国际贸易英语商务英语
国际贸易中商务英语
国际贸易中商务英语International Business English in Global TradeIn today's globalized economy, the importance of effective business communication in English cannot be overstated. As companies expand their operations across borders, the ability to navigate the complexities of international trade has become a crucial skill. This essay will explore the significance of business English in the context of global trade, highlighting its role in fostering successful commercial relationships, facilitating cross-cultural understanding, and enhancing overall business performance.Firstly, proficiency in business English is essential for establishing and maintaining successful commercial partnerships in the international arena. When conducting negotiations, drafting contracts, or engaging in day-to-day business interactions, the use of clear, concise, and culturally appropriate English is paramount. Misunderstandings or miscommunications can lead to costly delays, strained relationships, or even the collapse of a deal. By mastering the nuances of business English, professionals can convey their ideas with clarity, negotiate effectively, and build trust with their international counterparts.Moreover, the ability to communicate effectively in English serves as a bridge between diverse cultures and business practices. In the global marketplace, companies often engage with partners from a wide range of cultural backgrounds, each with their own customs, norms, and communication styles. Proficiency in business English empowers professionals to navigate these cultural differences, fostering cross-cultural understanding and facilitating seamless collaboration. By demonstrating respect for cultural sensitivities and adapting their communication style accordingly, business leaders can forge stronger connections with their international partners, ultimately leading to more successful and long-lasting commercial relationships.In addition to its role in interpersonal communication, business English also plays a crucial role in the efficient exchange of information and the effective management of international operations. From drafting reports and proposals to interpreting financial data and navigating complex regulatory environments, the ability to communicate effectively in English is essential. By maintaining clear and concise documentation, professionals can ensure that critical information is accurately conveyed, enabling better decision-making and more efficient coordination across global teams.Furthermore, the importance of business English extends beyond the immediate needs of international trade. In an increasingly interconnected world, the mastery of this skill set can open up a wealth of opportunities for professional development and career advancement. Individuals who possess strong business English capabilities are often more sought after by multinational corporations, as they can contribute to the organization's global competitiveness and facilitate seamless communication with international stakeholders.In conclusion, the role of business English in the context of global trade cannot be overstated. From fostering successful commercial partnerships to enabling cross-cultural understanding and enhancing overall business performance, the ability to communicate effectively in English has become a vital asset for professionals navigating the complexities of the international marketplace. As the world continues to become more interconnected, the demand for individuals with proficient business English skills will only continue to grow, making it an essential component of any successful global business strategy.。
商务英语词汇大全文库
商务英语词汇大全文库一、国际贸易1. 进出口：Import / Export2. 贸易顺差：Trade Surplus3. 贸易逆差：Trade Deficit4. 自由贸易区：Free Trade Zone (FTZ)5. 关税：Tariff6. 世界贸易组织：World Trade Organization (WTO)7. 贸易壁垒：Trade Barrier8. 非关税壁垒：Non-T ariff Barrier (NTB)9. 贸易协定：Trade Agreement10. 区域经济一体化：Regional Economic Integration二、商务谈判1. 谈判：Negotiation2. 议价：Bargaining3. 报价：Quotation4. 还价：Counteroffer5. 合同：Contract6. 交货期：Delivery Date7. 支付方式：Payment Method8. 谈判策略：Negotiation Strategy9. 协商：Mediation10. 仲裁：Arbitration三、营销策略1. 市场调研：Market Research2. 目标市场：Target Market3. 产品定位：Product Positioning4. 品牌建设：Brand Building5. 促销策略：Promotion Strategy6. 广告宣传：Advertising Promotion7. 公共关系：Public Relations (PR)8. 市场细分：Market Segmentation9. 定价策略：Pricing Strategy10. 销售渠道：Sales Channel四、金融与投资1. 货币：Currency2. 外汇：Foreign Exchange (FX)3. 本币：Domestic Currency4. 外汇市场：Foreign Exchange Market (FX Market)5. 国际金融市场：International Financial Market (IFM)6. 投资组合：Portfolio7. 股票：Stocks8. 债券：Bonds9. 期货与期权：Futures & Options10. 对冲基金：Hedge Funds11. 风险投资：Venture Capital (VC)12. 私募股权投资：Private Equity (PE)。
自考05844国际商务英语(真题-翻译)
1有形贸易 visible trade visible trade 2无形贸易 invisible tradeinvisible trade3证券投资 Portfolio Investment portfolio investment 4大额存单 Certificate of depositcertificate of deposit 5管理合同 management contract management contract 6价值链 value chainvalue chain7承包生产 contract manufacturing contract manufacturing 8交钥匙工程 turnkey project turnkey project 9国民收入 national income national income 10人均收入 per capita income per capita income 11基础设施 infra structureinfra structure1213收入分布 income distribution income distribution 14债权国 creditor countrycreditor country15经济一体化 economic integration economic integration 16自由贸易区 free trade area free trade area 17关税税率 tariff rates tariff rates 18关税同盟 custom union custom union 19关税联盟 customs union customs union 20共同市场 common market common market 21主权国家 sovereign state sovereign state 22政治实体 political entity political entity 23行政机构 executive bodyexecutive body24欧盟委员会 European commission European commission 25部长理事会 council of ministers council of ministers 26多极化 multi-polarization multi-polarization27双部长会议 dual-Ministerial meeting dual-Ministerial meeting 28分委员会 Sub-committeeSub-committee 2930技术进步 technical improvements technical improvements 31自然资源 natural resources natural resources 32初级产品 primary commodities primary commodities 33绝对利益 absolute advantage absolute advantage 34比较利益 comparative advantage comparative advantage 35进口关税 import duty import duty 36出口关税 export dutyexport duty 37混税,复合关税 compound dutycompound duty3839税率表,税则 tariff schedule tariff schedule 40关税壁垒 tariff barriertariff barrier41非关税壁垒 non-tariff barrier non-tariff barrier 42运输工具 means of transport means of transport43古迹 places of historical interest places of historical interest 44货仓 cargo compartment cargo compartment 45关税区 customs area customs area 46从价税 advalorem dutiesadvalorem duties独立国家联合体 commonwealth of independent 国际经济环境 international economic environment 最惠国待遇 most-favoured nation (MFN) treatment47贸易术语 trade terms trade terms48贸易惯例 trading practices trading practices49商品交易会 trade fairs trade fairs50长途电话 trunk call trunk call51有效期 validity period validity period52还盘 counter offer counter offer53销售合同 sales contract sales contract54销售确认书 sales (purchase) confirmation sales (purchase) confirmation55缔约方/合约各方 contracting parties contracting parties56不可抗力 force majeure force majeure57货号 article number article number58棉布 cotton piece goods cotton piece goods59棉纱 cotton yarns cotton yarns60对销贸易 counter trade counter trade61欧洲支付联盟 European payment union European payment union62竞争性贬值 competitive devaluation competitive devaluation63加工贸易 processing trade processing trade64清算系统 clearing system clearing system65实际头寸 net positions net positions66贸易信贷往来帐户 trade credit accounts trade credit accounts67反向购买 counter purchase counter purchase68回购交易 buyback buyback69租赁贸易 leasing trade leasing trade70财务状况 financial standing financial standing71资信可靠情况 credit worthiness credit worthiness72分阶段付款 periodic payments periodic payments73预付现金 cash in advance cash in advance74汇票 draft / bill of exchange draft/bill of exchange75远期汇票 usance draft usance draft76跟单汇票 documentary draft documentary draft77提单 bill of landing bill of landing78货物所有权 title to goods title to goods79保险单 insurance policy insurance policy80跟单托收 documentary collection documentary collection81付款交单 documents against payment (D/P)documents against payment (D/P) 82承兑交单 documents against acceptance (D/A)documents against acceptance (D/A) 83光票 clean draft clean draft84开证银行opening bank opening bank85往来行 correspondence bank correspondence bank86通知行 advising bank advising bank87保兑行 confirming bank confirming bank88分批装运 partial shipment partial shipment89保兑信用证 confirmed letter of credit confirmed letter of credit90价格条款 price term price term91光票信用证 clean credit clean credit92非贸易结算 non-trade settlement non-trade settlement93可撤销信用证 revocable credit revocable credit94不可撤销信用证 irrevocable credit irrevocable credit95双重保障 double assurance double assurance96即期信用证 sight credit sight credit97远期信用证 usance credit usance credit98面值 face value face value99可转让信用证 transferable credit transferable credit100不可转让信用证 non-transferable credit non-transferable credit101无汇票信用证 non-draft credit non-draft credit102推迟付款 deferred payment deferred payment103循环信用证 revolving credit revolving credit104唛头 shipping marks shipping marks105被通知人 notify party notify party106货运收据 cargo receipt cargo receipt107发运港 port of shipment port of shipment108海关发票 custom invoice custom invoice109领事发票 consular invoice consular invoice110装船通知 shipping advice shipping advice111产品自然领域 natural product provinces natural product provinces112公共承运人 common carrier common carrier113契约承运人 contract carrier contract carrier114自有承运人 private carrier private carrier115中间产品 intermediate product intermediate product116制成品 finished products finished products117最大诚信原则 utmost good faith utmost good faith118货物原产地港口 port of origin port of origin119交货费用 forwarding charges forwarding charges导致损失的直接原因 proximate cause of the loss120121汇率 exchange rate exchange rate122金本位制 gold standard gold standard123平价 par value par value124储备货币 reversed currency reversed currency125清洁浮动 clean float (free float-自由浮动)clean float 清洁浮动 (free float 自由浮动) 126肮脏浮动 dirt float (managed float-管理浮动)dirt float 肮脏浮动 (managed float 管理浮动) 127(汇率)直接标价 direct quote direct quote128(汇率)间接标价 indirect quote indirect quote129买入价 buying rate buying rate130卖出价 selling rate selling rate131中间价 medial rate medial rate132大萧条 Great Depression great depression133特别提款权 special drawing right special drawing right134国际收支赤字 BOP deficit BOP deficit135国际收支盈余 favorable balance of payment favorable balance of payment136贴现率 discount rate discount rate137外汇管制 foreign exchange control foreign exchange control138游资 idle funds (hot money)idle funds (hot money)139世界银行集团 word bank group word bank group140资本市场 capital market capital market141优惠期 grace period grace period142私营经济 private sector private sector143股权投资 equity investment equity investment144经济结构调整 economic restructuring economic restructuring145投票权 voting power voting power146黄金份额 gold tranche gold tranche147备用(信贷)安排 standby arrangement standby arrangement148客户流动 customer mobility customer mobility149免税期 tax holiday tax holiday150合资企业 joint venture joint venture151绿地战略 the greenfield strategy the greenfield strategy152战略联合 the strategic alliance the strategic alliance153知识产权 intellectual property intellectual property154常务委员会 standing committee standing committee155证券交易所 stock exchange stock exchange156长期资本 long-term capital long-term capital157二级资本市场 secondary capital market secondary capital market158交易场地 market floor (trading floor)market floor (trading floor)159挂牌证券交易市场 listed market listed market160所得税 income tax income tax161平衡帐目 balance the books balance the books 公共部门借贷需求 the public sector borrowing requirement162163金边证券 gilt-edged stocks / securities gilt-edged stocks/securities164事业机构投资商 institutional investors institutional investors165期权 options options166套期保值 hedge hedge167具体事场 particular market area particular market area168普惠制 generalized system of preferences generalized system of preferences 169关税减让 tariff concession tariff concession170制度力量 institutional strength institutional strength171反贴补措施 counter-veiling measures counter-veiling measures172反倾销 anti-dumping anti-dumping173国民待遇 national treatment national treatment174关税配额 tariff quota tariff quota175充分就业 full employment full employment176公平贸易 fair trade fair trade177贸易条款 term of trade term of trade178免责条款 escape clauses escape clauses179行动纲领 action programme action programme180联合国大会 united nations general assembly united nations general assembly 181较不发达国家 less-developed countries less-developed countries182无差别待遇 non-discrimination principle non-discrimination principle183差别待遇 differential treatment differential treatment184贸易条件 terms of trade terms of trade185186特惠税 preferential customs tariffs preferential customs tariffs 187技术转让 transfer of technology transfer of technology188金融市场 financial market financial market189中期贷款 extended fund facility extended fund facility190双边谈判 bilateral negotiation bilateral negotiation191特约条款 special clause special clause192董事会 board of directors board of directors193生产方式 production approach production approach194可保利益 insurable interest insurable interest195缓冲库存贷款 buffer stock financing facility buffer stock financing facility 196跨国公司母公司 parent MNC parent MNC197记帐交易 open credit open credit198滚装滚卸范畴运输 roll-on and roll-off traffic roll-on and roll-off traffic199规模经济 economies of scale economies of scale200有价保单 valued policy valued policy201从量税 specific duty specific duty202业务范围 business line business line203基础设施 capital infrastructure capital infrastructure204布雷顿森林会议 the Bretton woods convention the Bretton woods convention 205保证金 margin margin206统一关税制度 uniform tariff system uniform tariff system207208209210211212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224电子数据交换EDI (Electronic Data Interchange)国内生产总值GDP (Gross Domestic Product)国民生产总值GNP (Gross National Product)购买力平价PPP (Purchasing Power Parity)增值税VAT (value added tax)国际经济新秩序 new international economic order石油输出国组织OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)东南亚国家联盟ASEAN (Association of SouthEast Asian Nations)北美自由贸易协定NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)多边投资担保机构MIGA (Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency)经济及社会理事会ECOSOC (economic social council)国际开发协会IDA (International Development Association)国际货币基金组织IMF (International Monetary Fund)经济合作与发展组织OECD (Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development)零库存 just-in-time delivery (JIT)自动出口限制VER (Voluntary Export Restriction)投资交易所RIE (Recognized Investment Exchange)国际复兴开发银行IBRD (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development)国际金融公司IFC (International Finance Corporation)。
国际贸易商务英语
国际贸易商务英语一、商务：what time would be convenient for you?你看什么时间比较方便？I'd like to suggest a toast to our cooperation.我想建议为我们的合作干一杯。
Here is to our next project!为我们下一个项目干杯！would you please tell me when you are free?请问你什么时候有空？gald to have the opportunity of visting your ompany and I hope to conclude some business with you。
很高兴能有机会拜访贵公司，希望能与你们做成交易。
what I care about is the quality of the goods.我关心的是货物的质量。
please have a look at those samples.请给我看一下那些样品。
I'd like to know any business connections abroad.我想多了解一些你们公司。
I would be happy to supply samples and a price list for you.我很乐意提供样品和价格单给你。
can I have your price list?你能给我价格单吗？will you give us an indication of prices?你可以给我报一个指示性的价格吗？I am in charge of export business.我负责出口生意。
I'm thinking of ordering some of your goods.我正考虑向你们订货。
what about the prices?那价格方面怎么样？Let's call it a deal.好，成交！our product is the best seller.我们的产品最畅销。
国际商务英语
国际商务英语（5844）名词解释The theory of absolute advantage 绝对利益学说Free trade area 自由贸易区Creditor country 债权Quotation 报价单A counter-offer 还盘Consignment 寄售Bill of lading 提单invoice 发票Beneficiary 受益人Foreign exchange reserves 外汇储备foreign exchange control 外汇管制Agency agreement 代理合同/协议Business correspondence 商业信函Customs duties 关税Absolute quota 绝对配额承兑Gain progit 获利Futures trade 世界贸易化Knowledge industry 知识产业People’s Bank of China 中国人民银行Hague Rules 海牙规则Business reputation 商业信誉intellectual property 知识产权Packed of deal 一揽子交易CFR cost and freightCIF cost,insurance and freightexpertise 专家意见 expert knowledge or skill,esp.in a particular field; know-howGDP 国内生产总值 Gross Domestic ProductAssess 评定估定 to judge an amount or valueTap 轻打开发分接 to take what is needed from,to exploitTrade liberalization 贸易自由化 of trade, the act of government in lifting controls over imports and exports Tariff 关税 tax levied by the customsRevenue 收入 the total annual income of a stateInput 投入something that is put in businss operationSpecialization 专业化 to restrict one’s economic activities to certain particular fieldsMFN 最惠国 means most-favoured-nation which is a tariff treament.It is bilaterally given and provides for the lowest tariff in the tariffcode.Bisible trade it involves the import and export of goods.Immigrant remittance 移民汇款 it refers to the money sent back to home countries by people working in a foreign land.Tariff 关税 duties imposed on goods imported and exportedMaritme 近似的 xonnected with the sea or navigationClassification 分类 the arrangement of things by groupsContract 合同 is an agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant parties.Oral business negotiations 口头商业谈判 oral and written. The former refers to direct discussions conducted at trade fairs or by sending trade groups abroad or by inviting foreign customers.Force majeure 不可抗力 social or natural calamities that take place beyond the control of a contracting party Firm offer 实盘 an offer whose terms and conditions are binding on the offerer.Inflation 通货膨胀 rise in prices bruoght about by the excess demand, expansion of monye supply, credit etc. Fluctuation 波动 irregular movement of (prices,exchange rates etc.)Drawee 付款人 the person to whom a draft is drawn.Confirming bank 保兑银行 the bank that adds its own commitment to an L/C.Bill of exchange 汇票 written order drawn by the beneficiary on the bank for the purpose of payment.The invoice 商业发票 it is the general description of the quality and quantity of the goods and the unit and total price.Transportation 运输 is defined as the movement of freght and passengers from one location to another. Distribution 分配，发行 combination of related parts or elements accepted or rejected as a single unit. Insurance 保险 is a social device in which a group of individuals transfei risk and provides for payment of losses from funds contributed by all members who transferred risk.F.P.A.(free from particular average) 平安险 is a very limited cover confining the insurer’s liability,stectly speaking, to only total loss of the insured cargo,and partial loss of or damage to the cargo is answerable only where the carrying vessel is grounded,sunk or burnt.Regional economic integration is the loosest form of regard economic intergration in which members remove barrier to the flow of goods and services among themselves while each member still adopts its own policy as regardsto trade with outsiders.翻译：1) International business involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic business. 国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易，它涉及到许多因素，因而比国内贸易要复杂得多。
商务英语词汇术语
最惠国待遇
most-favorednationtreatment-MFNT
-------------------价格条件----------------------
价格术语tradeterm(priceterm)运费freight
单价price码头费wharfage
分三个月，每月平均装运inthreeequalmonthlyshipments
立即装运immediateshipments
即期装运promptshipments
收到信用证后30天内装运shipmentswithin30daysafterreceiptofL/C
允许分批装船partialshipmentnotallowedpartialshipmentnotpermitted
IMF(InternationalMonetaryFund)国际货币基金组织
CTG(CouncilforTradeinGoods)货币贸易理事会
EFTA(EuropeanFreeTradeAssociation)欧洲自由贸易联盟
AFTA(ASEANFreeTradeArea)东盟自由贸易区
JCCT(China-USJointCommissiononCommerceandTrade)中美商贸联委会
发盘(发价)offer
发实盘offerfirm
询盘(询价)inquiry;enquiry
指示性价格priceindication
速复replyimmediately
参考价referenceprice
习惯做法
交易磋商
不受约束
业务洽谈
usualpractice
职校学商务英语好还是国际贸易好
职校学商务英语好还是国际贸易好商务英语和国际贸易是两个相关但又有所不同的领域。
在职业学校学习商务英语带来了很多机会，而国际贸易也为我们提供了广阔的发展前景。
那么，是学习商务英语好还是学习国际贸易好呢？下面我将从就业前景、薪资待遇、个人兴趣和专业技能等方面进行比较。
首先，就业前景方面，学习商务英语的人可以在各种行业找到就业机会，因为商务英语作为一门实用型的语言课程，它覆盖了商业领域的各个方面，比如营销、市场调研、项目管理等。
而学习国际贸易的人则更加专注于跨国贸易和国际市场，他们更容易在跨国公司、进出口公司和海关等行业找到工作。
从就业市场需求来看，学习商务英语的人更加灵活多样，就业前景较广。
其次，从薪资待遇来看，学习商务英语的人可以在各个行业中找到从事高薪职位的机会。
商务英语能力在全球化的商业环境中是非常重要的一项技能，因此那些能够流利地使用商务英语的人往往能够获得更高的薪资水平。
而学习国际贸易的人，由于其专业性更强，可能在进出口公司或者跨国公司中获得更高的薪资。
总体而言，商务英语和国际贸易都可以提供相对较好的薪资待遇，但商务英语可能更加多样化。
此外，个人兴趣也是选择学习方向的重要因素。
如果你对国际贸易充满兴趣，喜欢研究国际市场和贸易规则，那么学习国际贸易可能更适合你。
而学习商务英语可以让你具备更广泛的应用场景，适合那些对商业和市场感兴趣的人。
个人兴趣和爱好也是决定学习方向的重要因素。
最后，就专业技能而言，学习商务英语可以使你获得更广泛的商业技能。
商务英语学习过程中，你将学习如何撰写商业邮件、进行商务谈判、组织会议、进行市场调研等等。
这些技能将使你在各种商业场景下更加熟练地与人沟通和交流。
而学习国际贸易将使你深入了解跨国贸易的流程和规则，具备相关的贸易和进出口知识。
这些技能对于从事贸易或者相关行业的人是非常重要的。
因此，根据个人的兴趣和职业规划，你可以选择更适合自己的专业技能的学习方向。
综上所述，学习商务英语和国际贸易都有各自的优势。
国际贸易英语单词大全
国际贸易英语单词大全以下是一些与国际贸易相关的英语单词，供您参考。
这个列表可能无法覆盖所有的词汇，但包括了一些常见和重要的术语。
Export（出口）Import（进口）Trade（贸易）Tariff（关税）Customs（海关）Invoice（发票）Bill of Lading（提单）Quotation（报价）Contract（合同）Shipping（装运）Freight（货运）Port（港口）Container（集装箱）Incoterms（国际贸易术语）Exchange Rate（汇率）Payment Terms（付款条件）Letter of Credit（信用证）Inspection（检验）Customs Clearance（清关）Trade Agreement（贸易协定）Balance of Trade（贸易差额）Commodity（商品）Market Access（市场准入）Dumping（倾销）Subsidy（补贴）Embargo（禁运）Sanctions（制裁）Free Trade Zone（自由贸易区）Trade Barrier（贸易壁垒）Trade Surplus（贸易顺差）Trade Deficit（贸易逆差）Gross Domestic Product (GDP)（国内生产总值）Trade Bloc（贸易集团）World Trade Organization (WTO)（世界贸易组织）North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)（北美自由贸易协定）European Union (EU)（欧盟）Customs Union（关税同盟）Duty-Free（免税）International Trade Law（国际贸易法）Market Research（市场调研）Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)（知识产权）Patent（专利）Trademark（商标）Copyright（版权）Trade Dispute（贸易争端）Trade Facilitation（贸易便利化）Supply Chain（供应链）E-commerce（电子商务）Bilateral Trade（双边贸易）Multilateral Trade（多边贸易）。
商务英语阅读_Unit 4国际贸易基础
Exclusive Sales Agreement The exporter may sign
an exclusive sales agreement with an importer abroad. He may also set up his own branch office and employ his own sales organization abroad. He may act through a subsidiary company which is established under the laws of the foreign country in question. Or, he may combine with other traders in a joint selling organization (or joint venture), a consortium or an export group. Agency Arrangements The exporter enters into direct relations with the customers abroad, by means of a contract procured and conducted on behalf of the exporter by a representative who resides abroad and is not his employee. The remuneration of the representative or independent agent is usually based upon a commission on the purchase price of the exports.
国际经济与贸易(商务英语)主修课程
国际经济与贸易(商务英语)主修课程国际经济与贸易(商务英语)专业的主修课程通常包括国际贸易、国际金融、国际贸易法、市场营销、国际物流、跨境电商等。
一、主修课程1.国际贸易这门课程主要介绍了国际贸易的基本理论和实践，包括比较优势理论、国际贸易壁垒、国际市场准入等。
通过学习，学生将理解国际贸易的基本原理，掌握分析贸易政策和贸易数据的能力，并了解全球贸易趋势和问题。
2.国际金融这门课程涵盖了国际货币体系、国际收支平衡、汇率机制、国际投资等主题。
学生将学习如何理解和分析国际金融市场，掌握外汇交易、国际信贷等技能，并了解国际金融政策和监管。
3.国际贸易法这门课程介绍了国际贸易相关的法律和法规，包括关税、非关税壁垒、跨国合同、知识产权保护等。
通过学习，学生将理解国际贸易法的原则和实践，能够分析和解决贸易纠纷，并了解国际贸易中的法律风险。
4.市场营销这门课程介绍了市场营销的基本理论和实践，包括市场调研、消费者行为、产品定价、促销策略等。
通过学习，学生将掌握市场分析的能力，了解如何制定有效的营销策略，并能够在国际市场中成功地进行产品推广和销售。
5.国际物流这门课程介绍了国际物流管理的基本理论和实践，包括供应链管理、运输、仓储、海关合规等。
通过学习，学生将了解如何组织和规划国际物流运作，掌握物流成本管理和绩效优化的技能，并能够应对国际贸易中的物流挑战。
6.跨境电商这门课程主要介绍了跨境电子商务的基本理论和实践，包括跨境电商平台操作、网络营销、支付结算、物流配送等。
通过学习，学生将了解跨境电商的运营模式和市场趋势，掌握跨境电商平台的操作技能，并能够在跨境电商领域开展业务和创新。
二、重点难点这些课程的重点和难点因学科而异。
一般来说，国际贸易和国际金融课程需要学生理解和应用较为复杂的概念和模型；国际贸易法和市场营销课程需要学生具备较高的分析和批判性思维能力；国际物流课程需要学生理解和掌握复杂的供应链管理和物流运作知识；而跨境电商课程则需要学生具备跨学科的知识和技能，包括电子商务、国际贸易、外语等。
国际商务英语
国际商务英语一、汉译英1、国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易，它涉及到许多因素，因而此国内贸易要复杂得多。
International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. It involves more factors and thus is more complicated than, domestic business.2、有形贸易是指将在一国生产或制造的商品，出口或进口到另一国消费或转售。
Visible trade refers to exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in an-other.3、外国直接投资，简称FDI。
投资者通过控制其投资在他国的企业和资产获得回报。
Foreign direct investments of FDI for short is made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in a host country.4、国民生产总值指一个经济体凭借其居民拥有的资产和劳动力所生产的货物和服务的市场价值。
GNP refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy.5、日本和中国是重要贸易伙伴，两国经济互补，又是一衣带水的近邻。
中日贸易关系对两国都有重要的意义。
With mutually complementary economy, Japan and China are major trade partners, and the two countries are close neighbours separated only by a strip of water. Sino-Japanese relations are therefore of great importance to both countries.6、加拿大和美国有很长的共同边境，而且大部分加拿大居民居住在边境地区。
05844国际商务英语国际商务英语商务术语总结
05844国际商务英语国际商务英语商务术语总结05844国际商务英语国际商务英语商务术语总结Lesson11.Customsarea关税区:2.Conversion货币兑换3.Visibletrade有形贸易: The form of modity trade,i.e.exportingand importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another.(including cash transaction-by means of money and market, and counter trade) 4.Invisibletrade无形贸易: The form of transportation, munication, banking,insurance, consulting, information etc.is called invisible trade or service industries.5.FDI外国直接投资:Foreign direct investments.Returnsthrough controlling the enterprises or assetsinvested in a host country./P.256.Onecountry acquires assets in a foreign country for the purpose of controlling and managing them.6.Portfolioinvestment证券投资: Purchases of foreign financial assets fora purpose other than controlling.7.Stocks股票:Capital stocks or bonds.8.Bonds债券:The papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the money lent or invested together with interest.9.Maturity（票据等）到期10.Certificateof deposit大额存单11.Licensing许可经营:In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country.They choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to stat business, and can simply receive ine in the form of royalty.12.Franchising特许经营:Under franchising, franchisee is allowed to operatein the name of another, franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty.13.TradeMark商标14.Patent专利15.Royalty专利（许可）使用费，版税16.Copyright版权17.Licenser许可方18.Licensee被许可方19.Franchiser特许方:A firm who provides the franchisee with trademarks, brand ,names, logos and operating techniques for royalty.20.Franchisee被特许方:A firm is allowed to operate in the name of another.21.Managementcontract管理合同: Under a management contract, one panyoffers managerial or other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat payment ora percentage of the relevant business volume.22.Valuechain价值链23.Turnkey project“交钥匙”工程: For aninternational turnkey project, a firm signs a contractwith a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing, contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon pletion.24.建设、经营和移交:Build,Operate, Transfer25.Expertise专门知识26.Bonus红利、奖金、津贴27.Royalty 许可使用费28.Internationalinvestment国际投资: Supplying capital by residents of one country to another.29.Contractmanufacturing承包生产 30.GATT关贸总协定:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade31.Internationalbusiness国际商务: Transaction between parties from different countries.Sometimesbusiness across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export.32.Intellectual property知识产权 33.Oildeposit: 石油储备 =oil reserves 34.thereserves of natural resources 自然资源储备35.Personaladvancement个人的晋升，个人素质的提高以及个人事业的进步等。
05844 自考国际商务英语复习资料
05844 自考国际商务英语复习资料lesson 1 International Business1.International business国际贸易Transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes business across the borders ofdifferent customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export.2.Visible trade有形贸易The form of commodity trade. i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one countryfor consumption or resale in another.3.Invisible trade无形贸易The form of service trade. i.e. transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc.4. Franchise特许An arrangement by which an monopoly producer or owner gives another permission for the exclusive right to manufacture or sell the products in a certain area.Franchising特许经营A special form of licensing. A firm, called the franchisee, is allowed to operate in the name of another, called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logo, and operating techniques for royalty.5. Licensor 给予许可的人A person or a company granting a licenceLicensing许可经营/国际许可A firm lease the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. Such as trademarks, brand names, patents, copyright or technology.6. Non-tariff barrier非关税壁垒All forms of man-made obstructions to international trade other than tariffs, including prohibitions and quotas, etc.7. Portfolio证券The entire collection of investments in the form of stocks, bonds, or certificate of deposits for purposes other than controlling.8. Turnkey contract交钥匙工程One in which one of the parties agree to supply, at the contract price, a complete product ready for use, such as a new home, factory, ship, etc.9. Contract manufacturing承包生产A firm can concentrate on their strongest part in the value chain.11. Major differences between international business and domestic business.Ans: Differences in (1) legal system (2) currencies(3) cultural background:language, customs, traditions, religion, value, behavior etc.(4) natural and economic conditions,12. Major types of international businessAns: (1) trade : A. commodity trade B. service trade(2) Investment :(difference)A. foreign direct investment (FDI外国直接投资)(is made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in in a host country.)B. portfolio investment 证券投资(refers to purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling.)(3) other types: A. licensing & franchising(in comparison with the relation between the licenser and licensee, franchiserhas more control over and provide more support for the franchisee.)B. management contract &contract manufacturingC. turnkey project & BOT(making profit from operating the project for a period )13. Why do firms choose licensing as a means of entering a foreign market? Ans:(1) do not have to make cash payments to start business ;(2) receive income in the form of royalty;(3) benefit from locational advantages of foreign operation without any obligations in ownership ormanagement.14. Under what condition is management contract most applicable? Ans: When a government forbids foreign ownership in certain industries it considers tobe of strategic importance but lacks the expertise for operation. A foreign companyto operate in the industry without owning the assets.Lesson 2 Income Level and the World Market1. PPP购买力平价--purchasing power parityPurchasing power购买力 of persons, the public, having the money to buy goods and services.2.Recipient接受者 a person or an organization etc. that receives something.3. Infrastructure基础设施large-scale public services, such as water and power supplies, road, rail and radio communications,etc. Needed to support economic activity, esp.industry, trade and commerce.4. GNP---refer to the market value of goods and services produced by the property andlabor owned by the resident of an economy.(国民生产总值)(focuses on ownership of the factors of production)GDP---refer to the market value of all goods and services produced within thegeographic area of an economy.(国内生产总值)(concentrates on the place where production take place),5. Countries of the world are divided by the World Bank into 3 categories:(1) high-income countries (per capita income of $9,386 and above):A. OECD (the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)B. Rich oil producing countries of the Middle East (Kuwait, Saudi Arabia &Arab Emirates)C. Small-industrialized countries or regions (Israel, Singapore, HK and Taiwan)(2) middle-income countries (per capita income bellow $9,386 but above $765 )A. 6 OECD members ( Czech, Greece, Hungary, Mexico and Turkey )B. -a. Some Latin American countries-b. Some Asia countries (China, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand)-c. Some South African and oil-producing countries (Libya, Nigeria, Algeria)(3) low-income countries (per capita incomes of only $765 or even less)Include: most African countries, some Asia countries and a few Latin American countries.6. High-income countries often have :(1)good infrastructure (2)high purchasing power (3)advanced technology(4)efficient management(5)favorable environment for trade and investmentA. Offer prime markets for expensive consumer goodsB. Are both attractive sources and destinations of investment7. Low-income countries should not be neglected in international business activities:(1) lower-priced staple goods (2) cheap labor(3) are often rich in resources (4)market is something to be developed8. In what way, GDP&per capita income significant in assessing(评估)the potential of aparticular market:(1)GDP is important in market assessment for durable equipment耐用设备or bulk goods大宗货物, such as grain谷物, steel, or cement水泥. (indicates the overall size of an economy)(2)Per capita income is important when marketing consumer durables.(reveals the average incomelevel of consumers)9. China with a per capita income of over $1,100 is a middle-income countriesthough is was a low income countries just a few years ago.10. The best policy for China to develop business opportunities iswherever advantageous while keeping in mind the key markets.11. Triad ---refers to the 3 richest region of the world ( the United States, the EU and Japan).Quad- --extend the scope of Triad to include Canada and name the broadenedgrouping Quad.12.OECD (the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)经济合作发展组织headquarters in Paris, established in 1963, have 29members (23members are high-income countries& 6 middle-income countries).Lesson 3 Regional Economic Intergration1. Major objective of regional integrationTo better enjoy the benefit of free flow of goods, services, capital, labor and other resources, countries have signed various agreement to liberalize trade among themselves while putting up barriers toeconomic activities with non-members.,2. The characteristics of a common market(1)Free trade area自由贸易区members of a free trade removes barriers to the flow of goods and services among themselves while each member still adopts its own policy as regards to trade with outsiders.(different members may have different tariff rates or quota restrictions.)The most notable(largest market)free trade area is NAFTA (the North American Free Trade Agreement), formed by the United Stated, Canada, Mexico in 1991.(2)Customs union 关税同盟by adopting(采取)the same trade policy for all members toward countries outside their organization in addition to abolishing(废除)trade barriers among themselves.(It's impossible for non-members to get into the market of the customs union in a detour(以迂回方式)as they possibly do in the case of trade with a free trade area.)(3)Common market共同市场the European Community remained a common market for some years in the pastA. Free movement of goods and servicesB. Adoption of common external trade policyC. Free movement of the factor of production (such as labor, capital, and technology)It's hard to say individual members will always benefit, still less to expect them to enjoy the advantage of factor mobility to the same degree.(4)Economic union 经济同盟A. is characterized by integration of the domestic policies of its members in respect of economy,finance etc. in addition to absence of trade barriers, practice of common external policy and freeproduction factor mobility.(not only to harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies,etc.but also use the same currency. )B. the member countries are require to surrender some of their national sovereignty, which is erodingthe tradition of the world political system based on the autonomy and supreme power of sovereign states.3. The development of EU(the European Union)欧盟:1952---ECSC (the European Coal and Steel Community)For more ambitious integration efforts.1957---EEC (the European Economic Community)Treaty of Rome ---signedAim to realizing the free movement of goods, services, labor and capital as well asharmonization of economic policies of the member countries.1967---EC (the European community)became a ture common market as evisaged by --the Single European Actformed by emrging EEC, ECSC and EURATOM(the European Atomic Energy Community)1994---EU--the strength of the Maastricht Treaty---12members(6signatories of the Treaty of Rome :France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands and Luxemburg +1973. Britain, Island and Denmark + 1981. Greece + 1986.Spain and Portugal)1995---15members (+Austria, Finland and Sweden)1999---use the common European currency for accounting and settlement2002---euro banknotes and coin were put into circulation.,4. The EU is a full-fledged(齐全的) entity.---composed of 20commissioners overseeing 23departments in charge of different affairs.---the commissioners appointed by member governments, but the commissioners are responsible tothe Union instead of their home country.(1)The Council of Ministers is the most powerful institution.A. has the final say on all important mattersB. has the power to pass legislationC. decision are made by votes allocated to member countries on the basis of their size.D. different ministers attend the council meetings depending on the matters discussed.(2)The European Parliament is an advisory body with limited power.A. vote EU membership application and trade agreements with non-members.B. believed that will be more powerful in the future.5. APEC(the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) 亚太经合组织set up at the Ministerial Meeting held in Australian capital Canberra. 1991,attended by 12members.(1) 21members:all the major Pacific Rim countries and regions.(2) has a five-layer organization structureA. the Informal Meeting of Economic leaders---held annuallyB. the Dual-Ministerial Meeting ---attended by foreign ministers and ministers in chargeof foreign trade (excluding Chinese Taipei and HK)C.the Meeting for Ministers Responsible for TradeD.the Senior Officials Meetings(SOM)--attended by vice ministers, departmental directors or ambassadors to implement(执行) decisions by economicleaders and ministerial meeting.E.four subordinate committees under SOMmittee of Trade and Investmentb.Economic Committeec.Economic and Technical Cooperation Subcommittee of SOMd.Budget Management Committee(3)the tenet and objectives---(by the Seoul Declaration)" inter-dependence, mutual benefits, adhering to an open and multilateral trading system andreduction of regional trade barriers."(4)"the two wheels of APEC"(APEC co-operation concentrates on)A. trade and investment liberation and facilitation (TILF)B. economic and technical cooperation (ECOTECH)6.OPEC(the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)欧佩克--the most influential commodity cartel(account for 40%of the global oil production)(1)composed of 13members established in 1960 with headquarters at Vienna.(2)tried to limit the overall crude oil supply(原油供应) of the world for the purpose of maintaining higher oil prices.,Lesson 4 Economic Globalization1. Economic Globalization经济全球化 as a objective trend(1)The basic featurefree flow of commodity, capital, technology, service, :and information in the context for optimized allocation优化配置Major role:A. Giving new impetus动力 and providing opportunities to world economic development.B. Making the various economies more and more interdependent相互依赖and interactive相互影响.(2)The pros and cons: different countries and peoples do not enjoy balanced benefitsA. enables countries benefit from the boom of other countriesB. makes them more vulnerable to the adverse events across the globe.the best policy for us isto follow the trend closely, availing 利用the opportunities it offer todevelop ourselves and avoiding its possible impacts.2. Multinational enterprise (MNE)跨国企业A business organization which owns (whether wholly or partly), controls and manages assets, oftenincluding productive resources, in more that one country, through its member companies incorporated 有限公司separately in each of these countries.Each member company is known as a multinational corporation(MNC)跨国公司.(1)If the MNC is established as a result of investments by the MNE, whether through the parent or through another of its already established MNC, it is an affiliate MNC.(2)If the MNC is the original investment corporation,it is known as the parent MNC, normally alsothe international headquarters of the MNE.(3)An MNE may also have various regional or operational headquarters, in addition to itsinternational headquarters.3. The characteristics of MNE(1)enormous size(2)wide geographical spread (play an important role and why?)A. have a wide range of option in terms of decisions in areasB.take advantage of changes in the international economic environmentC.engage in worldwide integrated production and market giving rise to extensive intra-MNE transactions Bcs: in order to the security of its profits, assets, organization and operations.(3) longevity and rapid growth4. Commonly objective of MNE(needs, goals, and roles)(1) profit ---the profits goal represents the basic needs of the MNEs' shareholders(2) securityA.the security in the short-and-long-runB.the security of the MNE's assets and investmentC.the security of other organizational needsa. a favorable business environmentb. supplies of raw materials and other resource inputsc. effective organizational control and managementd. transportation and communicatione. technical improvementsf. employees including managers(3)as vehicles for cross-border transfer of resources,5. The relationship between MNEs &their host countriesHost government can and do wield power over MNCs located within their territories. MNCs areunder the legal jurisdiction of their host governments which can impose various rules, regulations and laws on the MNCs to the extent of nationalizing all their assets.6. 4 types of MNCs---according to their organization and way of operation(1)multi-domestic corporations a group of relatively independent subsidiaries. ---i(2)the global corporations-iews the world market as an integrated whole. --vPower and responsibility are concentrated at the headquarters that manage production and marketing to achieve theeconomies of scale as much as possible.(3)the transnational corporation--aim to achieve both efficiency and flexibility, the activities and resources are integrated in an interdependent network of affiliates.(4)world company--as their national identities are blurred to a large extent. -Very few companies reached this level of internationalization.When such companies increasing and become dominating, the possibility of conflicts among sovereign states may begreatly reduced. Possibly they will be instrumental to the realization of complete globalization.Lesson 5 --6 International Trade1. International trade国际贸易Is defined as the exchange of goods and service produced in one country with those produced inanother.2. Other reasons for international trade:(1)the uneven distribution of natural resources among countries(2)International specialization国际生产专门化A.absolute advantage绝对利益/绝对优势(理论)---holds that a commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms ofresources(capital, land, and labor.)---In reality, it is not rare that one country has no absolute advantage in any commodity.parative advantage比较优势(理论)---holds that even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodity, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.---it can make one country better off好转 without making another worse off恶化.The first country should specialize in the production, and export of the commodity in which its absolute disadvantageis smaller, and import the commodity in which its absolute disadvantage is greater.a.introduced by the English economist David Ricardo.b.not a static静止的 concept.(a)Switzerland--watchmaking (b)the United States--the most up-to-date technology.c.the cornerstone基石 of modern thinking on international trade.3. Primary commodities初级货物those commodities not processed, not only slightly processed, usually farm produce or raw material.3. Other bases for trade among countries(1)patterns of demand(2)economy of scale(i.e. The cost advantage of large-scale production)The cost for the production will decrease if the goods are produced on a larger scale.(3)innovation or style,4. The theory of international specialization and other bases for trade seeks to answer thequestion:Which countries will produce what goods, with what trade patterns among them.5. The reasons for complete specialization may never occur(1)for strategic or domestic reasons.a country may continue to produce goods for which does not have an advantage.(2)affected by transport cost.( the cost of transport reduces the benefit of trade,like bulky or perishable goods)(3)protectionist measures which are often taken by governments.6.Tariff barriers关税壁垒---are the most common form of trade restriction.7.Tariff关税---is a tax levied on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of a customs area.8.customs area关税区---usually coincides with the area of a country.9.customs union关税同盟---is a customs area extending beyond national boundaries to include two or more independent nations.10.Import duties进口税--are tariffs levied on goods entering an area.(more common) (1)specificduty--duties levied on the basis of quantity, weight, size etc. of the goods.(2)ad valorem duty--duties levied on the basis of the price of the goods.(3)compound duty--the combination of specific duty&ad valorem duty.11.Export duties出口税--are tariffs levied on goods leaving an area.Coz. Most nations want to expand exports and increasing their foreign exchange earnings.12.drawback退税refers to duties paid on imported goods that are refunded if the goods are reexported.13.MFN(the most-favoured-nation)treatment最惠国待遇refers to a tariff treatment under which a country is required to extend to all signatories any tariffconcessions granted to any participating country.It is not really special but is just normal trading status. It gives a country the lowest tariffs only within the tariff'sschedule, is still possible to have lower tariffs.14.Quotas配额or quantitative restrictions数量限制the most common form of non-tariff barriers.A quota limits the imports or exports of a commodity during a given period of time.The limits may be in quantity or value terms, and quotas may be on a country basis or global, without reference to countries.15.Visible trade--involves the import and export of goods.16.Invisible trade--involves the exchange of services between countries.(1)transportation service运输服务(2)insurance保险(Lloyd's of London is a leading exporter of this service)(3)tourism旅游(4)immigrant remittance移民汇款 ---refers to the money sent back to home countries by people working in a foreign land.,Lesson 7 Incoterms 2000《2000通则》1. The necessity and purpose of having Incoterms(1)eliminate any possibility of misunderstanding and subsequent dispute.(2)to provide a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade termsin foreign trade.2. The revision of Incoterms took account of changes in transportation techniques.3. The 1990 revision of Incoterms was the desire to adapt terms to the increasing use of electronicdata interchange(EDI).It is of vital importance, when using EDI messages, to ensure that the buyer has the same legal position as he wouldhave obtained if he had received a bill of lading from the seller.4. The reasons for the 2000 revision of Incoterms(1)the spread of customs-free zones(2)changes in transportation practices(3)increasing use of electronic communication5.Incoterms 2000E terms---the seller makes the goods available to the buyer at the seller's own premises.(1)EXW---Ex work工厂交货F terms---the seller is called upon to deliver the goods to a carrier appointed by the buyer.(2)FCA---Free Carrier货交承运人(3)FAS---Free Alongside Ship装运港船边交货(4)FOB---Free On Board装运港船上交货C terms--the seller has to contract for carriage, but without assuming the risk of loss of or damage tothe goods or additional costs due to events occurring after shipment and dispatch.(5)CFR---Cost and Freight成本加运费(6)CIF--- Cost, Insurance and Freight成本、保险加运费(7)CPT---Cost Paid To 运费付至(8)CIP---Carriage and Insurance Paid To运费、保险费付至D terms---the seller has bear all costs and risk needed to bring the goods to the country ofdestination.(9)DAF---Delivered At Frontier边境交货(10)DES---Delivered Ex Ship目的港船上交货(11)DEQ---Delivered Ex Quay目的港码头交货(12)DDU---Delivered Duty Unpaid未完税交货(13)DDP---Delivered Duty Paid完税后交货6. The substantive实质性的changes made with Incoterms 2000:(1)the customs clearance and payment of duty obligations under FAS and DEQ.(2)the loading and unloading obligation under FCA.,Lesson 8 Business Contract1.Contract合同is an agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant parties.It is enforceable by law, and any party that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued andforced to make compensation, though most contract do not give rise to disputes.2.Business negotiation交易磋商: A legitimate contract can be either in written or oral form. (1)Oral---refers to direct discussion conducted:A.at trade affairsB.by sending trade groups abroadC.by inviting foreign customers(2)WrittenA. Enquiry询盘 ---is made without engagement on the part of the enquirer.a. made by the buyers to get information about the goods to be ordered such as quantity,specifications, prices, time of shipment and other terms.b. a first enquiry should be given, so as to facilitate the exporter's work:(a)how the name& address of the exporter have been obtained,(b)the business line and usual practice of the importer.B. Quotation报价---may be sent by the exporter which should include all the necessary informationrequired by the enquiry. Sometimes, the exporter may make an offer to an importer voluntarily. C.Offer and acceptance发盘与接受a firm offer---is a promise to sell goods at a stated price.The validity period is indispensable必不可少的.is open untill a stipulated time or it's accepted or rejected.made of :a. the time of shipmentb.the mode of payment desiredc.an exact description of the goods: quantity, quality, specifications, packing etc. D.Counter-offer还盘---is a refusal of the offer, the offeree may find part of the offer unacceptable and may raise for further discussions his own proposals. (the price, terms of payment, time of shipment, or otherterms and conditions of the offer.)Trade is considered concluded once an offer or a counter-offer is accepted.3. The necessity of the written contractis prepared and signed as the proof of the agreement and as the basis for its execution.4. The types of contracts(1)sales contract--the contract is made by the seller(2)purchase contract--the contract is made by the buyer(3)sales/purchase confirmation--is less detailed than a contact, covering only the essential terms of the transaction. Usually used for smaller deals or between familiar trade partners.5. The setting of a contract(1)the title(2)the contract proper合同正文&address of the buyer and the sellerB.details of the commodity transactionC.terms and conditions mutually agreedD. Indication of the number of original copies, languages used, and the validity. (3)The signatures of the contracting parties(4)the stipulations规定on the back of the contractA.the shipping documents requiredB.force majeureC.arbitration仲裁D.claims理赔,,Lesson 9 Modes of Trade1.counter trade对销贸易--is a peculiar form of transaction allegedly popular in less developed countries and in centrally planned economies. It has become the generic term of describe a set of cross-border contracts that link a seller's exports to imports from the buyer.original:the pre-World War ? years the Reichsbank agreed to establish a clearing system that permitted traditional trade flows between Germany and the Balkans to continue.development:during the World War ?Britain use bilateral arrangements, West Europe setting up the European Payment Union. Subsequently,the countries of centrally planned economies(like Finland)trade credit accounts between familiar trading partners exchanged unrelated goods.In the 1970s and 1980s, counter trade partner are not necessarily familiar partner and goods exchanged are sometimes vertically related.2.The 3forms of counter trade(1)Barter易货贸易The direct exchange of goods and services which is completed in a short period of time.(2)Counter purchase互购贸易An intertemporal不同时的direct exchange of goods and services. Usually stipulated to be fulfilled within a given period of time.(3)Buyback回购贸易/补偿贸易An arrangement by an exporter or plant and equipment to take back in the future part of the output product by these goods as full or partial payment.3.The 2difference between counter purchase and buyback(1)in buyback the goods and services taken back are tied to the original goods exportedbut not in counter purchase.(2)a buyback deal usually stretches over a longer period of time than counter purchase.4.The features common to the 3forms of counter trade is bundling互相捆绑.Bundling--means the exchanges of goods and services are bundled together. (the exchanges are implemented either concurrently同时地or intertemporally不同时地)Unbundling greatly facilitates transaction and allow more efficient economic exchanges.5.The 5advantages in counter trade:(1)helps a country to deal with foreign exchange shortages; (2)promote exports;(3)reduce uncertainty regarding export receipts;(4)bypass an international price agreement(5)helps countries with debt problems to import goods.6.The drawbacks of counter trade:(1)concealing the real prices and costs of transactions . (2)company may suffer losses bcz they could not get rid of products of poor quality. (3)be considered as a form of protectionism.7.Other modes of trade:(1)processing trade加工贸易(2)consignment寄售(3)leasing trade租赁贸易(4)agency代理,,Lesson 10 International Payment1.Mutual trust is hard to build. purchase and sale of goods and service are carried out beyond national boundaries, which makes it rather difficult for the parities concerned in the transaction to。
国际商务英语-名词解释
Lesson 1Visible trade有形贸易: The form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another. (including cash transaction-by means of money and market, and counter trade)Invisible trade无形贸易: The form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc. is called invisible trade or service industries.FDI( foreign direct investments) is made of returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in a host country.Portfolio investment证券投资: Purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling.Stocks股票: Capital stocks or bonds.Bonds债券: The papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the money lent or invested together with interest.Licensing许可经营: In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. They choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to stat business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty.Franchising特许经营: a firm called the franchisee, isallowed to operate in the name of another, called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos, and operating techniques for royalty.Franchiser特许方: A firm who provides the franchisee with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty.Franchisee被特许方: A firm is allowed to operate in the name of another.Management contract管理合同: Under a management contract, one company offers managerial or other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat payment or a percentage of the relevant business volume.Turnkey project“交钥匙”工程: a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing , contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion .International investment国际投资: Supplying capital by residents of one country to another.International business国际商务: Transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export.BOT is a popular variant of the turnkey project where B stands for build, O for operate and T for transfer. Fora BOT project , a firm operate a facility for a period of time after bulding it up before finally transferring it to a foreign company .Lesson 2GNP国民生产总值: Gross national Product. The market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy.GDP国内生产总值: Gross Domestic Product. The market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy.Per capita GDP人均国内生产总值: It is calculated by dividing its total GDP by its population, which reveals the average income level of consumers.Income distribution收入分布: The proportions of its rich, middle income and poor people.capability at/in cost for/of at reasonable costs levied on take into account without reference to (不针对) make efforts to engage inLesson 3Free trade area自由贸易区: The members remove barriers to trade among themselves while still adopts each own external policyCustoms union关税同盟: The members remove barriers to trade among themselves and adopt the same external policyCommon market共同市场: The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production and adopt the same external policy.Economic Union (EU)经济同盟: The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production, adopt the same external policy and harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies and use the same currency.Lesson 4Parent MNC headquarter跨国公司母公司，总部is the original investing multinational corporation . It is also the international headquarters of the MNE .MNC跨国公司=TNC: Multinational corporation, are made up of vast numbers of foreign subsidiaries, companies in which over 50 percent is owned by the parent company.MNE跨国企业:Multinational enterprise: A typical multinational enterprise shall be defined as a business organization which owns (whether wholly or partly), controls and manages assets, often including productive resources, in more than one country, through its member companies incorporated separately in each of these countries. Each member company is known as a multinational corporation.Home county母国: The country where the headquarter of the investor is located.Host country东道国: The host country is a foreign country where the investor operates.Lesson 5Absolute advantage绝对利益: It holds that a commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms of resources (capital, land and labor)Comparative advantage比较利益: Even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.International trade国际贸易: The exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in another sufficient.Primary commodities：those commodities not processed，or only slightly processed，usually farm produce or raw materials.Specialization专业化: To restrict one’s economic activities to certain particular fields.Lesson 6Import duties进口关税: Tariffs levied on goods entering an areaExport duties出口关税: Taxes levied on goods leaving an areaTariff关税: A tax levied on a commodity when it crossesthe boundary of a custom area.Quota配额: A quota limits the imports or exports of a commodity during a given period of time. It is the most common form of non-tariff barriers.Drawback退税: Duties paid on imported goods that are refunded if the goods are reexported.Most-favored-nation (MFN) treatment最惠国待遇: A tariff treatment under which a country is required to extend to all signatories any tariff concessions granted to any participating countryContract proper：the main body of a contractLesson 7Incoterms国际贸易术语解释通则: It is a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade. Thus, the uncertainties of different interpretations of such terms in different countries can be avoided or at least reduced to a considerable degree.Trade terms are terms used in international trade to describe the general information about the trade, such as the unit price port of shipment, port of destination and the kind of currency.Protectionism is a trade barrier to international trade for the purpose of protecting a nation’s own domestic marketand industries. It includes tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers.A multinational enterprise is a business organization which owns, controls and manages assets, in more than one country, through its member companies incorporated.Multi-model transportation:Lesson 8Inquiry / enquiry询盘、询价: It is made by the buyers to get information about the goods to be ordered such as quantity, specifications, prices, time of shipment and other terms.Quotation报盘: Estimate of how much something will cost Counter offer还盘:New offer made by the original offeree to the original offererOfferee收盘人：A first enquiry首次询价: An enquiry sent to an exporter whom the importer has never dealt withA contract一个合同: An agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant partiesA firm offer 一个实盘: Statement that you are willing to pay a certain amount of money to by something.Force majeure不可抗力: is a default of the contract which is given rise to not because of the contracting parties’ default, but of the uncontrollable causes. Onetype of the cause is the natural force and the other is social cause. Or social or natural calamities that take place beyond the control of a contracting partyLesson 9Hyperinflation极度通货膨胀is a kind of inflation in which the market prices are soaring quickly. The devaluation rate of the currency is astronomical. The normal economic activities are out of the order, and finally lead to the collapse of the whole monetary system.inflation :Rise in prices brought about by the excess demand, expansion of money supply, credit etcDevaluation贬值Barter易货贸易:The direct exchange of goods and services, which is completed in a short period of time.Counter purchase反向购买、互购贸易: The assumption by an exporter of a transferable obligation through separate but linked contract to accept as full or partial payment goods and services from the importer or importing country.Buyback回购贸易: An agreement by an exporter of plant and equipment to take back in the future part of the output produced by these goods as full or partial payment.Lesson 10Remittance 汇付: This method is always employed by the parties who are familiar with and trust each otherDocumentary draft跟单汇票: The draft is accompanied by the relevant documents.Documentary collection跟单托收:It is means of ensuring that the goods are only handed over to the buyer when the amount shown on a bill of exchange is paid or when the customer accepts the bill as a contract to pay by a specified date.Payee收款人、领款人: The person receiving the payment.Sight draft即期汇票: The draft calls for immediate payment on presentation to the drawee.Usance draft远期汇票Term draft = Tenor draft: The draft is payable at a later date on presentation to the drawee.Draft汇票:= Bill of exchange. It is an unconditional order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money to someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future.Drawer出票人: The person who draws the draft (usually the exporter)Drawee受票人: The person to whom the draft is drawn.Clean draft光票: The draft without documentsLesson 11Applicant (Opener or Principal)申请人: The person who instructs his bank to issue an L/C. (the importer) applicant of an L/C :The importer that goes to a bank for the establishment of an L/COpening bank (Issuing bank, Establishing bank)开证行: The bank that issues the credit.Opening bank:the bank that issues the letter of credit is called the opening bank .Beneficiary受益人:The exporter in whose favor the credit is openedCorrespondent band往来行、关系行:The bank in the exp orter’s country, which the opening bank sends the credit to itAdvising bank通知行: The bank in the exporter’s country, which advises the exporter the L/C, is received.Confirming bank保兑行: The bank adds its confirmation to the credit.The letter of Credit (L/C、L/C)信用证:The credit is a letter issued by a bank at the request of the importer in which the bank promises to pay upon presentation of the relevant documents.Paying bank付款行: The bank accepts or negotiates the bill of exchange.Negotiating bank议付行: The ba nk buys the exporter’s draft submitted to it under a credit.Recipient: A person or an organization etc. that receives somethingWorld company: A multinational company whose nationalidentity has been blurredMiddleman trader: Person through whom goods pass between the producer and the consumerLesson 12Clean credit光票信用证: credit only require clean draft, which isn’t accompanied with shipping documents.The documentary credit跟单信用证: The credits that require shipping documents to be presented together with the draft.Revocable credit可撤消信用证: The credits can be altered or even canceled without consulting with the beneficiary.Irrevocable credit不可撤消信用证: The credit that can not be amended or revoked without the consent of al the parties concerned.Confirmed credit保兑信用证: The credit is confirmed by a bank other than the issuing bankUnconfirmed credit不保兑信用：The credit isn’t confirmed by another bankSight credit即期信用证: The credit by which payment can be made upon presentation of the draftUsance credit (Term credit, Time credit)远期信用证:The credit by which payment cannot be made until a specific date or a specific time after the date of after sight.Transferable credit可转让信用证: The credit can be transferred by the original beneficiary to one or more parties.Non-transferable credit不可转让信用证:The credit can not be transferred.Non-draft credit无汇票信用证: The credit that payment of to be made by presentation of the documents without the formality of drawing and presenting a draft.Revolving credit循环信用证: The credit stipulated that its amount can be renewed or reinstated without specific amendment to the credit being made.Lesson 13Commercial invoice商业发票: The document is the general description of the quality and quantity of the goods and the unit and total price. The contents: Invoice number and the date; name and address of the buyer and the seller; contract number and credit number; description of the goods including name of the commodity, quantity, specifications, etc.; unit price, total price, price terms, and commission and discount if any; terms of delivery and terms of payment; packing, shipping marks, etc.; and seal or signature of the exporter.Legal holder合法持有人is an owner of a property who is entitled to it by lawPacking list装箱单: The documents gives informationsuch as the number, date, name and description of the goods, shipping marks, packing, number of packages, specific contents of each package and its net with and gross weight etc.Straight bill of lading记名提单: It is made out so that only the named consignee is entitled to take delivery of the goods under the bill.Lesson 14Common carrier公共承运人: It is privately or publicly owned companies committed to performing a movement service of the same quality for all shippers on an equal basis and without discrimination.Contract carrier契约承运人: Individual contracts may be arranged between transportation users and carriers (the transportation company).Transportation and freight transportation运输和货物运输:In broad sense, transportation is defined as movement of freight and passengers from one location (place) to another. In a formal sense, freight transportation is defined as the economic movement of commodities and products and the effects of such movement on the development and advancement of business.Lesson 15Insured被保险人，保户: The person who transfer risk.Insurer承保人: The person or a company who assume risk (the insurance company, the underwriter).premium：the amount paid by all insured for coverage under the contractKnown premium已知的保险费is the cost the insured should have to pay the insurance company for the insured goods Cargo insurance货物保险: It is an activity aimed at moving the burden of risk from the shoulders of the exports and importers, and placing it upon the shoulders of specialist risk-bearing underwriters.Marine insurance海上保险: The insurance of ships and their cargoes.Insurance保险: It is a social device in which a group of individuals transfer risk and provides for payment of losses from funds contributed by all members who transferred risk.Lesson 16Indemnity赔偿原则: A contract of insurance restores a person who suffered a loss into the same position as he war in before the loss occurred.Subrogate: subrogation is of enormous importance in cargo insurance, the word “Subrogate” means “to take the place of another”.Insurable interest可保利益: It holds that no one mayinsure anything unless he has and interest in it. (Which means that if the thing insured is preserved he will derive a benefit form its preservation, but if it is any way damaged or lost the assured will be adversely affect.)Principle of utmost good faith最大诚信原则：The people who decide what premium is fair for a particular cover do so on the basis of written statements made in a proposal form.Contribution分摊原则: It holds that a person cannot be allowed to insure twice for the same risk, and claim compensation from both insurers. If two policies do cover the same event, the insurance companies contribute pro rata to the loss, and the insured is only restored to the indemnity position.Proximate cause of the loss近因原则: It means that when an insurance policy is made out to cover a certain risk, a claim becomes payable only if that risk occurred as the proximate (closest) cause of the loss suffered. The proximate cause is the direct cause of the loss.Shortfall means the shortage of amount or values of certain goods.Lesson 17Exchange rate汇率、兑换率: It refers to the price at which one currency can be exchange for another currency.Direct quote / quotation（汇率）直接标价: A directexchange rate is the price of a foreign currency in terms of the home currency. 1美元=6.8元外币为基准Indirect quote / quotation（汇率）间接标价:An indirect exchange rate is the price of home currency in terms of a foreign currency.Buying rate买入价: It refers to the rate by which a commercial bank buys a currency.Selling rate卖出价: It is the rate by which a bank sells a currency.Medial rate中间价 It is the average of the buying rate and the selling rate.SDR特别提款权: Special Drawing Right. It is sometimes called paper gold and used to settle official transaction at the IMF.Lesson 19Greenfield strategy绿地战略:Building new enterprises on land bought or leased in a foreign countryAcquisition并购: Purchasing existing facilities is known as acquisition. It does not have to start from scratch and face the difficulties in the greenfield strategy. But it has to take responsibilities for all the liabilities of the purchased firm, and deal with existing problems in management, labor relations, environmental protection obligations etc.Joint venture: A joint venture is an independent business entity founded and owned by two or more partners called parents. The proportions of ownership between the partners may be equal or unequal depending on their respective investments that are mostly in the form of capital but may also be in land, equipment, or intellectual property.Lesson 21Most-favored nation treatment最惠国:A treatment under which a country is required to extend to all signatories any tariff concessions granted to any participating country.GSP普惠制Generalized System of Preferences:Under the system, developed countries grant developing countries favorable lower tariffs without granting them to developed members. And the developing countries do not have to reciprocate such favorable treatment to the developed countries. So the GSP is an important exception to the non-discrimination principle of MFN.Anti-dumping反倾销: to restrict the export expansion of other countries。
商务英语——国际贸易术语
代表了在两国边境或进口国完 成交货义务。
Incoterms 2000
• The latest edition of Incoterms, devised and published by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC for short).
使用CIF应注意的问题
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世纪商务英语-外贸英语实务答案
Unit11.F International trade is only the exchange of goods between nations.2.T Countries trade with each other partly because of cost advantages.3.T Trade means countries can provide a wider variety of products for their consumers4.T International trade can greatly expand the market，which enables the suppliers to take advantage of economies of scale。
5.T Exchange rate fluctuations may create many problems for international trade。
Exchange rate fluctuations may create many problems for international trade6。
T Still in some cases，political reasons can outweigh economic considerations between countries。
7. T When we provide shipping insurance service for foreigners, it can be seen as an example of invisible trade。
8。
F Trade surplus means that a country's imports exceed its exports。
9. T Tariff and quotas are the examples of trade barriers。
商务英语的专业术语
商务英语涉及许多专业术语，以下是其中一些常见的术语：1. 国际贸易术语（INCOTERMS）：是一套国际贸易中常用的术语，用于明确买卖双方在货物运输、保险、关税等方面的责任和费用。
常见的国际贸易术语包括FOB（船上交货）、CIF（成本加保险费加运费）等。
2. 商业发票（Commercial Invoice）：是出口商向进口商开立的说明货物名称、数量、价值、装运条款等内容的账单，是进口商清关、报税的重要文件。
3. 提单（Bill of Lading）：是承运人签发的证明货物已经装船并保证在指定目的地交货给收货人的凭证。
4. 信用证（Letter of Credit）：是一种由银行开立的保证付款文件，进口商凭以向出口商支付货款的支付方式。
5. 谈判（Negotiation）：是指贸易双方就交易条件进行协商，达成一致意见的过程。
6. 贸易壁垒（Trade Barrier）：是指妨碍国际贸易进行的因素，例如关税、配额、许可证等。
7. 反倾销税（Anti-dumping Duties）：是一种保护国内产业的措施，对倾销商品征收反倾销税，以消除其对国内产业的损害。
8. 贸易顺差/逆差（Trade Surplus/Deficit）：是指一国出口总额与进口总额之间的差额，贸易顺差表示出口额大于进口额，贸易逆差表示进口额大于出口额。
9. 贸易伙伴关系（Trade Partnership）：是指两个或多个国家之间通过签订贸易协定或建立自由贸易区等方式建立的贸易关系，旨在促进贸易自由化和加强经济合作。
10. 贸易条件（Terms of Trade）：是指一国出口商品与其进口商品之间的价格关系，通常用出口商品价格指数与进口商品价格指数之比来表示。
以上仅是商务英语中常用的一些术语，实际上商务英语中还有许多专业术语，根据具体的行业和业务领域有所不同。
国际贸易商务英语
International trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries.Reason: domestic non-availability of resources and the principle of comparative advantageTariffTwo types: protective tariff and revenue tariffFour types: Specific duty, Ad-valorem duty, Compound/Mixed duty, alternative dutyImport surtax: Countervailing duty, Anti-dumping duty, Variable levy/dutyNon-tariff barrierQuota, Import license, Voluntary export restraints, Foreign exchange…. The trade terms refer to using a brief English concept or abbreviation to indicate the formation of the unit price and determine the responsibilities, expenses and risks borne by two parties as well as the time of the passing of the property in the goods.EXW: represents the minimum obligations undertaken by the seller FOB means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have passed over the ship`s rail at the named port of shipment Obligation of the seller1. Provide appropriate packing and marking2. Deliver the goods on board the ship at the port of shipment.3. Carry out the export procedures4. Provide the buyer with the documents received for the delivery of the goodsObligations of the buyer1. T ake delivery of the goods on board the ship at the port of shipment2. Carry out the import procedures and the carriage to the final destinationCFR means that the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship`s rail in port of shipmentObligation of the seller1. Provide appropriate packing and marking2. Contract for the carriage and pay the freight to the port of destination3. Deliver the goods on board the ship at the port of shipment4. Carry out the export procedures5. Provide the buyer with the transport documents without delay Obligations of the buyer1. Accept deliver y of the goods at the port of shipment and receive them form the carrier the port of destination2. Carry out the import procedures and the carriage to the final destinationCIF: means that the seller has the same obligation as under CFR but with the addiction that he has to procure marine insurance against the buyer`s risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage Obligation of the seller1. Provide appropriate packing and marking2. Carry out the import procedures and the carriage to the final destination3. Deliver the goods on board the ship at the port of shipment4. Carry out the export procedures5. Contract and pay for agreed cargo insurance in favor of the buyer6. Provide the buyer with the transport documents without delay Obligations of the buyer1. Agree on the cargo insurance with the seller2. Accept delivery of the goods at the port of shipment and receive them form the carrier the port of destination3. Carry out the import procedures and the carriage to the final destinationDAF, Delivered At Frontier (… named place); DES, Delivered Ex Ship (…named port of destination); DEQ, Delivered Ex Quay (…named place of destination); DDU, Delivered Duty Unpaid (…named place of destination); DDP, Delivered Duty Paid (…named place of dest ination), It represents the maximum obligation borne by the seller.Types of merchant vesselsLiners: a liner is a passenger or cargo vessel that operates over a regular route according to an advised time-tableTrampsVoyage Charter: A voyage charter is the hire of a ship for a particular tripTime Charter: A time charter is the hire of a ship for a definite period of time from a few months up to 20 yearOcean B/LFunctions:It is evidence that a valid contract of carriage exists between the carrier and the shipperIt is a receipt signed by the carrier confirming whether goods have been received from the shipper in good conditionIt is a document of titleTypes:Shipped/on board; received for shipment; clean; Unclean/foul/clause/dirty; straight; order; Bearer; direct; transshipment; though; Short form; long form; on deck; stale;Ante-dated; advanced…..Clause of shipment; More or less clauseContainers: general cargo container; specific cargo container Closed ventilated; open top; platform; thermalContainerization united load device(ULD)集装化设备Foreign exchange is the currency of any foreign country which is the authorized instrument of settlement and the basis for record keeping in that countryQuotation: direct quotation; indirect quotationOffer: definite offer; indefinite offer; counter-offerDraft: A bill of exchange (draft) is an unconditional order in writing, signed by the person (drawer) such as a seller, and addressed to another person (drawee), typically a buyer, requiring the drawee to pay a stated sum of money to another person (payee), often a seller, on demand or at a fixed future time.Types of draft1. Sight Draft/Time Draft2. Clean draft/ Documentary Draft3. Commercial Draft/Banker’s DraftUse: issuing, presentation, acceptance, paymentA documentary letter of credit is a conditional bank undertaking or guarantee of paymentProcedures:1. The buyer and the seller conclude a sales contract providing for payment by documentary credit2. The buyer instruct the issuing bank to issuing a credit in favor of the seller3. The issuing bank asking the advising bank to advise or confirm the credit4. The advising bank informs the seller that the credit has been issued5. The seller received the credit and satisfied with the terms, then effect shipment of the merchandise6. The seller sends the documents that evidenced the shipment to the advising bank and the bank will pay if the documents meet the requirements of credit7. The advising bank sends the documents to the issuing bank8. The issuing bank gives the documents to the buyer when the buyer makes paymentType of L/CRevocable L/C &Irrevocable L/CUnconfirmed L/C &confirmed L/CSight L/C &time L/CT ransferable L/C &untransferable L/CDocumentary collection Procedure:1. The seller and the buyer agree to use documentary collection2. The seller effects the shipment of the contract merchandise and obtains B/L from shipping company3. The seller draws a draft on the buyer and forwards to remitting bank the draft and the other documents.4. The remitting bank completes its own collection order addressed to the collecting bank5. The collecting bank will present the draft and the other documents to the buyer for payment or acceptance6. When the draft is paid, the collecting bank sends the funds to theremitting bank for credit to the principal’s account。
商务英语国贸
3
◆ letter of credit:documentary L/C and clean L/C ◆ revocable L/C and clean L/C ◆ confirmed L/C and unconfirmed L/C ◆ sight L/C and deferred L/C ◆ transferable L/C and nontransferable L/C ◆ 信用证是银行用以保证买方或进口方有支付能力的凭证。 ◆ 在国际贸易活动中，买卖双方可能互不信任，买方担心预付款后，卖方不按合 同要求发货；卖方也担心在发货或提交货运单据后买方不付款。因此需要两家银 行做为买卖双方的保证人，代为收款交单，以银行信用代替商业信用。银行在这 一活动中所使用的工具就是信用证。 ◆ Bank credit is used to ensure the buyer or the importer have the capacity to pay vouchers. ◆ In international trade activities, both parties may distrust, fear advances buyer, the seller is not required under the contract delivery; the seller also worry that the buyer does not pay the delivery or shipping documents submitted. So we need two banks as buyers and sellers guarantee, on behalf of receiving pay bills, bank credit instead of commercial credit. The use of bank in the activities of the 4 tool is the letter of credit.
国际商务英语
国际商务英语贸易术语：1.EXW （Ex Work）工厂交货2.FCA （Free Carrier）货交承运人3.FAS （Free Alongside Ship）船边交货4.FOB （Free On Board）船上交货5.CFR （Cost and Freight）成本加运费6.CIF （Cost Insurance and Freight）成本、保险和运费7.CPT（Carriage Paid to）运费付至8.CIP（Carriage Insurance Paid to）运费、保险费付至9.DAF（Delivered At Frontier）边境交货10.DES（Delivered Ex Ship）目的港船上交货11.DEQ（Delivered Ex Quay）目的港码头交货12.DDU（Delivered Duty Unpaid）未完税交货13.DDP（Delivered Duty Paid）完税后交货mercial Councilor’s Office 商务参赞处15.consignor 委托人、发货人、寄售人16.consignee 受托人、收货人、承售人17.firm 商号、商店、公司18.corporation 公司商会19.private-owned corporation 私有公司20.nonprofit corporation 非营利公司21.public corporation（state-operated corporation）国有公司22.limited liability company （股份）有限公司23.agent 代理人agency 代理代理权sole distributor 独家经销代理sole distributorship 独家经销代理权distributor 经销人distributorship 经销权24.duplicate 副本25.in duplicate 一式两份26.in triplicate 一式三份27.stipulation 规定28.rule 法则w 法律30.term 条款31.cash on delivery 货到付款（缩写C.O.D）32.m/t 公吨33.The sight L/C 即期信用证34.The usance L/C 远期信用证35.The revocable L/C 可撤销信用证36.The irrevocable L/C 不可撤销信用证37.partical shipment（s）分批装运38.Transshipment 转船39.Liner 定期班轮40.Tramp 不定期货轮41.Fragile 易碎42.Easy to Be Damaged 易损43.Easy to Be Deteriorated 易变质44.Inflammable易燃、Explosive 易爆、Poisonous有毒45.。