最新2015职称英语新增文章理工A和B

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2015职称英语理工类A级真题(阅读理解)

2015职称英语理工类A级真题(阅读理解) 第4部分：阅读理解(第31—45题，每题3分，共45分)下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。

请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。

第一篇Face Masks May Not Protect from Super-Flu IF a super-flu strikes, face masks may not protect you. Whether widespread use of masks will help, or harm, during the next worldwide flu outbreak is a question that researchers are studying furiously. No results have come from their mask research yet. However, the government says people should consider wearing them in certain situations anyway, just in case.But it’s a question the public keeps asking while the government are making preparations for the next flu pandemic. So the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) came up with preliminary guidelines. “We don’t want people wearing them everywhere,” said the CDC. “The overall recommendation really is to avoid exposure.”When that’s not possible, the guidelines say to consider wearing a simple surgical mask if you are in one of the three following situations. First, you’re healthy and can’t avoid going to a crowded place. Second t you’re sick and think you may have close contact with the healthy, such as a family member checking onyou. Third, you live with someone who’s sick and thus might be in the early stages of infection, but still need to go out.Influenza pandemics can strike when the easy-to-mutate flu virus shifts to a strain that people never have experienced. Scientists cannot predict when the next pandemic will arrive, although concern is rising that the Asian bird flu might trigger one if it starts spreading easily from person to person.During the flu pandemic, you should protect yourself. Avoid crowds, and avoid close contact with the sick unless you must care for someone. Why aren’t masks added to this self-protection list? Because they can help trap virus-laden droplets flying through the air with a cough or sneeze. Simple surgical masks only filter the larger droplets. Besides, the CDC is afraid masks may create a false sense of security. Perhaps someone who should have stayed home would don an ill-fitting mask and hop on the subway instead.Nor does flu only spread through the air. Say someone covers a sneeze with his or her hand, then touches a doorknob or subway pole. If you touch that spot next and then put germy hands on your nose or mouth, you’ve been exposed. It’s harder to rub your nose while wearing a mask and so your face may get pretty sweaty under masks. You reach under to wipe that sweat, and may transfer germs caught on the outside of the mask straight to the nose. These are the problems face masks may create for their users.Whether people should or should not use face masks still remains a question. The general public has to wait patiently for the results of the mask research scientists are still doing.31. What is the passage mainly about?A. Widespread use of face masks.B. Possibility of a worldwide flu outbreakC. New discoveries of a face mask research.D. Effectiveness of wearing face masks32. The CDC suggests that peopleA. stay alone when being sick.B. wear face masks when going to a crowded place.C. wear face masks wherever possible.D. remain at home if living with someone who’s sick.33. The word "that" in Paragraph 3 refers toA. making preparations.B. avoiding exposureC. coming up with guidelines.D. wearing face masks everywhere.34. Which of the following statements is true?A. Scientists warn the next flu is coming soon.B. Asian bird flu is spreading easily from person to person.C. Masks protect people because they keep viruses away.D. Masks are not effective if a flu strikes.35. One of the concerns the CDC has is thatA .masks may give people a wrong assumption of being safe.B. the sick may not wear masks and go out.C. flu virus may spread via public transportation.D. healthy people may not know how to protect themselves.第二篇What’s killing the BatsFirst it was bees. Now it is bats. Biologists in America are working hard to discover the cause of the mysterious deaths of tens of thousands of bats in the northeastern part of the country. Most of the bats affected are the common little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus,) but other species, such as the long-eared bat, the small-footed hat, the eastern pipistrelle, and the Indiana bat have also been affected. In some caves, more than 90 percent of the bat populations have died.One possibility is disease. A white fungus (真菌)known as fusarium has been found on the noses of both living and dead bats. However, scientists don't know Ifthe fungus is the primary cause of death, a secondary cause of death, or not a cause at all, but the result of some other conditions.Another possible cause is a lack of food. For example, bats typically eat a large number of moths (蛾), and in some states such as New York, the number of moths has been declining in recent years. If bats can’t eat eno ugh food, they starve to death.Still other scientists believe that global warming is to blame. Warmer temperatures in recent years have been waking up hibernating (冬眠)bats earlier than usual. If bats break their hibernation at the wrong time, they might not find their expected food sources. The weather might also turn cold again and weaken or kill the bats.Scientists might not agree on the causes of the bat die-off, but they do agree on the consequences. Bats are an important predator of mosquitoes; a single brown bat can eat 1,000 or more insects in an hour. They also eat beetles and other insects that damage plant crops. If there aren't enough bats, damage will be great from the insects they eat While bats live a long time for their size 一the little brown bat can live for more than 30 years 一a female bat has only one baby per year, so bat populations grow slowly. Many bat species in the United States are already protected or endangered.How can you help? Do not disturb sleeping or nesting bats. If you discover bate that seem to be sick or that are dead, contact your local Fish& Wildlife Department with the details. However, be careful not to touch the animals.36. What is the main idea of this passage?A. All species of bats in North America are dying.B. Scientists already know the cause of the deaths of batsC. The bat deaths are a serious problem.D. There are many possible causes of the deaths of bats.37. What does the first sentence in Paragraph 1 mean?A. Bees have been dying mysteriously.B. The first article on the website is about bees.C. Bees usually die before bats.D. It was bees that caused the deaths of bats.38. The word “pipistrelle" in Parag raph 1 refers toA. a kind of fungus.B. an area in the U.S.C. a special cave.D. a kind of bat.39. The "moths" in Paragraph 3 are taken as an example ofA. diseases that kill bats.B. Insects that bats eat.C. animals that have diseases.D. bat species that are starving to death.40. What is the purpose of the last paragraph?A. To get people to stop killing bats.B. To hire workers for the Fish & Wildlife Department.C. To ask people not to touch dead bats.D. To tell the public how to help bats.第三篇Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light Solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems, or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but until now they haven’t been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar t hermal collector. That’s because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells, which lets the silicon generate more electricity but isn’t a very efficient way to gather heat.That’s a problem of economics. Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower cost. And it’s also a space problem：photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the roof, leaving little room for thermal applications.In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, an associate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a solution in the form of a better PVT made with adifferent kind of silicon. His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from ThinSilicon in California and Michael P athak and Stephen Harrison from Queen’s University, Canada.Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon，but you can also make solar cells out of amorphous silicon, commonly known as thin-film silicon. They don’t create as much electricity, but t hey are lighter, flexible, and cheaper. And, because they require much less silicon, they have a greener footprint. Unfortunately，thin-film silicon solar cells are vulnerable to some bad-news physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect.“That mean s that their efficiency drops when you expose them to light —pretty much the worst possible effect for a solar cell,” Pearce explains，which is one of the reasons thin-film solar panels make up only a small fraction of the market.However, Pearce and his team found a way to engineer around the Staebler-Wronski effect by incorporating thin-film silicon in a new type of PVT. You don’t have to cool down thin-film silicon to make it work. In fact，Pearce’s group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating temperatures，near the boiling point of water, they could make thicker cells that largely overcame the Staebler-Wronski effect. When they applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solarthermal energy collector, they also found that by baking the cell once a day，they boosted the solar cell’s electrical efficiency by over 10 percent.41. PVTs are not efficient inA. creating electricity.B. cooling silicon solar cells.C. generating heat.D. powering solar thermal collectors.42. One of the problems PVTs have is thatA. their thermal applications are costly.B. they are too expensive to afford.C. they occupy too much space.D. it is hard to fix them on the roof.43. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an advantage of thin-film silicon solar cells?A. They are electrically efficient.B. They are less expensive.C. They are flexible.D. They are environment friendly.44. Thin-film solar panels do not sell well on market becauseA. their advantages are not well-recognized.B. they do not work well if exposed to light.C. they need improving in appearance.D. they are not advertised.45 Which of the following statements is true?A. Thin-film silicon's electrical efficiency improves when heated up.B. New techniques have been developed to produce thin-film silicon.C. Thin-film silicon works efficiently at low temperature.D. A new material enlarging the Staebler-WronsKi effect has been created. 更多职称英语考试免费资料请访问“新东方在线职称英语频道”。

2015职称英语(理工B)真题及答案(完整文字版)2015年4月2日发布

2015年职称英语考试《理工B》真题及答案(完整文字版)1.【题干】The organization was bold enough to face the press【选项】A.pleasedB.powerfulC.braveD.sensible【答案】C2.【题干】I will not tolerate that sort of behavior in my class.【选项】A.acceptB.controlC.observeD.regulate【答案】A3.【题干】I realized to my horror that I had forgotten the present.【选项】A.limitB.fearC.powerD.fool【答案】B4.【题干】Most people find rejection hard to accept. 【选项】A.excuseB.clientC.destinyD.refusal【答案】D5.【题干】She's extremely competent and industrious. 【选项】A.hardworkingB.honestC.objectiveD.independent【答案】A6.【题干】The doctors did not reveal the truth to him.【选项】A.hideB.handleC.discloseD.establish【答案】C7.【题干】He tried to assemble his thoughts.【选项】A.clearB.shareC.gatherD.spare【答案】C8.【题干】 The law carries a penalty of up to three years in prison. 【选项】A. messageB. punishmentC. guiltD. obligation【答案】B9.【题干】 Prisoners were kept in the most appalling conditions. 【选项】A. flexibleB. terribleC. reasonableD. serious【答案】B10. 【题干】These products are inferior to those we brought last year. 【选项】A. poorer thanB. narrower thanC. larger thanD. richer than【答案】A11.【题干】The political situation in the region has deteriorated rapidly.【选项】A. improvedB. changedC. worsenedD. developed【答案】C12. 【题干】There was a simultaneous trial taking place in the next building.【选项】A. coexistingB. fairC. fullD. pubic【答案】A13. 【题干】They’re petitioning for better facilities for the disabled on public transport.【选项】A. requestingB. planningC. preparingD. looking【答案】A14. 【题干】He said some harsh words about his brother. 【选项】A. unkindB. properC. normalD. unclear【答案】A15. 【题干】We were attracted by the lure of quick money. 【选项】A. amountB. supplyC. sumD. temp【答案】DADHD Linked to Air PollutantsChildren have an increased of attention problems, seen as early as grade school. If their noses inhaled(吸入)a certain type of air pollution when they were pregnant. That's the finding of a new study. Released when things aren't burned completely, this pollution is known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAHs. The biggest sources of these PAHs: the burning of fossil fuels, wood and trash.Frederica Perera works at Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health is New York City. She researches how exposure to things in the environment affects children's health in a new study, she and her team studied the exposure to air pollution of 233 nonsmoking pregnant women in New York City. Because burning tobacco can spew(排放)PAHs into the air and lungs, Perera's team focused on nonsmokers. The researchers wanted to probe(探查)other sources of PAHs, ones that's would have been hard for an individual to avoid.The team started by testing the blood of each woman during pregnancy. The reason Any PAHs in a woman's blood would also be available to the baby in her womb. Nine years later, the researchers investigated signs of attention problems in those children, now age 9. They asked each child's mother a series of questions. These included whatever her childhad problems doing things that needed sustained(长期的)mental effort, such as homework or games with friends. The scientists also asked if the kids had trouble following instructions or made frequent, careless mistakes. All of these can be symptoms of a disorder called Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, or ADHD. About one in U.S. children has ADHD.Among the women studied, traffic and home heating were the primary sources of air pollution exposure, Perera and her team suspect. Some of these women had low levels of PAHs in their blood. Ohters had high levels. Those with high levels were five times as likely to have children who showed attention problems by age 9. The new findings were published November 5 in the journal PLOS ONE.16.【题干】Perera and her team chose nonsmoking pregnant women all over America.【选项】A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned【答案】B17.【题干】The main purpose of the research was to find out how exposure to PAHs played a role in harming the subjects' physical health.【选项】A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned【答案】B18.【题干】Nonsmoking mothers were selected because the effect of smoking on PAHs was unclear.【选项】BA.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned【答案】B19.【题干】The blood of each woman was tested once a month during pregnancy.【选项】A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned【答案】C20.【题干】Kids with ADHD commonly fail in school.【选项】A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned【答案】C21.【题干】The women with high levels of PAHs in their blood were more likely to have kids with ADHD.【选项】A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned【答案】A22.【题干】Traffic and home heating were considered to be the biggest sources of PAHs for the subjects in the research.【选项】A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned【答案】A第3部分：概况大意与完成句子(第23~30题，每题1分，共8分) 下面的短文后有2项测试认识：(1)第23~26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1~4段每段选择1个最佳标题;(2)第27~30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。

最新2015职称英语理工新增所有内容-排版打印版

注：一页两份理工A补全短文新增文章：+第十三篇 Affectionate AndroidsComputers are now powerful enough to allow the age of humanoid robots to dawn1. And it won’t be long before we will see realistic cyber companions, complete with skin, dexterity, and intelligence. They will be programmed to tend to your every need.█Will we ever want to marry robots? Artificial intelligence researcher David Levy has published a book claiming human-robot relationships will become popular in the next few decades. __1__CWill humans really be able to form deep emotional attachments to machines? It will, in fact, be relatively easy to form these strong attachments because the human mind loves to anthropomorphize: to give human attributes to other creatures—even objects.█For example, researchers in San Diego recently put a small humanoid robot in with a toddler playgroup for several months. ____2_F _ The children ended up treating it as a fellow toddler. When it lay down because its batteries were flat，the kids even covered it with a blanket.█In a few decades, when humanoid robots with plastic skin look and feel very real, will people want to form relationships with them? What if the bots could hold a conversation? And be programmed to be the perfect companions—soul mates, even? ____3_E _ And like those toddlers in the experiment, they will be very accepting of them.█The next question, then, is whether there is anything wrong with having an emotional relationship with a machine. Even today there are people who form deep attachments to their pets and use them as substitutes for friends or even children. Few consider that unethical.█__4_B _ For those who always seem to end up marrying the wrong man or woman, a robotic Mr. or Ms. Right could be mighty tempting. As the father of artificial intelligence, Marvin Minsky, put it when asked about the ethics of lonely older people forming close relationships with robots: “If a robot had all the virtues of a person and was smarter and more understanding, why would the elderly bother talking to other grumpy old people?”█A robot could be programmed to be as dumb or smart, as independent or subservient, as an owner desired. And that’s the big disadvantage. Having the perfect robot partner will damage the ability to form equally deep human-human relationships. People will always seem imperfect in comparison. When you’re behaving badly, a good friend will tell you. __5_D█People in relationships have to learn to adapt to each other: to enjoy their common interests and to deal with their differences. It makes us richer, stronger, and wiser. A robot companion will be perfect at the start. However, there will be nothing to move the relationship to grow to greater heights.练习：A It’s easier to have a robot companion instead of a human friend.B But a sophisticated robot will probably be even more attractive.C And if you want to go ahead and tie the knot with your special electronic friend，Levy said that such marriages will be socially acceptable by around 2050.D However, few owners will program their robots to point out their flaws.E Maybe your generation could resist, but eventually there will be a generation of people who grow up with humanoid robots as a normal part of life.F The bot knew each child because it was programmed with face and voice recognition，and it giggled when tickled.理工B阅读理解新增文章*第二十二篇 Real World RobotsWhen you think of a robot, do you envision a shiny, metallic device having the same general shape as a human being, performing humanlike functions, and responding to your questions in a monotone voice accentuated by high-pitched tones and beeps? This is the way many of us imagine a robot, but in the real world, a robot is not humanoid at all. Instead a robot often is a voiceless, box-shaped machine that efficiently carries out repetitive or dangerous functions usually performed by humans. Today’s robot is more than an automatic machine that performs one task again and again.A modern robot is programmed with varying degrees of artificial intelligence—that is, a robot contains a computer program that tells it how to perform tasks associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, drawing conclusions, and learning from past experience.█A robot does not possess a human shape for the simple reason that a two-legged robot has great difficulty remaining balanced. A robot does, however, move from place to place on wheels and axles that roll and rotate. A robot even has limbs that swivel and move in combination with joints and motors. To find its way in its surroundings1, a robot utilizes various built-in sensors. Antennae attached to the robot’s base detect anything they bump into. If the robot starts to teeter as it moves on an incline, a gyroscope or a pendulum inside it senses the vertical differential. To determine its distance from an object and how quickly it will reach the object，the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path2. These and other sensors constantly feed information to the computer, which then analyzes t he information and corrects or adjusts the robot’s actions. As science and technology advance, the robot too will progress in its functions and use of artificial-intelligence programs.练习：1．Another good title for this passage would be C Today’s Robots and How They Function.2．Artificial intelligence is D a computer program that imitates human intellectual processes.3．The last paragraph suggests that future robots will be A more humanlike in behavior and actions.4．The writer begins the passage by comparing B a modem robot with a fictional robot.5．The word humanoid means D having a human form or characteristics.理工B补全短文新增文章：*第九篇 Lightening StrikesThree years ago a bolt of lightning all but destroyed Lyn Miller’s house in Aberdeen—with her two children inside. “There was a huge rainstorm,” she says, recalling the terrifying experience. “My brother and I were outside desperately working to stop floodwater from coming in the house. Suddenly I was thrown to the ground by an enormous bang. ____1_D__ The door was blocked by rubble, but we forced our way in and found the children, thankfully unharmed. Later I was told to be struck by lightning is a chance in a million.” In fact, it’s calculated at o ne chance in 600,000. Even so, Dr Mark Keys of AER Technology, an organisation that monitors the effects of lightning, thinks you should be sensible. “I wouldn’t go out in a storm—but then I’m quite a careful person.” He advises anyone who is unlucky enoug h to be caught in a storm to get down on the ground and curl up into a ball, making yourself as small as possible.█Lightning is one of nature’s most awesome displays of sheer power. ____2_A__ 250 years ago, Benjamin Franklin, the American scientist and statesman，proved that lightning is a form of electricity, but scientists still lack a complete understanding of how it works. ____3_E__ Positive electrical charges streaming upwards from trees or church spires may glow and make a buzzing noise, and people’s hair can stand on end. And if you fear lightning, you’ll be glad to know that a company in America has manufactured a hand-held lightning detector which can detect it up to 70 kms away, sound a warning tone and monitor the storm’s approach.█Nancy Wilder was playing golf at a club in Surrey when she was hit by a bolt of lightning. Mrs Wilder’s heart stopped beating, but she was resuscitated and, after a few days in hospital, where she was treated for bums to her head, hands and feet, she was pronounced fit again. Since that time，she has been a strictly fair weather golfer1. ___4_B__ The best place to be is inside a car!█The largest number of people to be struck by lightning at one time was in September 1995 when 17 players on a football pitch were hit simultaneously. The most extraordinary aspect of the strike was the fact that 11 of the victims—seven adults and four children—had burn patterns of tiny holes at 3 centimetre intervals on each toe and around the soles of their feet.█Harold Deal, a retired electrician from South Carolina, USA, was struck by lightning 26 years ago. He was apparently unhurt, but it later emerged that the strike had damaged the part of the brain which controls the sensation of temperature. __5__F_█Animals are victims of lightning too2．Hundreds of cows and sheep are killed every year, largely because they go under trees. In East Anglia in 1918, 504 sheep were killed instantaneously by the same bolt of lightning that hit the ground and travelled through the entire flock. Lightning is also responsible for starting more than 10,000 forest fires each year world-wide.练习：A No wonder the ancient Greeks thought it was Zeus, father of the gods, throwing thunderbolts around in anger.B In fact, a golf course is one of the most dangerous places to be during a thunderstorm.C Lightning has long been hailed as one of the most impressive displays of nature’s power.D When I picked myself up, the roof and the entire upper storey of the house had been demolished.E Occasionally there are warning signs.F Since then the freezing South Carolina winters haven’t bothered Harold, since he is completely unable to feel the cold.理工C阅读理解新增文章第九篇An Essential Scientific ProcessAll life on the earth depends upon green plants. Using sunlight, the plants produce their own food. Then animals feed upon the plants. They take in the nutrients the plants have made and stored. But that’s not all. Sunlight also helps a plant produce oxygen. Some of the oxygen is used by the plant, but a plant usually produces more oxygen than it uses. The excess oxygen is necessary for animals and other organisms to live.█The process of changing light into food and oxygen is called photosynthesis. Besides light energy from the sun, plants also use water and carbon dioxide. The water gets to the plant through its roots. The carbon dioxide enters the leaves through tiny openings called stomata. The carbon dioxide travels to chloroplasts, special cells in the bodies of green plants. This is where photosynthesis takes place. Chloroplasts contain the chlorophylls that give plants their green color. The chlorophylls are the molecules that trap light energy. The trapped light energy changes water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and a simple sugar called glucose.█Carbon dioxide and oxygen move into and out of the stomata. Water vapor also moves out of the stomata. More than 90 percent of water a plant takes in through its roots escapes through the stomata. During the daytime, the stomata of most plants are open. This allows carbon dioxide to enter the leaves for photosynthesis. As night falls, carbon dioxide is not needed. The stomata of most plants close. Water loss stops.█If photosynthesis ceased, there would be little food or other organic matter on the earth. Most organisms would disappear. The earth’s atmosphere would no longer contain oxygen. Photosynthesis is essential for life on our planet.练习：1．In the first paragraph，the word “excess” means B extra.2．Which of the following does not move throug h a plant’s stomata?D Food.3．In the title, the term Essential Scientific Process refers to A photosynthesis.4．This passage is primarily developed by A explaining a process.5．Another good title for this passage would be C How Photosynthesis Works.理工C补全短文新增文章：第五篇 A Record-Breaking RoverNASA’s Mars rover Opportunity has boldly gone where no rover has gone before—at least in terms of distance. _1_F█On July 27, after years of moving about on Martian ground, the golf-cart-sized Opportunity had driven more than 24 miles, beating the previous record holder—a Soviet rover sent to the moon in 1973.█“This is so remarkable considering Opportunity was intended to drive about 1 kilometer and was never designed for dis tance,” says John Callas, the Mars Exploration Rover Project Manager.█__2_B “But what is really importantly is not how many miles the rover has racked up, but how much exploration and discovery we have accomplished over that distance.”█OPPORTUNITY█The solar-powered Opportunity and its twin rover, Spirit, landed on Mars 10 years ago on a mission expected to last 3 months. __3_E_█Spirit stopped communicating with Earth in March 2010, a few months after it got stuck in a sand pit. But Opportunity has continued to collect and analyze Martian soil and rocks.█During its mission, Opportunity has captured, and sent back to Earth, some 187,000 panoramic and microscopic images of Mars with its cameras. __4_A_█MARATHON ROVER█The rover doesn’t seem to be ready to stop just yet. If Opportunity can continue on, it will reach another major investigation site when its odometer hits 26.2 miles. __5_C█Researchers believe that clay minerals exposed near Marathon Valley could hold clues to Mars’s ancient environment1. Opportunity’s continuing travels will also help researchers as they plan for an eventual human mission to the Red Planet.练习：A It has also provided scientists with data on the planet’s atmosphere, soil, rocks, and terrain.B He works at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.C Scientists call this site Marathon Valley, because when the rover reaches the area, it will have traveled the same distance as the length of a marathon since its arrival on Mars.D Opportunity has been working on Mars since January 2004.E The objective of the rovers was to help scientists learn more about the planet and to search for signs of life，such as the possible presence of water.F Since arriving on the Red Planet in 2004, Opportunity has traveled 25.01 miles, more than any other wheeled vehicle has on another world.注：一页两份理工A补全短文新增文章：+第十三篇 Affectionate AndroidsComputers are now powerful enough to allow the age of humanoid robots to dawn1. And it won’t be long before we will see realistic cyber companions, complete with skin, dexterity, and intelligence. They will be programmed to tend to your every need.█Will we ever want to marry robots? Artificial intelligence researcher David Levy has published a book claiming human-robot relationships will become popular in the next few decades. __1__CWill humans really be able to form deep emotional attachments to machines? It will, in fact, be relatively easy to form these strong attachments because the human mind loves to anthropomorphize: to give human attributes to other creatures—even objects.█For example, researchers in San Diego recently put a small humanoid robot in with a toddler playgroup for several months. ____2_F _ The children ended up treating it as a fellow toddler. When it lay down because its batteries were flat，the kids even covered it with a blanket.█In a few decades, when humanoid robots with plastic skin look and feel very real, will people want to form relationships with them? What if the bots could hold a conversation? And be programmed to be the perfect companions—soul mates, even? ____3_E _ And like those toddlers in the experiment, they will be very accepting of them.█The next question, then, is whether there is anything wrong with having an emotional relationship with a machine. Even today there are people who form deep attachments to their pets and use them as substitutes for friends or even children. Few consider that unethical.█__4_B _ For those who always seem to end up marrying the wrong man or woman, a robotic Mr. or Ms. Right could be mighty tempting. As the father of artificial intelligence, Marvin Minsky, put it when asked about the ethics of lonely older people forming close relationships with robots: “If a robot had all the virtues of a person and was smarter and more unde rstanding, why would the elderly bother talking to other grumpy old people?”█A robot could be programmed to be as dumb or smart, as independent or subservient, as an owner desired. And that’s the big disadvantage. Having the perfect robot partner will damage the ability to form equally deep human-human relationships. People will always seem imperfect in comparison. When you’re behaving badly, a good friend will tell you. __5_D█People in relationships have to learn to adapt to each other: to enjoy their common interests and to deal with their differences. It makes us richer, stronger, and wiser. A robot companion will be perfect at the start. However, there will be nothing to move the relationship to grow to greater heights.练习：A It’s easier to have a robot companion instead of a human friend.B But a sophisticated robot will probably be even more attractive.C And if you want to go ahead and tie the knot with your special electronic friend，Levy said that such marriages will be socially acceptable by around 2050.D However, few owners will program their robots to point out their flaws.E Maybe your generation could resist, but eventually there will be a generation of people who grow up with humanoid robots as a normal part of life.F The bot knew each child because it was programmed with face and voice recognition，and it giggled when tickled.理工B阅读理解新增文章*第二十二篇 Real World RobotsWhen you think of a robot, do you envision a shiny, metallic device having the same general shape as a human being, performing humanlike functions, and responding to your questions in a monotone voice accentuated by high-pitched tones and beeps? This is the way many of us imagine a robot, but in the real world, a robot is not humanoid at all. Instead a robot often is a voiceless, box-shaped machine that efficiently carries out repetitive or dangerous functions usually performed by humans. Today’s robot is more than an automatic machine that performs one task again and again.A modern robot is programmed with varying degrees of artificial intelligence—that is, a robot contains a computer program that tells it how to perform tasks associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, drawing conclusions, and learning from past experience.█A robot does not possess a human shape for the simple reason that a two-legged robot has great difficulty remaining balanced. A robot does, however, move from place to place on wheels and axles that roll and rotate. A robot even has limbs that swivel and move in combination with joints and motors. To find its way in its surroundings1, a robot utilizes various built-in sensors. Antennae attached to the robot’s base detect anything they bump into. If the robot starts to teeter as it moves on an incline, a gyroscope or a pendulum inside it senses the vertical differential. To determine its distance from an object and how quickly it will reach the object，the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path2. These and other sensors constantly feed information to the computer, which then analyzes the information and corrects or adjusts the robot’s actions. As science and technology advance, the robot too will progress in its functions and use of artificial-intelligence programs.练习：1．Another good title for this passage would be C Today’s Robots and How They Function.2．Artificial intelligence is D a computer program that imitates human intellectual processes.3．The last paragraph suggests that future robots will be A more humanlike in behavior and actions.4．The writer begins the passage by comparing B a modem robot with a fictional robot.5．The word humanoid means D having a human form or characteristics.理工B补全短文新增文章：*第九篇 Lightening StrikesThree years ago a bolt of lightning all but destroyed Lyn Miller’s house in Aberdeen—with her two children inside. “There was a huge rainstorm,” she says, recalling the terrifying experience. “My brother and I were outside desperately w orking to stop floodwater from coming in the house. Suddenly I was thrown to the ground by an enormous bang. ____1_D__ The door was blocked by rubble, but we forced our way in and found the children, thankfully unharmed. Later I was told to be struck by li ghtning is a chance in a million.” In fact, it’s calculated at one chance in 600,000. Even so, Dr Mark Keys of AER Technology, an organisation that monitors the effects of lightning, thinks you should be sensible. “I wouldn’t go out in a storm—but then I’m quite a careful person.” He advises anyone who is unlucky enough to be caught in a storm to get down on the ground and curl up into a ball, making yourself as small as possible.█Lightning is one of nature’s most awesome displays of sheer power. ____2_A__ 250 years ago, Benjamin Franklin, the American scientist and statesman，proved that lightning is a form of electricity, but scientists still lack a complete understanding of how it works. ____3_E__ Positive electrical charges streaming upwards from trees or church spires may glow and make a buzzing noise, and people’s hair can stand on end. And if you fear lightning, you’ll be glad to know that a company in America has manufactured a hand-held lightning detector which can detect it up to 70 kms away, sound a warning tone and monitor the storm’s approach.█Nancy Wilder was playing golf at a club in Surrey when she was hit by a bolt of lightning. Mrs Wilder’s heart stopped beating, but she was resuscitated and, after a few days in hospital, where she was treated for bums to her head, hands and feet, she was pronounced fit again. Since that time，she has been a strictly fair weather golfer1. ___4_B__ The best place to be is inside a car!█The largest number of people to be struck by lightning at one time was in September 1995 when 17 players on a football pitch were hit simultaneously. The most extraordinary aspect of the strike was the fact that 11 of the victims—seven adults and four children—had burn patterns of tiny holes at 3 centimetre intervals on each toe and around the soles of their feet.█Harold Deal, a retired electrician from South Carolina, USA, was struck by lightning 26 years ago. He was apparently unhurt, but it later emerged that the strike had damaged the part of the brain which controls the sensation of temperature. __5__F_█Animals are victims of lightning too2．Hundreds of cows and sheep are killed every year, largely because they go under trees. In East Anglia in 1918, 504 sheep were killed instantaneously by the same bolt of lightning that hit the ground and travelled through the entire flock. Lightning is also responsible for starting more than 10,000 forest fires each year world-wide.练习：A No wonder the ancient Greeks thought it was Zeus, father of the gods, throwing thunderbolts around in anger.B In fact, a golf course is one of the most dangerous places to be during a thunderstorm.C Lightning has long been hailed as one of the most impressive displays of nature’s power.D When I picked myself up, the roof and the entire upper storey of the house had been demolished.E Occasionally there are warning signs.F Since then the freezing South Carolina winters haven’t bothered Harold, since he is completely unable to feel the cold.理工C阅读理解新增文章第九篇An Essential Scientific ProcessAll life on the earth depends upon green plants. Using sunlight, the plants produce their own food. Then animals feed upon the plants. They take in the nutrients the plants have made and stored. But that’s not all. Sunlight also helps a plant produce oxygen. Some of the oxygen is used by the plant, but a plant usually produces more oxygen than it uses. The excess oxygen is necessary for animals and other organisms to live.█The process of changing light into food and oxygen is called photosynthesis. Besides light energy from the sun, plants also use water and carbon dioxide. The water gets to the plant through its roots. The carbon dioxide enters the leaves through tiny openings called stomata. The carbon dioxide travels to chloroplasts, special cells in the bodies of green plants. This is where photosynthesis takes place. Chloroplasts contain the chlorophylls that give plants their green color. The chlorophylls are the molecules that trap light energy. The trapped light energy changes water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and a simple sugar called glucose.█Carbon dioxide and oxygen move into and out of the stomata. Water vapor also moves out of the stomata. More than 90 percent of water a plant takes in through its roots escapes through the stomata. During the daytime, the stomata of most plants are open. This allows carbon dioxide to enter the leaves for photosynthesis. As night falls, carbon dioxide is not needed. The stomata of most plants close. Water loss stops.█If photosynthesis ceased, there would be little food or other organic matter on the earth. Most organisms would disappear. The earth’s atmosphere would no longer contain oxygen. Photosynthesis is essential for life on our planet.练习：1．In the first paragraph，the word “excess” mean s B extra.2．Which of the following does not move through a plant’s stomata?D Food.3．In the title, the term Essential Scientific Process refers to A photosynthesis.4．This passage is primarily developed by A explaining a process.5．Another good title for this passage would be C How Photosynthesis Works.理工C补全短文新增文章：第五篇 A Record-Breaking RoverNASA’s Mars rover Opportunity has boldly gone where no rover has gone before—at least in terms of distance. _1_F█On July 27, after years of moving about on Martian ground, the golf-cart-sized Opportunity had driven more than 24 miles, beating the previous record holder—a Soviet rover sent to the moon in 1973.█“This is so remarkable considering Opportunity was intende d to drive about 1 kilometer and was never designed for distance,” says John Callas, the Mars Exploration Rover Project Manager.█__2_B “But what is really importantly is not how many miles the rover has racked up, but how much exploration and discovery we have accomplished over that distance.”█OPPORTUNITY█The solar-powered Opportunity and its twin rover, Spirit, landed on Mars 10 years ago on a mission expected to last 3 months. __3_E_█Spirit stopped communicating with Earth in March 2010, a few months after it got stuck in a sand pit. But Opportunity has continued to collect and analyze Martian soil and rocks.█During its mission, Opportunity has captured, and sent back to Earth, some 187,000 panoramic and microscopic images of Mars with its cameras. __4_A_█MARATHON ROVER█The rover doesn’t seem to be ready to stop just yet. If Opportunity can continue on, it will reach another major investigation site when its odometer hits 26.2 miles. __5_C█Researchers believe that clay minerals exposed near Marathon Valley could hold clues to Mars’s ancient environment1. Opportunity’s continuing travels will also help researchers as they plan for an eventual human mission to the Red Planet.练习：A It has also provided scientists with data on the planet’s atmosphere, soil, ro cks, and terrain.B He works at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.C Scientists call this site Marathon Valley, because when the rover reaches the area, it will have traveled the same distance as the length of a marathon since its arrival on Mars.D Opportunity has been working on Mars since January 2004.E The objective of the rovers was to help scientists learn more about the planet and to search for signs of life，such as the possible presence of water.F Since arriving on the Red Planet in 2004, Opportunity has traveled 25.01 miles, more than any other wheeled vehicle has on another world.。

13-15年职称英语理工ABC出自教材文章汇总

2016年职称英语理工A考生必看——2013年到2015年职称英语理工A出自教材文章汇总职称英语考试在2014年之前，都会从职称英语教材中选取两篇文章作为真题，一篇阅读理解，一篇完形填空，而且阅读理解就是从教材的阅读理解里面出题，完形填空也是从教材中的完形填空出题。

2014年职称英语考试开始改革，跨级别跨类别跨题型出题。

2015年职称英语出题，依然延续2014年职称英语出题风格。

2016年职称英语出题，应该依然延续跨题型出题风格。

在此为2016年职称理工A类考生总结一下从2014年到2015年职称英语理工A 从教材出题情况，分析一下这几年职称英语理工A出题难易程度。

预测一下2016年职称英语理工A出题情况。

职称英语理工A自2013年到2015年从教材选取文章汇总一篇完形填空。

有原题。

没有跨题型出题。

难度级别低。

2014年职称英语理工A从教材中选取了2篇文章。

阅读理解从教材中选了理工A 阅读判断。

完形填空选取的是补全短文的文章。

属于跨题型出题。

2014年是职称英语第一年改革，跨题型出题，考生没有复习到，也没有心理准备，所以难度级别高。

2015年职称英语理工A从教材中选取了3篇文章，2篇阅读理解，1篇完形填空。

两篇阅读理解一篇选自理工A的完形填空，一篇选自理工A的概括大意与完成句子。

两篇文章都是属于理工A的文章。

完形填空选自理工A的补全短文，属于跨题型出题。

2015年考生已经知道职称英语出题风格变化，有心理准备，而且三篇文章都是A级别的文章，所以2015年理工A的难度中等。

值得大家注意的是，Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light这篇文章，在2013年理工A完形填空中考过，2015年又作为阅读理解来出题。

所以教材上考过的文章并不是百分之百不会再考了。

预测2016年职称英语理工A会延续2014年和2015年的出题风格，依然是跨题型出题，会从教材选取2到3篇左右的文章。

2015年职称英语《理工A》真题及答案(完整文字版)

2015年职称英语《理工A》真题及答案(完整文字版)第1 页：词汇选项第2 页：阅读判断第3 页：概括大意与完成句子第4 页：阅读理解第一篇第5 页：阅读理解第二篇第6 页：阅读理解第三篇第7 页：补全短文第8 页：完形填空第1部分：词汇选项(第1～15题，每题1分，共15分)下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。

1. I will not?tolerate?that sort of behavior in my class.A. controlB. observeC. regulateD. Accept【答案】D2. She showed a natural?aptitude?for the work.A. senseB. talentC. flavorD. Taste【答案】B【解析】aptitude 天赋have a aptitude for=have a gift /talent for3. Most people find?rejection?hard to accept.A. excuseB. clientC. refusalD. Destiny【答案】C4. The organization was?bold?enough to face the press.A. pleasedB. powerfulC. braveD. Sensible【答案】C5. They were locked in?mortal?combat.A. deadlyB. openC. actualD. Active【答案】A【解析】A.deadly 致死的;B.open打开的;C.actual实在的;D.Active积极的。

mortal致命的、致死的;immortal 不朽的题干：他们被锁起来进行致命的战争。

6. We were attracted by the?lure?of quick money.A. amountB. supplyC. temptD. Sum【答案】C7. The procedures were perceived as complex and less?transparent.A. clearB. necessaryC. specialD. Correct【答案】A【解析】A.clear清楚的;B.necessary必要的;C.special特殊的;D.Correct正确的transparent 明显的、显然的题干：这些过程被认为是复杂的且没有那么清楚的。

职称英语理工A 阅读理解、完型填空、新增文章内部讲义冲刺点睛资料【点睛】

2015年职称英语理工类A级点睛资料内部讲义2015职称英语理工A 阅读理解、完型填空、新增文章冲刺资料王霞目录阅读理解+第三十四篇Batteries Built by Viruses+第三十五篇Putting Plants to Work （2013理工B真题）+第三十六篇Listening Device Provides Landslide Early Warning+第三十七篇"Don't Drink Alone" Gets New Meaning+第三十八篇"Life Form Found" on Saturn's Titan（2012真题）+第三十九篇Clone Farm+第四十篇Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety（2012新增文章）+ 第四十一篇Too Little for Global Warming+ 第四十二篇Renewable Energy Sources+ 第四十三篇Forecasting Methods（2013理工A真题）+ 第四十四篇Defending the Theory of Evolution Still Seems Needed+ 第四十五篇Small But Wise （2012年真题）+ 第四十六篇Ants have Big Impact on Environment as "Ecosystem Engineers"（2012新增文章）+ 第四十七篇Listening to Birdsong+ 第四十八篇Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking Upright （2013教材新增）+ 第四十九篇U. S. Scientists Confirm Water on Mars+ 第五十篇Cell Phones Increase Traffic, Pedestrian Fatalities完型填空：+第十五篇（2012新增）"Liquefaction" Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake Damage+第十二篇（2012新增）Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk*第十篇（2012新增）Chicken Soup for the Soul: Comfort Food Fights Loneliness+第十四篇Sharks Perform a Service for Earth's Waters2015年教材新增文章2015年职称英语教材理工类的变动比较小，一共只有5篇新增文章。

职称英语理工类B级考试重点文章汇总完美版已排版含译文 +完整解答

职称英语必过备考资料2015职称英语理工类B级考试重点文章汇总孙伟+王霞2015年理工B阅读理解新增文章*第二十二篇Real World RobotsWhen you think of a robot, do you envision a shiny, metallic device having the same general shape as a human being, performing humanlike functions, and responding to your questions in a monotone voice accentuated by high-pitched tones and beeps? This is the way many of us imagine a robot, but in the real world, a robot is not humanoid at all. Instead a robot often is a voiceless, box-shaped machine that efficiently carries out repetitive or dangerous functions usually performed by humans. Today’s robot is more than an automatic machine that performs one task again and again. A modern robot is programmed with varying degrees of artificial intelligence—that is, a robot contains a computer program that tells it how to perform tasks associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, drawing conclusions, and learning from past experience.A robot does not possess a human shape for the simple reason that a two-legged robot has great difficulty remaining balanced. A robot does, however, move from place to place on wheels and axles that roll and rotate. A robot even has limbs that swivel and move in combination with joints and motors. To find its way in its surroundings1, a robot utilizes various built-in sensors. Antennae attached to the r obot’s base detect anything they bump into. If the robot starts to teeter as it moves on an incline, a gyroscope or a pendulum inside it senses the vertical differential. To determine its distance from an object and how quickly it will reach the object，the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path2. These and other sensors constantly feed information to the computer, which then analyzes the information and corrects or adjusts the robot’s actions. As science and technology advance, the robot too will progress in its functions and use of artificial-intelligence programs.词汇：envision v.想象，预想device n.装置accentuate v.强调，重读artificial intelligence n.人工智能limb n.臂antennae n.天线incline v. 倾斜pendulum n.钟摆ultrasonic adj.超声的metallic adj.金属的monotone n.单调的humanoid adj.像人的axle n.轮轴rotate v.旋转1。

2015职称英语理工A阅读理解文章及译文

2015职称英语理工A阅读理解文章及译文第34篇Batteries Built by VirusesWhat do chicken pox, the common cold, the flu, and AIDS have in common?They'realldiseasecausedbyviruses,tiny microorganisms that can pass frompersontoperson.It'snowonderthatwhenmostpeoplethinkaboutviruses, finding ways to steer clear of viruses is what's on people's minds.Noteveryonerunsfromthetinydiseasecarriers,though.InCambridge,Massachusetts,scientistshavediscoveredthatsomeviruses can be helpful 'in an unusual way. They are putting viruses to work, teaching them to build some of the world's smallest rechargeable batteries.Viruses and batteries may seem like an unusual pair, but they're not so strange for engineer Angela Belcher, who first came up with the idea. At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, she and her collaboratorsbringtogetherdifferentareasofscienceinnewways.Inthecase ofthevirus-builtbatteries,thescientistscombinewhattheyknowabout biology, technology and production techniques.Belcher'steamincludes Paula Hammond, who helps put together the tinybatteries,andYet-MingChiang,anexpertonhowtostoreenergyintheformofabattery."We'reworkingonthingswetraditionallydon'tassociatewith nature," says Hammond.Manybatteriesarealreadyprettysmall.YoucanholdA,CandDbatteries in your hand. The coin-like batteries that power watches are often smaller than apenfiy.However,everyyear,newelectronicdeviceslikepersonalmusicplayers orcellphonesgetsmallerthantheyearbefore.Asthesedevicesshrink, ordinary batteries won't be small enough to fit inside.The ideal battery will store a lot of energy in a small package. Right now,Belcher'smodelbattery,ametallicdiskcompletelybuiltbyviruses,lookslike a regular watch battery. But inside, its components are very small --so tiny you can only see them with a powerful microscope.Howsmallarethesebatteryparts?To get some idea of the size, pluck one hair from your head. Place your hair on a piece of white paper and try to see howwideyourhairis--prettythin,right?Althoughthewidthofeachperson'shair is a bit different, you could probably fit about 10 of these virus-built battery parts,sidetoside,across one hair. These microbatteries may change the way we look at viruses.病毒电池水痘、普通感冒、流感和艾滋病有哪些相似之处呢？这些都是由病毒引起的疾病，病毒是能够在人与人之间传染的微生物。

2015年职称英语理工B级概括大意整理版(背诵版)

第一篇More Than 8 Hours Sleep Too Much of a Good Thing（每晚只需8个小时，睡眠过多非益事）1、Paragraph 2 (E Sleep Problems of Long and Short Sleepers)段落2(长、短睡者的睡眠问题)2、Paragraph 4 (B Dangers of Habitual Shortages of Sleep)段落4(B习惯性睡眠短缺的危险)3、Paragraph 5 (A Kripke’s Rese arch Tool)段落5 (A克里普克的研究工具)4、Paragraph 6 (D A Way of Overcoming Insomnia)段落6 (D克服失眠的一种方式)5、To get a good night's rest, people may not need to(F sleep more than 8 hours)一夜好休息,人们可能不需要(F睡眠超过8小时)6、Long sleepers are reported to be more likely to(E suffer sleep problems)长睡眠者更有可能(E遭受睡眠问题)7、One of the sleep problems is waking in the middle of the night, unable to(A fall asleep again)睡眠问题之一是在半夜醒来,无法(再次入睡)8. One survey showed that people who habitually ____ each night have a higher risk of dying. (C sleep less than 7 hours confirm those serious)一项调查显示,人们习惯性地每天晚上有更高的死亡风险。

2015职称英语理工类a级考试真题及答案

2015职称英语理工类a级考试真题及答案The 2015 Professional Title English Level A Exam for the Science and Engineering category is a significant assessment for individuals seeking to advance their careers in these fields. This exam not only tests the candidates' English language proficiency but also evaluates their knowledge and understanding of technical concepts. As a result, it plays a crucial role in determining the qualifications and competencies of professionals in the science and engineering sectors.Preparing for the exam requires diligent study and practice to ensure success. Candidates must familiarize themselves with the format of the exam, whichtypically includes multiple-choice questions, reading comprehension passages, and writing tasks. Additionally, they need to review key vocabulary and grammar rules relevant to the science and engineering domain to enhance their language skills.By dedicating time and effort to preparation, candidates can improve their chances of achieving a satisfactory result in the exam.One of the challenges that candidates may face in the exam is the integration of technical content with English language proficiency. The ability to communicate complex scientific ideas effectively in English requires a high level oflinguistic competence and subject knowledge. Therefore, candidates must strive to develop their language skills in tandem with their understanding of scientific principles to excel in this exam. Practice exercises that combine technical topics with English language practice can be beneficial in overcoming this challenge.In addition to language proficiency and technical knowledge, critical thinking and problem-solving skills are also essential for success in the exam. Candidates may encounter questions that require them to analyze information, draw conclusions, and propose solutions to scientific problems. By honing their critical thinking abilities through practice tests and exercises, candidates can enhance their performance in these challenging aspects of the exam. Furthermore, developingeffective time management strategies is crucial for completing the exam within the allotted timeframe.The 2015 Professional Title English Level A Exam for the Science and Engineering category serves as a benchmark for evaluating the professional capabilities of individuals in these fields. By successfully passing this exam, candidates can demonstrate their proficiency in English communication, technical knowledge, and critical thinking skills. This achievement not only enhances their career prospects but also validates their expertise in the science and engineering domains. As such, the exam plays a vital role in shaping the careers of professionals and promoting excellence in the science and engineering sectors.。

2015职称外语-理工类新增文章及译文

2015年职称英语考试理工类教材对比题型2015新增文章2014被替换文章第一部分词汇选项无变化无变化第二部分阅读判断无变化无变化第三部分概括大意与完成句子无变化无变化第四部分阅读理解第九篇 An Essential Scientific Process 第九篇 Egypt Feled by Famine 第二十二篇 Real-World Robots 第二十二篇 Snowflakes第五部分补全短文第九篇 Lightening Strikes 第九篇 Heat Is Killer第五篇 A Record-breaking Rover 第五篇 The Magic of Sound 第十三篇 Affectionate Androids 第十三篇 Sleeping Giant第六部分完形填空无变化无变化2015年新版职称英语教材新增文章系列之理工类阅读理解第二十二篇Real World RobotsWhen you think of a robot, do you envision a shiny, metallic device having the same general shape as a human being, performing humanlike functions, and responding to your questions in a monotone voice accentuated by high-pitched tones and beeps? This is the way many of us imagine a robot, but in the real world, a robot is not humanoid at all. Instead a robot often is a voiceless,box-shaped machine that efficiently carries out repetitive or dangerous functions usually performed by humans. Today’s robot is more than an automatic machine that performs one task again and again.A modern robot is programmed with varying degrees of artificial intelligence—that is, a robot contains a computer program that tells it how to perform tasks associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, drawing conclusions, and learning from past experience.A robot does not possess a human shape for the simple reason that a two-legged robot has great difficulty remaining balanced. A robot does, however, move from place to place on wheels and axles that roll and rotate. A robot even has limbs that swivel and move in combination with joints and motors. To find its way in its surroundings1, a robot utilizes various built-in sensors. Antennae attached to the robot’s base detect anything they bump into. If the robot starts to teeter as it moves on an incline, a gyroscope or a pendulum inside it senses the vertical differential. To determine its distance from an object and how quickly it will reach the object，the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path2. These and other sensors constantly feed information to the computer, which then analyzes the information and corrects or adjusts the robot’s actions. As science and technology advance, the robot too will progress in its functions and use of artificial-intelligence programs.【词汇】envision v. 想象，预想device n. 装置accentuate v. 强调，重读artificial intelligence n. 人工智能limb n. 臂antennae n. 天线incline v. 倾斜pendulum n. 钟摆ultrasonic adj. 超声的metallic adj. 金属的monotone n. 单调的humanoid adj. 像人的axle n. 轮轴rotate v. 旋转swivel n. 旋转teeter v. 摇晃gyroscope n. 陀螺仪，回转仪vertical n. 直立的【注释】1．To find its way in its surroundings...：为了在周围找到路……2．the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path：机器人发射激光束和超声波，反射到障碍物上（以此来探知路径）。

2015职称英语理工类A级试题及答案

2015职称英语理工类A级试题及答案职称英语考试《理工类A级》阅读理解强化练习题(5)Early or Later Day CareThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive “attachment” period from birth to three may scar a child's personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life. Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby's work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails, and many people do believe this. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modern societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as the Ngoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone —far from it. Secondly, common sense tells US that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children had problems with it. Statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would be certain to be complicated and controversial. Thirdly, in the last decade there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that day care had a neural or slightly positive effect on children's development. But tests that have had to be used to measure this development are not widely enough accepted to settle the issue.But Bowlby's analysis raises the possibility that early day care has delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only be explored by the use of statistics. Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy, and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cuff, though experience and available evidence indicate that early care is reasonable for infants.词汇：psychoanalyst n.精神分析学家一心理分析学家 insulate vt.隔绝rear vt.抚养 predispose 易导致 care taker n.照顾者，看管人 entail vt.蕴涵infant n.婴儿 anthropologist n.人类学家1.Which of the following statements would Bowlby support?A) Statistical studies should be carried out to assess the positive effect of day car for children at the age of three or older.B) Early day care can delay the occurrence of mental illness in children.C) The first three years of one's life is extremely important to the later development of personality.D) Children under three get used to the life at nursery schools more readily than children over three.2.Which of the following is derivable from Bowlby's work?A) Mothers should not send their children to day care centers before the age of three.B) Day care nurseries have positive effects on a child's development.C) A child sent to a day care center before the age of three may have emotional problems in later life.D) Baby care would not be so popular if it has noticeable negative effects on a child's s personality.3.It is suggested that modern societies differ from traditional societies in that ______ .A) the parents-child relationship is more exclusive in modern societiesB) a child more often grows up with his/her brothers or sisters in traditional societiesC) mother brings up children with the help of her husband in traditional societiesD) children in modern societies are more likely to develop mental illness in later years4.Which of the following statements is NOT an argument against Bowlby's theory?A) Many studies show that day care has a positive effect on children's development.B) The fact that there are so many nursery schools today shows that day care is safe.C) The separation of young children from their parents is common in some traditional societies.D) Parents find the immediate effects of early day care difficult to deal with.5. Which of the following best expresses the writer's attitude towards early day care?A) Children under three should stay with their parents.B) Early day care has positive effects on children's development.C) The issue is controversial and its settlement calls for the use of statistics.D) The effects of early day care on children are exaggerated and parents should ignore the issue.「答案解析」1.C 波比认为，孩子从出生到三岁这段时间是一个敏感的“依恋”期。

2015年职称英语真题：理工A（文字版部分）

2015年职称英语真题：理⼯A(⽂字版部分) 第2部分阅读判断 Lackof Oxygen Delayed the Rise of Animals on Earth Scientistshave long speculated as to why animal species didn’t flourish sooner, oncesufficient oxygen covered the Earth’s surface. Animals began to prosper at theend of the Proterozoic period, about 800 million years ago — but what about thebillion-year stretch before that, when most researchers think there also wasplenty of oxygen? Well,it seems the air wasn’t so great then, after all. Ina study published Oct. 31 in Science, Yale researcher Noah Planavsky and hiscolleagues found that oxygen levels during the “boring billion” period wereonly 0.1% of what they are today. In other words, Earth’s atmosphere couldn’thave supported a diversity of creatures, no matter what genetic advancementswere poised to occur. “There is no questionthat genetic and ecological innovation must ultimately be behind the rise ofanimals, but it is equally unavoidable that animals need a certain level ofoxygen,” said Planavsky, co-lead author of the research along with ChristopherReinhard of the Georgia Institute of Technology. “We’re providing the firstevidence that oxygen levels were low enough during this period to potentiallyprevent the rise of animals.” Thescientists found their evidence by analyzing chromium (Cr) isotopes in ancientsediments from China, Australia, Canada, and the United States. Chromium isfound in the Earth’s continental crust, and chromium oxidation is directlylinked to the presence of free oxygen in the atmosphere. Specifically,the team studied samples deposited in shallow, iron-rich ocean areas, near theshore. They compared their data with other samples taken from younger localesknown to have higher levels of oxygen. Oxygen’srole in controlling the first appearance of animals has long vexed scientists.“We were missing the right approach until now,” Planavsky said. “Chromium gaveus the proxy.” Previous estimates put the oxygen level at 40% of today’sconditions during pre-animal times, leaving open the possibility that oxygenwas already plentiful enough to support animal life. Inthe new study, the researchers acknowledged that oxygen levels were “highlydynamic” in the early atmosphere, with the potential for occasional spikes.However, they said, “It seems clear that there is a first-order difference inthe nature of Earth surface Cr cycling” before and after the rise of animals. “If we are right, ourresults will really change how people view the origins of animals and othercomplex life, and their relationships to the co-evolving environment,” saidco-author Tim Lyons of the University of California-Riverside. “This could be agame changer.” Fundingsources for the research included the NASA Exobiology Program and the NationalScience Foundation’s Earth-Life Transitions program, awarded to Planavsky,Reinhard, and Lyons. Theother members of the research team included Xiangli Wang, a postdoctoral fellowat Yale; Thomas Johnson, of the University of Illinois; Danielle Thomson, ofCarleton University; Peter McGoldrick, of the University of Tasmania; andWoodward Fischer, of the California Institute of Technology. 16.The study discovered the rise of animals occurred earlier than the Proterozoicperiod.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned 17.Many researchers believe the oxygen level was high during pre-animal times.A. RightB. WrongC.Not mentioned 18. The teamwas funded by several research institutes.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned 19. Geneticadvancements triggered the rise of animals.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned 20. Thesamples studied in the research were collected in ocean areas.A. RightB. WrongC.Not mentioned 21. Thestudy revealed that chromium found in Earth’s continental crust remained stablebefore and after the rise ofanimals.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned 22. TimLyons liked to play computer games in his spare time.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned 第3部分概括⼤意与完成句⼦ FirstImage-recognition Software 1.Dartmouth researchers and their colleagues have created an artificial 1 ,software that uses photos to locate documents on the Internet with far gre jthan ever before. 2.The new system, which was tested on photos and is now being applied to , Ishows for the first time that a machine learning algorithm (运算法则)or ,ma9e I recognition and retrieval is accurate and efficient enough toimprove large seaie , document searches online. The system uses pixel (像素)data in images and potentia y video — rather than just text — to locatedocuments. It learns to recognize the pixels associated with a search phrase bystudying the results from text-based image search engines. The knowledgegleaned (收集) from those results can then beapplied to other photos without tags or captions making for more accuratedocument search results. 3."Over the last 30 years," says Associate Professor Lorenzo Torresani,a co-author of the study, "the Web has evolved from a small collection ofmostly text documents to a modern, massive, fast-growing multimedia dataset,where nearly every page includes multiple pictures or videos. When a personlooks at a Web page, he immediately gets the gist (主旨)of it by looking at the pictures in it. Yet, surprisingly, all existing popularsearch engines, such as Google or Bing, strip away the information contained inthe photos and use exclusively the text of Web pages to perform the documentretrieval. Our study is the first to show that modern machine vision systemsare accurate and efficient enough to make effective use of the informationcontained in image pixels to improve document search." 4.The researchers designed and tested a machine vision system — a type ofartificial intelligence that allows computers to learn without being explicitlyprogrammed — that extracts semantic (语义的) information from thepixels of photos in Web pages. This information is used to enrich thedescription of the HTML page used by search engines for document retrieval. Theresearchers tested their approach using more than 600 search queries (查询)on a database of 50 million Web pages. They selected the text-retheval searchengine with the best performance and modified it to make use of the additionalsemantic information extracted by their method from the pictures of the Webpages. They found that this produced a 30 percent improvement in precision overthe original search engine purely based on text. 23. Paragraph 1 __B__ 24. Paragraph 2 __C__ 25. Paragraph 3 __E__ 26. Paragraph 4 __D__ A.Popularity of the new system B.Publication of the new discovery C.Function of the new system D.Artificial intelligence software created E.Problems of the existing search engines F.Improvement in document retrieval 27. The new system does documentretrieval by __C__. 28. The new system is expected toimprove precision in __B__. 29. When performing documentretrieval the existing search engines ignore __A__ 30. The new system was found moreeffective in document search than the __E__ rmation in images B.current popular search engines ing photos D.machine vision systems E.document search F.description of the HTML page 第4部分阅读理解 Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat,More Light Solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems,or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but until now they haven’t been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar thermal collector. That’s because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells, which lets the silicon generate more electricity but isn’ta very efficient way to gather heat. That’s a problem of economics. Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower cost. And it’s also a space problem: photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the roof, leaving little room for thermal applications. In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, anassociate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a solution in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon. His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from Thin Silicon in California and Michael Pathak and Stephen Harrison from Queen’s University, Canada. Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon, but you can also make solar cells out of amorphous silicon, commonly known as thin-film silicon. They don’t create as much electricity, but they are lighter, flexible, and cheaper. And, because they require much less silicon,they have a greener footprint. Unfortunately, thin-film silicon solar cells are vulnerable to some bad-news physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect. “That means that their efficiency drops when you expose them to light— pretty much the worst possible effect for a solar cell,” Pearce explains,which is one of the reasons thin-film solar panels make up only a small fraction of the market. However, Pearce and his team found a way to engineer around the Staebler-Wronski effect by incorporating thin-film siliconin a new type of PVT. You don’t have to cool down thin-film silicon to make it work. In fact, Pearce’s group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating temperatures, near the boiling point of water, they could make thicker cells that largely overcame the Staebler-Wronski effect. When they applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solar thermal energy collector,they also found that by baking the cell once a day, they boosted the solar cell’s electrical efficiency by over 10 percent. 31. PVTs are not efficient in A. creating electricity. B. cooling silicon solar cells. C. generating heat. D. powering solar thermal collectors. 32. One of the problems PVTs have is that A. their thermala pplications are costly. B. they are too expensive to afford. C. it is hard to fix them on the roof. D. they occupy too much space. 33. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an advantage of thin-film silicon solar cells? A. They are flexible. B. They are less expensive. C. They are electrically efficient. D. They are environment friendly. 34. Thin-film solar panels do not sell well on market because A. they do not work well if exposed to light. B. their advantages are not well-recognized. C. they need improving in appearance. D. they are not advertised. 35 Which of the following statements is true? A. New techniques have been developed to produce thin-film silicon. B Thin-film silicon works efficiently at low temperature. C Thin-film silicon's electrical efficiency improves when heated up. D Anew material enlarging the Staebler-WronsKi effect has been created. 译⽂：第⼗三篇更有效的太阳能系统：更多热量，更强灯光太阳能光伏热能系统，也叫PVT，能够⽣成热量和电能。

2015年职称英语考试理工类新增5篇及翻译

第九篇An Essential Scientific ProcessAll life on the earth depends upon green plants. Using sunlight, the plants produce their own food. Then animals feed upon the plants. They take in the nutrients the plants have made and stored. But that‟s not all. Sunlight also helps a plant produce oxygen. Some of the oxygen is used by the plant, but a plant usually produces more oxygen than it uses. The excess oxygen is necessary for animals and other organisms to live.The process of changing light into food and oxygen is called photosynthesis. Besides light energy from the sun, plants also use water and carbon dioxide. The water gets to the plant through its roots. The carbon dioxide enters the leaves through tiny openings called stomata. The carbon dioxide travels to chloroplasts, special cells in the bodies of green plants. This is where photosynthesis takes place. Chloroplasts contain the chlorophylls that give plants their green color. The chlorophylls are the molecules that trap light energy. The trapped light energy changes water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and a simple sugar called glucose.Carbon dioxide and oxygen move into and out of the stomata. Water vapor also moves out of the stomata. More than 90 percent of water a plant takes in through its roots escapes through the stomata. During the daytime, the stomata of most plants are open. This allows carbon dioxide to enter the leaves for photosynthesis. As night falls, carbon dioxide is not needed. The stomata of most plants close. Water loss stops.If photosynthesis ceased, there would be little food or other organic matter on the earth. Most organisms would disappear. The earth‟s atmosphere would no longer contain oxygen. Photosynthesis is essential for life on our planet.词汇：nutrient n.营养物organism n.生物体，有机体carbon dioxide n.二氧化碳chloroplast n.叶绿体molecule n.分子vapor n.水蒸气oxygen n.氧气photosynthesis n.光合作用chlorophyll n.叶绿素glucose n.葡萄糖cease v.停止注释：1．Then animals feed upon the plants.动物以植物为食。

2015年职称英语考试理工类阅读理解新增内容

Graphene's Superstrength1Big technology comes in tiny packages.New cell phones and personal computers get smaller every year，which means these electronics require even smaller components on the inside.Engineers are looking for creative ways to build these components，and they've turned their eyes to graphene，a superthin2material，made of carbon，that could change the future of electronics.This year's Nobel Prize for Physics3has been awarded to Andre Geim and Kostya Novoselov from the University of Manchester4，UK.for the discovery of graphene.Graphene isn't just small,it's"the thinnest possible material in this world，"says Novoselov.He calls it a"wonder material."It's so thin that you would need to stack about25,000sheets just to make a pile as thick as a piece of ordinary white paper.If you were to hold a sheet of graphene in your fingers5，you'd have no idea because you wouldn't be able to see it.Carbon is one of the most abundant elements in the universe. Every known kind of life contains carbon.Graphene is a sheet of carbon，but only one atom thick.You don't have to look far to find grapheme-it's all around you.If you want this high-tech wonderstuff6，all you need is a pencil，paper and a little adhesive e the pencil to shade a small area on the paper,and then apply a small piece of adhesive tape over the area7.When you pull up the tape，you'll see that it pulls up a thin layer of some of the shading from your pencil.That layer is called graphite，one of the softest minerals in the world.Now stick the same piece of tape on another sheet of paper and pull the tape up-there should be an even thinner layer，this time left on the paper.Now imagine that you do this over and over，until you get the thinnest possible layer of material on the paper.This layer would be only one atom thick，and you wouldn't be able to see it.Graphite is made of layers of graphene，so when you get to the thinnest possible layer，you've found graphene.词汇：graphene n.石墨烯abundant adj.丰富的，充裕的atom n.原子adhesive n.胶粘剂;adj.黏着的stack v.使成堆，堆放graphite n.石墨注释：1.superstrength：超强的力量。

2015年职称英语考试《理工B》阅读理解原文

2015年职称英语考试《理工B》阅读理解原文2015年职称英语考试理工B阅读理解其中一篇来自于卫生教材中阅读判断的第5篇Dangers Await Babies withAltitude。

各位考友可以参考原文及译文，比对答案。

以下为卫生教材原文：Dangers Await Babies withAltitudeWomenwho live in the world’s highest communities tend to give birth to under-weightbabies, a new study suggests. These babies may grow into adults with a highrisk of heart disease and strokes.Researchhas hinted that newborns in mountain communities are lighter than average. Butit wasn’t clear whether this is due to reduced oxygen levels at high altitudeor because their mothers are under-nourished — many people who live at highaltitudes are relatively poor compared with those living lower down.Tofind out more, Dino Giussani and his team at Cambridge University studied therecords of 400 births in Bolivia during 1997 and 1998. The babies were bom inboth rich and poor areas of two cities: La Paz and Santa Cruz. La Paz is thehighest city in the world, at 3.65 kilometers above sea level, while Santa Cruzis much lower, at 0.44 kilometers.Sureenough, Giussani found that the average birthweight of babies in La Paz wassignificantly lower than in Santa Cruz. This was true in both high andlow-income families. Even babies bom to poor families in Santa Cruz wereheavier on average than babies born to wealthy families in lofty La Paz. “Wewere very surprised by this result,” says Giussani.Theresults suggest that babies born at high altitude are deprived of oxygen beforebirth. “This may trigger the release or suppression of hormones that regulategrowth of the unborn child.” says Giussani.Histeam also found that high-altitude babies tended to have relatively largerheads compared with their bodies. This is probably because a fetus starved ofoxygen will send oxygenated blood to the brain in preference to the rest of thebody.Giussaniwants to find out if such babies have a higher risk of disease in later life.People born in La Paz might be prone to heart trouble in adulthood, forexample. Low birthweight is a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Andnewborns with a high ratio of head size to body weight are often predisposed tohigh blood pressure and strokes in later life.高海拔地区的婴儿有危险一个新的研究表明，住在世界高海拔地区的女人通常生下体重不足的婴儿。

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(A)第十三篇Affectionate AndroidsComputers are now powerful enough to allow the age of humanoid robots to dawn1. And it won’t be long before we will see realistic cyber companions, complete with skin, dexterity, and intelligence.They will be programmed to tend to your every need.Will we ever want to marry robots? Artificial intelligence researcher David Levy has published a book claiming human-robot relationships will become popular in the next few decades. ____1____Will humans really be able to form deep emotional attachments to machines? It will, in fact, be relatively easy to form these strong attachments because the human mind loves to anthropomorphize: to give human attributes to other creatures—even objects.For example, researchers in San Diego recently put a small humanoid robot in with a toddler playgroup for several months. ____2____The children ended up treating it as a fellow toddler. When it lay down because its batteries were flat，the kids even covered it with a blanket.In a few decades, when humanoid robots with plastic skin look and feel very real, will people want to form relationships with them? What if the bots could hold a conversation? And be programmed to bethe perfect companions—soul mates, even? ____3____ And like those toddlers inthe experiment, they will be very accepting of them.The next question, then, is whether there is anything wrong with having an emotional relationship with a machine. Even today there are people who form deep attachments to their pets and use them as substitutes for friends or even children. Few consider that unethical.____4____ For those who always seem to end upmarrying the wrong man or woman, a robotic Mr. or Ms. Right could be mighty tempting. As the father of artificial intelligence, Marvin Minsky, put it when asked about the ethics of lonely older people forming close relationships with robots: “If a robot had all the virtues of a person and was smarter and more understanding, why would the elderly bother talking to other grumpy old people?”A robot could be programmed to be as dumb or smart, as independent or subservient, as an owner desired. And that’s the big disadvantage. Having the perfect robot partner will damage the ability to form equally deep human-human relationships. People will always seem imperfect incomparison. When you’re behaving badly, a good friend will tell you. ____5____ People in relationships have to learn to adapt toeach other: to enjoy their common interests and to deal with their differences.It makes us richer, stronger, and wiser. A robot companion will be perfect at the start. However, there will be nothing to move the relationship to grow to greater heights.词汇：affectionate adj. 深情的dexterityn. 灵巧，敏捷anthropomorphize v. 赋于人性，人格化grumpy adj. 脾气暴躁的cyber adj. 计算机的tendv. 照料bot n. 机器人subservient adj. 屈从的，奉承的注释：puters are now powerful enough to allow the age of humanoid robots to dawn：计算机技术已经足够成熟，能够支持人形机器人的诞生和普及，进入人形机器人的时代。

练习：A.It’s easier to have a robot companion instead of a human friend.B.But a sophisticated robot will probably be even more attractive.C.And if you want to go ahead and tie the knot with your special electronic friend，Levy saidthat such marriages will be socially acceptable by around 2050.D.However, few owners will program their robots to point out their flaws.E.Maybe your generation could resist, but eventually there will be a generation of people who grow up with humanoid robots as a normal part of life.F.The bot knew each child because it was programmed with face and voice recognition，and it giggled when tickled.答案与题解：1.C前文讲到David在书中认为人与机器人的关系在几十年后将变得普遍，因此接下来应该继续讲这种普遍性是怎样的。

2.F前文讲在圣地亚哥的一个实验，研究人员将机器人放在儿童游乐园里，要填的句子应该是介绍这个机器人。

3.E前文提了几个问题，是关于我们对人与机器人关系的看法，而后文讲“他们”会乐于接受，因此要填的句子应该是两类人的对比。

E项讲我们这一代人可能会反对，但下一代人就不一定了，符合意思。

4.B前文讲有人和宠物发展深厚关系，后面讲的是与机器人发展深厚关系的吸引人之处，因此这里应该讲机器人做伴侣的好处。

5.D前文讲好朋友会在你犯错的时候指出来，这里应该是表示对比——机器人不会这么做。

(B)第九篇Lightening StrikesThree years ago a bolt of lightning all but destroyed Lyn Miller’s house in Aberdeen—with her two children inside. “There was a huge rainstorm,”she says, recalling the terrifying experience. “My brother and I were outside desperately working to stop floodwater from coming in the house. Suddenly I was thrown to the ground by an enormous bang. ____1____ The door was blocked by rubble, but we forced our way in and found the children, thankfully unharmed. Later I was told to be struck by lightning is a chance in a million.”In fact, it’s calculated at one chance in 600,000. Even so, Dr Mark Keys of AER Technology, an organisation that monitors the effects of lightning, thinks you should be sensible. “I wouldn’t go out in a storm—but then I’m quite a careful person.”He advises anyone who is unlucky enough to be caught in a storm to get down on the ground and curl up into a ball, making yourself as small as possible.Lightning is one of nature’s most awesome displays of sheer power. ____2____ 250 years ago, Benjamin Franklin, the American scientist and statesman，proved that lightning is a form of electricity, but scientists still lack a complete understanding of how it works.____3____ Positive electrical charges streaming upwards from trees or church spires may glow and make a buzzing noise, and people’s hair can stand on end. And if you fear lightning, you’ll be glad to know that a company in America has manufactured a hand-held lightning detector which can detect it up to 70 kms away, sound a warning tone and monitor the storm’sapproach.Nancy Wilder was playing golf at a club in Surrey when she was hit by a bolt of lightning. Mrs Wilder’s heart stopped beating, but she was resuscitated and, after a few days in hospital, where she was treated for bums to her head, hands and feet, she was pronounced fit again. Since that time，she has been a strictly fair weather golfer1. ____4____ The best place to be is inside a car!The largest number of people to be struck by lightning at one time was in September 1995 when 17 players on a football pitch were hit simultaneously. The most extraordinary aspect of the strike was the fact that 11 of the victims—seven adults and four children—had burn patterns of tiny holes at 3 centimetre intervals on each toe and around the soles of their feet.Harold Deal, a retired electrician from South Carolina, USA, was struck by lightning 26 years ago. He was apparently unhurt, but it later emerged that the strike had damaged the part of the brain which controls the sensation of temperature. ____5____Animals are victims of lightning too2.Hundreds of cows and sheep are killed every year, largely because they go under trees. In East Anglia in 1918, 504 sheep were killed instantaneously by the same bolt of lightning that hit the ground and travelled through the entire flock. Lightning is also responsible for starting more than 10,000 forest fires each year world-wide.词汇：bolt n. (闪电)道sheer adj. 绝对的resuscitate v. 使复苏flock n. 群rubble n. 碎石spire n. 尖顶，尖塔instantaneously adv. 即刻，突如其来地注释：1.she has been a strictly fair weather golfer：她变成了一个只在晴朗天气才打高尔夫的人。