Subjective Well-being and Family Functioning among
大学生主观幸福感与人格特质的相关研究
大学生主观幸福感与人格特质的相关研究摘要从心理学角度看，主观幸福感是评价者遵照本身拟定的尺度对其生存质量的整体性评估,是能综合权衡自我生存质量的主要心理指标,反映特定群体对生活状况的惬意程度【1】。
大学生的主观幸福感状况反映大学生的生活质量，对其身心健康及其发展具有重要意义，而人格又是预测幸福感最稳定的因素之一[2]。
本研究旨在探究主观幸福感与人格之间的关系，探讨主观幸福感在性别、年级、专业上是否存在差异，总结大学生的幸福感近状。
研究得出以下结论：（1）大学生主观幸福感由身心健康与心态平衡、自我成长与价值目标、家庭氛围与人际适应、知足充裕与社会信心四个维度构成。
（2）总的来说，大学生的主观幸福感存在差异。
在自我发展与目标价值方面满意度越高的大学生，主观幸福感越高，不同性别、年级、专业的大学生主观幸福感有各自的特征差异。
其中女大学生的主观幸福感指数要略高于男生，但是男生和女生在主观幸福感各维度上不存在差异；大四学生的主观幸福感最高,大一学生的主观幸福感最低，但内部感觉不一致，即有的人认为幸福，有的人认为不幸福；艺术专业的学生主观幸福感最高，但内部感觉不一致，即有的人感觉很幸福，而有的人却感觉不幸福；文科专业的学生主观幸福感最低。
（3）人格因素影响着大学生的主观幸福感。
在宜人性和神经质维度上得分越高的大学生，主观幸福感越低；外倾性、开放性和尽责性均与大学生的自我成长和目标价值极其相关，即这些特质上得分高的大学生，其自我成长和目标价值感也较高。
关键词：大学生；主观幸福感；人格特质AbstractFrom the point of view of psychology, subjective well-being is evaluation in accordance with itself to develop the scale of the survival of the overall evaluation of the quality, main psychological index to weigh the quality of their lives, reflect the specific groups on the living conditions of the comfortable degree [1]. College Students' subjective well-being reflects the quality of life of college students, which is of great significance to their physical and mental health and their development, and personality is one of the most stable factors to predict happiness [2]. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between subjective well-being and personality,to explore whether there are differences in gender, grades and majors, and to sum up the happiness of college students. The results of the study are as follows: (1) college students' subjective well-being is composed of four dimensions: physical and psychological health and mental balance, self growth and value goals, family atmosphere and interpersonal adaptation, contentment and social confidence. (2) in general, there are differences in subjective well-being of College students. The higher degree of satisfaction of self development and objective value, the higher subjective well-being, the different gender, grade, professional college students' subjective well-being have their own characteristics. The female college student's subjective well-being sense index slightly higher than boys, but boys and girls in the subjective happiness sense of each dimension there is no difference; subjective well-being of senior students are the highest, freshm an students’subjective well-being is the lowest, but the internal perception of inconsistencies that some people think happiness, some people think it is not happiness; Art Major Students' subjective happiness sense was the highest, but the internal perception of inconsistencies, that some people feel very happy, and some people do not feel happy; liberal arts students subjective well-being sense is the lowest. (3) personality factors affect the subjective well-being of College students. In a pleasant and neuroticism scores higher college students, subjective happiness sense of lower; extraversion, openness and conscientiousness are with the college students self growth and the target value is extremely relevant, namely these traits scored high on the college students, the self growth and the target value is higher.Key words: College students Subjective well-being Personality traits1引言1.1主观幸福感的含义英文中，表达幸福感的词汇有许多，如：happiness,well-being,eudemonia,subjective等等。
英语作文陪伴老人
Accompanying the elderly is a significant aspect of community care and family responsibility.It involves spending time with older individuals,engaging them in activities,and providing emotional support.Here are some key points to consider when writing an essay on this topic:1.Importance of Companionship:Begin by discussing the importance of companionship for the elderly.Highlight how social interaction can improve their mental health and overall wellbeing.bating Loneliness:Explain how loneliness can be detrimental to the health of the elderly.Discuss the role of companions in alleviating feelings of isolation and loneliness.3.Cultural and Intergenerational Exchange:Describe how companionship can serve as a bridge between generations,allowing for the sharing of wisdom,stories,and cultural values.4.Mental Stimulation:Discuss the benefits of mental stimulation through activities such as reading,playing games,or engaging in hobbies with the elderly.This can help maintain cognitive function and prevent mental decline.5.Physical Health Benefits:Mention the physical health benefits of companionship,such as encouraging the elderly to participate in light exercises or walks,which can improve their physical condition.6.Emotional Support:Elaborate on the emotional support that companions provide, including listening to their concerns,validating their feelings,and offering comfort during difficult times.7.Volunteering and Community Programs:Discuss the role of volunteers and community programs in offering companionship to the elderly.Highlight the initiatives that aim to pair volunteers with older adults who need company.8.Technological Solutions:Address the use of technology,such as video calls and social media,as a means to provide companionship to those who may not be able to physically visit the elderly.9.Challenges and Solutions:Identify potential challenges in providing companionship, such as generational gaps,and propose solutions to overcome these barriers.10.Personal Stories and Anecdotes:Include personal stories or anecdotes to illustrate thepositive impact of companionship on the lives of the elderly.11.Conclusion:Conclude by summarizing the importance of companionship for the elderly and the role it plays in creating a more inclusive and caring society. Remember to use a respectful and empathetic tone throughout your essay,as the subject matter is sensitive and requires a thoughtful approach.。
关于家庭的英语作文
A family is the fundamental unit of society and plays a crucial role in shaping an individuals character and values.Here,I will discuss the importance of family,the different types of families,and the roles that family members play in each others lives.Importance of Family1.Support System:Families provide emotional,financial,and physical support to their members.In times of need,it is often the family that comes to ones aid.cation and Values:Families are the first teachers.They instill values such as respect,honesty,and kindness in their children from a young age.3.Sense of Belonging:Being part of a family gives individuals a sense of belonging and identity.It helps in building selfesteem and confidence.4.Cultural Continuity:Families pass on cultural traditions and customs from one generation to the next,ensuring the continuity of cultural heritage.Types of Families1.Nuclear Family:This is the most common type,consisting of parents and their children. It is often seen as the basic family unit in modern societies.2.Extended Family:This includes grandparents,aunts,uncles,and cousins,living together or in close proximity.Extended families offer a broader support network.3.SingleParent Family:This type of family is headed by one parent,usually due to divorce,separation,or the death of a spouse.4.Blended Family:A family formed when two individuals with children from previous relationships marry or form a partnership.5.Childless Family:Some families choose not to have children or are unable to have them,but they still provide love and support to each other.Roles in a Family1.Parents:They are responsible for the physical,emotional,and financial wellbeing of the family.They also guide their children in making life decisions.2.Children:They are the future of the family.Their role is to learn,grow,and contribute positively to the family dynamics.3.Grandparents:They provide wisdom and life experience to the family.They often playa significant role in the upbringing of their grandchildren.4.Siblings:They offer companionship and support to each other,learning to share and cooperate from an early age.5.Aunts and Uncles:They extend the family network,providing additional support and enriching family life with their unique perspectives and experiences.ConclusionFamilies are the cornerstone of society,providing a safe and nurturing environment for individuals to grow and develop.Despite the diversity in family structures,the love, support,and sense of belonging that families offer remain universal.It is essential to cherish and strengthen family bonds to foster a harmonious and supportive society.。
怎样保持健康的英语作文
Maintaining good health is essential for a fulfilling life.Here are several key points to consider when writing an essay on how to keep healthy in English:1.Balanced Diet:Emphasize the importance of consuming a variety of foods to ensure you get all the necessary nutrients.Include the benefits of eating plenty of fruits and vegetables,lean proteins,whole grains,and healthy fats.2.Regular Exercise:Discuss the role of physical activity in maintaining health.Mention the recommended amount of exercise per week and the types of activities that can be beneficial,such as walking,running,swimming,or yoga.3.Adequate Sleep:Explain how getting enough sleep is crucial for the bodys recovery and overall wellbeing.Discuss the recommended sleep duration for different age groups and the impact of sleep deprivation.4.Hydration:Stress the significance of drinking enough water throughout the day to stay hydrated.Explain how water helps in various bodily functions and the signs of dehydration.5.Stress Management:Address the negative effects of stress on health and suggest ways to manage it,such as through meditation,deep breathing exercises,or engaging in hobbies.6.Avoiding Harmful Habits:Discuss the importance of avoiding smoking,excessive alcohol consumption,and drug use.Explain how these habits can lead to various health issues.7.Regular Checkups:Advocate for the importance of regular medical checkups and screenings to detect and prevent diseases early.8.Mental Health:Include the significance of mental health in overall wellbeing.Suggest ways to maintain a positive mental state,such as seeking social support,engaging in meaningful activities,and seeking professional help when needed.9.Personal Hygiene:Mention the basics of personal hygiene,such as regular bathing, handwashing,and dental care,and their role in preventing infections and diseases.10.Healthy Relationships:Discuss how maintaining positive relationships with family, friends,and colleagues can contribute to emotional health and overall wellbeing.11.WorkLife Balance:Talk about the importance of balancing work and personal life to avoid burnout and maintain a healthy lifestyle.12.Environmental Factors:Address how living in a clean environment,avoiding pollution,and being mindful of the impact of climate change on health can contribute to staying healthy.When writing your essay,ensure that you provide clear explanations,use relevant examples,and maintain a logical flow of ideas.Remember to conclude your essay by summarizing the key points and emphasizing the importance of a holistic approach to health.。
大学生人际关系与主观幸福感的关系
4期2010收稿日期：2010-06-07基金项目：国家社会科学基金（GJ391－102）；广东省教育厅课题（2008ZZ0100）作者简介：甘雄（1985—），男，湖北孝感人，助理研究员，硕士，主要从事教育心理学和学校心理学研究。
大学生人际关系与主观幸福感的关系甘雄1，2，李承宗3（1.汕头大学高等教育研究所，广东汕头515063；2.长江大学教育科学系，湖北荆州434023；3.曲阜师范大学心理学系，山东曲阜273165）摘要：探讨大学生人际关系与主观幸福感的关系。
采用《人际关系综合诊断量表》和《总体幸福感量表》评定370名大学生的人际关系和主观幸福感，主要运用t 检验、相关分析和回归分析。
人际关系与主观幸福感呈显著负相关。
大学生人际关系对主观幸福感具有显著的预测作用。
关键词：大学生；人际关系；主观幸福感中图分类号：R195文献标志码：A文章编号：1674-490X （2010）-04-0053-04The research about relation of interpersonal relationships and subject well -being among university studentsGan Xiong 1,2，Li Chengzong 3（1.Institute of Higher Education of Shantou University,Shantou 515063,China ；2.Department of Educational Science,Yangtze University,Jingzhou 434023,China ；3.Department of Psychology of Qufu Normal University,Qufu 273165,China ）Abstract ：The interpersonal relationships and the subjective well -being condition and their relativity of university students were discussed.“Interpersonal Relationship Integrated Diagnosis Scale ”and “General Well-being Scale ”used to evaluate 370university students ’interpersonal relationships and subjective well-being.The results of interpersonal relationships and subjective well -being were significantly negative correlation.University students'interpersonal relationships had predictive effect to subjective well-being.Key words ：university students;interpersonal relationships;subjective well-being·预防医学·第27卷第4期医学研究与教育Vol.27No.42010年8月Medical Research and Education Aug.2010人际关系是指某一特定的群体内，人们在物质交往与精神交往过程中，发生、发展和建立起来的人与人之间的社会和心理上关系[1]。
环境对人性格的影响英语作文
The Influence of Environment on Personality The environment we grow up in and live in plays a significant role in shaping our personality traits,behaviors,and attitudes.From our early childhood experiences to our interactions with the world around us,the environment influences every aspect of who we are as individuals.Firstly,the family environment plays a crucial role in shaping our personality development. Our interactions with parents,siblings,and other family members contribute to the formation of our values,beliefs,and social skills.A nurturing and supportive family environment fosters feelings of security,confidence,and self-esteem,while a dysfunctional or hostile environment can lead to insecurity,anxiety,and low self-worth.Moreover,the social environment,including peers,friends,and social networks,also exerts a powerful influence on our personality.Peer pressure,social norms,and cultural expectations shape our behaviors,attitudes,and lifestyle choices.Our interactions with others provide opportunities for social learning,empathy,and emotional intelligence development,influencing how we perceive and relate to the world around us.Furthermore,the physical environment,such as our home,school,neighborhood,and workplace,affects our personality in various ways.A stimulating and enriching environment encourages curiosity,creativity,and personal growth,while a dull or restrictive environment can stifle our potential and lead to feelings of frustration or stagnation.Additionally,exposure to nature,green spaces,and outdoor activities has been linked to improved mental health,stress reduction,and overall well-being,highlighting the importance of a supportive and nurturing physical environment.Additionally,cultural and societal influences shape our personality by shaping our values, beliefs,and worldview.Cultural norms,traditions,and social institutions provide a framework for understanding and navigating the world,influencing our attitudes towards authority, individualism,collectivism,and other cultural dimensions.Moreover,exposure to diverse cultures and perspectives broadens our horizons,fostering tolerance,empathy,and appreciation for diversity.In conclusion,the environment plays a multifaceted role in shaping our personality, behaviors,and attitudes.From our family and social interactions to the physical and cultural context in which we live,the environment influences every aspect of our lives.By understanding the complex interplay between individuals and their environment,we can gain insights into the factors that contribute to personality development and cultivate environments that support positive growth and well-being.。
与家庭成员相关的英语作文
Family is the fundamental unit of society,and it plays a crucial role in shaping an individuals character and values.Here are some key aspects to consider when writing an English essay about family members:1.Introduction to Family Structure:Begin by introducing the basic structure of your family.Mention the number of family members and their relationships to you,such as parents,siblings,grandparents,and any other relatives living with you.2.Roles and Responsibilities:Describe the roles each family member plays within the family.This could include their professional roles,their responsibilities at home,and how they contribute to the familys wellbeing.3.Personalities and Characteristics:Highlight the unique personalities and characteristics of each family member.You can talk about their hobbies,interests,and how these traits influence family dynamics.4.Memorable Family Moments:Share some memorable moments or events that you have experienced with your family.This could be a family vacation,a holiday celebration, or a significant life event that brought the family together.5.Challenges and Solutions:Discuss any challenges your family has faced and how you overcame them together.This could include dealing with financial difficulties,health issues,or emotional struggles.6.Importance of Family Values:Explain the importance of family values in your life. Discuss how your family instilled values such as honesty,respect,and hard work in you.7.Family Traditions:Talk about any family traditions that are important to you.This could be a weekly family dinner,a special holiday ritual,or a family motto that guides your actions.8.Influence on Personal Growth:Reflect on how your family has influenced your personal growth and development.Discuss the lessons you have learned from your family members and how they have shaped your worldview.9.Future Aspirations:Share your aspirations for the future and how your family will continue to be a part of your journey.This could include your plans to start your own family or how you hope to maintain strong family ties as you grow older.10.Conclusion:Conclude your essay by summarizing the importance of family in yourlife and expressing your gratitude for the love and support they provide. Remember to use descriptive language and personal anecdotes to make your essay engaging and relatable.By focusing on these aspects,your essay will provide a comprehensive view of the role family plays in your life.。
Personality_Culture_and_Subjective_Well-Being
Personality theories of SWB
Researchers must develop theories that can explain why certain individuals are chronically happier and more satisfied with their lives.
Measurement Validity
Researchers must be careful in their choice in measures across cultures. Measures in Western countries may not be valid in non-Western countries. non-
Personality, Culture, and Subjective Well-Being: Well-Being: Emotional and Cognitive Evaluations of Life.
Diener. Oishi and Lucas (2003)
Subjective Well-Being (SWB) WellDefinition: “People’s emotional and cognitive evaluations of their lives, includes…happiness, peace, fulfillment and life satisfaction” (Diener, Oishi and Lucas, 2003).
Interaction of Personality and Life Events
Findings that different events and life circumstances affect well-being differently welldepending on one’s personality. However, some research is not consistent with this.
爱家人英语作文
Family is the most important part of our lives,providing us with love,support,and a sense of belonging.Heres how you can express your love for your family in an English composition:1.Introduction to the Importance of FamilyBegin by emphasizing the significance of family in your life.Mention how family is the first social unit we are introduced to and the foundation of our emotional wellbeing.2.Expressing Love for ParentsDescribe the role of your parents in your life.Highlight their sacrifices,the guidance they provide,and the unconditional love they offer.You might say,My parents have been my pillars of strength,always there to support me through my ups and downs.3.Appreciating SiblingsIf you have siblings,talk about the unique bond you share with them.Discuss how they are your first friends and often your biggest supporters.For example,My siblings and I have a special bond that has been strengthened by shared experiences and mutual support.4.The Role of Extended FamilyInclude the importance of aunts,uncles,and grandparents in your life.Mention how they contribute to your upbringing and the wisdom they impart.You could write,My extended family has played a crucial role in shaping my values and understanding of the world.5.Cherishing Family TimeDiscuss the importance of spending quality time with family.Talk about family traditions,celebrations,and the joy of being together.For instance,Our family dinners are a cherished time where we share stories,laughter,and create memories that last a lifetime.6.Overcoming Challenges TogetherReflect on how your family has faced challenges together and how this has brought you closer.You might say,Through difficult times,my family has shown resilience and unity,teaching me the power of togetherness.7.Future Aspirations for FamilyShare your hopes and dreams for your familys future.Discuss how you plan to contribute to the familys happiness and wellbeing.For example,I aspire to be a source of pride for my family,supporting them in the same way they have supported me.8.ConclusionConclude by reiterating the importance of family and your commitment to nurturing these relationships.You could end with,Family is not just a word its a lifelong journey of love,care,and mutual growth that I will always cherish and uphold.Remember to use descriptive language and personal anecdotes to make your composition more engaging and heartfelt.。
近年来西方主观幸福感研究述评
近年来西方主观幸福感研究述评[摘要]介绍了西方30年来关于主观幸福感研究的理论状况。
在研究进程中，形成了两种研究取向，一种是探讨影响幸福的客观因素，主要包括生活质量和各种人口统计学变量的影响；另一种是从个体的主观内在角度加以解释。
[关键词]幸福感外在客观变量主观内在机制西方思想者对幸福的探讨经历了一个不断演化的过程，相继出现了自然幸福观、理性幸福观、神性幸福观、人道主义的感性幸福观等多种形而上学的观点。
但这些努力似乎并没有使幸福问题得以澄清。
最初，人们将幸福归结为财富、权势、享受等, 但很快便发现这些东西并不总能带来幸福，而有时它们恰恰是痛苦的根源。
于是，幸福又被较多地与价值联系在一起，它被归结为美德、自由、信仰，但这样做的后果又往往使幸福越来越远地离开了具体人的体验，以致于人们开始对这种形而上探讨本身的价值产生了疑问。
20世纪中期，对幸福的实证研究应运而生。
至今，国外对主观幸福感的研究经历了两个阶段。
第一阶段，研究者们着眼于测量不同群体的主观幸福感状况，并根据测量结果描述了不同群体主观幸福感的平均水平。
这类研究以描述性为主，采用的主要是单项目测验，在信效度上有很大的局限性，因而不可能揭示主观幸福感形成的心理机制。
第二阶段，研究者们深入考察了几种主观幸福感的理论模型。
在揭示主观幸福感的作用机制及其影响因素等方面出现了人格理论，对主观幸福感的测量也取得了相当的进展，发展了多项目测验。
近年来，国外对主观幸福感的研究已经进入第三阶段，研究者们开始运用主观幸福感的测量理论来整合各种方法，并开展了大规模的跨文化研究。
一、主观幸福感的定义SWB(Subjective Well-Being)出现于20世纪50、60年代，它是指评价者根据自定的标准对其生活质量的整体性评估。
Campbell(1976)等①等认为，人们评价自己的生活时依据的通常是他们主观定义的世界，因此SWB是生活质量的一个显著指标。
他们在此基础上提出生活满意度和快乐感是SWB的指标的观点，认为生活满意度反映个体对现实与愿望的差异感觉，快乐感则是在积极情感和消极情感之间的一种情感平衡的结果。
subjective well-being
or millennia thinkers have pondered the question, what is the good life? They have focused on criteria such as loving others, pleasure, or self-insight as the defining characteristics of quality of life. Another idea of what constitutes a good life, however, is that it is desirable for people themselves to think that they are living good lives. This subjective definition of quality of life is democratic in that it grants to each individual the right to decide whether his or her life is worthwhile. It is this approach to defining the good life that has come to be called "subjective well-being" (SWB) and in colloquial terms is sometimes labeled "happiness." SWB refers to people's evaluations of their lives--evaluations that are both affective and cognitive. People experience abundant SWB when they feel many pleasant and few unpleasant emotions, when they are engaged in interesting activities, when they experience many pleasures and few pains, and when they are satisfied with their lives. There are additional features of a valuable life and of mental health, but the field of SWB focuses on people's own evaluations of their lives. Throughout the world, people are granting increasing importance to SWB. Inglehart (1990) proposed that as basic material needs are met, individuals move to a postmaterialistic phase in which they are concerned with selffulfillment. Table I presents means from an international college sample of 7,204 respondents in 42 countries, signifying how students in diverse countries view happiness (see Suh, Diener, Oishi, & Triandis, 1998, for more information about this sample). Mean values are presented for how frequently the respondents reported thinking about SWB and for how important they believed SWB is. As can be seen, even in societies that are not fully westernized, students reported that happiness and life satisfaction were very important, and they thought about them often. Although there was a trend for respondents in the most 34
关于家人的英语作文
Family is the cornerstone of society and plays a pivotal role in shaping an individuals character and values.Here is a detailed essay on the importance of family in our lives.IntroductionThe family unit is the first social environment we experience,and it sets the foundation for our understanding of love,trust,and support.From the moment we are born,we are surrounded by family members who teach us the basics of life,such as language,social norms,and emotional intelligence.The Role of ParentsParents are the primary caregivers and educators in a childs life.They provide not only the physical necessities but also the emotional support that is crucial for a childs development.A nurturing and loving relationship with parents can instill a sense of security and selfworth in a child.Siblings and Their InfluenceSiblings play a significant role in a childs social development.They are often the first friends we have,teaching us how to share,cooperate,and resolve conflicts.The bond between siblings can be a source of lifelong companionship and support.Extended Family and Cultural IdentityExtended family members,such as grandparents,aunts,and uncles,contribute to a childs understanding of their cultural heritage and family traditions.They provide a broader perspective on life and can offer guidance based on their own experiences.Family as a Support SystemIn times of need,it is often the family that provides the most reliable support.Whether it is during a personal crisis or a celebration,family members are there to offer help,advice, and emotional comfort.The Impact of Family on EducationFamilies play a crucial role in a childs educational journey.They encourage learning, provide resources,and instill the value of education.A supportive family cansignificantly influence a childs academic success and motivation to learn. Challenges and Coping MechanismsFamilies face various challenges,such as financial strain,health issues,or interpersonal conflicts.How a family copes with these challenges can teach resilience and problemsolving skills to its members.ConclusionIn conclusion,the family is an essential institution that shapes our lives in profound ways. It is a source of love,support,and identity.As we grow and evolve,the lessons and values we learn from our family continue to guide us,making it imperative to cherish and nurture these relationships.ReflectionReflecting on the role of family in ones life can lead to a deeper appreciation for the bonds we share.It is through these relationships that we learn to navigate the complexities of life and find our place in the world.。
家庭收入和幸福感的作文素材
家庭收入和幸福感的作文素材英文回答：Impact of Family Income on Well-Being.Socioeconomic status, as reflected by family income, plays a significant role in shaping individuals' well-being and quality of life. Empirical research consistently demonstrates a strong correlation between higher family income and enhanced subjective well-being.Material Resources and Well-Being.Family income provides access to essential material resources that contribute to individuals' well-being. These resources include adequate housing, nutritious food, healthcare services, and educational opportunities. Access to these resources reduces financial stress, improves physical and mental health, and fosters a sense of security and control.Social and Emotional Well-Being.Family income also has implications for social and emotional well-being. Higher-income families tend to livein safer neighborhoods, have greater access to social support networks, and experience fewer financial worries. These factors contribute to increased feelings of belonging, purpose, and life satisfaction.Personal Autonomy and Well-Being.Income provides personal autonomy and choice, which is crucial for subjective well-being. Higher incomes allow individuals to pursue their own interests, engage in meaningful activities, and have greater control over their lives. This autonomy fosters a sense of purpose, self-esteem, and fulfillment.Limitations and Exceptions.While there is a general trend of increased well-beingwith higher incomes, there are limitations and exceptions to this relationship. For instance, very high levels of income may not necessarily lead to further increases in well-being. Additionally, the relationship between income and well-being can be influenced by other factors such as social support, community characteristics, and individual personality traits.中文回答：家庭收入对幸福感的影响。
英语作文家庭的重要性
The family unit is the fundamental building block of society,providing a nurturing environment for individuals to grow and develop.Here are several reasons why the family is so important:1.Emotional Support:Families offer emotional support and a sense of belonging,which is crucial for mental health and wellbeing.They are the first source of comfort in times of need and the first to celebrate achievements.2.Socialization:From a young age,family members teach children social norms,values, and behaviors.This socialization process is essential for children to integrate into society and form relationships with others.cation:Parents and other family members play a significant role in a childs education,not just academically but also in terms of life skills and moral values.They are often the first teachers and continue to guide and support learning throughout life.4.Economic Stability:Families provide economic support,pooling resources to meet the needs of all members.This collective effort can lead to greater financial security and stability.5.Cultural Continuity:Families are the primary means through which culture is passed down from one generation to the next.Traditions,languages,and customs are preserved and adapted within the family context.6.Health and Wellbeing:A strong family unit can contribute to better physical health. Studies have shown that individuals from supportive families tend to have better health outcomes and lower rates of chronic diseases.7.Conflict Resolution:Families teach conflict resolution skills.Learning to navigate disagreements and find compromises within the family setting prepares individuals for dealing with conflicts outside the home.8.Role Modeling:Parents and other family members serve as role models,demonstrating behaviors and attitudes that children and younger family members emulate.This includes everything from work ethic to empathy and kindness.9.Safety and Security:A family provides a safe and secure environment for its members. This is particularly important for children,who rely on their family for protection and guidance.10.Personal Identity:The family is instrumental in shaping an individuals identity.It is through the family that one learns about their heritage,their place in the world,and their potential role within the family and society.In conclusion,the family is a multifaceted institution that plays a vital role in the development of individuals and the functioning of society as a whole.It is a source of love,support,and continuity that cannot be replicated by any other social structure.。
怎样保持健康作文初中英语
Maintaining good health is crucial for a productive and fulfilling life.Here are some key points that can be included in an essay on how to stay healthy,particularly aimed at a junior high school audience:1.Regular Exercise:Engaging in physical activities is essential for a healthy lifestyle.It helps in building strength,improving cardiovascular health,and maintaining a healthy weight.Students can participate in sports,dance,or simply go for a daily walk or run.2.Balanced Diet:Eating a variety of foods is important to get all the necessary nutrients.A balanced diet includes fruits,vegetables,whole grains,lean proteins,and healthy fats. Its also important to limit the intake of sugary,salty,and processed foods.3.Hydration:Drinking enough water is vital for the bodys functions.It helps in digestion, maintaining body temperature,and flushing out toxins.Students should aim to drink at least eight glasses of water a day.4.Adequate Sleep:Sleep is when the body repairs and regenerates tissues.It is crucial for brain function and emotional wellbeing.Junior high school students should aim for8to 10hours of sleep per night.5.Personal Hygiene:Regular bathing,brushing teeth,and washing hands can prevent the spread of diseases and keep the body clean and healthy.6.Mental Health:Its important to take care of ones mental health by managing stress, seeking help when needed,and engaging in activities that bring joy and relaxation.7.Avoiding Bad Habits:Smoking,excessive drinking,and drug use can have serious health consequences.Students should be aware of the risks and choose to avoid these habits.8.Regular Medical Checkups:Regular visits to the doctor can help detect and prevent health issues early.Its important to keep up with vaccinations and dental checkups.9.Sun Protection:Exposure to the suns harmful rays can lead to skin ing sunscreen,wearing protective clothing,and avoiding peak sun hours can reduce the risk.10.Healthy Social Relationships:Building and maintaining positive relationships with family and friends can contribute to emotional wellbeing and provide a support system.11.Learning About Health:Staying informed about health issues and how to preventthem is important.Students can learn from health education classes,books,and reliable online sources.12.Setting Health Goals:Setting personal health goals can motivate students to make healthier choices and track their progress.In conclusion,staying healthy is a combination of making conscious choices every day and understanding the importance of a wellrounded approach to health.By incorporating these habits into their daily routine,junior high school students can set the foundation for a lifetime of good health.。
快乐的秘密英语作文
快乐的秘密英语作文The secret to happiness is a topic that has intrigued philosophers psychologists and everyday people for centuries. In this essay we will explore various perspectives on what constitutes happiness and how it can be achieved.Firstly it is essential to understand that happiness is subjective and varies from person to person. What brings joy to one individual may not necessarily have the same effect on another. However there are some common factors that contribute to a persons overall sense of wellbeing.One of the primary secrets to happiness is maintaining a positive attitude. People who focus on the bright side of life and practice gratitude are more likely to experience happiness. Cultivating an optimistic outlook can help individuals overcome challenges and appreciate the good things in life.Another key aspect of happiness is strong relationships with family and friends. Social connections provide emotional support companionship and a sense of belonging. People who have close relationships tend to be happier and more satisfied with their lives.Furthermore setting and achieving personal goals can lead to happiness. Accomplishing goals whether they are big or small gives a sense of purpose and fulfillment. It is important to set realistic and attainable goals to avoid disappointment and maintain motivation.Physical health also plays a significant role in happiness. Regular exercise a balanced diet and adequate sleep contribute to overall wellbeing. When people feel good physically they are more likely to experience happiness.Additionally engaging in activities that bring joy and a sense of accomplishment can boost happiness levels. Hobbies volunteering and creative pursuits allow individuals to express themselves and find meaning in their lives.Financial stability is another factor that can influence happiness. While money cannot buy happiness it can alleviate stress and provide a sense of security. Being able to meet basic needs and have some financial freedom can contribute to a persons overall happiness.Lastly practicing mindfulness and selfreflection can help individuals become more aware of their emotions and thoughts. This awareness can lead to better decisionmaking and a deeper understanding of what brings happiness.In conclusion the secret to happiness is multifaceted and involves a combination of factors. By focusing on a positive attitude nurturing relationships setting goals maintaining physical health engaging in enjoyable activities achieving financial stability and practicing mindfulness individuals can increase their chances of experiencing happiness. Ultimately the pursuit of happiness is a personal journey that requires selfdiscovery and a commitment to nurturing ones wellbeing.。
Subjective-well-being主观幸福感大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：主观幸福感文献、资料英文题目：Subjective well-being文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14Subjective well-being1 Subjective well-being and well-being simpliciterIn this section, I explore the relationship between subjective well-being and well-being simpliciter in the writings on subjective measures. I will argue that proponents of subjective measures of well-being disagree about the relationship between subjective well-being and well-being simpliciter: about whether subjective well-being constitutes well-being simpliciter or merely is a component of it.As my starting point, I take the concept of well-being, that is, what I have so far called well-being simpliciter: ―what we have when our lives are going well for us, when we are living lives that are not necessarily morally good, but good for us‖ (Tiberius, 2006, p. 493,italics in original). Let us call this the ―core‖ concept of well-being. There are many other terms that are used in the same sense, including ―a person‘s good, benefit, advantage, interest, prudential value, welfare, happiness, flourishing, eudaimonia, and utility‖ (Moore &Crisp, 1996, p. 599). Because the concept of well-being is intended to capture what is ultimately –and not just instrumentally –good for the individual, it is also supposed to capture that which we have reason to promote – as an end and not just as a means – both in our own lives and in the lives of others. As Thomas Scanlon puts it: It is commonly supposed that there is a simple notion of individual well-being that plays the following three roles. First, it serves as an important basis for the decisions of a single rational individual, at least for those decisions in which he or she alone is concerned (that is to say, in which moral obligations and concerns for others can be left aside). Second, it is what a concerned benefactor, such as a friend or parent, has reason to promote. Third, it is the basis on which an individual‘s interests are taken into account in moral argument (Scanlon, 1998, p. 93).3In particular, it is frequently assumed that well-being is one consideration or as some people would argue, the only consideration that should serve as an end, and not just a means for public policy. Here I will take it for granted that when proponents of subjective measures talk about such measures as representing well-being, they use the term in the core sense (Angner, 2009a, in press). First, as indicated above, subjective measures are often presented as alternatives to other measures of welfare or well-being; this would make little sense if, in fact, subjective measures were not intended to represent that which the other measures were designed to represent viz. welfare or well-being. Second, the proponents‘ concept of well-being plays the very same role as that played by the core concept: those who defend the use of subjective measures of wellbeing often emphasize that they think of well-being as that which is ultimately good for the individual, as that which is worth promoting in the life of others, and as a central (sometimes the only) ultimate goal for public policy (cf. Diener & Seligman, 2004, quoted above).Third, a number of proponents explicitly cite classical philosophical literature in enthusiastic agreement while signaling that they use ―well-being‖ and/or ―happiness‖ in the same sense as philosophers do (Kahneman, Wakker,&Sarin, 1997; Layard, 2005; Watson, 1930).Over the years, philosophers have tried to shed light on the concept of well-being by developing and defending various accounts, or conceptions of well-being. Here, I follow Parfit (1984, pp.493–502) in dividing such accounts into three main classes: mental state accounts, preference-satisfaction or desire-fulfillment accounts, and objective-list accounts.4 According to mental-state accounts, well-being is a ―mental state‖ or a ―state of mind.‖ Because these accounts all see welfare ―as having to enter our experience,‖ they are said to satisfy the experience requirement (Griffin, 1986, p. 13). Scanlon writes: ―Experiential theories hold that the quality of life ‗for the person who lives it‘ is completely determined by its experiential quality,‖ where ―experiential quality‖ refers to ―what it would be like to live it‖ (Scanlon, 1998, pp. 97, 99). On this view, then, subjectively felt experience is both necessary and sufficient for a person‘s well-being. According to desire-fulfillment or preference-satisfaction accounts, by contrast, a person is well off to the extent that her desires are fulfilled and/or her preferences are satisfied. Scanlon puts it this way:Desire theories reject the experience requirement and allow that a person‘s life can be made better and worse not only by changes in that person‘s states of consciousness but also by changes elsewhere in the world which fulfill that person‘spreferences (Scanlon, 1993, p. 186).Such accounts do not require that a person who is well off experience any feelings of happiness or satisfaction. What they do require is that her desires are fulfilled (or that her preferences are satisfied), which does not come down to the same thing. The two kinds of account described so far are frequently referred to as subjective accounts, because they describe a person‘s well-being as (at least partly) a function of his or her feelings, experiences, desires, and so on. According to so-called objective accounts, by contrast, a person‘s well-being does not depend on such subjective factors. On such accounts, ―certain things are good or bad for beings, independently in at least some cases of whether they are desired or whether they give rise to pleasurable experiences‖ (Chappell & Crisp, 1998,p. 553). Identifying the list of things that are good for people regardless of what they want is notoriously difficult, but one provisional list of such things includes ―moral goodness, rational activity, the development of one‘s abilities, having children and being a good parent, knowledge, and the awareness of true beauty‖ (Parfit, 1984,p. 499). Obviously, there are many versions of accounts of each kind.The tri-partite division permits us to capture a major difference between subjective measures of well-being, traditional economic welfare measures, and welfare indicators inspired by the capability approach. It has been noted elsewhere that traditional economic welfare measures are based on preference-satisfaction accounts of well-being (Angner, 2009a,b, in press; Harsanyi, 1982; Hausman & McPherson, 2006). This is evident, among other things, from the fact that welfare economists traditionally have defended their measures by showing that they are utility functions, that is, that they are indices of preference satisfaction. It has also been noted that measures inspired by the capability approach are based on objective-list accounts of well-being (Nussbaum, 2008; Sen, 1987). This is clear, among other things, from the assumption that certain things – in particular, having a large capability set – are thought to be good for a person regardless of whether those things would make the person happier, and of whether the person desires them.5Meanwhile, it is fairly obvious that many proponents of subjective measures think of well-being as a mental state. There is abundant evidence, for one thing, that they adhere to the experience requirement. In the literature on subjective measures,well-being is oftendescribed as a matter exclusively of individual subjective, hedonic, or affective experience. For example, David G. Myers quotes Madame de la Fayet te as saying: ―If one thinks that one is happy, that is enough to be happy,‖ and adds that ―like Madame de La Fayette, social scientists view well-being as a state of mind. Well-being, sometimes called ‗subjective well-being‘ to emphasize the point, is a pervasive sense that life is good‖ (Myers,1992, pp. 23, 27). Myers evidently takes well-being to be something thoroughly subjective; note, in particular, the use of the term ―subjective well-being‖ as synonymous with ―well-being.‖ The explicit reference to states of mind strongly suggests that what he has in mind is some type of mental-state account.Similarly, Ed Diener writes: ―The area of subjective well-being is subjective. [It] resides within the experience of the individual‖ (Diener, 1984, p. 543). Die ner and Eunkook Suh reinforce the point: Subjective well-being research is concerned with individuals‘ subjective experiences of their lives. The underlying assumption is that well-being can be defined by people‘s conscious experiences—in terms of hedonic feelings or cognitive satisfactions. The field is built on the presumption that to understand the individuals‘ experiential quality of well-being, it is appropriate to directly examine how a person feels about life in the context of his or her own standards (Diener & Suh, 1997, p. 191).Diener and Suh, like Myers and the authors to whom he refers, apparently use the term ―well-being‖ interchangeably with ―subjective well-being.‖ The fact that Diener and Suh argue that well-being is not only concerned with t he individual‘s subjective experiences, but defined by them, strongly suggests that they adhere to the experience requirement.Several authors emphasize the subjective character of well-being, as they use the term, by contrasting subjective measures with ―objective‖ ones, including social and economic indicators. Diener makes this point in the following way: Notably absent from definitions of SWB [subjective well-being] are necessary objective conditions such as health, comfort, virtue, or wealth. Although such conditions are seen as potential influences on SWB, they are not seen as an inherent and necessary part of it (Diener, 1984, p. 543).6This quote confirms that, in Diener‘s work, an individual‘s well-being is defined not by the objective circumstances in which she finds herself, but by her subjective experiences,though he allows the former to be causally responsible for the latter. Daniel Kahneman, who identifies well-being with happiness, adds that happiness ―is not to be confused with good fortune, which is an assessment of the circumstances of someone‘s life‖ (Kahneman,1999, p. 5). In Kahneman‘s view, it is possible to enjoy good fortune–presumably income, health, and so on –without being happy.Angus Campbell (1976), quoted in Diener (1984, p. 543), expands on this point. Campbell maintains: ―The gross national product, important as it undoubtedly is, is clearly not the ultimate touchstone against which the quantum of happiness in this country can be assessed‖ (Campbell, 1976, p. 117). He continues: If we are primarily concerned with describing the quality of life experience of the population, we will need measures different from those that are used to describe the objective circumstances in which people live. We will have to develop measures that go directly to the experience itself. These subjective measures will surely not have the precision of indicators that are expressed in number of dollars, units of time, or numbers of square feet, but they will have the great advantage of dealing directly with what it is we want to know, the individual‘s sense of well-being(Campbell, 1976, p. 118, italics in original).6 Quality of life, on Campbell‘s view, is a function of individuals‘ sense of well-being. If we want to study the quality of life, then,we need to study the individuals‘ experience of their lives, not the objective characteristics of their existence.These writings clearly give pride of place to subjectively experienced mental states. Indeed, the evidence suggests that these authors adopt the experience requirement and think of well-being as constituted by some subjectively experienced mental state. They are best understood as using the term ―subjective well-being‖ to denote the subjectively experienced mental state, so that well-being can be said to be constituted by subjective well-being. The notion that well-being is constituted by subjective well-being, by the way, explains the identification of ―subjective measures of well-being‖ and ―measures of subjective well-being.‖Others, however, appear to resist the view that well-being is constituted by subjective well-being alone (cf. Angner, in press). Increasingly frequently, it is suggested that subjectively experienced mental states constitute but one component of well-being. For example, Kahneman writes: Objective happiness is not proposed as a comprehensive concept of human well-being, but only as a significant constituent of it. Maximizing thetime spent on the right side of the affect grid is not the most significant value in life, and adopting this criterion as a guide to life may be morally wrong and perhaps self-defeating as well. However, the proposition that the right side of the grid is a more desirable place to be is not particularly controversial. Objective happiness is a common element of many conceptions of well-being (Kahneman, 2000, p. 691).The point is clear enough: well-being has multiple components, of which ―objective happiness‖ is only one (albeit an important one). A similar position is defended by Diener, Jeffrey J. Sapyta,and Suh, who use the term ―subjective well-being‖ to denote the subjectively experienced component of well-being and who argue that although subjective well-being is not sufficient, it is ―essential to well-being‖ (Diener, Sapyta, & Suh, 1998, p. 33; cf. Kesebir &Diener, 2008, p. 69). Seligman too can be attributed this view: I use happiness and well-being interchangeably embracing both positive feelings (such as ecstasy and comfort) and positive activities that have no feeling component at all (such as absorp tion and engagement). It is important to recognize that ―happiness‖ and ―well-being‖ sometimes refer to feelings, but sometimes refer to activities in which nothing at all is felt(Seligman, 2002, p. 261).In sum, these passages all seem to express the notion that well-being has multiple components and that some subjectively experienced mental state constitutes one of these components. It is unfortunate that these authors do not say more about the number and nature of the remaining components, but it is quite clear that they need not be subjectively experienced mental states.The idea that well-being has multiple components, though it does not fit neatly into Parfit‘s taxonomy, has been defended by several modern philosophers. By the end of his discussion, Parfit himself indicates that it might be possible to form a more plausible account of well-being by taking each of the three kinds of account as describing a necessary (but not individually sufficient) condition for well-being (Parfit, 1984, p. 501; cf. Hay bron, 2008, p.18). Parfit‘s suggestion appears to have been picked up by Simon Keller (2004), who writes that welfare – like physical fitness – is multi-dimensional. He believes that you can be better off (or fitter) simpliciter than I am without scoring higher along all the relevant dimensions; yet, there are cases in which we cannot say that either one of us isbetter off (fitter) because there is no fact of the matter. In Keller‘s view, one component of well-being is the achievement of one‘s goals, no ma tter what those goals are (Keller, 2004, p. 36). On my reading, authors like Kahneman can be understood as agreeing with Keller about the multi-dimensionality of well-being, although he may not be proposing the same components. Notice, however, that the two proposals are not incompatible.In any case, these proponents of subjective measures still give pride of place to subjectively experienced mental states. The authors do not, however, treat well-being as constituted by a subjectively experienced mental state alone. Instead, they treat some subjectively experienced mental state as constituting a mere component–albeit an important one –of well-being. These writers are best understood as using the term ―subjective well-being‖ to denote that subjectively exp erienced mental state, so that subjective well-being can be said to constitute, not well-being, but a component of well-being.The discussion in this section has shown that proponents of subjective measures of well-being appear to disagree about the relationship between subjective well-being and well-being simpliciter. Some think of well-being as constituted by some subjectively experienced mental state; they are best understood as using the term ―subjective well-being‖ to denote the subjectively experience d mental state, so that well-being can be said to be constituted by subjective well-being. Others think of some subjectively experienced mental state as constituting a mere component – albeit an important one – of well-being; they are best understood as us ing the term ―subjective well-being‖ to denote that subjectively experienced mental state, so that subjective well-being can be said to constitute a component of well-being. Hence, proponents of subjective measures of well-being are not a homogeneous group: they disagree with each other about the relationship between subjective well-being and well-being simpliciter.主观幸福感1主观幸福感和绝对幸福在这个部分，我将就著作中的主观测量来探讨主观幸福感和绝对幸福之间的关系。
幸福观的作文英语
The concept of happiness is multifaceted and deeply personal,varying from one individual to another.Here are some key points that can be discussed in an essay on the concept of happiness:1.Definition of Happiness:Begin by exploring the different definitions of happiness.It can be a state of wellbeing and contentment,a fleeting emotion,or a lifelong pursuit.2.Subjective Nature of Happiness:Emphasize that happiness is subjective and what brings joy to one person may not necessarily bring joy to another.It is influenced by personal values,cultural background,and life experiences.3.The Role of Material Wealth:Discuss the common belief that material wealth is a key to happiness.While it can provide comfort and security,it is not always the ultimate source of happiness.4.Importance of Relationships:Highlight the significance of strong relationships with family,friends,and community in contributing to ones happiness.Social connections often play a crucial role in emotional wellbeing.5.Pursuit of Meaning and Purpose:Delve into the idea that finding meaning and purpose in life can lead to a deep sense of fulfillment and happiness.This could involve career, hobbies,or acts of service.6.Mental Health:Address the importance of mental health in achieving happiness.A healthy state of mind is essential for overall wellbeing and the ability to experience joy.7.Gratitude:Discuss the role of gratitude in happiness.Cultivating an attitude of gratitude can shift ones focus from what is lacking to what is appreciated,leading to increased happiness.8.Resilience and Adaptability:Talk about the importance of resilience and adaptability in the face of lifes challenges.The ability to bounce back from adversity can contribute to longterm happiness.9.Balance in Life:Explore the idea of balance between work,leisure,and personal growth.A balanced life can lead to a more harmonious and happy existence.10.Happiness as a Journey:Conclude by stating that happiness is not a destination but a journey.It involves continuous growth,learning,and the pursuit of a life that aligns with ones values and passions.Remember to support your points with examples,research,or personal anecdotes to make your essay more engaging and persuasive.。