十年磨一剑 潘保春创业进化史-2019年精选文档
最新-创业伙伴助我成功 精品
创业伙伴助我成功十多年前，齐秦一首《北方的狼》，倾倒了无数歌迷。
十多年后的今天，由周少雄领导的福建七匹狼公司，独具魄力，成为福建省第一家在深圳中小企业板块挂牌上市的公司。
年的努力，周少雄是如何领导七匹狼从一个乡镇小企业，成长为一个上市公司的呢周少雄简介周少雄，岁，泉州晋江人，经济师。
年参加工作，曾任福建省晋江金井侨乡服装工艺厂厂长，福建七匹狼制衣实业有限公司总经理，七匹狼集团总经理。
现任福建七匹狼实业股份有限公司副董事长、总经理。
【创业故事】起步：丢掉金饭碗干起小买卖周少雄的起步其实没什么传奇色彩。
年，闽南的一个海边小镇———晋江金井，出现了一家名为晋江县金井劳务侨乡服装工艺厂的小企业，和当时其他的民营企业一样，它也是挂着集体企业的名号，这就是七匹狼的雏形。
用周少雄自己的话说：“一开始只是做些小买卖，买布料，后来慢慢积累，做了两三年后，就萌发了做服装的想法，开办了服装厂。
”这样的故事在上世纪年代的泉州可以说是举不胜举。
许多在贫困中苦熬了多年的闽南人，凭着一股最原始的摆脱贫穷的念头四处打拼。
不同的是，周家三兄弟在经商之前都有一份不错的工作，老大周永伟在银行工作，老二周少雄在新华书店工作，这在当时的农村可都算得上是金饭碗，在那时，有勇气扔掉金饭碗去经商的人可是不多见。
父母自然都极力反对，但是周少雄还是抱着“出去闯闯，总不至于饿死”的念头走出了家门。
起初，做面料贸易，因为没有经验，加上看起来太年轻，难以让别人相信他会做生意，因此没赚到什么钱。
但周少雄并不灰心，而是继续等待机会，几年的生意经历，周少雄跑遍了大半个中国，吃够了苦头，终于攒下一笔钱。
更重要的是，苦难造就了他的坚韧、耐心和对市场的敏感。
资本：一群齐心的创业伙伴在经营中，周少雄惊讶地发现，当地的服装与海外那些胸前绣有商标的服装价格反差很大。
为什么不能靠自己的力量创出一个国产品牌呢强烈的创业欲望在周少雄与他的伙伴心中萌发了。
于是，个年轻人坐在一起，琢磨起海外那些各种各样图形（更多精彩文章来自“秘书不求人”）图案的品牌来。
牛根生的成功创业史WPS演示 演示文稿
组员：张玉琴毛东麟陈芝灵卿凤牛根生简介•出生无从选择----被父母抛弃•卖入养牛家，与牛结下不解之缘•尝尽时间冷暖•体会党的认识而非背会•造就他一生的优秀品质：容忍，刚强，独立，不屈不饶············牛根生简介•1978年，牛根生加入伊利股份，由职员做到副总裁，成为“中国冰淇淋大王”•1999年，离开伊利创立蒙牛集团•2002年，蒙牛在全国乳制品企业中的排名由第1116位升至第4位，•2004年，赴港上市•2004年底，捐出全部个人股份设立“老牛专项基金”成为“中国捐股第一人”、“全球华人捐股第一人”•2007年使蒙牛成为全球液态奶冠军、中国乳业总冠军。
牛根生的职业生涯职员副总裁失业人员蒙牛总裁牛根的管理策略以退为进为企业营造最好的生存环境•“小胜凭智，大胜靠德•“财聚人散，财散人聚”•不谋万事，不足谋一事；不谋全局，不足谋一域•关心你的下级，下级的下级，下级的下级的下级•”变形虫“理论牛根生的经典语录•听不到奉承的人是一种幸运，听不到批评的人却是一种危险。
•会说话的产品卖得快，哑巴产品走得慢•一个人一生只做一件事，肯定比三年做东、五年做西的人更容易成功。
•铁饭碗的真正含义不是在一个地方吃一辈子饭，而是一辈子到哪儿都有饭吃。
•财富不在口袋里，而在脑袋里。
脑袋决定口袋。
•．有干劲，你就洒下汗水；有知识，你就献出智慧；二者都不具备，请你让出岗位。
•学得辛苦，做得舒服；学得舒服，做得辛苦。
•产品等于人品，质量就是生命。
•一个人快乐不是因为他拥有得多，而是因为计较得少。
•你如果拿五分的力量跟别人较劲，别人会拿出十二分的力量跟你较劲。
关于大学生创新创业实践的心得体会最新5篇
关于大学生创新创业实践的心得体会最新5篇当然，关于大学生的创业，有成功的例子，也有失败的例子。
成功的例子：成功在于坚持——“六亩地”区域商业水果贸易暑假，当同屋舍友们都在张罗着实习时，即将读大四的袁艳春却以在学校创业比赛上获得的2万元奖金和同伴凑起的1万元钱，开起一家名叫“六亩地”的国内首家专注于高校水果市场的网站。
每天清晨三四点，他都要去南城的新发地进货，白天在高校里卖货。
大学生在宿舍里想吃水果，便上“六亩地”下个订单，半个小时后，二三十块钱的水果便送到宿舍楼下。
“六亩地”很快火起来，行情最好时袁艳春每天有好几千块的进账。
“捡来”的奖杯在研二时，一位同学在校园BBS上发布一则消息：招募创业成员。
一直有创业想法的袁艳春报名，但由于报名人数过多，报名顺序靠后的他被刷下来。
这个时候，袁艳春和几个被刷下来的同学自行组成一个创业队伍参加第二届中国人民大学创业大赛。
他们选择的创业项目是区域商业水果贸易。
这个项目源于国外流行的一种商业模式：LBS(Localbusinessservice)。
这种商业模式与城市社区中一个个的连锁便利店十分相似，但更重要的是“我们可以网上订购水果并且在一小时内免费送货”。
由于留给他们的时间太短，团队的准备工作并未做到最好，加上大多数的创业团队选择科技发明项目，他们这个偏传统的商业模式在创业大赛上并不太吸引人们的眼球，但最终还是凭借着其新颖独到的销售模式和服务荣获第十名。
按照比赛规则，前十名队伍都可以获得一座奖杯。
“当时就是觉得自己很幸运，没有白参加，但总觉得以第十名的身份获得奖杯，有点‘难以启齿’。
”袁艳春笑着说道，他戏称这是座“捡来”的奖杯。
不变的信念创业大赛结束，获奖队伍走的走，散的散。
唯一坚持下来的“只剩我一人”。
袁艳春之所以能干下去，客观原因是他们的项目比较实际、好操作、不需要巨大的资金投入，虽然看似只针对一个市场(整个人民大学)，但要知道“人大校区的人数为3万”;主观原因是“我是真的想创业”。
北师大版九年级全册第一单元 感受时代脉动2.1打开财富之门汇总
2、各种非公有制的存在给我们带来了哪些积极影响？
①缓解就业压力
③增加国家税收
②满足人民群众多层次的需要
④引进先进科技和先进管理 ⑥增加社会财富
⑤扩大建设资金来源 ⑦促进国民经济发展
⑧有利于调动各方面的积极性，加快发展生产力
总之，非公有制经济有利于发展社会生产力， 有利于增强综合国力，有利于提高人民的生活水平
①拥有雄厚的经济实力和先进的技术设备； ②积聚着我国最先进的生产力； ③控制着国民经济的命脉； ④担负着重要产品生产和流通。
3、国有经济的 关键作用
增强综合国力（增强经济实力、国防实力、民族凝聚力） 发挥社会主义优越性
国 有 经 济 含义：
也称全民所有制经济，是生 产资料和劳动产品归全体人民所 有（以国家所有的形式存在）的 一种公有制经济。包括矿藏、河 流、文物、国有自然资源、国有 企业等。
共富
二、集体经济
1、含义： 生产资料归一部分劳动者共同所有的公有制经济。 2、地位： 集体经济是社会主义公有制经济的重要组成部分。 3、作用： ①直接体现共同富裕的原则； ②广泛吸收社会的分散资金； ③缓解就业压力； ④增加公共财富和国家税收。 我国必须毫不动摇地巩固和发展公有制经济
国有经济与集体经济的比较
的素质？
社会为小严创业创造了哪 些有利条件？
1、 尊重劳动、尊重知识、尊重创造、尊
重人才的社会氛围，
2、知识转化为财富的良性机制，如专利向
市场转化，低息贷款，鼓励和支持大学生
创业等。
3、改革开放和社会主义市场经济为我们
创业创造了良好的条件。
小严在创业的过程中体现了 怎样的素质？
从中国制造到中国创造的必由之路-二次创新(doc 13页)
从中国制造到中国创造的必由之路-二次创新(doc 13页)二次创新：从中国制造到中国创造的必由之路？吴晓波章威*1．中国制造的崛起“一千年前的中国是世界的中心，当之无愧的“中国”。
一千年前的中国人用高科技换取原材料和资源，宋朝人把泥土烧成瓷器，就轻易换来大批金银珠宝。
一千年前的中国工匠是各国急需的人才，是世界的珍宝。
一千年前中国华北的钢铁业年产就达一百二十五万吨，1788年欧洲工业革命开始英国钢铁业年产才有七万六千吨。
一千年前中国经济总量最高时占当时世界的百分之八十……”这篇最近在网络上广为流传的文章用略带伤感的笔调，依稀地为我们描绘了一副被历史尘封的“制造大国”的幻影。
然而一百年前的中国，却沦落为世界经济版图中任人宰割羔羊，“洋钉、洋火、洋灰、洋油……”，这些名字的背后写满了当时中国制造的羸弱、辛酸和屈辱。
●吴晓波，浙江大学管理学院副院长、“创新管理与持续竞争力研究”国家哲学社会科学创新基地主任。
●章威，浙江大学管理学院博士生。
当历史的巨轮驶入公元二十一世纪，中国制造机器、115.423220.08244.622711.19-0.4140.0860.50机械器具、电气设备及零件贱金属45.51570.8678.44565.93-0.3250.0040.329及其制品运输设备22.03284.161.62198.35-0.5220.1780.70仪器设备及零23.29283.9829.91511.88-0.188-0.286-0.098附件数据来源：中国统计年鉴1996、2006表2入选《财富》世界500强的中国（大陆）制造企业及排名2003前2004 2005 2006 2007无宝钢集团372宝钢集团309宝钢集团296宝钢集团307 上汽集团462一汽集团448一汽集团470一汽集团385上汽集团475上汽集团4022．模仿与创新的悖论从近年来中国制造业的发展历程看，中国制造企业的全球化显然是从“模仿秀”开始的。
MUN人权议题范例
Human Rights Council Statement of the ProblemHistory of the ProblemCurrent SituationRelevant UN ActionsProposed SolutionsQuestions a Resolution Must AnswerBloc PositionsSuggestions for Further Research5691314141516Topic Area A:Female GenitalMutilationTopic Area B:Statement of the ProblemHistory of the ProblemCurrent SituationRelevant UN ActionsProposed SolutionsQuestions a Resolution Must AnswerBloc PositionsSuggestions for Further Research1617202223242425Human Rights inTransnational Corporations Introduction 4History of the Committee 4Topic Area A 5Topic Area B 16Position Paper Requirements 25Closing Remarks 25Bibliography 27Table of ConTenTsDaniel P. RobinsonS ecretary-G eneralJeffrey J. PhaneufD irector-G eneralByran N. DaiU nDer-S ecretary-G enerala DminiStrationAnusha TomarU nDer-S ecretary-G eneralB USineSSElena D. Butlerc omptrollerNara LeeU nDer-S ecretary-G eneral S UBStantive S UpportReema B. ShahU nDer-S ecretary-G eneralG eneral a SSemBlyJerry L. KungU nDer-S ecretary-G eneral e conomic anD S ocial c oUncilAlexander N. BarrettU nDer-S ecretary-G eneral S pecializeD a GencieSH arvarD m oDel U niteD n ationS59 S HeparD S t. B ox 205Cambridge, MA 02138Voice: (617) 495-5828Fax: (617) 496-4472 Email: info@ Dear Delegates,Welcome to the Economic and Social Council and Regional Bodies of Harvard Model United Nations 2010! Committees on the Economic and Social Council are unique in that the United Nations established them with the intent of fostering economic growth and development in order to ensure global stability and cooperation. In a similar vein, various Regional Bodies were created with the purpose of precipitating peace and prosperity in specific pockets of the world. In either case, you will have the chance to experience the debate and diplomacy that goes into international policymaking.Harvard Model United Nations has always held special meaning to me. To this day, I look back fondly upon my experience as a delegate. The four days of careful deliberation of international trade not only helped me develop my public speaking and diplomacy skills, but they also allowed me to grow as a person. As such, I am determined to ensure that you have the best experience possible. Please feel free to contact me before the conference with comments or concerns, or just to say hello.You have a daunting task ahead of you, and it all begins here. Your committee directors have spent countless hours researching and compiling the following study guide, but there is still much work to be done. You must continue to grapple with various issues ranging from providing primary education to human rights in transnational corporations; come January, you will also take the place of international diplomats. But do not let this be the culmination of your consideration of global issues. The aim of Harvard Model United Nations is to foster the next generation of leaders, a goal that is only possible if you continue to pursue your love of international diplomacy after the conference has ended.With that, I ask you: what will you make of your HMUN experience?Sincerely,Jerry L. KungUnder-Secretary-General for the Economic and Social Council and Regional Bodies Harvard Model United Nations 2010270 Winthrop Mail CenterCambridge, MA 02138ecosoc@Daniel P. RobinsonS ecretary-G eneralJeffrey J. PhaneufD irector-G eneralByran N. DaiU nDer-S ecretary-G enerala DminiStrationAnusha TomarU nDer-S ecretary-G eneralB USineSSElena D. Butlerc omptrollerNara LeeU nDer-S ecretary-G eneral S UBStantive S UpportReema B. ShahU nDer-S ecretary-G eneralG eneral a SSemBlyJerry L. KungU nDer-S ecretary-G eneral e conomic anD S ocial c oUncilAlexander N. BarrettU nDer-S ecretary-G eneral S pecializeD a GencieSH arvarD m oDel U niteD n ationS59 S HeparD S t. B ox 205Cambridge, MA 02138Voice: (617) 495-5828Fax: (617) 496-4472 Email: info@ Dear Delegates,It is my distinct honor and privilege to welcome all of you to the United Nations Human Rights Council of Harvard Model United Nations 2010. As your director for this committee, I am very excited about the energy and enthusiasm that I’m sure you will bring to the session.I’m a junior in Winthrop House concentrating in Linguistics with a secondary field in Economics, daydreaming, procrastinating my life away at the Dining Hall, and MUN. My life at Harvard revolves around these three activities and I wouldn’t have it any other way.I believe the best part of a Model UN conference is the people we meet and I can’t tell you how excited I am to meet all of you so soon! In addition to Model UN, I’m heavily involved with our international society on campus.Returning to the subject of MUN, I can’t explain how thrilled I am to be directing the topics that the UNHRC is focusing on this year. The first issue, female genital mutilation, sets the stage for a lot of controversial perspectives that will electrify the committee room. This topic will force you to question the very definition of justice and see how it is shaped by cultural and religious influences, while looking for a way to incorporate these opinions into legality issues.The second topic, which discusses the issue of human rights in transnational corporation, will look into the methods of incorporating corporate liability into the framework of international human rights.I hope you enjoy reading the background material on both topics; through the course of your research, I hope that you will discover interesting ways to approach each topic. Please feel free to email me with any and all questions or concerns. I can’t wait to meet you all in February! Don’t forget the cardinal rule of MUN: never stop having fun. Sincerely,Prathama NabiDirector, Human Rights Council339 Winthrop Mail CenterCambridge, MA 02138hrc@IntroductIonHuman rights are the foundation of freedom and human dignity. They help form a basis for assessing human development, people’s standard of living, and good governance. The increasing importance that member states and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) have been placing on the protection of human rights is indicative of the close-knit relationship between the protection of human rights and a country’s socioeconomic development. In that spirit, the United Nations Human Rights Council (HRC) provides a global platform for the discussion of such issues and provides member states with recommendations for dealing with the violations of human rights. At HMUN 2010, the HRC will be serving a very similar purpose by discussing the issues of Female Genital Mutilation and the Rights of workers in transnational corporations.The practice of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is one that is of grave importance in the realm of gender-based violence. One of the most urgent elements surrounding the debate on Female Genital Mutilation is the flexibility in the way it is defined. Often, different cultures look at it as a cultural phenomenon that needs to be perpetuated in order for a woman to fulfill her identity in the society she lives in. This emphasis on the cultural aspect takes away from the fact that FGM is a crime against human rights and therefore makes it harder to bring under a legal framework. This is where the HRC comes in, dealing with the issue by first identifying it as a violation of human rights and then provides recommendations that will potentially help solve the problem.The second issue that the HRC will deal with is the rights of workers in transnational corporations. The need for the HRC comes from the fact that at present there is no established legislative framework to protect the rights of workers in transnational corporations. The HRC can provide a neutral body that is able to assess the tensions between the rights of member states and those of corporations and appropriately identify solutions that both governmental and non-governmental agencies can implement to tackle the problem.HIstory of tHe commIttee The HRC was created by the United Nations (UN) General Assembly (GA) resolution A/RES/60/251 on 15 March 2006 to serve as an intergovernmental body responsible for the protection of human rights and for making policy recommendations to Member States in instances of human rights violations. As a subsidiary body to the GA, at its creation, the HRC replaced the sixty year-old UN High Commissioner for Human Rights as the sole authority in establishing and defining human rights standards all across the world.The newly formed HRC consisted of 47 Member States instead of the 53 that its predecessor was comprised of. Membership is open to all member states of the UN and is determined by a secret ballot vote that requires an absolute majority from the General Assembly. Once a member is elected to the HRC, it serves a three-year term, unless it is accused of systematic human rights violations; in such a case, its membership will be suspended.A year after its creation, on 18 June 2007, the HRC adopted theInstitutionB u i l d i n gp a c k a g e,w h i c houtlined themandate andthe workingmechanismsof the newlyf o r m e dHRC. Threeof the mosti m p o r t a n tcomponents of this package were the Universal Periodic Review, the Complaints Procedures, and the Advisory Committee. The Universal Periodic Review is a quadrennial review of the human rights’ situation of all the 192 member states of the UN. The specific mandate of the UPR has been elaborated in the HRC’s Intergovernmental Working Group document created in response to Decision 1/103. The Complaints Procedures, established in accordance with Decision 5/1 of the HRC, addresses established trends in violation of all human rights occurring in all parts of the world and in any situations. The Complaints Procedure is made up of the two Working Groups, one on Communications and the other on Situations. The Working Group on Communications, consisting of five independent experts, is in charge of deciding whether a certain complaint is worthy of further investigation. If so, the complaint is then passed on to the Working Group on Situations,which investigates the claim, reports to the HRC, andThough it is a relatively young UN body, theHuman Rights Council has a very importantmandatemakes policy recommendations about the plan of action the member states involved can take.In September 2007, the UNHRC replaced the Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, the main subsidiary body of the UNCHR in charge of researching discriminatory practices with the Advisory Committee, which now provides expert advice on resolving situations of human rights violations. In contrast to the 26-member Sub-Commission of the Commissioner on Human Rights (CHR), the new Advisory Committee of the UNHRC consists of 18 members, with five from Africa, five from Asia, three from Latin America and the Caribbean, three from Western European states, and two from Eastern European states.One of the mechanisms that the HRC retained from its predecessor was that of the “Special Procedures” mandate that was originally established to monitor violations of human rights on a regional or thematic basis. Individuals known as Special Rapporteurs are appointed to carry out the research; however, they remain autonomous from the HRC since they are not paid by the Council.The purpose of these descriptions is to provide insight into how the HRC works and the various mechanisms by which it operates. Each organ is meant to serve a specific purpose in the process of protecting human rights, and is designed according to the needs of the issue being dealt with. As debate progresses, the hope is that in the decision-making and problem-solving processes, these organs will be used by delegates appropriately to create a comprehensive multifaceted answer to the questions raised.topIc AreA A: femAle GenItAlmutIlAtIonS tatement of the P roblem“Circumcision was something I looked forward to, knowing it would mean I had become a woman at last. I knew that women who were not circumcised never got married and never earned the respect of the community”-Faith Mukwanyaga, 48, a married mother-of-four in Meru, eastern Kenya1Faith Mukwanyaga can be defined by three statistics: one of 140 million women, one of three million women, and one of three women. Each number is a harrowing tale about women affected by the practice of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM). The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that every year 100 to 140 million women from all over the world are subjected to FGM.2 In Africa, the number of women who are at risk of becoming victims of FGM is a staggering 3 million. Even more shocking is the fact that half of these girls are from two countries on the African continent: Egypt and Ethiopia.3Finally, one in three women all across the world will be subject to rape, beating, coercion into sex, or any other form of abuse during her lifetime.4 However, numbers alone do not tell the full story; they are nothing but statistics that need to be interpreted within the context of socioeconomic and cultural factors. The following section will first look at FGM as a form of gender-based violence and then bring it under the framework of human rights violations to show how the HRC can tackle the problem on various fronts.The WHO defines FGM as “all procedures that involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia, or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons.”5It also categorizes the practice into four types: Type I, the partial or total removal of the clitoris; Type II, the partial or total removal of the clitoris and the labia minora, with or without excision of the labia majora; Type III, the contraction of the vaginal opening by creating a covering seal; and Type IV: any damaging procedure to the female genitalia done for non-medical purposes. FGM has no known medical benefits and in fact is said to affect the maternal health of the women who have undergone the procedure. Usually, untrained staff such as traditional birth care attendants, circumcisers, or midwives carry out the procedures on girls below the age of 15, although it is not uncommon for adult women to undergo the procedure either. An idea of how young these girls are can be gained from looking at Africa where approximately 92 million girls aged 10 and above have been subjected to FGM.6 Most of these procedures take place in unsanitary and non-sterile environments, resulting in subjugating women who undergo FGM to infections, hemorrhaging, bleeding, pain, and need for further surgery. In an obstetrics study done by the WHO on women in African countries, it was found that delivery of babies were often made more difficult by the need for a caesarean section, prenatal death, postpartum hemorrhaging, etc.7 In fact, the study also showed that for women with FGM, the number of prenatal deaths was higher by two percent than in women who have not undergone the procedure.While the reasons for which FGM is carried out varies slightly from region to region, in most countries it is seen as “a rite of passage” that cleanses a woman andprepares her for marriage.8It is looked at as a custom that a woman must adhere to in order to be accepted in her society. The societies who carry out the practice of FGM believe in the need to reduce the sexual desire of their women in order to prevent pre-marital sex and reduce promiscuity. Finally the women themselves also believe that without the procedure they will not be able to find a husband or participate in the decision-making of their villages. It is here that the need arises to clearly define the practice of FGM as a form of gender-based violence. Because so many communities merely pass it off as a cultural practice, it goes unreported and, thus, unpunished. However, in order to understand why FGM is form of gender-based violence and thus a violation of human rights, we must look to the definitions that have been established by the international community regarding such issues.The 1979 Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women defines gender-based violence as violence against a woman because “she is a woman” or violence that “affects women disproportionately.”9 While the definition of this type of crime may be intuitive, it is much harder to understand why FGM is a form of gender-based violence. According to the In-Depth Study on All Forms of Violence Against Women, conducted by the Secretary-General Kofi Annan, FGM falls under the “harmful traditional practices subset” of violence against women, as it uses cultural beliefs to empower men and to discriminate against women by forcing them to undergo procedures detrimental to their health.10 The reason that this type of violence poses a special concern for member states of the international community is because it reflects “unequal power relations between men and women” that have perpetuated through the ages, which have resulted in the dominance over and “discrimination against women by men”. These forms of violence can only be dealt with by redefining the way these crimes are interpreted and by establishing a standard legal framework that will allow member states to appropriately deter the spread and perpetuation of such practices.Before moving on further, it is worth noting that the use of the word ‘mutilation’ in FGM is intentional. While some agencies refer to the practice of FGM as cutting or mutilation, this study guide will follow the terminology used in the 1997 Joint Statement on Female Genital Mutilation published by UNFPA, UNICEF and WHO. 11 The labeling of this practice as ‘mutilation’ is representative of the underlying issues of human rights violations and gender inequality that comprise the core aspects of the issue of FGM. The very fact that the naming of this practice is interchangeable between a severe and a neutral label is an indication of how blurred the lines are between identifying FGM as a form of gender-based violence and as a necessary cultural norm. The following sections follow the origins and evolution of the practice of FGM and are meant to provide a guideline to legally frame the issue of FGM and bring it under the umbrella of universally accepted legal and judicial standards.h iStory of the P roblemThe previous section discussed the practice of FGM and its identity as a form of gender-based violence to a certain depth. However in order to tackle the problem of FGM in an effective and permanent manner, it must be understood in the context of its origins and the forces that have caused it to evolve into its present form. The following section will look at the origins of FGM and then deconstruct it through the modernization theory, convention theory, and feminist theory to understand the way in which it has evolved in the past few decades.When discussing the origins of FGM, a common misconception is to attribute its origins to Islamic or Christianic fundamentalism. However, the practice of FGM is believed to have its origins in Ancient Egypt where it began as a mechanism to control the fertility of women in the tribes.12This practice predates both Christianity and Islam,13 and Egyptian scholar Nawal El Saadawi, who has done extensive work on the origins and historical development of this practice, has posited that the roots of FGM lie within the patriarchal hierarchy of traditional societies and can be seen as a way to maintain the right of a man to be polygamous while ascertaining the women’s faithfulness.14There remains, nevertheless, a debate about how the practice entered the Egyptian culture. One group of scholars believes that the practice was introduced to the Nile River Valley around 3100 BCE by invading militants, while an opposing group believes that it was retrieved from ancient African practices.15Despite the confusion about the origins of the practice, there is strong evidence for the presence of FGM in pharaonic Egypt that came from the discovery of numerous circumcised female mummies. Additional proof comes from the book History,in which Greek historian Herodotus documented instances of FGM in Phoenician, Egyptian, Ethiopian, and Hittitian communities.The spread of this practice to other non-African communities is a little harder to explain. There does not seem to be any linking evidence between the practice being initiated in Africa and in other non-African countries. The one common factor that these two different communities had was the prevalence of FGM in tribal communities. Historical data shows that indigenous communities in Australia, Oceania and in parts of the Amazon Basin were engaging in the practice of a less extreme form Type 1 FGM where the circumciser would make a cut in the external genitalia instead of removing it completely. In the 19th century, some medical professionals in the Western world believed that FGM could be used as a cure for epilepsy, sterility, and masturbation.16 In fact, a proponent of this practice in 19th century Britain in reference to masturbation even dubbed FGM as a cure for “what morals should have prevented”. These views were equally common in theUnited States, where medical professionals believed that masturbation was a causal factor of “hopeless insanity,” and that this form of mental illness could be inherited if masturbation was not prevented.The forces of migration have also been instrumental in spreading this practice. During World War II, migrants from multiple African countries fled to industrialized European countries, a trend continued into the 1970s, when the region was plagued by civil unrest and drought, forcing refugees to migrate to Western Europe from Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia.17 When faced with the new culture of their host country, these families often felt a pressing need to preserve the traditions of their homeland in order to maintain a sense of culture and identity. Threatened by the pressure of assimilation and with the desire to raise their children the way they were raised, these families began to enforce practices like FGM that disciplined the female members of their communities. As immigrant communities introduced such practices to the host culture, interaction with the patriarchal elements of other host communities reinforced the original justifications behind FGM, thus contributing to its survival as a legitimate cultural practice even in a completely new environment.It should be noted that the relationship between FGM and religion has always been one that has been misinterpreted and manipulated. Communities that carry out the procedure often justify it by saying that is a mechanism of ensuring a women’s “spiritual purity.”18 However, not only does the practice of FGM predate both Islam and Christianity, it is also true that neither religion mentions the use of FGM as a spiritual yardstick in their religious books. In fact, The Grand Imam, Sheikh Mohammed Sayed Tantawi, Sheikh of Al-Azhar, a famous Islamic scholar and leader in the Middle East comments, “Islamic Shari’a protects children and safeguards their rights. Those who fail to give rights to their children commit a major sin. There is no text in Shari’a, in the Koran, in the prophetic Sunna addressing FGM.”19Christianity also holds a similar view about the sanctity of a child and a women’s body and the need to protect it. Bishop Moussa, Bishop for Youth of the Coptic Orthodox Church and Representative of Pope Shenouda III explains, “from the Christian perspective – this practice has no religious grounds whatsoever. When God created the human being, he made everything in him/her good: each organ has its function and role. So, why do we allow the disfiguring of God’s good creation? There is not a single verse in the Bible or the Old or New Testaments, nor is there anything in Judaism or Christianity – not one single verse speaks of female circumcision.” The purpose of the historical overview of the practice of FGM is to create the cultural context in which this practice takes place. To understand the gravity of the continuation of FGM as a cultural practice, it is also imperative to understand the consequences that it has on the women who undergo this procedure. EFFECTS OF FGMAll forms and types of FGM are extremely painful and cause profuse internal and external hemorrhage for those who undergo the procedure.20 The process in and of itself is a traumatic experience as the women arephysically World War II drove many Africans out of their homes.restrained and are more often than not anaesthetized. In fact, women undergoing FGM of the Type III form have their feet bound after the procedure and are left like that for weeks afterwards in order to “heal”. The use of unsterilized or contaminated instruments increases the risk of infection in women undergoing FGM, as well as significantly increasing the risk of transmitting HIV/ AIDS. Often, the nerve endings that are cut off during the procedure never heal, leaving the women in chronic pain for the rest of her life. FGM also significantly increases the rates of complications during childbirth (including caesarean sections) and prenatal death, thus transferring the dangerous consequences of FGM onto the newborn. Among other long term effects are reproductive tract infections, problems with the urinary tract, and reduced quality of sexual life. All these effects are indicators of how the quality of life is drastically changed by undergoing a procedure that is often forced upon her in the name of culture.In addition to the negative effects FGM has on the health of women, there is also a psychological morbidity element that often goes unnoticed. Some societies believe that girls who undergo this procedure together will create a bond of sisterhood with each other as they experience similar occurrences of pain and shock.21 However, women who are victims of FGM often actually suffer from post-traumatic stress and depression and feel increasingly isolated from their societies. On the flipside, women who refuse to undergo FGM are also ostracized from their families and their society, adding to the psychological burden of the practice of FGM. The effects of FGM on women, both physical and mental, are testaments to how serious of a problem the practice of FGM is, and how cultural relativism obscures its impact by validating it. In a world committed to the advancement and development of women, such practices stand as obstacles to the empowerment of the female population. Unless these practices are completely abolished from communities that carry them out, women all over the world cannot reach a stage of gender equality and empowerment that is required for the socioeconomic development of a nation. In order to move away from the problems of cultural relativism and create an international standard that addresses this problem on a universally accepted basis, the practice of FGM must be viewed as a human rights violation and not merely as a cultural norm where no one is held accountable for committing the act. The following section looks at FGM through the lens of an established framework of human rights to see how national policies can be adapted to address the problem.A VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS“Human rights violations do more than harm individuals; they undermine the development, peace and security of entire societies”- United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, Message of the Secretary General on the International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women, 2008In order to formulate an international standard that can appropriately address cultural relativism in numerous countries to identify proper mechanisms of punishment for the practice of FGM, the concept of FGM must be separated from its present entity as a cultural norm and be concretely defined within the human rights framework. At its most fundamental level, the practice of FGM violates the right to physical integrity and the right to the highest attainable standard of health.22 Both these rights are addressed by the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, a multilateral treaty adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 16 December 1966 in order to address policies that establish an individual’s economic and social rights like the right to education and health. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights further elaborates the right to health as one that gives individuals the freedom to “control one’s health and body, includingIs FGM a form of gender violence or just cultural practice?。
十年磨一剑2012
十年磨一剑(王克堂的创富故事)山东素称“齐鲁之邦”，山的雄壮与海的博大共同孕育了这片土地五千年的文明史。
从小受鲁商文化熏陶的王克堂，对于新生事物有着天生的敏锐嗅觉。
2003年，王克堂第一次接触电动车，有着商人禀赋的他，立即察觉到这一节能环保的交通工具必将改变人们的出行方式。
那年，王克堂二十五岁，正在一家国有企业上班，风华正茂，前途无限。
当王克堂提出要投身电动车事业时，立即遭到父母的强烈反对。
大学毕业能进入国有企业端“铁饭碗”，那可是令人相当羡慕的。
但在王克堂看来，下海经商才是他的真正梦想。
因为王克堂的直觉告诉他，电动车是新生事物，未来必将大有可为！如果他不做，很快也会有别人做！不如捷足先登，抢占先机。
因一时说服不了父母，王克堂就迂回向妻子的寻求理解和支持。
【王克堂妻子】他就这个个性，下了决心牛都拉不回来，我只好支持他！再说他在单位上班我帮不了他什么；他要做生意，我也许能帮上些忙！妻子的通情达理，使王克堂的自信心满满。
说干就干。
王克堂请他们家乡一些经常去南方跑物流的朋友帮他考察无锡的电动车企业。
2004年4月，跑运输的朋友打来电话，说他经常拉货的欧派电动车就很不错！企业信誉十分可靠！朋友说得斩钉截铁，王克堂听得跃跃欲试。
王克堂立即奔赴无锡亲自考察欧派电动车。
在参观过车间，试骑过样车后，王克堂突然提出一个令在场所有人诧异的要求-------他要见董事长！【陆丽君】我们平时接待过那么多客户，没有哪个说非要见董事长的，我当时真不知道他是什么想法。
【王克堂】当时我看车不错、价格也合理，我就下决心要做了。
但是我觉得企业的发展，很大程度上取决于老板的想法，我可是在找一个值得托付的品牌。
所以我要必须见朱董事长。
与朱仁华董事长的这次见面，让王克堂的心一下子放了下来。
从那天起，王克堂便奠定了与欧派的深厚情意。
直至今日，十年了，王克堂事业做得兢兢业业，他从没有犹豫过，也没有再要求过见董事长。
在从无锡考察回来后，王克堂毅然辞掉工作，紧锣密鼓的开始筹备成立欧派专卖店。
十年磨一剑潘保春创业进化史-2019年精选文档
十年磨一剑潘保春创业进化史“就像我们10 年如一日研发洁身器立志为国人带来健康一样，现在，我们有一个新的梦想，就是培养大批受到社会尊重的企业和企业家” 今年春节期间，一则“国人疯抢日本智能马桶盖”的新闻遍布大江南北，一夜之间，作为中国洁身器（智能马桶盖）第一品牌，荣事达洁身器成了网络热门搜索词。
记者对潘保春的认知仍停留在五年前全国青联换届时，他作为安徽省太阳能行业唯一代表当选全国青联委员。
十多年前，当荣事达早已是一个家喻户晓的名字时，潘保春以新型企业合作模式，在2003年创立合肥荣事达太阳能科技XX公司，并出任董事长兼总经理，成为老牌国企荣事达集团旗下的一个分公司。
作为中国太阳能第一代创业者，在潘保春身上堪称缩影——成功与痛苦伴随，终日迅速奔跑却难免九死一生。
他最终以工匠精神，创新驱动，聚焦用户，经过典型的“十年磨一剑”，把握了中国太阳能行业的真实脉搏。
如今潘保春领导着现拥有“品冠”、“荣事达”、“健洗宝”、“乐库”四大国内著名品牌，总资产过26亿元，员工10000 余人的荣事达电子电器集团。
以全球化视野、开放性思维、创新型精神，怀揣产业报国的梦想，向更加辉煌的明天昂首迈进！创业一一太阳能起家，缔造黑马传奇再见潘保春，刚过不惑之年的他，看起来依然和善、儒雅、谦逊。
创办荣事达太阳能公司之前，潘保春做的是家电贸易，在经营过程中，他不断摸索，适应消费者需求，将家电业务经营得有声有色。
也许是骨子里商人的天赋，也许是性格里善于钻研的个性，在做家电贸易过程中，潘保春发现了太阳能热水器巨大的市场潜力，大胆决定将自己的投资注入到更加顺应经济发展形势和经济社会建设需要的太阳能行业。
自2004 年第一台荣事达太阳能热水器上市以来，企业一直坚持“多赢”的经营理念，开创消费者、厂家、商家多赢的新局面。
并迅速建立起一级代理商600 多家，专卖店、加盟店2000 多家，销售网络遍及全国25 个省、市、自治区，把公司打造成为了中国家电企业进军太阳能行业最大的营销网络之一。
创业管理课程创业发展史中国创业潮案例
1981年，蛇口招商局提出“时间就是 金钱，效率就是生命”的口号
深圳市第一家来料加工企业—— 石岩公社的线圈厂
商界传奇——牟其中
中国大陆第一位被称 为首富的人
1982年创办中德商店 1984年升级中德实业
开发总公司，从万县 市农行贷款250万 1989年，用500车皮 商品换来4架前苏联 客机
1995年2月，褚时健被匿名检举贪污受贿。同 时，妻子马静芬和女儿褚映群被关在洛阳监狱。
1995年12月1日，他唯一的女儿褚映群在狱中 自杀。此时褚时健68岁。
1996年12月-1998年，被隔离审查；
1999年1月9日，云南省高级人民法院宣布褚时 健因巨额贪污和巨额财产来源不明罪被判处无 期徒刑、剥夺政治权利终身。此时，褚时健72 岁。
小平出席了80多场活动， 美国媒体称之为“邓旋 风”。
第一阶段——序幕阶段（80年代初期）
1984年，集资兴建了中国第一 座农民城：龙港农民城
1983年，温州创办了全国第一个 专业市场：永嘉桥头纽扣市场
温州模式：
家庭工业：小商品
专业化市场：大市场
1982年个体工商企业超过10 万户，约占全国总数的1/10， 30万推销员奔波于全国各地。
1949年，参加云南武装边纵游击队，任边纵游击队2 支队14团9连指导员；
1958年-1978年，被打成右派，下放红光农场改造， 后任新平县畜牧场、堵岭农场副场长，曼蚌糖厂、 戛洒糖厂厂长。
1979年10月，玉溪卷烟厂厂长。
1987年，玉溪卷烟厂成为中国同行业第一； 1988年，“红塔山”成为玉溪卷烟厂第一品牌； 1990年，授予全国优秀企业家。 1994年，评为十大改革风云人物。
2014年12月18日，褚时健荣获由人民网主办的第九 届人民企业社会责任奖特别致敬人物奖。
大学生创业成功的小故事
大学生创业成功的小故事这是一篇由网络搜集整理的关于大学生创业成功的小故事的文档，希望对你能有帮助。
1杨明平超级课堂的联合创始人杨明平是典型的大学生创业者，并且是一位连续创业者。
杨明平毕业于中欧国际工商学院。
2005年，大三的他接手了学校边上的一家川菜馆，发展到拥有400多平方、一年200多万营业额规模的火锅店，大学的创业经历为他赢得第一桶金。
而后杨明平决定朝着更大的方向发展，进入在线教育领域，创建超级课堂(Super Class)。
超级课堂成立于2010年10月，由杨明平创立的超级课堂将线下教育搬到线上，为中小学学生提供好莱坞大片式的网络互动学习课程。
创业成功指数：★★2舒义舒义19岁就开始创业，读大一时就是国内最早的web2.0创业者之一，创办过国内第一批博客网站Blogku，Bolgmedia，还创建了一个高校SNS和一家校园电子商务公司。
2006年舒义第三次创业，创办了成都力美广告有限公司，后发展为中西部最大的专业网络广告公司之一。
2009年舒义成立北京力美广告有限公司(i-Media)，两年内发展为国内领先的移动营销解决方案公司，并于2011年获得IDG 资本投资。
目前舒义开始尝试天使投资，投资创办过多家移动互联网公司。
创业成功指数：★★☆3王学集王学集出生于浙江温州，毕业于浙江理工大学。
大学时和2位同学一起创业，大三时正式发布phpwind论坛程序，2004年大学毕业的王学集成立公司，公司亦命名为phpwind，中文名“杭州德天信息技术有限公司”，专门提供大型社区建站的解决方案。
目前，phpwind已成为国内领先的社区软件与方案供应商，PW6.3.2版本的推出更在社区软件领域树立起一个极高的技术壁垒，phpwind8.0系列版本则推动了社区门户化。
phpwind于2008年5月被阿里巴巴以约5000万人民币的价格收购，现在隶属于阿里云计算有限公司，为阿里云计划提供了强有力的支持。
创业成功指数：★★☆4王嘉文1993年出生的'王嘉文有着特殊的身份，她既是广东培正学院大四的营销专业学生，又是农业公司的董事长。
从大学生到CEO大学生创业成功秘籍 Microsoft PowerPoint 演示文稿
借天下之势，发天下大财
俗话说得好：借力发力不费力。懂得借 力发力的人，就能够以小博大，以弱胜 强，以柔克刚，就能够四两拨千斤。
三国时，有一天，周俞对诸葛亮说：你3天之 内，给我打造10万支箭来。诸葛亮满口答应。 3天要打造10万支箭，这是根本不可能的事情。 但诸葛亮为什么又答应了呢？诸葛亮自有办法。 当时要打造10万支箭，就是有钱、有材料，时 间也来不及。怎么办？打造不出可以借嘛！向 谁借？那当然只有曹操。曹操会借吗？他会借 箭给你来杀他吗？办法总比困难多，没有做不 到、只有想不到。诸葛亮想到了。他怎么向曹 操借呢？
在中国：（1）在董事长兼任总经理的情况下， 这个人就是CEO。该类公司的决策和执行权高 度合一。 （2）在董事长不任总经理并且不是每天在公 司上班的情况下，总经理可以看作是CEO。 （3）董事长不任总经理但每天在公司上班， 这种情况下，董事长和总经理都具有CEO的职 能，至于实际运作中董事长和总经理谁的权力 更大就要看实际情况了，一般而论可能董事长 强一些而总经理弱一些。。。。
CEO往往未必拥有公司的任何股权，但 其决策权力非常大，可以对公司的经营 管理作出重大决策。事实上，很多公司 会用赠送股份或者赠送认股权证作为 CEO报酬的一部分。因此，尽管CEO最 初未必拥有股权，但很多CEO在工作一 段时间之后，会拥有公司股权，或者他/ 她在自愿的情况下，会用自己赚取的薪 金和奖金（花红）来购买公司的股票。
2、CEO的基本职责
概括地说，CEO向公司的董事会负责，而且往 往是董事会的成员之一。在公司或组织内部拥 有最终的执行经营管理决策的权力。在较小的 企业中首席执行官可能同时又是董事会主席和 总裁，但在大企业中这些职务往往是由不同的 人担任的，避免一个人在企业中扮演过大的角 色、拥有过多的权力，同时也可以避免公司本 身与公司的拥有人（即股东）之间发生利益冲 突。
2016大学生创业基础期末考试答案
1马梅开办的“母婴健康”杂志刊登的第一支广告是以下哪个公司的产品 A、贝因美 B、强生 C、雀巢 D、十月妈咪我的答案：B 2苏宏兴第二次养猪的品种是什么 A、家猪 B、种猪 C、野猪 D、香猪我的答案：D 3宋建新是中国第几位YBC导师 A、 1.0 B、10.0 C、 25.0D、 33.0 我的答案：A 4 以下不属于初创企业渡过财务难关的策略的是（）。
A、找帮扶资金 B、货物积存时，弄促销活动 C、场地过大时分租 D、出让全数股分我的答案：D 5创业者（）到市场区调查时是最靠得住的方式 A、朋友 B、亲戚 C、亲自 D、员工我的答案：C 6软件测试的试区有8大类多少款的软件 A、 8.0B、 10.0C、 14.0D、 20.0 我的答案：C 7钱金龙创建的快餐品牌叫（）。
A、麦当劳 B、肯德基 C、超人家族 D、好利来我的答案：C 8在企业治理的各项职能中处于首腹地位的职能是( ) A、打算职能 B、组织职能 C、指挥职能 D、操纵职能我的答案：A 9 美国（）公司有一个交班打算。
A、波音 B、微软 C、 IBM D、福特我的答案：A 10企业的生命周期一样分为几个时期 A、 4.0 B、 6.0 C、 8.0 D、 10.0 我的答案：C 11 阎焱说他投资失败最大的缘故是（）。
A、没有钱 B、没有人脉 C、看错人 D、没有背景我的答案：C 12 不论是何等熟的人，只若是有金钱来往的，不是现收现付的，都要（）。
A、签合同 B、立字据 C、写保证函 D、有保证人我的答案：A 13迅雷的最初推行并非是靠自己，而是寻觅其他的合作伙伴来推行，这表现了创业资源整合中的哪个策略（） A、依托自我资源 B、拼凑 C、杠杆作用 D、资源整合我的答案：B 14创业者要（）每一个员工的个性特点，处事风格 A、明白得 B、爱惜 C、关注 D、尊重我的答案：D 15 美国央行每一年往外发（）亿的美元。
小本创业—从小学徒到小老板 二十年创业历程 真实创业经验
小本创业—从小学徒到小老板二十年创业历程从一个电器修理学徒到今天拥有一个电器维修店小老板的创业历程。
1987年，我还在念高中二年级，我记得是在放暑假的一天，在江浦县百货商场，我和爸爸摆弄了一个下午，才把电视机买回家，是14寸的黑白电视机，金星牌的，是上海产，为此，我们家节衣宿食了半年。
有了这个黑白电视机，我就不用跑到邻居家看了，也不用看人家的脸色，我们一家五常常在吃晚饭的时候，一边吃饭，一边看电视，吃完饭还经常讨论电视连续剧的剧情。
特别是在冬天，它拌我们渡过一个个慢长而寒冷的冬天，有了它，我们家变得和睦，日子变得温磬和愉快。
时间过得很快，高考这道坎我没有办法迈过，在那段失魂落魄的日子里，只有那个小小的金星电视机在默默的陪拌我。
复读，按我的学习基础，估计上大学的可能性不大，那不如不读；家里经济情况不是很好，我又是家里的长子，下面还有弟妹在念书，看来我的学习生涯要结束，要出去干活赚钱啦。
一天吃过晚饭后，我们象以前一样看电视，爸爸说：“小勇，我和你舅舅说过了，改天你到你表哥店里学习修理电器吧，你看那一天过去？”妈妈也曾经说过，说我个子小，比较合适干点技术活。
同时对于电器的维修我也比较有兴趣，于是就答应下来了。
从那一天起，我就从一个电器修理学徒直到今天的拥有一个电器维修店小老板，其中经历了很多的生活风波，从中也见证了我国的电视机发展和变化的过程，有的我亲历其中，也有的是作为一个傍观者。
很多电视机生产厂家，电视机品牌，生生死死，能走到今天相当不容易。
从我修理电视机这么多年的经历，我和电视机的不解之缘大体分为以下三个阶段：一、1988年----1997年刚开始修的第一台电器我现在还记得是一部收音机，那还是在表哥的指导下修的，说起来也很简单，就是换个保险丝就解决了。
从此开始了我的维修生涯。
那时收音机普及千家万户，但是如谁家有一台黑白电视机，以至一部彩色电视机，那是很荣幸的事。
80年代出现一批电视机厂，有很多国产牌子，比如：西湖，黄河，春兰，金星等等好几十个品牌，现在还有多少个，大家都能看到。
0教育行业创业
⚫管理科学有多长历史？⚫管理科学开山鼻祖是谁？⚫管理的核心命题是什么？⚫管理历史上最早找到的管理方法与工具是什么？第一阶段：早期管理思想与管理实践（19世纪末以前）第二阶段：古典管理理论（19世纪末——20世纪30年代）第三阶段：新古典管理理论（20世纪30年代——二战结束）第四阶段：现代管理理论（二战结束后———）⚫先进的管理思想始终是同先进的生产力相伴随⚫世界管理中心通常是和世界经济中心相重合产业革命前（18世纪70年代以前）四大文明古国：古巴比伦、古埃及、古代中国、古印度。
产业革命之后（18世纪70年代——19世纪末）亚当.斯密（Adam Smith）查尔斯.巴贝奇（Charles Babbage）出版时间：1776年提出第一个提高劳动效率的方法——“劳动分工”☐试验前：每人需要完成所有工序；每人每天制造10枚针☐试验中：制针过程分为若干工序，每人负责其中一个工序：（1人“抽线”，1人“拉直”，1人”剪断”，1人“磨尖”，1人“打孔”）☐试验结果：每人每天制造480枚针“制针业试验”☐劳动分工大大提高了生产效率，增加了每个工人的技术熟练程度。
☐管理科学中第一个提高劳动效率的有效方法——“劳动分工”。
管理是不是一种生产力？☐在制针业试验中，没有任何技术进步，只是施加了一些简单的管理（劳动分工），生产效率就有了显著的提高。
☐管理就是一种生产力，管理的进步比单纯的技术进步更重要。
☐进一步分析了劳动分工使提高生产效率的原因，对劳动分工好处的解释比亚当.斯密更加全面。
☐管理作为一门系统的科学，还并没有形成。
查尔斯·巴贝奇（Charles Babbage）弗雷德里克·温斯洛·泰勒(Frederick Winslow Taylor)“泰勒制““科学管理之父”管理百年历史开端管理科学开山鼻祖出版时间：1911年（1）科学管理的中心问题是提高劳动生产率：管理的核心命题就是提高劳动生产效率。
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十年磨一剑潘保春创业进化史“就像我们10年如一日研发洁身器立志为国人带来健康一样，现在，我们有一个新的梦想，就是培养大批受到社会尊重的企业和企业家” 今年春节期间，一则“国人疯抢日本智能马桶盖”的新闻遍布大江南北，一夜之间，作为中国洁身器（智能马桶盖）第一品牌，荣事达洁身器成了网络热门搜索词。
记者对潘保春的认知仍停留在五年前全国青联换届时，他作为安徽省太阳能行业唯一代表当选全国青联委员。
十多年前，当荣事达早已是一个家喻户晓的名字时，潘保春以新型企业合作模式，在2003年创立合肥荣事达太阳能科技XX公司，并出任董事长兼总经理，成为老牌国企荣事达集团旗下的一个分公司。
作为中国太阳能第一代创业者，在潘保春身上堪称缩影――成功与痛苦伴随，终日迅速奔跑却难免九死一生。
他最终以工匠精神，创新驱动，聚焦用户，经过典型的“十年磨一剑”，把握了中国太阳能行业的真实脉搏。
如今潘保春领导着现拥有“品冠”、“荣事达”、“健洗宝”、“乐库”四大国内著名品牌，总资产过26亿元，员工10000余人的荣事达电子电器集团。
以全球化视野、开放性思维、创新型精神，怀揣产业报国的梦想，向更加辉煌的明天昂首迈进！创业――太阳能起家，缔造黑马传奇再见潘保春，刚过不惑之年的他，看起来依然和善、儒雅、谦逊。
创办荣事达太阳能公司之前，潘保春做的是家电贸易，在经营过程中，他不断摸索，适应消费者需求，将家电业务经营得有声有色。
也许是骨子里商人的天赋，也许是性格里善于钻研的个性，在做家电贸易过程中，潘保春发现了太阳能热水器巨大的市场潜力，大胆决定将自己的投资注入到更加顺应经济发展形势和经济社会建设需要的太阳能行业。
自2004年第一台荣事达太阳能热水器上市以来，企业一直坚持“多赢”的经营理念，开创消费者、厂家、商家多赢的新局面。
并迅速建立起一级代理商600多家，专卖店、加盟店2000多家，销售网络遍及全国25个省、市、自治区，把公司打造成为了中国家电企业进军太阳能行业最大的营销网络之一。
短短五年间，荣事达太阳能迅速成长为太阳能业界的一匹黑马，并荣获安徽省著名商标、国家级高新技术企业、中国太阳能行业十强企业，成为太阳能行业一颗璀璨的明星。
在潘保春的带领下，荣事达太阳能年度销售额实现了超越同行速度三倍的“光速式”增长。
2007年，公司固定资产投资已达1亿元，并顺利扩建了1000多亩的太阳能多元化生产基地，成为中国太阳能热水器行业规模最大的生产企业之一。
但在2009年，随着太阳能行业国家标准的正式出台，一系列原本利好的行业政策最终在执行中却偏离政府初衷，大量非专业企业因政策利好涌入太阳能行业，不合格产品、次品充斥市场，行业诚信缺失，市场需求被快速透支，使太阳能热水器行业急速遇冷。
在潘保春看来，这是政府的一次“好心办坏事”。
荣事达太阳能的日子也不好过，所有产品的营业额都在急速下滑，潘保春驰骋商场10余年也从未遭遇过如此大的困境，当年愁得夜不能寐、白发疯长的痛苦情形仍历历在目。
但最终他还是逆势存活了下来，“在实践中求变”，潘保春如是总结他的成功经验。
潘保春首创了CS商业模式，即成本直供+服务增值，聚焦太阳能工程市场。
以产品经营加商业模式经营为主要特征，通过模式和内部机制的改变重新定位，实现了太阳能工程类产品的成本直供和服务增值，使以前的供需关系转变为共同合作，牢牢占据了太阳能工程市场。
此外，他还在企业内部提出“合伙人”的概念，重新定位企业和员工的关系，员工的发展与企业紧密关联。
通过企业第一次转型，荣事达太阳能业绩逆势上扬，并开始了集团化发展的道路。
创新――因为生存，也为报国提起荣事达，潘保春有些激动。
这个老品牌伴随他度过了人生中最重要的阶段，并影响至今。
上个世纪90年代，“荣事达，时代潮”响彻神州大地每一个城市。
不过，最近几年来，荣事达品牌遭遇了诸多变故，在市场上的声音逐渐变弱。
但包括潘保春在内的一批荣事达“老人”，仍然对这个品牌充满感情和期望，他对记者说：“你看进入我们企业大门，首先看到的就是‘创新驱动，产业报国’的大标语。
从创新来讲，荣事达历经61年，一个企业假如没有创新是不可能生存61年的。
有人说荣事达是传统企业，我告诉大家，荣事达一直就是一个创新企业。
因为当年我们洗衣机、冰箱、太阳能、空气能，到今天的智能家居系统等，在某个阶段都是创新的结果。
今年‘两会’李克强总理提出‘大众创业，万众创新’后，现在大家把创新放在国家层面上，其实一直以来，对一个企业来说，创新是生存的必要条件，我们不是为了发展而创新，而是为了生存必须创新。
”“当年老一代荣事达领导层，都具备很高的精神素养，对企业和自身要求非常高，希望用创新产品改变国人的生活。
他们都是有梦想的人，推动了中国制造业的跨越式发展，我也一样，是‘产业报国’的梦想支撑着我不断向前而不能有丝毫的懈怠。
”在潘保春看来，因为那一代人的坚持，中国在上世纪末涌现出了一批“老字号”品牌，但现在有些品牌被外资并购后有意弱化乃至雪藏，这是需要我们深刻反省的！有人说，中国在参与全球竞争时缺少品牌，其实不然，我们有很多老字号甚至比某些国家建国的历史还要长，怎能说我们缺少品牌？只是我们忽略了这些老字号的价值而已，或者说是“着了外资的道”。
前段时间，财经作家吴晓波的《去日本买只马桶盖》一文，引起上至国家总理、下到平民百姓的关注。
吴晓波把中国游客到日本抢购马桶盖的现象提升到民族产业的高度，痛惜中国制造只会拼成本，守旧，不敢转型。
潘保春则对文中的观点和分析不以为然。
“吴晓波虽然是著名财经作家，但明显对家电制造，特别是洁身器行业还缺乏足够的了解。
他提出的‘成本、渠道、转型’的三痛，并不是造成‘到日本买马桶盖’热潮的原因，而是中国家电市场发展的结果，吴大作家把因果倒置了。
” “‘日本把最好的产品留在国内，不对中国开放先进技术’。
这种说法并不专业。
日本工人相对于中国工人的作业水平强一些，但这种差距现在已经很小，而技术上的差距在家电行业也不存在。
大家因此而探讨到是中国企业和中国制造业的问题，我个人认为这是以点概全。
中国制造业目前的水平不输于发达国家。
荣事达从2004年起就开始研发、生产洁身器，至今已经有11年历史，无论技术还是产量都已经是世界级的，现在美国、加拿大、德国、澳大利亚、瑞士、新西兰、俄罗斯等发达国家销售的顶级洁身器很多都是荣事达代工生产的。
荣事达洁身器先后获得美国UL认证、欧盟ROHS认证、澳大利亚WATERMARK认证、欧盟CE认证、国际CB认证等。
所以并不存在技术上落后于日韩、欧美。
只是这几年海外市场更加成熟，于是将生产、销售的重头放在了国外。
现在国内市场的需求起来了，荣事达有足够的生产和技术实力满足国内消费者的需求。
”“从另一方面来说，资本都是逐利的。
洁身器不是军工航天科技，不存在技术封锁，其实也锁不住。
日韩、美国企业这几年没有向中国发展洁身器，也是因为看到中国洁身器市场还不成熟。
中国很多城市近几年才开始普及抽水马桶，追求更高要求的洁身器在很多地区还没有形成市场意识。
很多创新产品叫好不叫座，媒体上看着很新鲜，很心动，但企业做市场调查后发现真正的消费者并不多，就会持较保守的市场态度。
开拓未成熟的市场要付出几倍的成本，冒几倍的市场风险。
这才是日本不向中国推广一些高端家电产品的真正原因。
但荣事达作为中国资质最久的洁身器生产商，没有能及早发现中国市场的变化，这是需要自我检讨和奋起直追的。
”潘保春怀一颗赤子之心，气宇轩昂，侃侃而谈。
潘保春认为，“企业家精神”不仅是解决就业，为国家上交利税，做些公益活动回报社会等，还应担负更多的社会责任：要不断创新，制造更多健康产品，提高国民幸福指数。
“比如说，荣事达洁身器我们做了12年，亏损了10年，但就是因为报国之心和民族情怀，就是亏损也要坚持下去。
直到今年才开始盈利，如果没有产业报国的使命感和责任感是坚持不下来的。
这是老一代荣事达人的‘企业家精神’教给我的，今后我也将继承下去。
”创投――是事业，更是使命潘保春和他的企业现已拥有智能家居、新能源、新材料三大产业领域以及“品冠”、“荣事达”、“健洗宝”、“乐库”四大国内著名品牌。
外界对潘保春的认知大多停留在荣事达电子电器集团董事长的位置上，其实目前他的核心产业是投资公司――品冠投资集团。
多年的商业历练，让潘保春拥有了更开阔的视野与价值观。
以前他只是一个创业的实践者，而现在还成为创业的推动者，他开始思考青年创业问题。
据相关调查数据显示，国外青年的创业成功率大约为5%，而中国青年的创业成功率连1%都不到。
潘保春分析说，一个项目的成功绝不是简单的人与资本的嫁接关系，而是多种整合关系。
在这个过程中，需要有很强的自我吸收和自我修复能力。
创业者只要有一技之长就可以生存下来，可是在发展的过程中，很多的企业往往会因为要素的不完善而夭折。
创业者的持续发展必须具备：人力资源、货币资源、品牌、文化、技术、品质管理等才能生存、发展和壮大。
“目前创投公司非常多，但很多人都把创投作为一种商机。
许多优秀的项目，本可以做的很好，但交给创投公司之后，简单的风投是我给你资金，最后必须达到一个指标；没有真正上升到责任感和使命感上来，仅是从维护创投公司利益的角度来做。
从专业角度来讲，风投公司所投的项目基本都不错，但最后往往以失败告终，就是创业者可能在某一方面具备了专业，但其它方面如资金、管理等方面没有跟上。
在这个过程中，投资公司虽然给它一定的资金，但是附加了更多条件和更大的压力，年轻人在创业过程中很快就会崩溃，他的股份也会不断被稀释，当初创业的激情转化为逃避，逃避心理对项目本身是致命性打击，所以很多项目是好的，但被创投公司做死了。
”“品冠投资集团，是一个社会价值的资源整合平台。
做为平台，我们视人才、资金、制度和管理等为一个个要素。
品冠投资公司实际上做的就是要素经营。
创业第一步并不困难。
但很多青年创业者都倒在了第二步上。
”潘保春举例说明，一些创业合伙人在企业初创时能同甘共苦，但取得“第一桶金”后，却可能面对股权不清晰、财务信息缺失等困难，“这个时候我们就会给他们投资，因为我们荣事达是家拥有61年历史的企业，有很多创业经验和管理模式，在创业过程中涉及品牌营销、财务管理、品质管控、电子商务、法律风险防范等方面都能及时提供解决方案，避免创业者在成长中遇到瓶颈，帮助创业者度过难关。
”至今为止潘保春参与投资的项目成功率为100%。
他完成了从传统的生产制造到帮助各类企业发展的华丽转身，是创业者成功的催化剂。
对他来说，幸福感的构成就是自己的企业可以造就一大批成功的企业和企业家，这是他的事业，更是使命。
正谓“青年强，则国家强。
青年富，则国家富。
”在荣事达2015新春年会上，企业把10位离职的老员工代表和23位在职的老员工代表邀请至舞台中央，在现场数千名参会嘉宾和员工代表见证下为他们颁发了999纯金金条和荣誉证书，老员工们感动得热泪盈眶。