9 F2009 PL Load parameter default values (208)8.7.10 F2010 Error when initializing digital I/O (-> S-0-0423) (209)8.7.11 F2011 PLC - Error no. 1 (210)8.7.12 F2012 PLC - Error no. 2 (210)8.7.13 F2013 PLC - Error no. 3 (211)8.7.14 F2014 PLC - Error no. 4 (211)8.7.15 F2018 Device overtemperature shutdown (211)8.7.16 F2019 Motor overtemperature shutdown (212)8.7.17 F2021 Motor temperature monitor defective (213)8.7.18 F2022 Device temperature monitor defective (214)8.7.19 F2025 Drive not ready for control (214)8.7.20 F2026 Undervoltage in power section (215)8.7.21 F2027 Excessive oscillation in DC bus (216)8.7.22 F2028 Excessive deviation (216)8.7.23 F2031 Encoder 1 error: Signal amplitude incorrect (217)VIII/XXII Bosch Rexroth AG | Electric Drivesand ControlsRexroth IndraDrive | Troubleshooting GuideTable of ContentsPage8.7.24 F2032 Validation error during commutation fine adjustment (217)8.7.25 F2033 External power supply X10 error (218)8.7.26 F2036 Excessive position feedback difference (219)8.7.27 F2037 Excessive position command difference (220)8.7.28 F2039 Maximum acceleration exceeded (220)8.7.29 F2040 Device overtemperature 2 shutdown (221)8.7.30 F2042 Encoder 2: Encoder signals incorrect (222)8.7.31 F2043 Measuring encoder: Encoder signals incorrect (222)8.7.32 F2044 External power supply X15 error (223)8.7.33 F2048 Low battery voltage (224)8.7.34 F2050 Overflow of target position preset memory (225)8.7.35 F2051 No sequential block in target position preset memory (225)8.7.36 F2053 Incr. encoder emulator: Pulse frequency too high (226)8.7.37 F2054 Incr. encoder emulator: Hardware error (226)8.7.38 F2055 External power supply dig. I/O error (227)8.7.39 F2057 Target position out of travel range (227)8.7.40 F2058 Internal overflow by positioning input (228)8.7.41 F2059 Incorrect command value direction when positioning (229)8.7.42 F2063 Internal overflow master axis generator (230)8.7.43 F2064 Incorrect cmd value direction master axis generator (230)8.7.44 F2067 Synchronization to master communication incorrect (231)8.7.45 F2068 Brake error (231)8.7.46 F2069 Error when releasing the motor holding brake (232)8.7.47 F2074 Actual pos. value 1 outside absolute encoder window (232)8.7.48 F2075 Actual pos. value 2 outside absolute encoder window (233)8.7.49 F2076 Actual pos. value 3 outside absolute encoder window (234)8.7.50 F2077 Current measurement trim wrong (235)8.7.51 F2086 Error supply module (236)8.7.52 F2087 Module group communication error (236)8.7.53 F2100 Incorrect access to command value memory (237)8.7.54 F2101 It was impossible to address MMC (237)8.7.55 F2102 It was impossible to address I2C memory (238)8.7.56 F2103 It was impossible to address EnDat memory (238)8.7.57 F2104 Commutation offset invalid (239)8.7.58 F2105 It was impossible to address Hiperface memory (239)8.7.59 F2110 Error in non-cyclical data communic. of power section (240)8.7.60 F2120 MMC: Defective or missing, replace (240)8.7.61 F2121 MMC: Incorrect data or file, create correctly (241)8.7.62 F2122 MMC: Incorrect IBF file, correct it (241)8.7.63 F2123 Retain data backup impossible (242)8.7.64 F2124 MMC: Saving too slowly, replace (243)8.7.65 F2130 Error comfort control panel (243)8.7.66 F2140 CCD slave error (243)8.7.67 F2150 MLD motion function block error (244)8.7.68 F2174 Loss of motor encoder reference (244)8.7.69 F2175 Loss of optional encoder reference (245)Troubleshooting Guide | Rexroth IndraDrive Electric Drivesand Controls| Bosch Rexroth AG IX/XXIITable of ContentsPage8.7.70 F2176 Loss of measuring encoder reference (246)8.7.71 F2177 Modulo limitation error of motor encoder (246)8.7.72 F2178 Modulo limitation error of optional encoder (247)8.7.73 F2179 Modulo limitation error of measuring encoder (247)8.7.74 F2190 Incorrect Ethernet configuration (248)8.7.75 F2260 Command current limit shutoff (249)8.7.76 F2270 Analog input 1 or 2, wire break (249)8.7.77 F2802 PLL is not synchronized (250)8.7.78 F2814 Undervoltage in mains (250)8.7.79 F2815 Overvoltage in mains (251)8.7.80 F2816 Softstart fault power supply unit (251)8.7.81 F2817 Overvoltage in power section (251)8.7.82 F2818 Phase failure (252)8.7.83 F2819 Mains failure (253)8.7.84 F2820 Braking resistor overload (253)8.7.85 F2821 Error in control of braking resistor (254)8.7.86 F2825 Switch-on threshold braking resistor too low (255)8.7.87 F2833 Ground fault in motor line (255)8.7.88 F2834 Contactor control error (256)8.7.89 F2835 Mains contactor wiring error (256)8.7.90 F2836 DC bus balancing monitor error (257)8.7.91 F2837 Contactor monitoring error (257)8.7.92 F2840 Error supply shutdown (257)8.7.93 F2860 Overcurrent in mains-side power section (258)8.7.94 F2890 Invalid device code (259)8.7.95 F2891 Incorrect interrupt timing (259)8.7.96 F2892 Hardware variant not supported (259)8.8 SERCOS Error Codes / Error Messages of Serial Communication (259)9 Warnings (Exxxx) (263)9.1 Fatal Warnings (E8xxx) (263)9.1.1 Behavior in the Case of Fatal Warnings (263)9.1.2 E8025 Overvoltage in power section (263)9.1.3 E8026 Undervoltage in power section (264)9.1.4 E8027 Safe torque off while drive enabled (265)9.1.5 E8028 Overcurrent in power section (265)9.1.6 E8029 Positive position limit exceeded (266)9.1.7 E8030 Negative position limit exceeded (267)9.1.8 E8034 Emergency-Stop (268)9.1.9 E8040 Torque/force actual value limit active (268)9.1.10 E8041 Current limit active (269)9.1.11 E8042 Both travel range limit switches activated (269)9.1.12 E8043 Positive travel range limit switch activated (270)9.1.13 E8044 Negative travel range limit switch activated (271)9.1.14 E8055 Motor overload, current limit active (271)9.1.15 E8057 Device overload, current limit active (272)X/XXII Bosch Rexroth AG | Electric Drivesand ControlsRexroth IndraDrive | Troubleshooting GuideTable of ContentsPage9.1.16 E8058 Drive system not ready for operation (273)9.1.17 E8260 Torque/force command value limit active (273)9.1.18 E8802 PLL is not synchronized (274)9.1.19 E8814 Undervoltage in mains (275)9.1.20 E8815 Overvoltage in mains (275)9.1.21 E8818 Phase failure (276)9.1.22 E8819 Mains failure (276)9.2 Warnings of Category E4xxx (277)9.2.1 E4001 Double MST failure shutdown (277)9.2.2 E4002 Double MDT failure shutdown (278)9.2.3 E4005 No command value input via master communication (279)9.2.4 E4007 SERCOS III: Consumer connection failed (280)9.2.5 E4008 Invalid addressing command value data container A (280)9.2.6 E4009 Invalid addressing actual value data container A (281)9.2.7 E4010 Slave not scanned or address 0 (281)9.2.8 E4012 Maximum number of CCD slaves exceeded (282)9.2.9 E4013 Incorrect CCD addressing (282)9.2.10 E4014 Incorrect phase switch of CCD slaves (283)9.3 Possible Warnings When Operating Safety Technology (E3xxx) (283)9.3.1 Behavior in Case a Safety Technology Warning Occurs (283)9.3.2 E3100 Error when checking input signals (284)9.3.3 E3101 Error when checking acknowledgment signal (284)9.3.4 E3102 Actual position values validation error (285)9.3.5 E3103 Dynamization failed (285)9.3.6 E3104 Safety parameters validation error (286)9.3.7 E3105 Validation error of safe operation mode (286)9.3.8 E3106 System error safety technology (287)9.3.9 E3107 Safe reference missing (287)9.3.10 E3108 Safely-monitored deceleration exceeded (288)9.3.11 E3110 Time interval of forced dynamization exceeded (289)9.3.12 E3115 Prewarning, end of brake check time interval (289)9.3.13 E3116 Nominal load torque of holding system reached (290)9.4 Non-Fatal Warnings (E2xxx) (290)9.4.1 Behavior in Case a Non-Fatal Warning Occurs (290)9.4.2 E2010 Position control with encoder 2 not possible (291)9.4.3 E2011 PLC - Warning no. 1 (291)9.4.4 E2012 PLC - Warning no. 2 (291)9.4.5 E2013 PLC - Warning no. 3 (292)9.4.6 E2014 PLC - Warning no. 4 (292)9.4.7 E2021 Motor temperature outside of measuring range (292)9.4.8 E2026 Undervoltage in power section (293)9.4.9 E2040 Device overtemperature 2 prewarning (294)9.4.10 E2047 Interpolation velocity = 0 (294)9.4.11 E2048 Interpolation acceleration = 0 (295)9.4.12 E2049 Positioning velocity >= limit value (296)9.4.13 E2050 Device overtemp. Prewarning (297)Troubleshooting Guide | Rexroth IndraDrive Electric Drivesand Controls| Bosch Rexroth AG XI/XXIITable of ContentsPage9.4.14 E2051 Motor overtemp. prewarning (298)9.4.15 E2053 Target position out of travel range (298)9.4.16 E2054 Not homed (300)9.4.17 E2055 Feedrate override S-0-0108 = 0 (300)9.4.18 E2056 Torque limit = 0 (301)9.4.19 E2058 Selected positioning block has not been programmed (302)9.4.20 E2059 Velocity command value limit active (302)9.4.21 E2061 Device overload prewarning (303)9.4.22 E2063 Velocity command value > limit value (304)9.4.23 E2064 Target position out of num. range (304)9.4.24 E2069 Holding brake torque too low (305)9.4.25 E2070 Acceleration limit active (306)9.4.26 E2074 Encoder 1: Encoder signals disturbed (306)9.4.27 E2075 Encoder 2: Encoder signals disturbed (307)9.4.28 E2076 Measuring encoder: Encoder signals disturbed (308)9.4.29 E2077 Absolute encoder monitoring, motor encoder (encoder alarm) (308)9.4.30 E2078 Absolute encoder monitoring, opt. encoder (encoder alarm) (309)9.4.31 E2079 Absolute enc. monitoring, measuring encoder (encoder alarm) (309)9.4.32 E2086 Prewarning supply module overload (310)9.4.33 E2092 Internal synchronization defective (310)9.4.34 E2100 Positioning velocity of master axis generator too high (311)9.4.35 E2101 Acceleration of master axis generator is zero (312)9.4.36 E2140 CCD error at node (312)9.4.37 E2270 Analog input 1 or 2, wire break (312)9.4.38 E2802 HW control of braking resistor (313)9.4.39 E2810 Drive system not ready for operation (314)9.4.40 E2814 Undervoltage in mains (314)9.4.41 E2816 Undervoltage in power section (314)9.4.42 E2818 Phase failure (315)9.4.43 E2819 Mains failure (315)9.4.44 E2820 Braking resistor overload prewarning (316)9.4.45 E2829 Not ready for power on (316)。
plc洗衣机控制中英文
PLC programmable controller: PLC English full title Programmable Logic Controller, Chinese full title as the programmable logical controller, the definition is: One kind of digital operation operation's electronic system, for designs specially in the industry environment application. It uses a kind of programmable memory, uses in its internally stored program, the actuating logic operation, the sequential control, fixed time, counting and arithmetic operation and so on face user's instruction, and through digital either simulation type input/output control each type machinery or production process. PLC is based on the electronic accounting machine, and is suitable for the industry field work electric controller. It stems from following the electricity control device, but it does not look like following the electricity installs such, realizes the control through electric circuit's physical process, but mainly saves depending on the movement in the PLC memory the procedure, carries on into the information conversion to realize the control. Enters the information conversion, the reliable physics to realize, may say that is PLC realizes the control two essential points. Enters the information conversion to save depending on the movement in the PLC memory the procedure realizes. The PLC procedure both has the Manufacturer system program (not to be possible change), and has the application which the user develops voluntarily (user) the procedure. The system program provides the movement platform, simultaneously, but is also the PLC procedure reliability service and the signal and the information transformation carries on essential public processing. The user program according to controls the request design by the user. What control request, should have what user program. The reliable physics realizes mainly depending on loses the human (INPUT) and the output (OUTPUT) the electric circuit. The PLC I/O electric circuit, is designs specially. The input circuit must carry on the filter to the input signal, removes the high frequency interference. Moreover is isolates with the internal computer electric circuit on the electricity, depending on light pair part establish contact. Inside and outside the output circuit is also the electricity isolation, depending on light pair part or output relay establish contact. The output circuits must carry on the power amplification, by drives the general industrial control primary device sufficiently, like solenoid valve, contact device and so on. The I/O electric circuit is many, each entrance point either output must have one I or the O electric circuit. PLC has multi-I/O to use the spot, generally also has how many I/O to use the electric circuit. But because they are composed highly by the integrated electric circuit, therefore, accounts for the volume not to be big. The input circuit time monitors is inputting the condition, and its interim in input temporary storage device. Each entrance point has a corresponding memory its information temporary storage device.The output circuit must output latch's information transmission for the output spot. Outputs the latch and output is also 11 correspondences. Here input temporary storage device and the output latch are actually PLC the processor I/O mouth register. They with the computer memory exchange information through the computer main line, and mainly realize by the run-time system procedure. Loses the person temporary storage device's information to read PLC in the memory, calls input refurbishing. In PLC has specially the opening depositing infed information mapping area. This area's each corresponding position (bit) called it inputs the relay, or calls the soft contact. These positions become 1, indicates the contact to pass, sets 0 breaks for the contact. Because its condition is obtains by input refurbishing, therefore, it reflects is the input state.。
AUTOMATIONSTUDIO
AUTOMATIONSTUDIOAutomation Studio is a powerful software tool designed for engineering and automation tasks. This comprehensive software offers a wide range of functionalities, making it a preferred choice for many industries. In this document, we will explore the key features and benefits of Automation Studio.Key Features1. Graphical InterfaceAutomation Studio provides a user-friendly graphical interface that helps users visualize and interact with their projects. The drag-and-drop functionality allows for easy creation and configuration of various components. With this intuitive interface, users can quickly design and modify their automation systems.2. PLC ProgrammingOne of the main features of Automation Studio is its advanced PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) programming capabilities. Users can create PLC programs using various programming languages, such as IEC 61131-3, ladder logic, and structured text. The software also offers extensive debugging and simulation tools to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the programs.3. HMI DesignAutomation Studio includes tools for designing Human-Machine Interfaces (HMIs) that allow users to interact with their automation systems. The HMI editor offers a wide range of graphical elements, such as buttons, indicators, and alarms, to create intuitive and user-friendly interfaces. Users can also incorporate animations, trends, and data logging into their HMIs for better visualization and analysis.4. Electrical DesignWith Automation Studio, users can create electrical schematics and design their control panels. The software includes extensive symbol libraries with predefined electrical components, making it easy to build and customize control circuits. The electrical design features ensure that the automation systems are properly wired and meet the necessary safety standards.5. Simulation and TestingAutomation Studio provides simulation capabilities that allow users to test their automation projects before implementation. The simulation environment accurately replicates the behavior of the automated system, enabling users to verify the logic and functionality of their programs. This feature helps reduce the risk of errors and ensures a smooth implementation process.6. Documentation and ReportingAutomation Studio offers comprehensive documentation and reporting tools. Users can generate detailed project documentation, such as wiring diagrams, bill of materials, and user manuals. The software also allows users to create custom reports to analyze system performance, monitor trends, and troubleshoot any issues.Benefits of Automation Studio1. Time and Cost SavingsAutomation Studio streamlines the development process, allowing engineers to design and implement automation systems more efficiently. The intuitive interface, simulation capabilities, and extensive libraries reduce the time required for programming, testing, and documentation. This ultimately leads to cost savings as projects can be completed faster and with fewer resources.2. Enhanced ProductivityBy providing a unified platform for PLC programming, HMI design, and electrical design, Automation Studio improves productivity. The seamless integration between these functionalities eliminates the need for multiple software tools and simplifies the workflow. Engineers can focus on designing and optimizing their automation systems instead of handling tedious manual tasks.3. Improved Quality and ReliabilityAutomation Studio’s simulation and testing features ensure that automation projects are thoroughly validated before implementation. By identifying and rectifying any errors or issues in the virtual environment, the software helps deliver high-quality and reliable automation systems. This reduces the risk of downtime, enhances performance, and improves overall customer satisfaction.4. Scalability and FlexibilityAutomation Studio offers scalability, allowing projects to be easily expanded or modified as needed. Users can add new components, modify existing programs, or integrate with other systems without major disruptions. This flexibility ensures that the automation systems can adapt to changing requirements and support future growth.5. Access to Industrial StandardsBy adhering to various industrial standards, Automation Studio ensures compatibility and interoperability with other automation systems and components. This allows for seamless integration with third-party devices and systems, providing users with more options and flexibility for their automation projects.ConclusionAutomation Studio is a comprehensive software tool that provides engineers with a wide range of functionalities for automation and engineering tasks. Its key features, such as PLCprogramming, HMI design, and simulation capabilities, along with the associated benefits, make it an ideal choice for various industries. Whether you are designing a small control system or a complex automation project, Automation Studio offers the tools and capabilities to meet your needs.。
(整理)工控常用英文单词加部分简称
工控常用英文单词集散控制系统——Distributed Control System（DCS）现场总线控制系统——Fieldbus Control System（FCS）监控及数据采集系统——Supervisory Control And Data Acqusition（SCADA）可编程序控制器——Programmable Logic Controller （PLC）可编程计算机控制器——Programmable Computer Controller（PCC）工厂自动化——Factory Automation（FA）过程自动化——Process Automation（PA）办公自动化——Office Automation（OA）管理信息系统——Management Information System （MIS）楼宇自动化系统——Building Automation System人机界面——Human Machine Interface（HMI）工控机——Industrial Personal Computer（IPC）单片机——Single Chip Microprocessor计算机数控（CNC）远程测控终端——Remote Terminal Unit（RTU）上位机——Supervisory Computer图形用户界面（GUI）人工智能——Artificial Intelligent（AI）智能终端——Intelligent Terminal模糊控制——Fuzzy Control组态——Configuration仿真——Simulation冗余——Redundant客户/服务器——Client/Server网络——Network设备网——DeviceNET基金会现场总线——foundation fieldbus（FF）现场总线——Fieldbus以太网——Ethernet变频器——Inverter脉宽调制——Pulse Width Modulation（PWM）伺服驱动器——Servo Driver软起动器——Soft Starter步进——Step-by-Step控制阀——Control Valver流量计——Flowmeter仪表——Instrument记录仪——Recorder传感器——Sensor智能传感器——Smart Sensor智能变送器——Smart Transducer虚拟仪器——Virtual Instrument 主站/从站——Master Station/Slave station操作员站/工程师站/管理员站——Operator Station/Engineer Station/Manager Stationabort 中断,停止abnormal 异常abrader 研磨,磨石,研磨工具absence 失去Absence of brush 无(碳)刷Absolute ABS 绝对的Absolute atmosphere A TA 绝对大气压AC Lub oil pump 交流润滑油泵absorptance 吸收比,吸收率acceleration 加速accelerator 加速器accept 接受access 存取accomplish 完成,达到accumulator 蓄电池,累加器Accumulator battery 蓄电池组accuracy 准确,精确acid 酸性,酸的Acid washing 酸洗acknowledge 确认,响应acquisition 发现,取得action 动作Active power 有功功率actuator 执行机构address 地址adequate 适当的，充分的adjust 调整，校正Admission mode 进汽方式Aerial line 天线after 以后air 风，空气Air compressor 空压机Air duct pressure 风管压力Air ejector 抽气器Air exhaust fan 排气扇Air heater 空气加热器Air preheater 空气预热器Air receiver 空气罐Alarm 报警algorithm 算法alphanumeric 字母数字Alternating current 交流电Altitude 高度，海拔Ambient 周围的，环境的精品文档Ambient temp 环境温度ammeter 电流表，安培计Ammonia tank 氨水箱Ampere 安培amplifier 放大器Analog 模拟Analog input 模拟输入Analog-to-digital A/D 模拟转换Analysis 分析Angle 角度Angle valve 角伐Angle of lag 滞后角Angle of lead 超前角anthracite 无烟煤Anion 阴离子Anionic exchanger 阴离子交换器Anode 阳极，正极announce 通知，宣布Annual 年的，年报Annual energy output 年发电量anticipate 预期，期望Aph slow motion motor 空预器低速马达Application program 应用程序approach 近似值，接近Arc 电弧，弧光architecture 建筑物结构Area 面积，区域armature 电枢，转子衔铁Arrester 避雷器Ash 灰烬，废墟Ash handling 除灰Ash settling pond 沉渣池Ash slurry pump 灰浆泵assemble 安装，组装Assume 假定,采取,担任Asynchronous motor 异步马达atmosphere 大气，大气压Atomizing 雾化Attempt 企图Attemperater 减温器，调温器Attention 注意Attenuation 衰減,减少,降低Auto reclose 自动重合闸Auto transfer 自动转移Autoformer 自耦变压器Automatic AUTO 自动Automatic voltage regulator 自动调压器Auxiliary AUX 辅助的Auxiliary power 厂用电Available 有效的,可用的Avoid 避免,回避Avometer 万用表,安伏欧表计Axial 轴向的Axis 轴,轴线Axis disp protection 轴向位移，保护Axle 轴，车轴，心捧BBack 背后，反向的Back pressure 背压Back wash 反冲洗Back up 支持，备用Back ward 向后Baffle 隔板Bag filter 除尘布袋Balance 平衡Ball 球Ball valve 球阀Bar 巴，条杆Bar screen materialclassifier栅形滤网base 基础、根据Base load 基本负荷Base mode 基本方式Batch processing unit 批处理单元Battery 电池Bearing BRG 轴承before 在…之前bell 铃Belt 带，皮带Bend 挠度，弯曲Besel 监视孔BLAS 偏置，偏压Binary 二进制，双Black 黑色Black out 大停电，全厂停电blade 叶片Bleed 放气，放水Blocking signal 闭锁信号Blow 吹Blow down 排污Blowlamp 喷灯blue 蓝色Bms watchdogBms 看门狗bms 监视器boiler BLR 锅炉精品文档Boiler feedwater pump BFP 锅炉给水泵Boil-off 蒸发汽化bolt 螺栓bore 孔，腔boost BST 增压，提高Boost centrifugal pump BST CEP 凝升泵Boost pump BP 升压泵Boot strap 模拟线路，辅助程序bottom 底部Bowl mill 碗式磨brash 脆性，易脆的bracket 支架，托架，括号breadth 宽度break 断开，断路breaker 断路器，隔离开关Breaker coil 跳闸线路breeze 微风，煤粉Brens-chluss 熄火，燃烧终结bridge 电桥，跨接，桥形网络brigade 班，组，队，大队broadcast 广播brownout 节约用电brush 电刷，刷子Brush rocker 电刷摇环Brown coal 褐煤Buchholtz protecter 瓦斯保护bucket 斗，吊斗Buffer tank 缓冲箱built 建立bulletin 公告，公报bump 碰，撞击bunker 煤仓burner 燃烧器Burner management system 燃烧器管理系统Bus section 母线段busbar 母线Busbar frame 母线支架buscouple 母联button 按钮Bypass/by pass BYP 旁路Bypass valve 旁路阀Ccabinet 柜cable 电缆calculator 计算器caliber 管径、尺寸、大小calorie 卡caloric 热的、热量Caloric value 发热量、热值calorific 发热的、热量的Calorific efficiency 热效率cancel 取消、省略capacitance CAPAC 电容Capacitive reactance 容抗capacity 容量、出力、能量card （电子）板、卡carrier搬运机、载波、带电粒子Carrier protection 高频保护cascade CAS 串级Case pipe 套管casine 壳、箱casual偶然的、临时、不规则的Casual inspection 不定期检查、临时检查casualty 人身事故、伤亡、故障catastrophe 灾祸、事故Catastrophe failure 重大事故Cat-pad 猫爪cathode 阴板、负极Cathode ray tube CRT 显示器Cation exchanger 阳离子交换器caution 注意Center 中心centigrade 摄氏温标Central control room 中控室Central processing unit CPU 中央处理器Centrifugal 离心的Certificate 证明书、执照Centrifugal fan 离心风机Certification of fitness 合格证书、质量证书Chamber 办公室、会议室Change 改变Channel 通道、频道Character 字符Characteristics 特性、特性曲线Charge 负荷、充电、加注Charge indicator 验电器、带电指示器Chart 图、图线图chassis 底座、机壳Chassis earth 机壳接地Check 检查Check valve CK VLV 截止线、止回线Chemical 化学Chemical dosing 化学加药Chest 室Chief 主要的、首长、首领Chief engineer 总工程师精品文档Chief operator 值班长Chimney 烟囱、烟道Chlorine 氯Circuit 电路Circuit breaker 电路断路器Circuit diagram 电路图Circular current 环流Circulating 循环Circulating water pump 循环水泵Circulating cooling water 循环冷却水Clamp 夹具、钳Clarification 澄清Class 类、等级、程度Class of insulation 绝缘等级Clean 清洁的、纯净的Cleanse 净化、洗净、消毒Clear 清除CLEARING OF FAULT 故障清除Clock interface unit CIU 时钟接口单元Clockwise 顺时针、右旋的Close 关闭Closed cooling water 闭式冷却水Closed-loop 闭环Cluster 电池组、组、群Coal 煤Coal ash 煤灰Coal breaker 碎煤机Coal consumption 耗煤量、煤耗Coal crusher 碎煤机Coal handling 输煤设备、输煤装置Coal dust 煤粉Coal-fired power plant 燃煤发电厂Coal hopper 煤斗Coal yard 煤场Coarse 粗的、不精确的Coaxial cable 同轴电缆Code 代号、密码Coil 线圈Coil pipe 蛇形管Cold 冷Cold air 冷风Cold reheater CRH 再热器冷段Cold reserve 冷备用（锅炉）Cold start 冷态启动Cold test 冷态试验Collect 收集Collecting pipe 集水管Collector 收集器Colour 颜色Colour library 颜色库Combin 合并、联合Combustion 燃烧Command 命令、指挥Commission 使投入、使投产Common 共同的、普通的Communication 联系、通讯Commutator 换向器Compensation 补偿Company CO 公司Company limited CO LTD 有限公司Complexity 复杂Complete 完成Component 元件Compress 压缩Compress air 压缩空气Compresser 压缩机Computer 计算机Concrete 混凝土制的Concurrent 同时发生的、一致的Concurrent boiler 直流锅炉Cond press 凝结器压力Condensate 冷凝、使凝结Condensate extraction pump CEP 凝结水泵Condenser COND/CNDER 凝结器Condensive reactance 容抗Condition 条件、状况Conduct 传导Conductivity 导电率Conference 会议、商讨、谈判Congealer 冷却器、冷冻器Configure 组态Connection 联接Connector 联接器、接线盒Console 控制台Consult 商量、咨询、参考Consumption 消费、消耗Consumption steam 汽耗Constant 恒定的Contact 触点Contactor 接触器、触头Contact to earth 接地、触地、碰地Content 目录Contin blwdwn 连排Continuous 连续的精品文档Contract 合同Control CNTR/CNTPL 控制Control & instrument 仪控Control loop 控制环Control oil 控制油Control panel 控制盘Controller 控制器Control stage 调节级、控制级Control valve 调节阀Conve cton sh 低温过热器Convection 对流Convertor 运输机、传输机Cool 冷的Cooler 冷却器Cooling 冷却Cooling fan 冷却风机Cooling water pump 冷却水泵Cooling tower 冷却塔Coordinate COORD 协调Coordinate boiler followmode协调的锅炉跟随方式Coordinate control system 协调控制系统Coordinate turbine followmode协调的汽机跟随方式Copy 拷贝Core 铁心、核心、磁心Core loss 铁（芯损）耗Corner 角落Correction 修正、改正Corrosion 腐蚀Cost 价格、成本、费用Cost of fuel 燃料费用Cost of upkeep 日常费用、维护费用Coupler 联轴器Coupling 耦合、联轴Couple CPL 联轴器Crane 起重机Critical 临界的Critical speed 临界速度Crusher 碎渣机Current transformer CT 电流互感器Cube 立方（体）Cubicle illumination 箱内照明Curdle 凝固Current 电流、当前Cursor 光标Curve 曲线Custom 习惯、海关Custom keys 用户键Cutter 切削工具Cyanic 青色、深蓝色Cycle 循环、周期、周波Cymometer 频率表Cyclome classifier 旋风分离器Cylinder CYL 汽缸DDaily load curve 日负荷曲线Daily load 日负荷Damage 损坏、破坏Damper DMPR 阻尼器、挡板Danger 危险、危险物Dank 潮湿Danger zone 危险区Data 数据Data base 数据库Data acquisition system DAS 数据采集系统Data highway 数据高速公路Date 日期Data pool 数据库Dc lub oil pump 直流润滑油泵Dead band 死区DeaeratorDEA/DEAE/DEAER除氧器Decimeter 分米Decrease DEC 减少Deep 深度、深的、深Default 默认、缺席Degree 度、等级Demand 要求、查问Delay 延迟Delay time 延时Delete 删除Demineralized water 除盐水Demineralizer 除盐装置Deposit 沉积结垢Desalt 除盐设备Description 说明、描述Destination 目标、目的地Desuperheater 减温器Desuperheater water DSH WTE 减温水Detail 细节Detect 发现、检定精品文档Deviate 偏离、偏差Device 设备、仪器Diagnosis 诊断Diagram 图形、图表Diagram directory 图目录Diagram number 图形号Diameter 直径Diaphragm 膜片、隔板Dielectric 介质、绝缘的Diesel generator 柴油发电机Difference 差异、差别、差额Differential protection 差动保护Diff press 差压Diff expansion DIFF EXP 胀差Differential pressure DP/DSP 差压Digital 数字的Digital electric hydraulic 电调Digital input/output 数字量输入／输出Digital-to-analog D/A 数／模转换Dioxde 二氧化碳Direct current DC 直流（电）Direct digital control DDC 直接数字控制Disassembly 拆卸Disaster 事故、故障Disc 叶轮Disaster shutdown 事故停机Discharge 排除、放电、卸载Discharge current 放电电流、泄漏电流Disconnector 隔离器、隔离开关Disconnect switch 隔离开关Discrete input/output 离散输入／输出Disk 磁盘Disk manage commands 磁盘管理命令Dispatch 调度、发送派遣Dispatcher 调度员Dispatching station 调度站（局）Disconnector 隔离器、隔离开关Discrete input/output 离散输入／输出Disk 磁盘Displacement 位移Displacement pump 活塞泵Display 显示、列屏Distance 距离Distilled water DISTL WTR 蒸馏水Distributed分布\分配\配电（水、汽）Distributed control system DCS 集散控制系统Distributed processing unit DPU 分布处理单元Distributing board 配电盘Distribution network 配电网络Distribution substation 二次变电站Disturbance 扰动Diverter vlv 切换线Divided by 除以Design 设计、发明Division 分界、部门Division wall 分割屏Documentation 文件Door 门Dosing pump 加药泵Dowel pin 定位销Down pipe 下降管Download 下载Downtime 停机时间Dozer 推土机Draft 通风、草图Drain DRN 疏水、排放Drain pump 疏水泵Drain tank 疏水箱Drawing 图样、牵引Drill 钻孔、钻头、钻床Drive 驱动、强迫Drn collector 疏水收集器Drop 站Drowned pump 潜水泵Drum 汽包Drum-type boiled 汽包式锅炉Dry 干、干燥Dual 双重的Duct 风道、管道Dust 灰尘Dust helmet 防尘罩Dust catcher 除尘器、吸尘器Duty 责任Dynamic 动态的Dynamometer 功率表EEarth 大地Earth fault 接地故障Earth connector 接地线、接地Earth lead 接地线、接地Eccentricity 偏心、扰度Econ recirc vlv 省煤器再循环线精品文档Economizer ECON 省煤器Edit 编辑Efficiency 效率Eject pump 射水泵Ejection 射出Ejector 抽气器Electric 电的Elbow 弯管、弯头Electric-hydraulic control 电／液控制Electrical 电的、电气的Electrical lockout solenoid 电磁阀锁阀vlvElectrical machine 电机Electrical service 供电Electric power industry 电力工业Electrode 电极Electric power company 电力公司Electric power system 电力系统Electronic 电子的、电子学的Electrotechnics 电工学、电工技术Electrostaic precipitator 静电除尘器Electrostatic 静电的Element 元件、零件、单元Elevation ELEV 标高Elevator 升降机Ellipse 椭圆Emergency decree 安规Emerg lub oil 事故润滑油Emerg off 事故停／关闭Emerg seal oil 事故密封油Emergency EMERG 紧急事故Emergency drain 事故疏水Emergency governet／intercepter危急遮断器Employee 雇员Empty 排空Enclosure 外壳、包围End 末端、终结End cover 端盖Energize 激励、加电Energy 能、能量Energy meter 电度表Energy source 能源Engineer keyboard 工程师键盘Engineer station 工程师站Engineer's console 工程师操作站Engineering 工程Enter 开始、使进入Entry 输入Equalizer valve 平衡线Equipment 设备Erase 删除Error 错误Escape valve 安全线Evaporate 蒸发、冷化Evaporating 蒸发量Event 事件Excess 超过、过度Excess combustion air 过剩燃烧空气Excitation 励磁Exciter 励磁机Exhaust EXH 排汽Exhaust portion 排汽段Exit 出口Expansion EXP 膨胀Expansion tank 扩容箱Expenditure 费用Expert 专家、能手Explosion 爆炸Exponent 指数幂External 外部的、表面的Extinguisher 灭火器Extinguishing medium灭弧介质Extraction check valve EXTR CHK抽汽逆止阀VLVExtra-high voltage超高压Extend扩展、延伸Exteral外部的、表面的Extr press抽汽压力Extr temp抽汽温度Extraction EXTR抽汽FFactor因素、因数Fahrenheit华式温标Failure FAIL失败FALSE假的、错误的Fan风扇、风机Fan duty风机负荷Fast cut back FCB快速切回Fault故障Faulty operation误操作Features特点Feed馈、供给Feedback反馈精品文档Feed forward前馈Feed water给水Feed-water makeup补给水Fiber optic光纤Field磁场、现场Field operator现场运行人员Figure数字、图案File文件Filter 滤网、过滤器Filter differentialpressureFILTR DP 滤网压差Final 最后的Final super-heater FSH 末级过热器、高过Fine ash silo 细灰库Fire 燃烧、火焰Fire-proof 耐火的、防火的Fire-extinguisher 灭火器Fire-hose 消防水带Fire hydrant 消防栓Fire-fight 灭火Fireproof 防火的、阻燃的Fire pump 消防水泵First stage 第一级、首级First stage guide vane 第一级导叶Flame 火焰Flame check 火检Flame detect cable FLM DET CAB 火检电缆Flange 法兰Flange joint 法兰结合面Flank 侧翼、侧面Flash 闪光、闪烁、闪蒸Flash lamp 闪光灯Flash light 闪光Flasher 闪光装置Flexible 灵活的、柔性的Flexible joint 弹性联接器Flip-flop 触发器、双稳态电路Float-charge 浮充电Floppy disk 软磁盘Floppy driver 磁盘机Flow 流量、流动Flowmeter 流量计Flue 烟道Format 形式、格式Flue gas 烟气Fluid 液体Fly ash 飞灰Follow 跟随Forbid 禁止Force 强制Force circulation 强制循环Force draft fan 送风机Forney 福尼（公司）Forward 向前Free end 自由端Frequency 频率From 从、来自Front 前面的Fuel 燃料Fuel safety 燃料保护Full speed 额定频率Fully 充分的、完全的Function 功能Function group 功能组Furnace 炉膛Fuse 保险丝、熔断器Fuse holder 保险盒Fusible cutout 熔断开关Fw bypass 给水旁路GGAIN 增益Gang 班、组Gas 气体、烟气Gate 闸门Gate damper 闸门式挡板Gateway 入口、途径Gauge 仪表、标准Gauge float 水位、指示、浮标Gear 齿轮Gear pump 齿轮泵Gear shift housing 变速箱Gen main breaker 发电机出口总开关General control panel 总控制屏General vlv 总阀Generate 引起、产生Generator 发电机、发生器Gland 密封套Gland heater GLAND HTR 轴封加热器Gland seal 轴封Glass-paper 砂纸Goal 目的、目标Go on 继续Govern vlv GV 调速器、调节器精品文档Graphics 调节阀Grease 图形Green 绿色Grid 高压输电网、铅板Grid system 电网系统Gross rating 总出力、总额定值Ground/earth 地、大地Group 组、群Group library 组库HHalt instruction 停机指令Hangers 悬吊管Hardware 硬件Hardness 硬度、困难的Hazardous 危险的、冒险的Header 联箱Heat 热、加热Heater 加热器Heating 加热Heat rate 热效率Heat soak 暖机Hertz HZ 赫兹Hesitate HESI 暂停、犹豫High 高的、高等的、高大的High pressure HP 高压High pressure heater HPH 高压加热器History 历史Historical date reporter HDR 历史数据报告Historical storage &retrieval unitHSR历史数据报告存储与检索单元Hold 保持Home 家、处所Hopper 漏斗、料斗Hori vib(vibration) 水平振动Horizontal 水平的、横式Horse power 马力Hose 软管、水龙带Hot 热的Hot air 热风Hot rh 再热（器）热段Hot start 热态启动Hot well 热水井Hour 小时Hp cyl cross pipe 高压缸短管Hp turb exh press 高压缸排汽压力Hybrid 混合物Hydraulic 液压Hydrogen 氢（H）Hydrogen purity 氢气纯度Hydrobin/ dewatering bin 脱水仓IIdiostaic 同电位的Idle 空载的、无效的Ignition light oil 轻油点火Ignition 引燃、电火Ignitor 电火器Ignore 忽视Illustrate 说明Impeller 推进器、叶轮Impedance 阻抗Import 进口、引入Impulse 脉冲、冲击、冲量Inch IN 英寸Inching 缓动、点动Income 进线Increase INC 增加Index 索引、指示Indicator 指示器Individual 单个的、独立的Inductive reactance 感抗Input/output I/O 输入／输出Induced draft fan IDF 引风机Inductance 电感Induction motor 异步电动机Industrial water 工业水Industry 工业Inflatable seal 充气密封Inhibit 禁止Initial 最初的Inlet 入口Input group 输入组Insert 插入Inside 内侧、内部Inspection 观察、检查Install 安装Inspection hole 检查孔、人孔Installed capacity 装机容量Instantaneous 即时的、瞬时的Instantaneous power 瞬时功率Instruction 说明书、指南、指导Instrument 仪器精品文档Instrument panel 仪表盘Insulate 绝缘、绝热、隔离Insulator 绝缘子Intake 输入端、进线Integer 整数Integral 积分Intensity 强度Interpole 换向板Inter-stage extraction 中间抽头Interface 接口Interference 干扰、干涉Interlock 联锁Intermediate 中间的Internal 内部的Interrogation 质问、问号Interrupt 中断Interval 间隔Interlock auto on 联锁投自动Inverter 逆变器、反向器、非门Invoice INV 发票、发货单、托运Intermediate pressure IP 中压Intermediate relay 中间继电器Invalid 无效的、有病的Investment 投资Ion-exchange 离子交换器IP.cyl 中压缸Isolation 隔离Isolator 隔离、刀闸JJacking oil 顶轴油Jacking pump 顶轴泵Job 工作Jumper 跳线、跨接Junction box 接线盒KKey 键销、钥匙、键槽Keyboard 键盘Key library 键库Key switch 键开关Kilovolt-ampere KVA 千伏安Kink 弯曲、缠绕Knack 技巧、窍门、诀窍Knife-switch 闸刀开关LLabel 标号、标签Laboratory 实验室Labyrinth seal 迷宫密封Ladder 梯子、阶梯Ladder diagram 梯形图Lamp 灯、光源Large platen LARGE PLT 大屏Last 最后的Latch 止动销、挂闸、插锁Leak 泄漏（动词）Leakage 泄漏（名词）Left 左Length 长度Level 液位、水平Lifebelt 安全带、保险带Lift 提、升Light 光亮、点、点燃、照亮Lightning 雷电Light run 空转Lightning arrestor 避雷器Limit LMT 极限、限制Limiter 限制器、限位开关Line 线、直线Line impedance 线路阻抗Lining 衬层、内衬Linkage 连杆List 列表Liter 公升Ljungstrom trisector airpreheaters容克式空预器Load 负荷Load demand compute LDC 负荷指令计算Load impedance 负荷阻抗Load limit 负荷限制Load rejection 甩负荷Load shedding 甩负荷Loading 加负荷Load thrown on 带负荷Local 局部Local attendant 现场值班员Local repair 现场检修Local start 就地启动Local stop 就地停止Location 处所、位置Lock 闭锁、密封舱、固定Logger 记录器、拖车Logic 逻辑Long 长Loop 环、回路Loss 损失、减少精品文档Loss of excitation 励磁损失Loss of phase 失相Low 低Low press LP 低压Low press heater LPH 低压加热器Low-half 下半Lower 较低的、降低Lower heating value 低位发热量Low pressure cylinder LPC/LP CYL 低压缸Low temperature superheater LT SH 低温过热器Lub oil 润滑油Lub oil pump 润滑油泵Lubricate LUB 润滑MMagenta 品红色Magnet 磁Main主要的/主蒸汽的/电力网Main oil tank 主油箱Main screen 主屏Main steam 主蒸汽Main transformer 主变压器Maintenance 维护、检修、小修Maintenance manual 检修手册Major overhaul 大修Make up 补充（补给）Makers works 制造厂Malfunction 出错、误动、失灵Management 管理、控制、处理Manhole 人孔、检查孔、出入孔Manifold各式各样的联箱、集气管Manometer 压力表Man-machine interaction 人机对话Manual 手动、手册Manual reject MRE 手动切换Manual/Auto station M/A STATION 手动／自动切站Mark型号、刻度、标志、特征Mass memory 大容量存储器Master 主要、控制者Master control room 主控室、中央控制室Master fuel trip MFT 主燃料跳闸Maximum 最高的、最大Maximum continue rate MCR 最大连续率Mechanocaloric 热机的Mean 平均值、中间的Mean water level 平均水位Measure 量度、测量Mechanical 机械的、力学的Mechanical trip vlv 机械跳闸阀Mechanism 机械、力学、方法Medial 中间的、平均的Mediate 间接的、调解Medium 装置、介质、工质Megawatt 兆瓦Memory 存储Metal 金属Meter 集量器、仪表、米Meter switch 仪表开关Method 方法、规律、程序Method of operation 运行方式Mica 云母Mica dielectric 云母电介质Microcallipers 千分尺Microphone 麦克风、话筒Middle MID 中间的Middle-temperature rh MT RH 中温再热器Mill 磨、磨煤机、铣刀Minimum 最小的Minor overhaul 小修Minus 减、负号Minus phase 负相位Minute 分钟Miss operation 误动作、误操作Miss trip 拒跳闸Mistake 错误、事故Mixed bed 混床Mixture 混合物Man-machine interface MMI 人机接口Modem 调制解调器Modify 修改Modulating control 调节控制Modulating valve 调节阀Module 模件Moisture 湿度、湿汽Monitor 监视器、监视Monoxide 一氧化物Month 目Motor MTR 马达Motor control center MCC 马达控制中心Motor winding 电动机组绕组Mouldproof 防霉的Mount 安装、固定Mountain cork 石棉Mouse 鼠标Move 移动Multidrop 多站Multispeed 多速精品文档Mult-multi 多、多倍Multimeter 万用表Multiplication 乘Multivibrator 多谐振荡器NName 名、名字Natural 自然的Naught line 零线Needlepoint vlv 针阀Negative 负的Negative pressure NEG PRESS 负压Neon tester 试电表Net ratine/net output 净出力Network 网络Neutral line 中性线Neutral 中性的Neutral point 中性点Next 其次的Night shift 夜班Nipper 钳子、镊子Noise 噪音No-loading 空载Nominal 标称的、额定的Nominal power 额定功率Nominal rating 标称出力、额定出力Non-return vlv 逆止线Non-work 非工作的Normal 正常的、常规的Normal closed contact 常闭触点Normal makeup wtr 正常补水Not available 无效、不能用No touch relay 无触点继电器Non-work pad / n-work pad 非工作瓦Nozzle 喷嘴Number 数字、号码、数目Number of turns 匝数Nut 螺母、螺帽OOccur 发生Odd 奇数Office 办公室Oil 油Oil breaker 油开关Oiler 注油器Oil fuel trip OFT 油燃料跳闸Oil gun 油枪Oil immersed natural 油浸自然冷却coolingOil purifier 油净化装置On-line 在线、联机的On-load test 带负荷试验On/off 开／关Onset 开始、发作Open 开、打开Open-air 露天的、开启的Open-loop 开环Open work 户外作业Operating panel 操作盘Operation 操作、运行Operational log 运行记录Operator 操作员Operator keyboard 操作员键盘Operator station 操作员站Operator's alarm console 操作员报警台Optimal 最优的、最佳的Optimal value 最佳值Optional 可选的Option switch 选择开关Orifice plate 孔板Original 初始的、原始的Oscillator 振荡器Oscilloscope 示波器Out 出、出口Outage 停用Out-of-service 为投入运行的Outlet 出口Output 产量、产品、输出Output group 输出组Outside 外边、外面Over current 过流Over load 过负荷Overload protection 过载保护Overall design 总体设计Over voltage 过压Overflow 溢流Overflow vlv station 溢流阀门站Overhaul 大修Overhaul life 大修间隙Overhead 顶部Overhead line 架空线Override 超越Overspeed 超速Overspeed trip 超速跳闸精品文档Overview 概述、总述Own demand 厂用电量Oxide film 氧化膜、氧化层Oxygen 氧PPackage 组件、包Packed group 组合组Pad 瓦、衬垫Page 页Panel 屏、盘Parameter 参数Part 部分、部件Part per million PPM 百万分率Password 口令Path 路线Peak 峰值Peak load 峰值负荷Pendant 悬吊Pendant pull switch 拉线开关Penthouse 顶棚Penumatics 汽动装置Percent PCT 百分数Percentage 百分比Perfect 完全的、理想的Perfect combustion 完全燃烧Performance 完成、执行、性能Performance calculation 性能计算Performance curve 性能曲线Periodic 周期的、循环的Periodic inspection 定期检查Peripheral 周围的Peripheral equipment 外围设备Permanent 永久的、持久的Permanent magneticgenerator永磁发电机Permit 允许Permit to work 允许开工Petrol 汽油Phase PH 阶段、状态、方面、相Phase angle 相角Phase-failure protection 断相保护Phase not together 缺相、失相Phase sequence 相序Phase-in 同步Piezometer 压力计Pitch coal 烟煤Pid drawing 流程图Pilot 导向、辅助的、控制的Pilot bearing 导向轴承Pipe 管、管道Pitch 投、掷、节距、螺距Plan 计划Plant 工场、车间Plant load factor 电厂负荷因数Plastics 塑料Platen 台板、屏式Platen superheater PLT SH 屏式过热器Plug 塞子、栓、插头Plug socket 插座Plunger 柱塞、滑阀Plunger pump 柱塞泵Plus 加Plyers 钳子、老虎钳Pneumatic 气动的Point 点Point database 测点数据库Point directory 测点目录Point name 测点名Point record 测点记录Point field 泡克区Phase voltage 相电压Pole 机、柱Policher 除盐装置Pollution 污染Pop valve 安全阀、突开阀Portion 一部分Position POS 位置Positive 确定的、正的、阳性的Potable water 饮用水Potential transformer PT 电压互感器Pound LB 磅Power PWR 功率、电源Power factor 功率因子Power plant 电厂Pre-alarm 预报警PrecipitatorPRECI/PRECIP除尘器Preheat 预热Pre light 预点火Preliminary 准备工作Present 出现Preset 预设、预置精品文档Pressure PRES 压力Primary 初级的、一次的Primary air 一次风Primary air fan PAF 一次风机Primary superheater 低温过热器Primary grid substation 主网变电站Prime 首要的Printer 打印机Principle 原理、原则Priority 优先级、优点Probe 探头Process 过程、方法Processing time 处理时间Program 程序Programmable 可编程的Programmable logicalcontrollerPLC 可编程逻辑控制器Prohibit 禁止Proportional / integral /derivativePID 比例／积分／微分Protection PROT 保护Protection bolt 危急遮断器飞锤Protection ring 危急遮断器飞环Protocol 规约（数据通信）Potential transformer PT 电压互感器Psig磅／平方英寸（表压力）Psia磅/平方英寸(绝对压力) Puffer breaker 压力式断路器Pulse 脉冲、脉动Pulverizer PULV 磨煤机Pump 泵Punch 冲床、冲压机Purge 净化、吹扫Purifier 净化器Purify 纯度Purpose 目的、用途Push and pull switch 推拉开关Push button 按钮Put into operation 投入运行Pyod 热电偶Pyrology 热工学QQ-line Q 线Quad 回芯组线Quality 质量Quartz 石英、水晶Query 询问、查询Quick 快Quicksilver 水银、汞Quick open 快开Quit 停止、离开、推出RRack earth 机壳接地Radial 径向的、半径的Radication 开方Radiator wall rh 壁式再热器Radiator 散热（辐射）器Radiation fin 散热片Raise 升高Range 范围、量程Rap 敲打Rap device （除尘器）振打装置Rapid charge 快速充电Rated 额定的、比率的Rated conditions 额定条件Rated power 额定功率Ratio 比率Raw material 原材料Ray 光线、射线Reactance 电抗、反作用Reactive capacity 无功容量Reactive power 无功功率Read out 读出、结果传达Ready 准备好Real power 有效功率Real time 实时的Rear 后面Recall 重新调用、重查Receive tank 回收箱、接收箱Recipe 处方、配方Recire/Recycle damper 再循环挡板Recirculate 再循环Reclaim 再生回收Reclosing 重合闸Recommend 介绍、建议Recording 记录、录音、唱片Recovery 恢复、再生Recovery time 恢复时间Rectification 整流、检波、调整Rectifier 整流器Red 红色Reduction 还原、缩小、降低Redundancy 冗余、多余精品文档Reference REF 参考、参照、证明书Reflux 倒流、回流Region 地域、领域Register 寄存器Regulate 调节、控制Regulating stage 调节级Regulating valve 调节阀Reheater RH 再热器Relative REL 相对的Relative expansion 相对膨胀Relay 继电器Relay panel 继电器屏Release 释放Reliability 可靠的、安全的Relief去载、卸载、释放、解除Relieve valve 安全阀、减压阀Remote 遥远的、远方的Remote select 遥控选择Remote technical center RTC 遥控技术中心Renewal 更新、更换Repair 修理Repairer 修理工、检修工Repeat 重复、反复Replacement parts 备件、替换零件Request REO 请求Require 要求Reserve parts 备件Reserved 备用的Reset 复位Resistance 阻力、电阻Resonate 谐振、调谐Response 响应Responsibility 责任Retract 可伸缩的、缩回Retractable thermoprobe 可伸缩的温度探头Retrieval 可检索的、可追忆的Return 返回Return oil 回油Reverse power 逆功率Reverse rotation 反转Review 检查Rig 安装、装配、调整Right 右Right-of-way 公用线路Ring 环Roller 辊子Roof 顶、炉顶Root 跟Rotary switch 转换开关Rotating 旋转Rotating joint 液压联轴器Rotor 转子Routine 例行的、日常的Routing inspection 日常检查、日常检测Routing maintenance 日常维护Run 运行Run back 返回Rundown 迫降Running conditions 运行情况Running current 工作电流Running in 试运行、试转Running/operation overhaul 临时检修SSafe安全的、可靠的、稳定的Safe potential 安全电压Safety 安全Safety cap 安全帽Safety measure 安全措施Safety rules 安全规程Safety valve 安全线Sample 取样、举例Sampler 取样器Saturate 饱和Saturate condition 饱和条件、饱和状态Saturated steam SAT STM 饱和蒸汽Scale 铁锈水垢Scan 扫描Schedule 时间表、计划表Schematic 图解的、简图Scoop 勺管Scr controller 屏幕控制器Screen 屏幕Screw 螺杆、螺丝Screwdriver 螺丝刀Scroll 滚屏Sea 海Seal 密封Seal air 密封风Sealing gland 密封盖精品文档Seal oil 密封油Seal steam SEAL STM 密封蒸汽Search 寻找、查找Seawater 海水Second 秒、第二Second air SEC AIR 二次风Secondary 二次的Seep 渗出、渗漏Seepage 渗漏现象Select 选择Self 自己、自我、本人Self-hold 自保持Self-running 自启动Sensor 传感器Sensitive 灵敏器Sensitiveness 灵敏性Separator 分离器Sequence 顺序、序列Sequence of emergence SOE 事故追忆Sequential control system SCS 顺序控制系统Series-longitudinal layout 串联纵向布置Service 服务、伺服Service power 厂用电Servomotor 伺服电机Set 设定Setpoint 设定点Set up 安装、调整、建立Severity 刚度、硬度、严重Sewage treatment 废水处理Shadow 影子、屏蔽Shaft 轴、烟囱Shaft seal 轴封Shake 摇动、振动Shakeproof 防振Shaft 轴、手柄、矿井Shaped 形状Share 共享、分配Share memory 共享存储器Sheet 表格、纸张Shell 壳Shield 屏蔽层Shift 值、替换Shift charge engineer 值班工程师Shoe 推力瓦Shortage of water 缺水Short circuit 短路Shot 发射、冲击、钢粒Shunt reactor 并联电抗器Shut off 关闭Shutdown 停止、停机Siccative 干燥剂Side 侧边Sidewall 侧墙Sifter 筛子、滤波器Signal 信号Signal lamp 信号等Sign 标记、注册Significance 意义、有效Silence 消音、沉寂Silicon SI 硅Silicon stack 硅堆Silo 灰库Single 单个的、个体的Station interface module SLM 站接口模件Simple 单纯的、简单的Similar 同样的、类似的Simulator 仿真机Single blade switch 单刀开关Sinusoid 正弦曲线Site 现场Site commissioning test 现场投运方式Size 尺寸、大小Size of memory 存储量Sketch 图纸、草图Skin effect 集肤效应Skip 空指令、跳跃Slag 结垢Sliding key 滑销Sliding press mode 消压方式Sluiceway 水沟Slurry 灰浆Smoke 烟、冒烟Smokes-stack 烟囱Smooth 平滑的、光滑的Socket 插座Soft 软的、柔软的Software 软件Solenoid SOLN 螺线圈Solid 固体Sootblower 吹灰、吹灰器Sound detection 声音探测Source 源、电源Spanner 扳手Spare 备用的、空余的精品文档。
电气自动化专业英语词汇
电气自动化专业英语词汇电气自动化专业英语比较常见的有关词,cylinder 汽缸stopper 死档forklift 叉车chain链条flowchart 流程图pulse frequency modulation control PFMpulse width modulation control PWMtime blet同步带spare parts,buffer备件pneumatic 气动electomechanical机电的solenoid 线圈motor 电机valve 阀DD motor 直驱电机(圆盘电机)LIM linear induction motor直线电机SM(servo motor)伺服电机conveyor 传送带inverter 变频器RFID(radio frequency identification)射频识别系统sensor 传感器photoelectric sensor 光电开关light curtain光幕proximity sensor接近开关barcode 条形码barcode reader条码识别器anti-vibration抗震anti-static 抗静电cable tires ,nylon strip(尼龙扎带)电缆扎带wiring duct,wire trough线槽cableveyor电缆拖链optical fiber sensor 光纤传感器optical fiber amp光纤放大器cable marker电缆线号OOBA 开箱检查PLC MAIN BASE plc主基板solt 插槽backboard bus 背板总线POWER SUPPLY MODULE电源模块battary 电池motion module位置模块DC INPUT MODULE DC输入模块DC OUTPUT MODULE DC输出模块anolog output module模拟量输出模块anolog input module模拟量输入模块 ETHERNET MODULE以太模块CONNECTOR 连接器terminal resistance终端电阻remote i/o 远程i/ofiber cable 光缆touch panel触摸屏adapater适配器servo amplifer伺服放大器encoder cable 编码器电缆rotating transformer旋转变压器motor power plug电机电源插头barker plug制动器插头speed contorler速度控制器breaker,no-fuse breaker,断路器magnatic contactor接触器overload relay热继led indicator light led指示灯emergency button急停按钮selector switch选择开关realy继电器timer定时器counter计数器filter滤波器ball screw滚柱丝杠terminal block 接线端子排terminal piece终端片symbol bar标志条 multilayer sound and light signal lamp多层式声光信号灯buzzer 报警器wire beezer 线鼻子heat shrinkoing tubing热缩管nylon flexible conduit,polyamide tubing波纹管flecible cable曲挠电缆electronic ballast电子镇流器sheathed control cable屏蔽控制电缆horsepower马力slip转差率SSR(Solid State Relay)固态继电器gain增益power frequency工频harmonic谐波air knife风刀anodizing阳极化DI Water去离子水BJ(bubble jet)二流体exhaust 排气drain排水humidity湿度RH 相对湿度perssure压力temperature温度negatibe pole负极positive pole正极common 公共端source 原极sink 漏极FFU(fan filter unit) 风扇过滤单元intensity,绝缘体conductor导体tact time节拍life time寿命NG(no good)不良品OKREWORK再生laminator,coat,贴膜vaccum真空absolute encoder绝对值编码器ABS absolute position绝对位置INC increase pisition 增量位置velocity速度accelerated time加速时间decelare timeanalog to digital convertet A/Dantenna 天线acceleration加速度stroke 行程bolt螺栓bolt holebypass 旁路interpolation插补100baseT 双绞线电缆相连速率100mbpsthreshole灰度值tolerance容忍度TBD 待决定capacitor电容有功active powerreactive power 无功lower limit 上限upper limit 下限CIM computer integration manufacturing电脑整合制造FA factory automation工厂自动化DIW DE-Ionized Water去离子水UPW Ultra-pure Water超纯水clean room洁净室HEPA high efficient particulate air filter高效粒子空气过滤MGV manual guided vehicle 人力搬运车AGV automatic guided vehicle 自动搬运车IR infra-red 红外线recipe配方maintenance维护exposure 曝光cleaner清洗机etcher蚀刻机plasma等离子vent 破真空CDA compressed dry air压缩干燥空气scribe切割break 掰断grind研磨aligment对位,定位line reactor 进线电抗器tap分接头power factor功率因数no-load空载full load满载lighting光源lens镜头caramer摄像机frame grabber影像采集卡AOI automatic optical inspection自动光学检验line-scan线性扫描,线阵area-scan面阵WD 工作距离Back light 逆光、背光自动聚焦Depth of field 景深pass:指的是用“视觉系统”对被测体进行检测之后的结果为正确。
技能认证船舶英语考试(习题卷1)
技能认证船舶英语考试(习题卷1)第1部分：单项选择题，共30题，每题只有一个正确答案,多选或少选均不得分。
1.[单选题]The IOPP Certificate is valid for ____.A)oneB)twoC)fourD)five答案:D解析:2.[单选题]The ETO is responsible for the maintenance and repair of all electrical and electronic equipment, installations and machinery. This does not include the_______.A)radioB)fire-fightingC)shipD)electronic答案:B解析:3.[单选题]Brushless generators are designed to operate without the use of _____.A)brushesB)slipC)commutatorsD)all答案:D解析:4.[单选题]The ______ can change an AC power source into a DC one.A)rectifierB)ransformerC)convertorD)invertor答案:A解析:5.[单选题]The Maritime Labour Convention, 2006, was issued by the _____.A)UNB)IMOC)ILOD)ITU答案:C解析:6.[单选题]Windows operating system is being accepted by more and more users, because of its simple andB)interfaceC)displayD)operation答案:B解析:7.[单选题]A ______ bulk carrier is the largest bulk cargo shipA)PanamaxB)handy-sizeC)capsizeD)Suezmax答案:C解析:8.[单选题]The distance between the bottom of the hull and the waterline is called _____.A)tonnageB)reserveC)draftD)freeboard答案:C解析:9.[单选题]The automatic voltage regulator is used to control the output voltage of the alternator at varying load conditions by_____.A)VaryingB)RegulatingC)SupplyingD)All答案:A解析:10.[单选题]The shortcut key used to paste is “control + ______”.A)CB)PC)VD)S答案:C解析:11.[单选题]The Digital Governor Unit of the AutoChief C20 is a (an) ______.A)mainB)dieselC)safetyD)emergency答案:B解析:12.[单选题]The switchboards for a.c. systems differ from the d.c. switch gear in that the open type panels are generally _____ and the dead-front switch gear is the common rule.C)noD)not答案:D解析:13.[单选题]The word "offset" most probably means ________.A)predeterminedB)measuredC)off-limitD)sustained答案:D解析:【注】offset：剩余偏差，调整偏差；sustained：维持的，持续的14.[单选题]The main generators are connected to _____.A)distributionB)sectionC)emergencyD)main答案:D解析:15.[单选题]Which of the following does not belong to deck machines?A)OilB)CargoC)Windlass.D)Hatch答案:A解析:16.[单选题]Which of the following statements is right?A)TheB)TheC)TheD)The答案:D解析:【注】当SART与EPIRB组合在一起时可以工作在自浮位置。
plc数据采集模块设计案例英语
plc数据采集模块设计案例英语PLC Data Acquisition Module Design Case.Introduction.In industrial automation systems, programmable logic controllers (PLCs) play a vital role in controlling and monitoring various processes. Data acquisition is an essential aspect of process monitoring and control, as it allows PLCs to collect and process data from sensors, actuators, and other devices in the system. To meet the specific requirements of different applications, custom data acquisition modules can be designed to providetailored functionality and performance.System Overview.Consider a manufacturing process that involves monitoring temperature, pressure, and flow rate at multiple points along the production line. To collect this data, aPLC-based system is employed, consisting of a central PLC and several remote I/O modules. Each I/O module is responsible for acquiring data from a specific set of sensors and transmitting it to the PLC for processing and control.Data Acquisition Module Design.The design of the data acquisition module involves several key considerations, including:Sensor Interface: The module must provide appropriate interfaces for connecting to the sensors used in the system. Common sensor interfaces include analog inputs (e.g., 4-20mA, 0-10V), digital inputs, and serial interfaces (e.g., RS-485).Signal Conditioning: Raw sensor signals often require signal conditioning to ensure compatibility with the PLC's input requirements. This may involve amplification, filtering, or converting analog signals to digital values.Data Acquisition: The module should employ appropriate data acquisition techniques to accurately capture sensor data. This may involve using analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), digital-to-analog converters (DACs), or specialized data acquisition chips.Communication: The module must have a reliable communication interface for transmitting acquired data to the PLC. Common communication protocols include Modbus, EtherCAT, and PROFINET.Power Supply: The module should be designed to operate from a suitable power supply, ensuring reliable operationin the industrial environment.Hardware Design.The hardware design of the data acquisition module involves selecting appropriate components and designing the circuit layout. The selection of components should consider factors such as accuracy, resolution, power consumption, and environmental tolerance. The circuit layout should beoptimized for signal integrity, noise immunity, and ease of assembly.Software Design.The software design of the data acquisition module includes writing firmware for the module's microcontroller. This firmware is responsible for initializing the module, configuring sensors, acquiring data, and transmitting it to the PLC. It should also implement error handling and diagnostic routines to ensure system reliability.Testing and Validation.Thorough testing and validation are essential to ensure the proper operation of the data acquisition module. This involves testing the module under various operating conditions, including different sensor inputs, communication scenarios, and environmental conditions. The validation process should verify that the module meets the specified requirements for accuracy, performance, and reliability.Benefits of Custom Data Acquisition Module.Designing a custom data acquisition module offers several benefits, including:Customization: The module can be tailored to meet the specific requirements of the application, ensuring optimal performance and functionality.Cost Optimization: Custom modules can often be designed more cost-effectively than off-the-shelf solutions that may not fully meet the application needs.Integration: The module can be seamlessly integrated with the PLC and other system components, reducing the complexity of the system architecture.Reliability: Custom modules can be designed to meet specific reliability requirements, ensuring uninterrupted operation in critical industrial environments.Conclusion.Custom data acquisition modules play a crucial role in PLC-based industrial automation systems. By carefully considering the system requirements, sensor interfaces, signal conditioning, data acquisition techniques, communication protocols, and hardware and software design, engineers can create tailored data acquisition solutions that meet the unique demands of their applications. These custom modules offer advantages in terms of customization, cost optimization, integration, and reliability, enabling efficient and effective process monitoring and control.。
外文翻译-基于PLC自动售货机控制系统设计
外文翻译-基于PLC自动售货机控制系统设计As our XXX。
XXX machines。
in particular。
XXX。
XXX optical。
mechanical。
and electrical components in order to n properly。
Furthermore。
vending machines have no space nsXXX.In order to design a vending machine control system that is reliable。
has a wide voltage range。
and is easy to program and maintain。
a PLC-based control system is mended。
This type of control system is ideal for vending machines as it can easily handle the complex tasks required for vending machine n.The PLC-based control system for a vending machine should include monitoring and control of all the machine's components。
including the power supply。
sensors。
motors。
XXX。
it should be able to handle real-time data processing and XXX external systems。
XXX.In terms of programming。
the PLC-based control system should be designed to be user-friendly and easy to modify as needed。
控制与自动化井口控制面板设计说明书
Lower most master valve will be manually operated, and the upper master valve is normally hydraulically actuated. The right most wing valve is called flow wing valve. Since it is in the flow path of hydrocarbons which are taken to production facilities it is also called production wing valve. The left hand wing valve is the kill wing valve which is used for the injection of fluids like corrosion inhibitors etc.
Fig.2:Block diagram of Well head control panel
i. Electrical sections This section supply the necessary electric power to generate the hydraulic power for the functioning of the entire system.
IJERTV5IS010492
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(This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.)
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Festo Didactic PLC软件(Step 7 Professional) - 1用户，La
LabVolt SeriesDatasheet PLC Software (Step 7 Professional) - 1 User592686 (46984-00)* The product images shown in this document are for illustration purposes; actual products may vary. Please refer to the Specifications section of each product/item for all details. Festo Didactic reserves the right to change product images and specifications at any time without notice.Festo Didactic en12/2023PLC Software (Step 7 Professional) - 1 User, LabVolt SeriesTable of ContentsGeneral Description_________________________________________________________________________________3 Manual___________________________________________________________________________________________3PLC Software (Step 7 Professional) - 1 User, LabVolt SeriesGeneral DescriptionThe PLC Software (Step 7 Professional) is a programming software that is required for programming Siemens programmable logic controllers.The WinCC Advanced development software is a Windows-based application suite, produced by Siemens, which simplifies the creation of graphic human-machine interfaces (HMI), such as operator interface solutions, to monitor and control machines and industrial processes.A completed application provided with WinCC can be used with a S7-1500 Siemens PLC and a 3531 System to perform process control experiments. The HMI database can be loaded directly on an Industrial PC. Your applications can also be designed to run on a computer.ManualDescription Manual numberHuman-Machine Interface (User Guide) ________________________________________________590101 (52601-E0)PLC Software (Step 7 Professional) - 1 User, LabVolt Series Reflecting the commitment of Festo Didactic to high quality standards in product, design, development, production, installation, and service, our manufacturing and distribution facility has received the ISO 9001 certification.Festo Didactic reserves the right to make product improvements at any time and without notice and is not responsible for typographical errors. Festo Didactic recognizes all product names used herein as trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders. © Festo Didactic Inc. 2023. All rights reserved.Festo Didactic SERechbergstrasse 373770 DenkendorfGermanyP. +49(0)711/3467-0F. +49(0)711/347-54-88500Festo Didactic Inc.607 Industrial Way WestEatontown, NJ 07724United StatesP. +1-732-938-2000F. +1-732-774-8573Festo Didactic Ltée/Ltd675 rue du CarboneQuébec QC G2N 2K7CanadaP. +1-418-849-1000F. +1-418-849-1666。
AutomationStudio在PLC控制液压系统教学中的应用
AutomationStudio在PLC控制液压系统教学中的应用摘要：本文以《液压与气动技术》课程改革为背景，介绍AutomationStudio仿真软件的使用，突出它在该课程教学改革中的重要性，即学中做、做中学充分调动学生学习积极性，提高了教学质量。
关键词：AutomationStudio；液压与气动；教学改革1液压与气动技术教学改革《液压与气动技术》课程是机电类专业的必修核心课程，而对于高职院校的学生而言，这门课程学习起来有一定难度。
原因在于要想学好它，实践环节很重要。
AutomationStudio仿真软件的出现既解决了学校因缺少实训装置无法实训的问题，又以动画形式教学吸引学生的注意力，调动学生积极性。
2AutomationStudio仿真软件在PLC控制液压系统中的应用下面以某液压机床动力滑台为例阐述AutomationStudio仿真软件在PLC控制液压系统中如何应用。
该液压系统原理图如图1所示，要求实现“快进→工进→快退→原位停止”。
当液压缸活塞杆碰到SQ2时，液压缸速度变慢进行工进。
当液压缸活塞杆碰到SQ3时，液压缸活塞缩回后退，如图3所示。
当液压缸活塞杆碰到SQ1时，液压缸停止工作。
整个仿真过程结束。
仿真时，液压缸活塞会随着液压油的不同流向进行伸出和缩回的动作；油路采用不同的颜色并配有箭头显示，红色表示进油路（高压侧），蓝色表示回油路（低压侧），箭头表示液压油流向。
这样可以很直观地观察到液压油的流向有利于学生理解油路走向；同时，电磁换向阀也会随着液压缸活塞运动状态的不同而改变工作位置。
这样有利于学生理解电磁阀对方向控制的作用；还有，PLC程序也会像打开了监控功能一样显示程序的实时运行状态。
这样有利于学生理解PLC程序对液压缸的控制作用。
AutomationStudio仿真软件除了能很直观地观察液压系统的运行状态，还可以对其参数进行修改。
比如对液压缸参数的设置，可以改变液压缸的几何尺寸和负载的大小，如图4所示，当然，还可对节流阀开度大小进行调整，以改变液压缸活塞运动速度等。