chapter12 The Phillips Curve and Expectations(宏观经济学-加州大学-詹姆斯·布拉德福特·德隆)
墨菲物流学英文版第12版课后习题答案
PART IIANSWERS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONSCHAPTER 14: INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS14-1. Discuss some of the key political restrictions on cross-border trade.Political restrictions on cross-border trade can take a variety of forms. Many nations ban certain types of shipments that might jeopardize their national security. Likewise, individual nations may band together to pressure another country from being an active supplier of materials that could be used to build nuclear weapons. Some nations restrict the outflow of currency because a nation,s economy will suffer if it imports more than it exports over a long term. A relatively commonpolitical restriction on trade involves tariffs, or taxes that governments place on the importation of certain items. Another group of political restrictions can be classified as nontariff barriers, which refer to restrictions other than tariffs that are placed upon imported products. Another political restriction involves embargoes, or the prohibition of trade between particular countries.14-2. How might a particular country,s government be involved in international trade?Governments may exert strong control over ocean and air traffic because they operate as extensions of a nation,s economy and most of the revenue flows into that nation's economy. In some cases, import licenses may restrict movement to a vessel or plane owned or operated by the importing country. In addition, some nations provide subsidies to develop and/or maintain their ocean and air carriers. Governments also support their own carriers through cargo preference rules, which require a certain percentage of traffic to move on a nation,s flag vessels. Although federal governments have often owned ocean carriers and international airlines, some government-owned international carriers are moving toward the private sector.14-3. Discuss how a nation,s market size might impact international trade and, in turn,international logistics.Population is one proxy for market size, and China and India account for about one-third of the world's population. As such, these two countries might be potentially attractive markets because of their absolute and relative size. Having said this, India has a relatively low gross domestic product per capita, and because of this some customers buy singleuse packets of products called sachets. From a logistical perspective, single-use packets require different packaging, and are easier to lose and more prone to theft than products sold in larger quantities.14-4. How might economic integration impact international logistics?Potential logistical implications of economic integration include reduced documentation requirements, reduced tariffs, and the redesign of distribution networks. For example,Poland and the Czech Republic have become favorite distribution sites with the eastward expansion of the European Union.14-5. How can language considerations impact the packaging and labeling of international shipments?With respect to language, cargo handlers may not be able to read and understand the language of the exporting country, and it would not be unusual for cargo handlers in some countries to beilliterate. Hence, cautionary symbols, rather than writing, must be used. A shipper,s mark, which looks like a cattle brand, is used in areas where dockworkers cannot read but need a method to keep documents and shipments together.14-6. What is a certificate of origin, a commercial invoice, and a shipper,s export declaration?A certificate of origin specifies the country or countries in which a product is manufactured .This document can be required by governments for control purposes or by an exporter to verify thelocation of manufacture. A commercial invoice is similar in nature to a domestic bill of lading in the sense that a commercial invoice summarizes the entire transaction and contains (or should contain) key information to include a description of the goods, the terms of sale and payment, the shipment quantity, the method of shipment, and so on. A shipper,s export declaration contains relevant export transaction data such as the transportation mode(s), transaction participants, and a description of what is being exported.14-7. Discuss international terms of sale and Incoterms.International terms of sale determine where and when buyers and seller will transfer 1) the physical goods; 2) payment for goods, freight charges, and insurance for the in-transit goods; 3) legal title to the goods; 4) required documentation; and 5) responsibility for controlling or caring for the goods in transit. The International Chamber of Commerce is in charge of establishing, and periodically revising, the terms of sale for international shipments, commonly referred to as Incoterms. The most recent revision, Incoterms 2010, reflects the rapid expansion of global trade with a particular focus on improved cargo security and new trends in cross-border transportation. Incoterms 2010 are now organized by modes of transport and the terms can be used in both international and domestic transportation.14-8. Name the four methods of payment for international shipments. Which method is riskiest for the buyer? For the seller?Four distinct methods of payment exist for international shipments: cash in advance, letters of credit, bills of exchange, and the open account. Cash in advance is of minimal risk to the seller, but is the riskiest for the buyer-what if the paid-for product is never received? The open account involves tremendous potential risk for the seller and minimal risk for the buyer.14-9. Discuss four possible functions that might be performed by international freight forwarders.The text describes eight functions, such as preparing an export declaration and booking space on carriers, so discussion of any four would be appropriate.14-10. What is an NVOCC?An NVOCC (nonvessel-operating common carrier) is often confused with an international freight forwarder. Although both NVOCCs and international freight forwarders must be licensed by the Federal Maritime Commission, NVOCCs are common carriers and thus have common carrier obligations to serveand deliver, among other obligations. NVOCCs consolidate freight from different shippers and leverage this volume to negotiate favorable transportation rates from ocean carriers. From the shipper's perspective, an NVOCC is a carrier; from an ocean carrier,s perspective, an NVOCC is a shipper.14-11. What are the two primary purposes of export packing?One function is to allow goods to move easily through customs. For a country assessing duties on the weight of both the item and its container, this means selecting lightweight packing materials. The second purpose of export packing is to protect products in what almost always is a more difficult journey than they would experience if they were destined for domestic consignees.14-12. Discuss the importance of water transportation for international trade.A frequently cited statistic is that approximately 60 percent of cross-border shipments move by water transportation. Another example of the importance of water transportation in international trade involves the world,s busiest container ports as measured by TEUs (twenty-foot equivalent units) handled; 9 of the 10 busiest container ports are located in Asia, with 7 of the busiest ports located in China.14-13. Explain the load center concept. How might load centers affect the dynamics of international transportation?Load centers are major ports where thousands of containers arrive and depart each week. As vessel sizes increase, it becomes more costly to stop at multiple ports in a geographic area, and as a result, operators of larger container ships prefer to call at only one port in a geographic area. Load centers might impact the dynamics of international trade in the sense that some ports will be relegated to providing feeder service to the load centers.14-14. Discuss the role of ocean carrier alliances in international logistics.In the mid-1990s, ocean carrier alliances, in which carriers retain their individual identities but cooperate in the area of operations, began forming in the container trades. These alliances provide two primary benefits to participating members, namely, the sharing of vessel space and the ability to offer shippers a broader service network. The size of the alliance allows them to exercise considerable clout in their dealings with shippers, port terminal operators, and connecting land carriers.14-15. How do integrated air carriers impact the effectiveness and efficiency of international logistics?Integrated air carriers own all their vehicles and the facilities that fall in-between. These carriers often provide the fastest service between many major points. They are also employed to carry the documentation that is generated by—and is very much a part of— the international movement of materials. The integrated carriers also handle documentation services for their clients.14-16. How do open-skies agreements differ from bilateral agreements?Bilateral agreements generally involved two countries and tended to be somewhat restrictive in nature. For example, the bilateral agreements would specify the carriers that were to serve particular city pairs. By contrast, open skies agreements liberalize aviation opportunities andlimit federal government involvement. For example, the Open Aviation Agreement between the United States and 27 European Union (EU) member states allows any EU airline as well as any U.S. airline to fly between any point in the EU and any point in the United States.14-17. Discuss the potential sources of delays in certain countries with respect to motor carrier shipments that move across state borders.One source of delays is that certain countries limit a motor carrier,s operations to within a particular state,s borders; as a result, multi-state shipments must be transferred from one company,s vehicle to another company,s vehicle whenever crossing into another state. Another source of delays is that certain countries conduct inspections of trucks as they move from one state to another. This can include physical counting and inspection of all shipments, inspection of documentation, and vehicle inspection, as well as driver inspection.14-18. Define what is meant by short-sea shipping (SSS), and discuss some advantages of SSS.Short-sea shipping (SSS) refers to waterborne transportation that utilizes inland and coastal waterways to move shipments from domestic ports to their destination. Potential benefits to SSS include reduced rail and truck congestion, reduced highway damage, a reduction in truck-related noise and air pollution, and improved waterways utilization.14-19. What are some challenges associated with inventory management in cross-border trade?Because greater uncertainties, misunderstandings, and delays often arise in international movements, safety stocks must be larger. Furthermore, inventory valuation on an international scale isdifficult because of continually changing exchange rates. When a nation,s (or the world's) currency is unstable, investments in inventories rise because they are believed to be less risky than holding cash or securities.Firms involved in international trade must give careful thought to their inventory policies, in part because inventory available for sale in one nation may not necessarily serve the needs of markets in nearby nations. Product return policies are another concern with respect to international inventory management. One issue is that, unlike the United States where products can be returned for virtually reason, some countries don,t allow returns unless the product is defective in some respect.14-20. What is the Logistics Performance Index? How can it be used?The Logistics Performance Index (LPI) was created in recognition of the importance of logistics in global trade. The LPI measures a country,s performance across six logistical dimensions:•Efficiency of the clearance process (i.e., speed, simplicity, and predictability of formalities) by border control agencies, including customs;•Quality of trade- and transport-related infrastructure (e.g., ports, railroads, roads, and information technology);•Ease of arranging competitively priced shipments;•Competence and quality of logistics services (e.g., transport operators and customs brokers);•Capability to track and trace consignments;•Timeliness of shipments in reaching the destination within the scheduled or expected delivery time.The LPI is a potentially valuable international logistics tool because the data can be analyzed from several different perspectives. First, the LPI can be analyzed for all countries according to the overall LPI score as well as according to scores on each of the six dimensions. Second, the LPI can be analyzed in terms of an individual country's performance over time, relative to its geographic region, and relative to its income group.PART IIICASE SOLUTIONSCASE 14-1: Nurnberg Augsburg Maschinenwerke (N.A.M.)Question 1: Assume that you are Weiss. How many viable alternatives do you have to consider regarding the initial shipment of 25 buses?The answer to this question can vary depending on how students define “viable alternatives.” If we take a broad perspective and just focus on the primary cities, Bremerhaven does not appear to be an option because there is no scheduled liner service in the desired time frame. That leaves us with Prague to Santos through Hamburg and Prague to Santos through Rotterdam. Several of the vessel departure dates for both alternatives are not feasible. For example, the 18-day transit time from Hamburg eliminates both the October 31 and November 3 departures; likewise, the 17-day transit time from Rotterdam eliminates the November 2 departure. And although the October 27 departure from Hamburg or the October 28 departure from Rotterdam should get the buses to Santos by November 15, neither departure leaves much room for potential transit delays (e.g., a late season hurricane). As such, it appears that Weiss has but two viable alternatives: the October 24 departure from Hamburg and the October 23 departure from Rotterdam.Question 2: Which of the routing alternatives would you recommend to meet the initial 90-day deadline for the 25-bus shipment? Train or waterway? To which port(s)? What would it cost?If one assumes that rail transport is used from Prague to either Hamburg or Rotterdam, then thetotal transportation costs of the two alternatives are virtually identical. Although rail costs to Rotterdam are €300 higher than to Hamburg, the shipping costs from Rotterdam are €300 lower than from Hamburg (based on €6000 x .95). Because the total transportation costs are essentially the same, the decision likely needs to be based on service considerations. The initial shipment is extremely important. It might be suggested that Prague to Hamburg by rail and Hamburg to Santos by ocean vessel is the preferred alternative. Our rationale is that the provided transit times with Hamburg are definitive— that is, 3 days by rail and 18 days by water. With Rotterdam, by contrast, the rail transit time is either 4 or 5 days, although water transportation is 17 days.Question 3: What additional information would be helpful for answering Question 2?A variety of other information would be helpful for answering Question 2. For example, the case offers no insight about port congestion issues and how this congestion might impact the timeliness of shipment loadings. There also is no information about port performance in terms of loss and damage metrics. In addition, although the case indicates that rail transit time from Prague iseither four or five days, it might be helpful to know what percentage of shipments is completed in four days. Students are likely to come up with more suggestions.Question 4: How important, in fact, are the transport costs for the initial shipment of 25 buses?Clearly, with ocean shipping costs of either €5700 or €6000 per bus, transportation costs cannot be ignored. Having said this, the initial shipment holds the key to the remainder of the order (another 199 buses) and appears to be instrumental in securing another order for 568 buses (for a total of 767 more buses). As such, N.A.M might be somewhat flexible with respect to transportation costs for the initial shipment. Suppose, for example, that N.A.M. can earn a profit of €5000 per bus (such profit on a €120000 bus is by no means exorbitant). A profit of €5000 x 767 buses yields a total profit of €3,835,000. Because of such a large upside with respect to additional orders,N.A.M. might focus on achieving the specified metrics for the initial shipment without being overly concerned with transportation costs.Question 5: What kinds of customer service support must be provided for this initial shipment of 25 buses? Who is responsible?Although a number of different constituencies is involved in the initial shipment (e.g., railroads, dock workers, ocean carrier, etc.), the particular customers—the public transit authorities—are buying product from N.A.M. Because of this, N.A.M. should be the responsible party with respect to customer service support. There are myriad customer service support options that might be provided. Real-time shipment tracking should be an option so that the customers can know, at any time, the location of the shipment. N.A.M. might also provide regular updates of shipment progress; perhaps N.A.M. could email or fax important progress points (e.g., the shipment has left Prague; the shipment has arrived in Hamburg, etc.) to the customers. Because successful performance on theinitial shipment is crucial to securing future business, N.A.M. might have one of its managers actually accompany the shipment.Question 6: The Brazilian buyer wants the buses delivered at Santos. Weiss looks up theInternational Chamber of Commerce,s Incoterms and finds three categories of “delivered” terms:DAT (Delivered at Terminal). In this type of transaction, the seller clears the goods forexport and bears all risks and costs associated with delivering the goods and unloading them at the terminal at the named port or place of destination. The buyer is responsible for all costs and risks from this point forward including clearing the goods for import at the named country of destination.DAP (Delivered at Place). The seller clears the goods for export and bears all risks and costs associated with delivering goods to the named place of destination not unloaded. The buyer is responsible for all costs and risks associated with unloading the goods and clearing customs to import goods into the named country of destination.DDP (Delivered Duty Paid). The seller bears all risks and costs associated with delivering the goods to the named place of destination ready for unloading and clearing for import.How should he choose? Why?Again, given the importance of the initial shipment, it would appear that the more control thatN.A.M. has over the process, the better. Although the DDP option is likely the costliest option, it also affords N.A.M. more control later into the shipment process. Moreover, a willingness by N.A.M. to take on the additional costs associated with DDP might be viewed in a positive fashion by the customers.Question 7: Would you make the same routing recommendation for the second, larger (199 buses) component of the order, after the initial 90-day deadline is met? Why or why not?Time pressures do not appear to be as critical for the larger component of the order, so this might argue for use of water transportation between Prague and Hamburg. The rationale would be that even though water transportation is slower, it saves money (€48 per bus) over rail shipments. Alternatively, given that the selling price per bus is likely to be around €120000, trading off three days of transit time in exchange for a savings of €48 might not be such a good idea.Question 8：How important, if at all, is it for N.A.M. to ship via water to show its support of the European Union,s Motorways of the Seas concept?This question may generate a variety of opinions from students. For example, some students might argue that Question 75s answer also applies to Question 8. Having said this, the case doesn,t delve too deeply into potential environmental considerations associated with water transportation, so a pure cost-benefit analysis (such as Question 7) might be insufficient. Furthermore, because the European Union (EU) continues to be a contentious issue for many Europeans, the answer to Question 8 might depend upon one,s view of the EU. Thus, someone who is supportive of the EU might lean toward supporting the Motorways of the Seas concept, while someone not supportive of the EU might lean against supporting the Motorways of the Seas concept.。
远大前程每章英文梗概1到10章
远大前程每章英文梗概1到10章Chapter 1: The protagonist, Pip, lives with his abusive sister and her husband, Joe Gargery, a blacksmith. One evening, Pip encounters a frightening encounter with an escaped convict, who demands food and a file to remove his shackles. Pip complies, but feels a sense of unease.Chapter 2: Pip visits his parents' graves and is startled by the arrival of Miss Havisham, a wealthy but eccentric woman who lives in isolation. She requests Pip's company to play with her adopted daughter, Estella, who treats Pip with disdain and insults his humble background.Chapter 3: Pip continues to visit Miss Havisham's decaying mansion, where he becomes more infatuated with Estella. Miss Havisham's relatives, Mr. Pumblechook and Mr. Wopsle, visit for a reading of Pip's sister's achievements, creating a sense of embarrassment for Pip.Chapter 4: Pip's sister, Mrs. Joe, throws a dinner party where Pip and Joe Gargery are expected to entertain the guests. Pip feels uncomfortable in this setting and longs for a different life. Later that same evening, Pip is summoned by a lawyer, Mr. Jaggers, who brings news that Pip has been selected as a recipient of a mysterious benefactor's fortune.Chapter 5: Pip travels to London accompanied by Mr. Jaggers and his clerk, Wemmick. He is enchanted by the bustle and grandeur of the city. They arrive at a law office, Jaggers & Wemmick, where Pip meets his roommate, Herbert Pocket.Chapter 6: Pip begins his new life in London, receiving weekly allotments and expecting great fortune. He befriends Herbert Pocket, who reveals that Miss Havisham is his benefactor and has been plotting to raise Estella as a tool of revenge against men.Chapter 7: Pip attends a theater performance with Mr. Wopsle and encounters an impulsive young man named Bentley Drummle. Later, Pip goes on a clandestine visit to his childhood home, where he is furious about his sister's abusive treatment towards Joe.Chapter 8: Pip returns to London and continues his erratic behavior. He runs into Estella, who hints at experiencing sadness in her own life. Pip becomes even more infatuated with her, despite knowing that she views him as inferior.Chapter 9: Pip observes the financial irresponsibility of his roommate, Herbert Pocket. They both agree to secretly work towards improving their financial situations. Herbert introduces Pip to Clara, his fiancée, who has a strained relationship with her father.Chapter 10: Pip begins to accumulate debt in an attempt to elevate his social standing. He receives a letter from Joe, who visits and pays off Pip's debts, reminding him of their bond. Pip feels more guilty for distancing himself from his roots.。
andExpectations(宏观经济学-加州大学-詹姆斯·布
The Phillips Curve
• Whenever unemployment is equal to its natural rate, inflation is equal to expected inflation
– the position of the Phillips curve can be determined if we know the natural rate of unemployment and the expected inflation rate
CHAPTER 12
The Phillips Curve and Expectations
Questions
• What is the Phillips curve?
• How has the natural rate of unemployment changed in the U.S. over the past two generations?
– the stickier are wages and prices, the smaller is parameter , and the flatter is the Phillips curve
• When the Phillips curve is flat, even large changes in the unemployment rate have little effect on the price level
• or
u-u*-0.4 Y-Y* Y*
YY -Y **-2.5(u-u*)
The Three Faces of Aggregate Supply
• Aggregate supply relates the price level to the level of real GDP
15 The Phillips Curve and Aggregate Supply
The Phillips Curve
Δπt = – ω( Ut – UN )
1. If Ut < UN, then Δπt > 0, i.e., inflation continues to accelerate. 2. If Ut = UN, then Δπt = 0 and inflation stops accelerating (or changing at all). 3. UN is also referred to as the Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment or the NAIRU.
1. Nominal wages, W, and 2. Unemployment, U.
15-8
The Phillips Curve
• The first major flaw in the original Phillips curve analysis was that it failed to distinguish between nominal wages, W, and real wages, w.
15-11
The Phillips Curve
• The expectations-augmented Phillips curve: π = πe – ω( U – UN )
• implies that:
1. when U = UN 2. then π = πe
15-12
The Phillips Curve
• The Phillips curve is the inverse relationship between:
1. Inflation, π, and 2. The unemployment rate, U.
简爱读书笔记英文版
简爱读书笔记英文版Jane Eyre, a novel by Charlotte Bronte, published in 1847, is considered one of the classics of English literature. The novel tells the story of the titular character, Jane Eyre, from her childhood in poverty and abuse to her adult life as an independent andstrong-willed woman. As I read this book, I was struck by its themes of love, morality, and personal growth, and I have created this reading journal to document my thoughts on this timeless novel.Chapter 1: As I read the first chapter of Jane Eyre, I was immediately drawn into the story of a young girl who seems to be alone in the world. Jane's isolation and rejection by her peers struck me as a universal experience that many people can relate to. Her inner strength and intelligence are apparent from the first few pages, and I found myself rooting for her to overcome her circumstances.Chapter 10: In this chapter, I was struck by the recurring theme of morality in the novel. Jane is faced with a difficult decision when she discovers that her employer, Mr. Rochester, intends to marry a woman who is already married. She faces a moral dilemma: should she reveal the truth and risk losing her job, or keep quiet and compromise her integrity? Ultimately, shechooses to follow her conscience, even though the consequences are uncertain.Chapter 23: As I read about the development of Jane's relationship with Mr. Rochester, I was struck by the complexity of their connection. It is not simply a love story, but one that involves equality, trust, and mutual respect. Jane becomes Mr. Rochester's equal and his intellectual match, and I found their relationship to be one of the most interesting aspects of the book.Chapter 28: In this chapter, Jane comes face-to-face with the consequences of her earlier decision to follow her conscience. She is accused of a crime she did not commit and is forced to flee. I was struck by the unfairness of Jane's situation and the vulnerability of her position as a young woman in Victorian society. This chapter highlights the resilience of Jane's character and her determination to find her place in the world.Chapter 38: As I read about Jane's reunion with Mr. Rochester, I was struck by the themes of redemption and forgiveness. Mr. Rochester's tragic circumstances have changed him, and he is now less arrogant and more humble. He is redeemed in Jane's eyes through his acceptance of his past mistakes and his willingness to change. Their happy ending feels all the more satisfying because of the personal growth that both characters have experienced.Overall, Jane Eyre is a novel that explores the complex themes of morality, love, and personal growth. Its titularcharacter is a strong role model for young women, and her struggles and triumphs continue to resonate with readers today. As I read this book and reflected on its themes, I found myself inspired by Jane's strength and determination, and I am grateful for the opportunity to experience such a classic piece of literature.。
菲利普斯曲线
CHAPTER 13 总供给曲线
slide 7
不完全信息模型
▪ 每种商品的供给取决于其相对价格: 商品
名义价格与总价格水平之差。
▪ 供给方在制定价格时并不知道总价格水平，
所以他使用预期价格水平 P e.
▪ 假定总价格上升而供给方的价格预期 P e
实际工资高于目标实际工资，企业 减少工人雇用量，产出低出自然产 出水平
CHAPTER 13 总供给曲线
slide 3
粘性工资模型
▪ 显示实际工资是反周期变动的，即实际工
资的变化方向和产出随经济周期的变动方 向相反:
– 繁荣期间，价格 P 通常上升，实际工
资下降.
– 萧条期间，价格 P 通常下降，实际工资
CHAPTER 13 总供给曲线
美国自然失业率随时间的变化
Change in Inflation versus Unemployment in the United Stinacteesthienmtihde199900ss, the change
动之前就协商议定了名义工资。
▪ 工资合同中确定的名义工资是目标真实工
资和预期价格水平的乘积：
W ω Pe
W ωPe
P
P
目标真 实工资
CHAPTER 13 总供给曲线
slide 2
粘性工资模型
W ω Pe
P
P
如果价格水平
P Pe
则
失业和产出位于自然水平
P Pe P Pe
实际工资低于目标实际工资，企业 雇佣更多的工人，产出超出自然产 出水平
CHAPTER 13 总供给曲线
英语话剧《睡美人》PPT
Wise, kind, and loving, they provide guidance and support to Aurora through her ordeal They are symbols of positivity and hope
The Bad Fairy
Drama Introduction
Story background
The curve was cast by an evil fairy as punishment for the princess's parents' failure to invite her to the Christian ceremony
Jealous, vengeful, and malevolent, she reports all that is negative and evil Her actions are motivated by a desire to harm Aurora for her own safety
Development of character relationships
him They Embark on a series of adventures to break the curve and
save the kingdom from danger
Plot Overview
01
The drama reaches its climax when Phillip kiss Aurora, breaking the curve and saving the kingdom
• The Prince: A bear and determined young man who falls in love with Aurora and is determined to save her from the current He is the hero of the story, which actions determine the outcome
克鲁格曼国际经济学答案（英文）
Overview of Section IInternational Trade TheorySection I of the text is comprised of six chapters: Chapter 2 Labor Productivity and Comparative Advantage: The Ricardian Model Chapter 3 Specific Factors and Income Distribution Chapter 4 Resources and Trade: The Heckscher-Ohlin Model Chapter 5 The Standard Trade Model Chapter 6 Economies of Scale, Imperfect Competition, and International Trade Chapter 7 International Factor Movements T Section I Overview Section I of the text presents the theory of international trade. The intent of this section is to explore the motives for and implications of patterns of trade between countries. The presentation proceeds by introducing successively more general models of trade, where the generality is provided by increasing the number of factors used in production, by increasing the mobility of factors of production across sectors of the economy, by introducing more general technologies applied to production, and by examining different types of market structure. Throughout Section I, policy concerns and current issues are used to emphasize the relevance of the theory of international trade for interpreting and understanding our economy. Chapter 2 gives a brief overview of world trade. In particular, it discusses what we know about the quantities and pattern of world trade today. The chapter uses the empirical relationship known as the gravity model as a framework to describe trade. This framework describes trade as a function of the size of the economies involved and their distance. It can then be used to see where countries are trading more or less than expected. The chapter also notes the growth in world trade over the previous decades and uses the previous era of globalization (pre-WWI) as context for today’s experience. Chapter 3 introduces you to international trade theory through a framework known as the Ricardian model of trade. This model addresses the issue of why two countries would want to trade with each other. This model shows how mutually-beneficial trade arises when there are two countries, each with one factor of production which can be applied toward producing each of two goods. Key concepts are introduced, such as the production possibilities frontier, comparative advantage versus absolute advantage, gains from trade, relative prices, and relative wages across countries. 4 Krugman/Obstfeld • International Economics: Theory and Policy, Seventh Edition Chapter 4 introduces what is known as the classic Heckscher-Ohlin model of international trade. Using this framework, you can work through the effects of trade on wages, prices and output. Many important and intuitive results are derived in this chapter including: the Rybczynski Theorem, the Stolper-Samuelson Theorem, and the Factor Price Equalization Theorem. Implications of the Heckscher-Ohlin model for the pattern of trade among countries are discussed, as are the failures of empirical evidence to confirm the predictions of the theory. The chapter also introduces questions of political economy in trade. One important reason for this addition to the model is to consider the effects of trade on income distribution. This approach shows that while nations generally gain from international trade, it is quite possible that specific groups within these nations could be harmed by this trade. This discussion, and related questions about protectionism versus globalization, becomes broader and even more interesting as you work through the models and different assumptions of subsequent chapters. Chapter 5 presents a general model of international trade which admits the models of the previous chapters as special cases. This “standard trade model” is depicted graphically by a general equilibrium trade model as applied to a small open economy. Relative demand and relative supply curves are used to analyze a variety of policy issues, such as the effects of economic growth, the transfer problem, and the effects of trade tariffs and production subsidies. The appendix to the chapter develops offer curve analysis. While an extremely useful tool, the standard model of trade fails to account for some important aspects of international trade. Specifically, while the factor proportions Heckscher-Ohlin theories explain some trade flows between countries, recent research in international economics has placed an increasing emphasis on economies of scale in production and imperfect competition among firms. Chapter 6 presents models of international trade that reflect these developments. The chapter begins by reviewing the concept of monopolistic competition among firms, and then showing the gains from trade which arise in such imperfectly competitive markets. Next, internal and external economies of scale in production and comparative advantage are discussed. The chapter continues with a discussion of the importance of intra-industry trade, dumping, and external economies of production. The subject matter of this chapter is important since it shows how gains from trade arise in ways that are not suggested by the standard, more traditional models of international trade. The subject matter also is enlightening given the increased emphasis on intra-industry trade in industrialized countries. Chapter 7 focuses on international factor mobility. This departs from previous chapters which assumed that the factors of production available for production within a country could not leave a country’s borders. Reasons for and the effects of international factor mobility are discussed in the context of a one-factor (labor) production and trade model. The analysis of the international mobility of labor motivates a further discussion of international mobility of capital. The international mobility of capital takes the form of international borrowing and lending. This facilitates the discussion of inter-temporal production choices and foreign direct investment behavior. 。
王子与贫儿1到7章,英语读后感
王子与贫儿1到7章,英语读后感Here is an English essay with the title "The Prince and the Pauper Chapters 1 to 7, a Review":In the classic novel "The Prince and the Pauper" by Mark Twain, the story follows the lives of two young boys who were born on the same day but lived vastly different lives. One was the heir to the throne of England, while the other was a poor commoner struggling to survive on the streets of London. The first seven chapters of this captivating tale introduce the main characters and set the stage for the remarkable journey that lies ahead.Chapter 1 opens by establishing the stark contrast between the two protagonists. On one hand, we have Prince Edward, the son of King Henry VIII, living a life of luxury and privilege within the walls of the royal palace. His every need is catered to, and he is sheltered from the harsh realities of the outside world. In stark contrast, we are introduced to Tom Canty, a young boy living in the slums of London, enduring a life of poverty and hardship.As the chapter progresses, we witness the chance encounter between the two boys, who are initially struck by their uncannyresemblance to one another. This chance meeting sets the stage for the central plot of the story, as the boys decide to switch places, each eager to experience the other's way of life.Chapter 2 delves deeper into the lives of the two boys, providing more insight into their respective backgrounds and mindsets. We learn that Tom, despite his impoverished circumstances, is a kind-hearted and intelligent child, while Prince Edward, though privileged, is also compassionate and curious about the world beyond the palace walls.The subsequent chapters, from 3 to 7, further explore the consequences of the boys' swap. As Prince Edward ventures out into the streets, he is confronted with the harsh realities of life for the common people, witnessing firsthand the inequalities and injustices that permeate society. Meanwhile, Tom, now thrust into the role of the prince, struggles to adapt to the formalities and expectations of court life, often finding himself bewildered and overwhelmed by the unfamiliar surroundings.One of the most poignant aspects of these early chapters is the way in which Twain juxtaposes the experiences of the two boys, highlighting the vast divide between the lives of the privileged and the underprivileged. The reader is compelled to consider the inherent unfairness of a system that allows one child to live in luxurywhile another suffers in poverty, simply by virtue of their birth.Furthermore, the author skillfully weaves in themes of class, identity, and the power of perspective. As the boys inhabit each other's roles, they begin to develop a deeper understanding and empathy for the challenges faced by those from different social strata. This transformation is particularly evident in Prince Edward, who, despite his initial sheltered existence, demonstrates a growing compassion and desire to improve the lives of his subjects.Overall, the first seven chapters of "The Prince and the Pauper" serve as an engaging introduction to this timeless tale of mistaken identity and social commentary. Twain's masterful storytelling, coupled with his keen observations of human nature, captivates the reader and sets the stage for the unfolding drama that is to come. As the story progresses, we are left eagerly anticipating the further adventures and revelations that await the two boys as they continue their extraordinary journey.。
墨菲物流学英文版第12版课后习题答案第1章
PART IIANSWERS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONSCHAPTER 1: AN OVERVIEW OF LOGISTICS1-1. Did it surprise you that logistics has such an important economic impact? Why or why not?The answer to this question likely depends on the student’s prior exposure to logistics. A typical student in an undergraduate, introductory logistics course likely has had limited exposure to and knowledge about logistics and thus might be unaware as to logistics’ economic impact. As such, a student might be pleasantly surprised to learn that logistics is important for a country’s economic growth and development.1-2. Distinguish between possession, form, time, and place utility.Possession utility refers to the value or usefulness that comes from a customer being able to take possession of a product and can be influenced by the relevant payment terms. Form utility refers to a product’s being in a form that (1) can be used by the customer and (2) is of value to the customer. Time utility refers to having products available when they are needed by customers while place utility refers to having products available where they are needed by customers.1-3. How does logistics contribute to time and place utility?Logistics contributes to time utility by recognizing that different products have different sensitivities to time. For example, a three-day-late delivery of bananas likely has more serious consequences than a three-day-late delivery of a box of pencils. As for place utility, logistics facilitates the movement of products from points of lesser value to points of greater value.1-4. How can a particular logistics system be effective but not efficient? Effectiveness can be thought of as “how well a company does what it says it’s going to do;” efficiency focuses on how well (or poorly) company resources are used to achieve what a company promises it can do. There are a multitude of examples that would illustrate an effective, but inefficient, logistics system. For example, some companies routinely use premium and expedited methods of transportation—which increase transportation costs—to meet customer delivery requirements. As such, the logistics system could be considered effective (meeting delivery deadlines) but perhaps not efficient (increased transportation costs).1-5. Explain the significance of the fact that the purpose of logistics is to meet customer requirements.One reason for this significance is that meeting customer requirements means that companies must know—rather than assume—customer needs and wants. This knowledge is facilitated by communication between companies and their customers. Even today, some companies are hesitant to communicate with customers. In addition, meeting customer requirements means that a one-size-fits-all approach to logistics will result in some customers being overserved and others being underserved. As a result, companies should consider a tailored logistics approach, where groups of customers who have similar logistical needs and wants are provided with the appropriate logistical services.1-6. Explain how an understanding of logistics management could be relevant to your favorite charitable organization.There are any number of examples that can be used. The textbook mentions the Food Bank of New York City; from a logistical perspective, the Food Bank of New York City is responsible for collecting, sorting, repacking, and distributing food from its 90,000 square-foot warehouse.1-7. How has a reduction in economic regulation contributed to the increased importance of logistics?Reductions in economic regulation in the United States allowed individual carriers flexibility in pricing and service, and this flexibility was important to logistics for several reasons. First, it provided companies with the capability to implement the tailored logistics approach in the sense that companies could specify different logistics service levels and prices could be adjusted accordingly. Second, the increased pricing flexibility allowed large buyers of transportation services to reduce their transportation costs by leveraging large amounts of freight with a limited number of carriers.1-8. Discuss the logistical implications associated with the increased emphasis on the convenience associated with a family’s shopping experience.This convenience is manifested in various ways to include extended store hours, home delivery of purchased items, and ready-to-eat/ready-to-cook foods. From a logistics perspective, extended store hours force retailers to address issues such as the optimal delivery times for replenishment trucks and when to replenish merchandise. A logistical challenge with home delivery is the coordination of delivery times with the purchaser’s ability to receive the item(s). Finally, ready-to-eat-ready-to-cook foods have different packaging requirements, and food processors continue to experiment with packaging alternatives that will extend the shelf life of ready-to-cook foods.1-9. What are some ways in which technology has impacted logistics management? Technological advances have influenced channel design by allowing companies to offer an alternate distribution channel (or alternate distribution channels) to already existing channels. Technological advances can also improve the productivity of the order picking process, which traditionally involved paper pick tickets. Today, by contrast, order picking can utilize radio frequency devices, voice-directed picking, and robotic picking. Shipment tracking provides another example of how technological advances have impacted logistics management. Global positioning systems can provide real-time location information about a shipment, as well as provide information about a vehic le’s temperature, humidity, and vibrations.1-10. Explain how big-box retailers are logistical trendsetters.The logistics practices of big-box retailers are often viewed as barometers for emerging logistics trends. Big-box retailers have also been trendsetters with respect to environmental and social issues in logistics. As an example, one of Best Buy’s sustainability goals for 2020 is to recycle one billion pounds of consumer goods.1-11. What is the systems approach to problem solving? How is this concept applicable to logistics management?The systems approach to problem solving suggests that a company’s objectives can be realized by recognizing the mutual interdependence of its major functional areas, such as marketing, production, finance, and logistics. As such, decisions made by one functional area can have important implications for the other functional areas. With respect to logistics, the systems approach suggests that one should recognize the mutual interdependence of the various activities that constitute the logistics function. Thus, a transportation decision may impact inventory, warehousing, and packaging, among others.1-12. Distinguish between materials management and physical distribution.Materials management refers to the movement and storage of materials into a firm while physical distribution refers to the storage of finished product and movement to the customer.1-13. Explain what is meant by the total cost approach to logistics.The total cost approach to logistics is built on the premise that all relevant activities in moving and storing products should be considered as a whole (i.e., their total cost) and not individually. Use of the total cost approach requires an understanding of cost trade-offs. In other words, changes to one logistics activity cause some costs to increase and others to decrease. The key to the total cost approach is that all relevant cost items are considered simultaneously when making a decision. The objective is to find the approach with the lowest total cost that supports the organization’s customer service requirements.1-14. Define what is meant by a cost trade-off. Do you believe that this concept is workable? Why or why not?A cost trade-off acknowledges that changing patterns or activities of distribution will result in some costs increasing and other costs decreasing. The net effect, however, should be an overall cost decrease for providing a given level of customer service.The remainder of this question asks for the student’s opinion about the workability of this concept. Although nearly any answer is acceptable, those students who believe that cost trade-offs are unworkable might have difficulty with many of the concepts presented throughout the text.1-15. What are several areas in which finance and logistics might interface?The finance department is often in charge of capital budgeting decisions that would affect logistics, such as materials handling and packaging equipment. Another potential area of finance and logistics interface is with respect to inventory; finance tends to view inventory from a dollar perspective while logistics tends to be more concerned with the number of units of inventory. This dichotomy is highlighted by the concept of obsolescence, which reduces the monetary value of inventory by a certain amount per period of time—even though the actual quantity of inventory may be unchanged.1-16. Discuss the postponement concept as it relates to the production and logistics interface.Postponement refers to the delay of value-added activities such as assembly, production, and packaging until the latest possible time. Some value-added activities, such as case packing and case labeling, that were traditionally performed at a production plant are now performed in warehousing facilities. As a result, warehousing facilities are adding new types of equipment and being configured differently to allow specific value-added activities to take place.1-17. Define what is meant by a landed cost and explain its relevance for pricing decisions.Landed cost refers to the price of a product at its source plus transportation costs to its destination. On the one hand, a selling price that is based on a product’s landed cost allows the seller to offer “free” delivery of the product to prospective customers, because the transportation costs associated with delivery are captured in the landed cost. On the other hand, a selling price that is based on a product’s landed cost could result in a substantial increase in a product’s selling price, and a higher selling price tends to decrease buyer demand for most products.1-18. Discuss several possible interfaces between marketing and logistics in terms of product decisions.One interface involves the marked increase in product offerings; marketers like this increase because it allows for more customer choice, but these additional choices create logistical challenges in terms of identification, storage, and tracking. Another interface concerns the amount of a particular item (SKU) to hold. Marketers prefer to carry higher quantities for particular items because this reduces the likelihood of stockouts; however, from a logistics perspective, higher quantities of inventory necessitate additional storage space and increase inventory carrying costs.Students can also discuss product design and sustainable products.1-19. Briefly discuss the ownership, negotiations, financing, promotion, and logistics channels.The ownership channel covers movement of the title to the goods; the goods themselves might not be physically present or even exist. The negotiations channel is the one in which buy and sell agreements are reached and can include telephone, email, and electronic data interchange, among others. The financing channel handles payment for goods and the company’s credit, while the promotions channel is concerned with promoting a new or an existing product. Finally, the logistics channel handles the physical flow of the product.1-20. Discuss five activities that might be part of a company’s logistics department.The chapter presents, and briefly describes, 12 separate activities that might be part of a company’s logistics department. Any 5 of the 12 activities are acceptable for students to discuss.PART IIICASE SOLUTIONSCASE 1.1 KIDDIELAND AND THE SUPER GYMQuestion 1: List and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of purchasing a two-wheel trailer for each store to use for delivering the Super Gyms.Because the stores are in a number of states, one would have to check the motor vehicle and insurance requirements of each state. An advantage is that deliveries would be under the control of each store. A disadvantage may be labor costs, especially if two workers are needed to make the delivery. Also, once at the site, the store’s employees might be asked to assist in the assembly of the gym.Question 2: List and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of having local trucking companies deliver the Super Gym from the retail stores to the customers.There are probably no disadvantages to using a local trucking company to make the delivery. However, a decision about how to handle the trucking firm’s charges would have to be made.Question 3: List and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of stocking Super Gyms at the distribution centers and then having the truck that makes deliveries from the distribution center to the retail stores also make deliveries of Super Gyms to individual customers.One problem focuses on the size of equipment—large tractor–trailer combinations are not suited to making home deliveries. The actual costs to KiddieLand of using trucks this way might be very high. There might be some savings in inventory costs by stocking the gyms at the distribution center rather than at each retail store.Question 4: List and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of charging customers for home delivery if they are unable to carry home the Super Gym.Perhaps the one advantage to charging for home delivery is that KiddieLand recoups the associated costs. However, because charged home delivery will add to the customer’s total purchase price, there could be a reduction in demand or this could generate customer dissatisfaction.Question 5: Which alternative would you prefer? Why?The student can choose any alternative. However, the text of the case seems to prefer the use of a local trucking company and charging the customer for home delivery.Question 6:Draft a brief statement (catalog copy) to be inserted in the firm’s spring–summer brochure that clearly explains to potential customers the policy that is recommended in Question 5.The brochure is intended for use in all stores, so whatever copy is prepared must be widely applicable. A sentence might read: “The Super Gym comes unassemb led and is packed in three boxes: One weighs ____ pounds and is ____ inches by ____ inches by____ inches; the second weighs ____ pounds and is ____ inches by ____ inches by ____ inches; and the third weighs ____ pounds and is ____ inches by ____ inches by ____ inches. Assembly requires the following tools: ____; ____; ____; and ____.”Question 7: At the first meeting, A.J. asked about SUVs, but there was no further mention of them. How would you follow up on his query?Anyone in the group could answer that SUVs have more carrying capacity than autos and many also have trailer hitches. SUVs are sufficiently popular—particularly in the United States—such that many buyers of the Super Gym equipment would either have a SUV or be able to borrow one.。
好玩的生物学每章读后感
好玩的生物学每章读后感英文回答：Chapter 1: The Molecules of Life.This chapter provides a foundational understanding of the building blocks of life, exploring the structure and function of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. The authors effectively convey the complexity and diversity of these molecules and their essential roles in cellular processes.Chapter 2: Cells: The Basic Units of Life.The chapter delves into the intricate world of cells, examining their structure, function, and diversity. It highlights the unifying features of cells, such as the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus, while also exploring the specialized structures and functions of different cell types.Chapter 3: Genetics: The Science of Heredity.This chapter explores the principles of genetics, including Mendelian inheritance, gene expression, and genetic diversity. The authors provide clear explanations of complex concepts, such as dominance, recessiveness, and the molecular basis of heredity.Chapter 4: Evolution: The Change over Time.The chapter presents the theory of evolution, tracing its historical development and providing evidence supporting the processes of natural selection and speciation. It emphasizes the importance of genetic variation, environmental pressures, and the interconnectedness of all living organisms.Chapter 5: Ecology: The Interactions of Organisms with Their Environment.This chapter examines the interactions betweenorganisms and their surroundings, exploring concepts such as population ecology, community ecology, and ecosystem ecology. It highlights the complex relationships between species and their environment, as well as the challenges facing ecosystems in the face of human activities.Chapter 6: Animal Behavior: How Animals Interact.The chapter delves into the fascinating world of animal behavior, exploring the mechanisms, patterns, and adaptations that enable animals to survive and interact with their environments. It covers a wide range of topics, including communication, learning, and social behavior.Chapter 7: Plants: The Producers.This chapter focuses on the unique characteristics and adaptations of plants, examining their role as primary producers in ecosystems. It explores the processes of photosynthesis, plant structure, and plant reproduction, highlighting the importance of plants for life on Earth.Chapter 8: Human Biology: The Human Body.The chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the human body, examining its structure, function, and regulation. It covers various aspects of human biology, including the skeletal, muscular, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, immune, and endocrine systems.Chapter 9: Human Health: Maintaining Health and Preventing Disease.This chapter explores the principles of human health, focusing on the prevention and treatment of diseases. It examines topics such as nutrition, exercise, genetics, and environmental factors that influence health, as well as the importance of accessible healthcare.Chapter 10: Biotechnology: Using Biology to Improve Lives.The chapter highlights the applications of biotechnology in modern society, examining techniques suchas genetic engineering, DNA fingerprinting, and cloning. It discusses the potential benefits and ethical implicationsof these technologies.中文回答：第一章，生命的分子。
A Dynamic Model of Aggregate Demand
Inflation in this economy is determined by a conventional Phillips curve augmented to include roles for expected inflation and exogenous supply shocks. The equation for inflation is:
Chapter Fourteen 3
The real interest rate in this dynamic model rt is the nominal interest rate it is the nominal interest rate it minus the expected rate of future inflation Etpt+1: rt = it - Etpt+1 Nominal interest rate Expectation formed in period t of inflation in period t + 1 Ex ante real interest rate: the real interest rate that people anticipate based on their expectation of inflation Note– on notation and timing convention: The variables rt and it are in interest rates that prevail at time t and 4 Chapter Fourteen therefore represent a rate of return between periods t and t+1.
黑骏马第一章,到第六章每一章的读后感英文
黑骏马第一章,到第六章每一章的读后感英文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Chapter 1:In the first chapter of "Black Beauty", we are introduced to the protagonist of the story, a beautiful black horse named Black Beauty. The chapter follows Beauty from his early days as a colt, growing up in the English countryside. Despite the idyllic setting, we quickly learn that life as a horse is not always easy. Beauty faces the challenges of hunger, cold, and mistreatment from humans. Through it all, Beauty maintains his gentle spirit and kind nature, making him a likable and relatable character from the very start.Chapter 2:In the second chapter, Beauty is sold to Squire Gordon, a kind and compassionate man who treats his horses well. Under Squire Gordon's care, Beauty thrives and forms strong bonds with the other horses on the estate. The chapter highlights the importance of good treatment and respect for animals, as well as the positive impact it can have on their well-being. It isheartwarming to see Beauty find a sense of belonging and happiness in his new home, after the hardships he has endured in the past.Chapter 3:The third chapter of "Black Beauty" sees a change in Beauty's circumstances as Squire Gordon is forced to sell his horses due to financial difficulties. Beauty is sold to a new owner, a wealthy but cruel man who does not understand or appreciate the value of his horses. This chapter serves as a stark reminder of the harsh reality of life for many animals, who are seen as nothing more than property to be bought and sold. It is a poignant moment in the story, as Beauty is separated from his friends and once again forced to adapt to a new and uncertain situation.Chapter 4:In the fourth chapter, Beauty is sold again, this time to a cab driver named Jerry Barker. Jerry proves to be a kind and responsible owner, treating Beauty with care and respect. Beauty adapts well to his new life as a cab horse, learning the ropes of the job and forming a close bond with Jerry and his family. This chapter highlights the importance of trust and mutual respect between humans and animals, as well as the joy that can come from a strong and loving relationship. Beauty's experiences withJerry are a welcome respite from the hardships he has faced in the past.Chapter 5:Chapter five sees a change once again for Beauty, as Jerry is forced to sell him due to a change in his circumstances. Beauty is sold to a new owner, who turns out to be a harsh and cruel man. Under his care, Beauty is mistreated and overworked, leading to a decline in his physical and emotional well-being. This chapter is a difficult read, as we see Beauty struggle to cope with the abuse and neglect he faces. It is a stark reminder of the importance of compassion and empathy towards animals, and the devastating consequences of cruelty and indifference.Chapter 6:In the sixth chapter of "Black Beauty", Beauty's fortunes take a turn for the better as he is sold to a kind and gentle owner named Farmer Thoroughgood. Under Farmer Thoroughgood's care, Beauty thrives once again, enjoying a life of comfort and companionship. The chapter serves as a reminder of the impact that a caring and conscientious owner can have on an animal's well-being, and the importance of treating animals with kindness and respect. It is a heartening and hopeful chapter, as Beauty finds a sense of peace and happiness in his new home,surrounded by people who appreciate and value him for the magnificent creature that he is.篇2Chapter 1:In the first chapter of "Black Stallion", we are introduced to Alec Ramsay, a young boy who finds himself stranded on an island after a shipwreck. Despite the danger and uncertainty of his situation, Alec remains calm and composed, showing a resilience that is admirable for someone so young. The bond that forms between Alec and the mysterious black stallion is captivating, and sets the stage for an exciting journey ahead.Chapter 2:As Alec begins to unravel the mystery of the black stallion, we see his determination and thirst for adventure shine through. His willingness to take risks and follow his instincts makes him a truly compelling protagonist. The bond between Alec and the horse continues to grow stronger, showing the power of trust and connection between man and animal.Chapter 3:In this chapter, we witness Alec's growing admiration for the black stallion's strength and speed. He is in awe of the horse's abilities, and the sense of freedom that comes with riding him. The descriptions of their rides together are vivid and immersive, painting a picture of the beauty and power of the stallion in motion.Chapter 4:Alec's relationship with the black stallion deepens in this chapter, as he begins to understand the horse's wild nature and the challenges that come with taming him. The bond between them is tested as they face obstacles and dangers, but their trust in each other only grows stronger. The themes of loyalty and perseverance resonate throughout this chapter, showing the power of friendship and determination in overcoming adversity.Chapter 5:As Alec and the black stallion face new challenges and obstacles, we see the strength of their bond and the depth of their connection. Alec's determination to train the horse and bring out his full potential is inspiring, and highlights the importance of patience and perseverance in achieving our goals. The thrill of their races and adventures together is palpable, drawing the reader into their world of excitement and danger.Chapter 6:In the final chapter of this section, Alec and the black stallion face their greatest challenge yet as they enter a prestigious horse race. The stakes are high, but their determination and trust in each other carry them through to a thrilling victory. The themes of friendship, courage, and perseverance are prominent in this chapter, showing the power of belief in oneself and others. The bond between Alec and the black stallion is truly a testament to the resilience and strength of the human-animal connection.篇3Chapter OneIn the first chapter of "Black Beauty", the reader is introduced to a young horse named Black Beauty. The story is told from the perspective of the horse himself, which is quite unique and adds a personal touch to the narrative. As we follow Black Beauty through his early years, we are able to see the world through his eyes and gain a deeper understanding of the bond between horses and humans.One of the central themes of this chapter is the importance of kindness and compassion towards animals. Black Beauty's first owner, Farmer Grey, treats him well and forms a special bondwith the horse. This sets the tone for the rest of the story, highlighting the positive impact that kindness can have on both animals and humans.Overall, the first chapter of "Black Beauty" sets the stage for an emotional and thought-provoking journey. It serves as a reminder of the responsibility we have towards animals and the importance of treating them with respect and care.Chapter TwoIn the second chapter of "Black Beauty", we see our protagonist leaving the comfort of Farmer Grey's farm and entering a new world. Black Beauty is sold to Squire Gordon, a kind and gentle man who treats him with love and respect. Under Squire Gordon's care, Black Beauty thrives and forms a strong bond with his new owner.This chapter explores the theme of change and adaptation. Black Beauty is faced with a new environment and new people, but he is able to adjust and find happiness once again. The relationship between Black Beauty and Squire Gordon highlights the importance of trust and companionship in forming meaningful connections.Overall, the second chapter of "Black Beauty" continues to emphasize the significance of treating animals with kindness and respect. It serves as a reminder of the positive impact that love and compassion can have on both animals and humans.Chapter ThreeIn the third chapter of "Black Beauty", our protagonist undergoes a significant change as he is sold once again. This time, Black Beauty finds himself in the hands of a new owner, Jerry Barker, who works as a coachman for Sir Clifford Williams. Despite the challenges he faces in his new environment, Black Beauty remains resilient and adapts to his circumstances.This chapter delves into the theme of resilience and perseverance. Black Beauty is faced with adversity, but he refuses to give up and remains determined to overcome obstacles. The bond between Black Beauty and Jerry Barker grows stronger as they work together to navigate the challenges they encounter.Overall, the third chapter of "Black Beauty" is a testament to the strength and resilience of the protagonist. It serves as a reminder of the importance of staying true to oneself and remaining steadfast in the face of adversity.Chapter FourIn the fourth chapter of "Black Beauty", our protagonist's journey takes a dark turn as he is sold once again to a new owner, Mr. Nicholas Skinner. Under Skinner's cruel and abusive treatment, Black Beauty suffers greatly and loses his spirit. The once vibrant and spirited horse is now a shadow of his former self, driven to despair by the cruelty of his new owner.This chapter explores the theme of suffering and oppression. Black Beauty's mistreatment at the hands of Mr. Skinner serves as a stark reminder of the injustices that animals can face in the hands of cruel and selfish individuals. The bond between Black Beauty and his fellow horses becomes a source of strength and solidarity as they endure their hardships together.Overall, the fourth chapter of "Black Beauty" is a powerful and emotional exploration of the suffering and resilience of animals. It serves as a poignant reminder of the importance of standing up against cruelty and injustice towards all living beings.Chapter FiveIn the fifth chapter of "Black Beauty", our protagonist's fortunes take a turn for the better as he is sold to a new owner, Miss Flora Hawking. Under Miss Hawking's care, Black Beauty is treated with kindness and respect, and he begins to regain hisstrength and spirit. The bond between Black Beauty and his new owner grows stronger as they form a deep connection based on mutual trust and love.This chapter explores the theme of redemption and renewal. Black Beauty is given a second chance at happiness and he seizes it with determination and gratitude. The relationship between Black Beauty and Miss Hawking is a testament to the power of love and compassion in overcoming past traumas and building a brighter future.Overall, the fifth chapter of "Black Beauty" is a heartwarming and uplifting story of resilience and hope. It serves as a reminder of the transformative power of kindness and compassion in healing wounds and forging new beginnings.Chapter SixIn the sixth chapter of "Black Beauty", our protagonist faces new challenges as he is sold once again to a new owner, Earlshall Park. Under the care of the Earl of W , Black Beauty is treated with respect and care, but he must adapt to a new environment and new routines. Despite the changes he faces, Black Beauty remains steadfast and learns to navigate the complexities of his new life.This chapter delves into the theme of adaptability and perseverance. Black Beauty's ability to adjust to new circumstances and thrive in his new environment is a testament to his resilience and strength. The bond between Black Beauty and the Earl of W grows as they form a partnership based on trust and understanding.Overall, the sixth chapter of "Black Beauty" is a poignant and insightful exploration of the challenges and triumphs of adaptation. It serves as a reminder of the importance of resilience and perseverance in overcoming obstacles and embracing new opportunities.。
高一英语课外阅读《怦然心动Flipped》第十二章任务单
Class: _________________ Name: ____________________Reading Log on FlippedChapter 12 The Dinner (P159-169)Activity 1. Vocabulary Learning Part 2 Match the words and phrases in bold with their English definitions.1) By the time I got home, I knew it would be selfish of me to boycott the Loskis' dinner party.2) Obviously she was looking forward to the dinner —not that I really understood that, but I didn't want to ruin everything by telling her about my newfound hatred of Bryce.3) So that night I went through the motions of baking pies with my mother and convinced myself that I was doing the right thing.4) I took a deep breath, wrapped up a pie, and shuffled across the street behind my brothers and parents.5) Then Mrs. Loski and my mother went off with the pies, my brothers vanished down the hall with Lynetta, and my father followed Chet into the living room.6) But in a desperate attempt to block Bryce Loski from my mind, I asked,“What's a perpetual -motion machine?”7) Instead, my father stuck out his hand and said, “Good evening, Rick. Nice of you to have us over.”8) I hesitantly finished the cracker, and before long I was having another.9) My dad was looking amused, although he was very reserved about it, and it took me until the end of the song to realize that he was proud.10) Looking across the table at him, all I got was a strange, detached , neutral feeling.11) She turned to go, then said, “By -the -by, Julianna, you have done a mighty fine job on that front yard. Most impressive!”scrutinize v.细看crackpot n.傻瓜flutter v.挥动foyer n.门厅sheepish adj.（因做错事或傻事而）窘迫的perpetual adj.永久的propulsion n.推动力tinkle v.发出叮咚声caviar n.鱼子酱 squeamish adj.神经脆弱的 peter out 逐渐停止，慢慢消失 yank v.猛拽 snap v.突然动怒 rendition n.诠释 restraint n.心平气和 entrenched adj.积重难返的 straddle v.跨坐 rancher n.大农场主12)It felt good to take charge of my own destiny!boycott hatred convince shuffle vanish desperate stick outhesitantly reserved detached mighty take charge of1)very great or extreme2)an extremely strong feeling of dislike3)to persuade someone or make someone certain4)to come forward from the rest of your body, or to make part of your body do this5)Reserved people do not often talk about or show their feelings or thoughts.6)to walk by pulling your feet slowly along the ground rather than lifting them7)in a way that is not immediate or quick because you are nervous or not certain8) A detached person does not show any emotional involvement or interest in a situation.9)to refuse to buy a product or take part in an activity as a way of expressing strong disapproval10)to disappear or stop being present or existing, especially in a sudden, surprising way11)to accept responsibility for something and have control over it12)very large, powerful, or importantActivity 2. Read for Understanding1.Draw a curve to show the change of Juli’s feeling on the dinner’s day, and find evidence.2.What characters of Juli do the following descriptions show?I left him. Just walked into the living room and left him. If he was making it up, he was quite an actor. If he was telling the truth, then Chet was right—he was a coward. Either way, I didn't want to be anywhere near him. (para 6, P161)As I looked around, it struck me that we were having dinner with a group of strangers. We'd lived across the street for years, but I didn't know these people at all. Lynetta did know how to smile. Mr. Loski was clean and smooth on the outside, but there was a distinct whiff of something rotten buried just beneath the surface. (para 1, P166)I shook my head, then said, “They were just my chicks that grew into chickens and started laying eggs. I never really thought of it as a business.” (para 2 from the bottom, P168)3.Is Juli similar to someone in A Dream of Red Mansions? You can choose more than one character in the Chinese classic and analyze why they are alike.Activity3. Language ReinforcementThere are a number of vivid descriptions achieved by a flexible usage of words in this chapter. Translate the following sentences into Chinese and analyze the usage of the bold words.1.He said hi to me and I lost it.Translation:Analysis:2.Our eyes locked for a minute.Translation:Analysis:3.... and left him there with his apology hanging wounded in the air.Translation:Analysis:4.I sneaked a peek at him across the table...Translation:Analysis:5.Mrs. Loski was keeping a smile perched on her face, but she was blinking a lot, glancing nervously around the table.Translation:Analysis:。
菲利普斯曲线The Phillips Curve(英文版)
The Early Incarnation
Think of an economy where inflation on average equals to zero, it is reasonable for people to expect that inflation rate will be equal to zero over the next year as well.
11
Back to the Natural Rate of Unemployment
Equation (10.8) gives us another way of thinking about the Phillips curve, as a relation between the actual unemployment rate, the natural unemployment rate, and the change in the inflation rate: The change in inflation depends on the difference between the actual and the natural unemployment rates. When the actual unemployment rate is higher than the natural unemployment rate, inflation decreases; when the actual unemployment rate is lower than the natural unemployment rate, inflation increases.
equation (10.3) in equation (10.1). Doing so gives
布兰查德宏观经济学第七版第7版英文版chapter (9)
Macroeconomics, 7e (Blanchard)Chapter 9: From the Short to the Medium Run: The IS-LM-PC Model9.1 The IS-LM-PC Model1) The Phillips curve shows that when the unemployment rate is lower than the natural rate,A) inflation is higher than expected.B) inflation is lower than expected.C) policy rate is higher than expected.D) policy rate is lower than expected.Answer: ADiff: 22) The Phillips curve shows that when the unemployment rate is higher than the natural rate,A) inflation is higher than expected.B) inflation is lower than expected.C) policy rate is higher than expected.D) policy rate is lower than expected.Answer: BDiff: 23) Okun's law shows that when the unemployment rate is above the natural rate,A) inflation is higher than expected.B) inflation is lower than expected.C) output is below potential.D) output is above potential.Answer: CDiff: 24) Okun's law shows that when the unemployment rate is below the natural rate,A) inflation is higher than expected.B) inflation is lower than expected.C) output is below potential.D) output is above potential.Answer: DDiff: 25) Disposable income equalsA) income minus saving.B) income minus both saving and taxes.C) consumption minus taxes.D) the sum of consumption and saving.E) none of the aboveAnswer: DDiff: 16) In the IS-LM-PC model, which of the following is assumed to be exogenous?A) GB) CC) ID) YAnswer: ADiff: 27) In the IS-LM-PC model, investment does not depend onA) T.B) Y.C) r.D) x.Answer: ADiff: 28) In the IS-LM-PC model, LM curve isA) flat.B) upward sloping.C) downward sloping.D) vertical.Answer: ADiff: 29) The change in the unemployment rate is approximately equal toA) the negative of the growth rate of output.B) the negative policy rate.C) the negative inflation rate.D) the negative of the growth rate of money supply.Answer: ADiff: 210) Empirically output growth 1% above normal for one year leads to a ________ in the employment rate.A) 0.6%B) 0.7%C) 0.8%D) 0.5%Answer: ADiff: 29.2 Dynamics and the Medium Run Equilibrium1) The natural rate of interest is notA) zero.B) the neutral rate of interest.C) Wicksellian rate of interest.D) associated with the natural rate of unemployment.Answer: ADiff: 22) If the output is too high, to achieve the medium run equilibrium, the central bank willA) increases policy rate.B) reduces policy rate.C) increase money supply.D) increases inflation rate.Answer: ADiff: 23) If the output is too low, to achieve the medium run equilibrium, the central bank willA) increases policy rate.B) reduces policy rate.C) increase money supply.D) increases inflation rate.Answer: BDiff: 24) The zero lower bound refers to the situation thatA) the lowest the central bank can decrease the nominal policy rate is 0%.B) real interest rate is 0%.C) inflation rate is 0%.D) risk premium is 0%.Answer: ADiff: 25) When the policy rate increases,A) IS curve does not change.B) IS curve shifts to the right.C) IS curve shifts to the left.D) LM curve shifts upward.E) LM curve shifts downward.Answer: ADiff: 26) When the policy rate decreases,A) IS curve does not change.B) IS curve shifts to the right.C) IS curve shifts to the left.D) LM curve shifts upward.E) LM curve shifts downward.Answer: ADiff: 29.3 Fiscal Consolidation Revisited1) When a government reduces its deficits by increasing taxes, in the medium run,A) output returns to potential.B) output increases.C) interest rate is higher.D) IS curve shifts inward to the left.Answer: ADiff: 22) When a government reduces its deficits by increasing taxes, in the short run,A) output returns to potential.B) output increases.C) interest rate is higher.D) IS curve shifts inward to the left.Answer: ADiff: 23) As fiscal consolidation takes place, the central bank shouldA) decrease the policy rate.B) increase the policy rate.C) increase inflation rate.D) decrease money supply.Answer: ADiff: 24) Use the IS-LM-PC model to illustrate how the economy adjusts to an increase in taxes both in the short run and in the medium run.Answer: Refer to figure 9-4 of the textbook.Diff: 29.4 The Effects of an Increase in the Prie of Oil1) What is the major reason for oil price to go up in the 1970s?A) formation of the OPECB) fast of growth of emerging economiesC) new energyD) higher demand from the USAnswer: ADiff: 22) From 1970 to the mid-1990s, the relative price of crude petroleumA) steadily increased.B) steadily decreased.C) increased dramatically, then decreased dramatically.D) decreased dramatically, then increased dramatically.E) remained more or less the same.Answer: CDiff: 23) In the short run, a reduction in the price of oil will causeA) a reduction in output.B) an increase in the price level.C) a reduction in the interest rate.D) all of the aboveE) none of the aboveAnswer: CDiff: 24) What is the major reason for oil price to go up in the 2000s?A) formation of the OPECB) fast of growth of emerging economiesC) new energyD) higher demand from the USAnswer: BDiff: 25) The wage setting relation isA) downward sloping.B) upward sloping.C) vertical.D) horizontal.Answer: ADiff: 26) The price setting relation isA) horizontal.B) upward sloping.C) downward sloping.D) vertical.Answer: ADiff: 27) An increase in the price of oil will cause which of the following in the medium run?A) no change in the level of outputB) no change in the price levelC) an increase in the unemployment rateD) a reduction in the interest rateE) none of the aboveAnswer: CDiff: 28) For this question, assume that the economy is initially operating at the natural level of output. An increase in the price of oil will cause which of the following in the medium run?A) a reduction in the interest rateB) a reduction in output and an increase in the aggregate price levelC) a reduction in output and a reduction in the interest rateD) a reduction in unemployment, an increase in the nominal wage and an increase in the aggregate price levelE) a reduction in the aggregate price level and no change in outputAnswer: BDiff: 29) For this question, assume that the economy is initially operating at the natural level of output.A reduction in consumer confidence will causeA) an increase in the real wage in the medium run.B) a reduction in the real wage in the medium run.C) no change in the real wage in the medium run.D) ambiguous effects on the real wage in the medium run.Answer: CDiff: 210) For this question, assume that the economy is initially operating at the natural level of output.A reduction in taxes will causeA) an increase in the real wage in the medium run.B) a reduction in the real wage in the medium run.C) no change in the nominal wage in the medium run.D) ambiguous effects on the real wage in the medium run.E) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 211) For this question, assume that the economy is initially operating at the natural level of output. An increase in unemployment benefits will causeA) an increase in the real wage in the medium run.B) a reduction in the real wage in the medium run.C) no change in the real wage in the medium run.D) ambiguous effects on the real wage in the medium run.Answer: CDiff: 212) For this question, assume that the economy is initially operating at the natural level of output.A monetary expansion will causeA) no change in the real wage in the medium run.B) an increase in investment in the medium run.C) a reduction in the interest rate in the medium run.D) no change in the nominal wage in the medium run.Answer: ADiff: 213) In the short run, an increase in the price of oil will causeA) an increase in output.B) a reduction in the price level.C) an increase in the interest rate.D) all of the aboveE) none of the aboveAnswer: CDiff: 214) For this question, assume that the economy is initially operating at the natural level of output. An increase in consumer confidence will causeA) a reduction in the real wage in the medium run.B) an increase in the real wage in the medium run.C) no change in the real wage in the medium run.D) ambiguous effects on the real wage in the medium run.Answer: CDiff: 29.5 Conclusions1) There are no questions in this section. Diff: 2。
英语名著白牙每章感想
英语名著白牙每章感想Diving into the world of "White Fang," Jack London's timeless classic, is like stepping into a rugged landscape where survival is a constant, unforgiving challenge. Each chapter unfolds with a raw intensity that grips the reader, taking us on a journey through the life of the titular wolf-dog hybrid, White Fang.From the very beginning, the novel immerses us in the harsh Alaskan wilderness, where the law of the wild reigns supreme. The initial chapters are a stark reminder ofnature's indifference to the struggles of its inhabitants, as we witness White Fang's birth and early life among the wolf pack. The narrative is peppered with moments of brutality and tenderness, painting a vivid picture of the harsh realities of life in the wild.As the story progresses, White Fang's capture by man and subsequent life as a sled dog is a stark contrast to his previous existence. Here, we see the cruel side of human nature, where White Fang is subjected to harsh treatment and abuse, yet his resilience and spirit remain unbroken. The chapters detailing his time with the cruel Beauty Smith and the brutal fights he is forced into are heart-wrenching, yet they also serve to highlight the dog's indomitable will to survive.The turning point in White Fang's life comes when he isbought by Weedon Scott, a man of kindness and compassion. The chapters that follow are a testament to the transformative power of love and care, as White Fang slowly learns to trust and bond with his new master. The warmth and affection that Scott showers upon White Fang are a stark contrast to the brutality he had previously known, and it's in these chapters that we see the dog's true nature emerge—a loyal and loving companion.The final chapters of "White Fang" are a poignant exploration of the dog's integration into human society and his eventual domestication. The novel concludes on a hopeful note, with White Fang finding peace and acceptance in his new life, a far cry from the wild creature he once was. Each chapter of this literary masterpiece is a testament to the enduring themes of survival, transformation, and the profound impact of human kindness on the untamed spirit of nature's creatures.。
Chapter XIII
他拿出他自己的针织帽，在帽子的上边割了一个大涧，在旁边割了两个小洞，然后脱掉爱德华的连衣裙。
“别看这儿，露西，”他对男狗说道，“我们不要让马隆因被看到他的裸体而感到窘迫。”布尔把那帽子套在爱德华的头上，把它往下拉了拉，让他的胳膊从从那两个小洞里穿出来。
“There you go,” he said to Edward.
“Now you just need some pants.”
The pants Bull made himself, cutting up several redhandkerchiefs and sewing them together so that they formed amakeshift covering for Edward’s long legs.
See? Edward told Pellegrina. I am not like the princess. I knowabout love.
There were times, too, when Bull and Lucygathered around acampfire with other tramps. Bull was a good storyteller and aneven better singer.
Nellie’s beautiful dress had not fared well at the dump or in itssubsequent ramblings with Bull and Lucy. It was so torn anddirty and full of holes that it barely resembled a dressanymore.
通货膨胀、失业和菲利普斯曲线(英文版PPT)
Inflation, Unemployment, and the Phillips Curve
How can small menu costs explain recessions?
Externalities to price adjustment p↓ P ↓ (M/P) ↑ LM shift outward “AD externality”
New Keynesian Economics
Expectations and Inflation Inertia
e 1
1 ( n )
“Why is our money ever less valuable? Perhaps it is simply that we have inflation because we expect inflation, and we expect inflation because we had it.”
74
80,81
75
79
73
71
69
72 89
76
84 97
92 86
61
82,83
u
Phillips Curve
Inflation rate depends on ① Expected inflation
② The deviation of unemployment from the natural rate (cyclical unemployment)
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12-16
Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 12.4 - Equilibrium Levels of Unemployment and Inflation
– the stickier are wages and prices, the smaller is parameter , and the flatter is the Phillips curve
• When the Phillips curve is flat, even large changes in the unemployment rate have little effect on the price level
u u0 - ( ' )
12-14
Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Aggregate Demand
u u0 - ( ' )
• The parameter is the product of three things
CHAPTER 12
The Phillips Curve and Expectations
12-1
Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Questions
• What is the Phillips curve? • How has the natural rate of unemployment changed in the U.S. over the past two generations? • What determines the expected rate of inflation? • How can we tell how expectations of inflation are formed--whether they are static, adaptive, or rational?
12-17
Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reservedomy’s equilibrium inflation and unemployment rates depend on
– how much the central bank raises the real interest rate in response to inflation – how much real GDP changes in response to a change in the real interest rate – how large a change in unemployment is produced by a change in real GDP
- 2.5 (u - u*) ( - e )
2.5 (u - u*)
e
12-6
Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Phillips Curve
• Letting =2.5/, we get the Phillips curve e - (u - u*) • To allow for supply shocks, we will add an extra term to the Phillips curve (s)
– the position of the Phillips curve can be determined if we know the natural rate of unemployment and the expected inflation rate
12-11
Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 12.2 - Three Faces of Aggregate Supply
12-9
Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Phillips Curve
• The slope of the Phillips curve depends on how sticky prices and wages are
Y - Y * u - u* -0.4 Y*
• or
Y - Y * -2.5 (u - u*) Y*
12-4
Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
– this relationship is known as a Phillips curve
12-5
Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Three Faces of Aggregate Supply
12-2
Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Questions
• How useful is the aggregate demandaggregate supply framework--the ISLM model and the Phillips curve--for understanding macroeconomic events in the U.S. over the past two generations? • How do we connect up the stickyprice model with the flexible-price model?
Aggregate Demand
• The aggregate demand function developed in Chapter 11 shows how real GDP relates to the inflation rate
Y Y0 - '( ' )
• We can use Okun’s Law to develop an aggregate demand equation with unemployment on the left-hand side
12-3
Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Okun’s Law
• Okun’s law shows the relationship between the unemployment rate and real GDP
The Phillips Curve
• The Phillips curve shifts if either expected inflation or the natural rate of unemployment changes or if a supply shock occurs
– a higher natural rate moves the Phillips curve to the right – higher expected inflation moves the Phillips curve up – adverse supply shocks move the Phillips curve up
12-15
Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Equilibrium Levels of Inflation and Unemployment
• Together, the unemployment form of the aggregate demand relationship and the Phillips curve equation allow us to determine what the inflation and unemployment rates will be in the economy
– the natural rate of unemployment (u*) – the expected rate of inflation (e) – supply shocks (s) – the level of unemployment when the real interest rate is at what the central bank thinks is its long-run average (u0) – the central bank’s target level of inflation (’)
The Phillips Curve
• Aggregate supply can relate the inflation rate to the level of real GDP