《语言学教程》第3章形态学
《语言学教程》chapter 3 Morphology 的word文档
Chapter 3 LexiconTime periods: two classesTeaching contents:definition of a wordThe formation of wordsTeaching aims and requirementsLearn by heart:1. The classifications of morphemes, such as free morpheme and bound morpheme, stem, root, inflectional affix and derivational affix.2. Two ways of word-formation such as inflections and derivations.Know:1. The definition of morphemes, free morphemes, bound morphemes, stem, root, affix, inflection and derivation and so on.2. Two different fields of morphology, including inflectional morphology and derivational morphology.Understand:1. Definition of a word2. The classifications of word according to different aspects3. The formation of wordsTeaching focus and difficulties:Focus：1. The definition of morphemes, free morphemes, bound morphemes, stem, root, affix, inflection and derivation and so on.2. The classifications of morphemes, such as free morpheme and bound morpheme, stem, root, inflectional affix and derivational affix.3. Two ways of word-formation such as inflections and derivations.Difficulty:1. Classification of morphemes2. Inflection and derivations.1. Review what we have learned in last chapter, and ask some students to answer the following questions: (5m)1) How are English consonants classified2) How are English Vowels classified3) What are phonemes and allophones2. Study Definition of a wordA word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.Zhang Weiyou (1999)a minimum free formStability --internal structure (can’t rearrange)relative uninterruptibility --internal structure (can’t insert) Classification of words(1)Basic word stock & non-basic vocabularyContent words & functional wordsNative words & borrowed wordsVariable words & invariable wordsOpen-class words & closed-class wordsTraditional parts of speech & additional four categoriesClassification of words (2)Variable words & invariable words (variability)—variable words: the words whose form is changeable, words which might appear in different inflective and derivative forms, v. n.—invariable words: the words whose form is unchangeable, words which usually occur in the same form such as: since, in, for, of, at, on Classification of words (3)Open-class words & closed-class words (membership)--open-class words: membership is unlimited, n. v. (economic words, scientific words.)--closed-class words: membership is comparatively limited. Pronouns, conj, prep. Articles.Classification of words (4)Traditional parts of speech & additional four categoriesTraditional parts of speech:N. v. adj. Adv. Prep. Conj.Additional four categoriesParticles : 小品词infinite maker ‘to’, negative maker ‘not’, subor dinate units in verbal phrases.Auxiliaries: 助词(助动词、情态动词)Pro-form 代词形式 pro-v. pro-adj.. He likes the animal, so do i.. The desk is white, so is the chair.Determiners 限定词‘the’, ‘a’, ‘some’, ‘all’. ‘all the beautiful Chinese girls’,3. Study The formation of word1) Ask the students to skip over this section and find out the answers to the following questions:a. What is morphologyb. What is morpheme What is the biggest difference between morpheme and phonemec. How can we classify morphemes2) 3.2.1 MorphologyDefinition: the study of word-formation, or the internal structure of words, or the rules by which words are formed from smaller components: morphemes.For example:Verbs are formed by adding –ify to either an adjective (adj.) or a noun (n.)在形容詞或名詞加-ify變成動詞*simple (adj.) simplify (v) 簡化*quality (n) qualify (v)使具有資格*identity (n) identify (v) 認出MorphemesThe most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme.The smallest meaningful components of words..: boyish孩子氣的;男孩似的boy, -ish (two morphemes)3) 3.2.2 Types of morphemes (1)Those that may constitute words by themselves,自由形式的詞素本身就是一個詞，可以單獨使用.: boy, girl, table, nation.Free morphemes PK Bound morphemesThose that cannot occur alone,Bound morpheme includes two types: roots and affixes..: -s in dogs, -ed in worked, dis- in dislike, un- in unable.A certain affix here refers to an inflectional affix: grammatical endingsTypes of morphemes (2)Root: the part left when all the affixes are removed 词根Stem: the part left when a certain affix is removed 词干Affix: the part which is attached to other words; usually bound morphemes 词缀.: friend as in unfriendliness.Roots may be:Free: those that can stand by themselves,.: black+board; nation+-al; orbound: those that cannot stand by themselves,.: -ceive in receive, perceive, conceive.Affix: normally divided into:Prefix (dis-, un-) prefixes occur at the beginning of a word.suffix (-en, -ify) at the endinfix (foot-feet) in the middlePrefix 前綴mis- 誤 mistake 誤解over- 過分 overdo 做得過分Prefixed modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.Exceptions are the prefixes be-, and en(m)-.Added to adjectives or nouns they turn the words into verbs.Suffixes modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.Accordingly, there are noun-forming suffixes, adjective-forming suffixes, adverb-forming suffixes, and verb-forming suffixes.-er teacher, writer-ician “...(專)家,...工作者” electrician電工-bility “能力” possibility可能性-hood “時期” childhood幼年時期,童年時期-age “(人生的)某一時期” orphanage孤兒-ary (adj) elementary基本的, secondary第二位的-ful (adj) beautiful美麗的, delightful愉悅的, sorrowful悲傷的-en (V 使..) weaken使變弱 , darken, deepen-ize (v …化) modernize使現代化-ly (adj+ -ly=adv n + -ly= adj) slowly慢慢地, friendly友善的-ward (往…方向) forward(adv)往前, eastward往東Stem: a morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix may be added,.: friend+-s; write+-ing, possibility+-es.A stem can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself..:*toler- (root) + affix –ate: tolerate忍受*quick (free morpheme) + affix –ly: quickly *careless (a derived form) + affix lessInflectional affix: Bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers, signifying such concepts as tense, number, case etc..: -ed, -s, -erHe had regular features. 他五官端正。
Chapter 3新编语言学教程 Morphology
the classification of morphemes 1
A. free morpheme自由语素 Morphemes may occur alone or constitute words by themselves. All monomorphemeic单语素词 words are free morphemes.
Free morphemes can be divided into two categories: Lexical morphemes(词汇语素)：ordinary nouns, verbs and adjectives which carry the content of messages we convey. E.g. book, desk Functional morphemes(功能语素)：conjunctions, articles, prepositions and pronouns. E.g. if, when, because.
2. The smallest unit of morphology & the classification of morphemes
Morpheme(语素): A morpheme is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function. It cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.
1.4 Definition of morphology P52
Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
刘润清《新编语言学教程》笔记和课后习题(形态学)【圣才出品】
第3章形态学3.1 复习笔记本章要点：1. Definition of Morphology形态学的定义2. Definition and Classification of Morphemes词素的定义及分类3. Morphs and Allomorphs词素变体4. Types of Word Formation词语构成的分类常考考点：词法的定义；曲折词与派生词；构词法(合成与派生)；词素的定义；词素变体；自由词素；粘着词素(词根，词缀和词干)。
本章内容索引：I. MorphologyDefinition of MorphologyII. Morphemes1. Definition2. Types of Morphemes(1) Free morpheme(2) Bound morphemeIII. Morphs and AllomorphsDefinition of Morphs and AllomorphsIV. Types of Word Formation1. Compounding2. Derivation3. Other ways of word formation(1) Conversion(2) Backformation(3) Clipping(4) Blending(5) Acronym(6) InitialismI. Morphology形态学【考点：名词解释】Morphology, as a branch of linguistics, is the study of the internal structure, forms and classes of words.形态学作为语言学的一个分支，是研究词语的内部结构，形式及分类的一门科学。
II. Morpheme语素1. Definition定义Morpheme is the smallest unit of language, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.语素是最小的语言单位，不能再进一步分成更小的单位而不破坏或彻底改变词汇意义或语法意义。
《语言学教程》3形态学
《语言学教程》3形态学首先，形态学研究的对象是词汇，形态是词汇的基本组成单位。
词汇是语言中具有独立意义和语法功能的最小单位，而形态则是构成词汇的最小单位，形态可以分为词素和词位。
词素是具有独立意义的最小语言单位，而词位则是构成词素的最小单位。
形态学研究的内容包括词素的构成，不同词素之间的关系，以及词素如何组合形成词汇。
其次，形态学关注词形变化，即词汇在不同语法环境下的形态变化。
形态变化是词汇的一种重要特征，可以通过词的词缀、词尾、词根等来表达。
形态变化可以分为屈折变化和派生变化。
屈折变化是指在词形变化中，词的词素不变，只有词尾发生变化，如英语中的单复数变化（cat -> cats）。
派生变化是指新词的形成通过在词根或词素上加入新的词缀，如英语中的派生词（friend -> friendship）。
第三，形态学还研究了不同语言之间的形态差异。
不同语言在形态结构上存在差异，有些语言形态丰富，有着复杂的形态系统，例如拉丁语和梵语；而有些语言形态简单，词形变化较少，例如英语。
形态学通过对不同语言形态系统的比较研究，可以揭示不同语言之间的共性和差异，对于语言分类和语言接触研究起到重要的作用。
最后，形态学的研究方法包括描述方法和比较方法。
描述方法是通过对语言实例的描述和分析，揭示语言的形态结构和形态变化规则。
比较方法是通过比较不同语言之间的形态差异，探索语言发展和语言接触的历史和机理。
形态学的研究方法不仅有助于理解语言的基本结构和变化规律，还对于语言教学和语音识别等应用领域有着重要的指导作用。
总之，《语言学教程》第三章形态学介绍了形态学的基本概念、研究对象和内容，着重讨论了词汇结构和词形变化的特征和规律。
通过学习形态学，可以更好地理解词汇的构成和变化，为进一步深入语言学研究奠定扎实的基础。
语言学教程[第三章词汇]山东大学期末考试知识点复习.
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第三章词汇复习笔记I.词词是个语言表达单位,无论是在口语还是在书面语中,说母语的人都能够凭直觉识别这个语言单位。
1.词的三种含义(1词是自然的有界限的对立单位;(2词既是一个普通术语又是一个专门术语;(3词是一个语法单位。
2.词的识别(1稳定性就词的内部结构而言,词是所有语言单位中最稳定的。
(2相对连续性连续性指的是一个词的几个成分之间不可介入新的成分,即使这个词由多个成分构成。
(3最小的自由形式词是能够独立构成一个完整语句的最小单位。
3.词的分类(1可变词和不变词可变词有形态变化,即词的一部分保持不变,另一部分有规则地变化以实现不同的语法功能。
小变词没有形态变化。
具有词汇意义 (指代物质、动作和性质的词称为词汇词,例如名词、动词、形容词和副词。
表达语法意义的词是语法词,例如连词、介词和代词。
(3封闭类词和开放类词封闭类词的成员数目固定,数量有限。
像代词、介词、连词和冠词都属于封闭类词,一般不能轻易增加或衍生新的成员。
相比之下,开放类词的成员数目基本上是无限的,其数目会随着社会发展不断地、经常地增加。
名同、动词、形容词和副词属于开放类词。
(4词类在传统的名词、代词、形容词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词和冠词的基础上,可新增助词、助动词、代词形式、限定词。
Ⅱ.语素和形态学1.定义语素是最小的语言单位,不能再进一步分成更小的单位而不破坏或彻底改变词汇意义或语法意义。
形态学研究词的内部结构以及词的构造规则,包括屈折变化和词的形成两个领域。
2.语素的类型(1自由语素和粘着语素①自由语素指能够单独出现或独立成词的语素。
所有的单语素词都是自由语素,由自由语素构成的多语素词为复合词。
②粘着语素指不能单独出现,必须跟至少一个其他语素共同出现的语素。
①词根是构成词的基础成分,不能再做进一步分析而不破坏其意义。
每个词都包括一个词根语素.它可以是自由语素或粘着语素。
②词缀是那些只能附着于另一个语素 (词根或词干上的一类语素的总称。
语言学导论-第3章Morphology
Yes:
Free morpheme 自由词素
dog, kick, berry
Root & Affix 词根&词缀
In a complex word (two or more morphemes): teacher
teach
-er
root
affix
Root (stem, base): the basic or core morpheme. 词干 词基
- no new word added - not change syntactic class - to indicate the grammatical function
E.g.: Only 8 kinds in English: N.: -’s, -s (plural nouns), V.: -ing, -ed/-en, -s (S-V agreement) Adj./Adv.: -est, -er.
Morpheme: ‘minimal unit of sound and meaning’
A further division: whether they can occur on their own or not:
No:
Bound morpheme 黏着词素
-s in dog-s; -ed in kick-ed; cran- in cran-berry
Classification of Morphemes
free Morphemes
bound
lexical
(open classes)
functional
(closed classes)
derivational inflectional
戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解(形态学)【圣才】
Morphology studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which
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圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
第 3 章 形态学
3.1 复习笔记
本章要点： 1. Open class and closed class
开放词类与封闭词类 2. Morpheme
语素 3. Analyzing word structure
分析词语结构 4. Derivational and inflectional morphemes
words are formed, including inflection and word formation. 形态学研究词的内部结构以及构词规则，包括屈折变化和构词法两个领域。
II. Open class and closed class（开放类和封闭类） 1. Open class words: in English, nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs make up the largest part of the vocabulary. They are the content words of a language. 开放性词类：在英语中，名词、动词、形容词和副词占词汇的绝大部分。它们是一门语 言中的实义词，经常有新词产生。 2. Closed class words: The other syntactic categories include “grammatical” or “functional” words. Conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns consist of relatively few words and new words are not usually added to them. 封闭性词类：其他的句法范畴包括“语法性的”或者“功能性的”词。连词、介词、冠 词和代词相对较少，通常不会增加新词。
《语言学形态学》课件
索形态规律。
3
词素分析
通过分解词素来研究词的形态结构和变 化。
对比研究
比较不同语言的形态特点，寻找共性和 差异。
形态学的基本概念和术语
词素 派生 屈折
最小的具有意义的语言单位。 通过加词缀、变音等方式形成新词的过程。 词形变化通过词尾、词首变化体现的形态过程。
形态结构和形态规则
形态结构
研究词的内部结构，包括词缀、词根等组成部分。
形态学为语法分析提供了基础，揭示了句子结构与词的关系。
3
语言教学
学习形态学可以帮助人们更好地理解和运用语言。
语言学形态学的分支
层级形态学
研究词素的层级关系和组织结构。
词根形态学
研究词根在形态变化中的作用和意义。
型态形态学
研究词形的内部结构和语音变化规律。
形态学的研究方法
1
语料库研究
2
通过分析大量真实语料库中的数据，探
形态规则
研究词的形态变化规则，如屈折变化、派生变化等。
形态变化和形态标记
形态变化
词的形态在不同语法环境下发生 的变化。
形态标记
形态特征通过词缀和其他标记来 表示。
形态过程
研究词如何形成新的形态。
结论和总结
通过学习《语言学形态学》，我们可以深入探索词的内部结构、形态变化规律以及形态标记的使用方式，从而 更好地理解和运用语言。谢谢收看！
《语言学形态学》PPT课 件
语言学形态学研究词汇的内部结构和形态形式的变化规律，是语言学中的一 个重要分支。
什么是语言学形态学
1 词形变化
研究词如何在不同语法环境下发生形态变化。
2 词构成
研究如何通过词素的组合来构成词汇研究
胡壮麟版《语言学教程》 第三章Chapter3 Lexicon 总结
(2) Relative uninterruptibility 相对连续性
By uninterru ptibility, we men new elements are not to be inserted into a word even when there are several parts in a word. Nothing is to be inserted in between the three parts of the word disappointment: dis + appoint + ment. Nor is one allowed to use pauses between the parts of a word: * dis appoint ment.
Lexicon Change 词的变化
Phonological Change 音位 Orthographic Change 拼写变化
3.1 What is word?
WORD is a unit of expression that
native spears may recognize by intuition, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form. A WORD is the smallest of the linguistic units that can constitute, by itself, a complete utterance in speech or writing.
(2)Word both as a general term and as a specific term 作为一般用语和具体用语的词 作为一般用语和具体用语的词(The common factor underlying a set of forms)
第三章 形态学
3．1复合词的类型
Types of compound words
• 复合法指把两个或两个以上的词结合在一起构成新词的方法。复 合词可以用不同的标准来分类。根据复合词构成成分的词性来分 类，复合词通常有： • 1）名词+名词:end product; efficiency expert; food chain • Noun + noun 名词＋名词 如：handbook, sunshine • 2）形容词+名词: white elephant; red tape; hot line • Adjective +noun 形容词＋名词 如：highway, sweetheart • 3）形容词+名词+ed: white-haired; blue-eyed;short-sighted 3 + +ed: • 4）动词+名词Verb +noun : pickpocket; call-girl; push-button • 5）副词+名词Adverb +noun :downtown; overburden • 6）名词+动词Noun +verb :daybreak;nightfall;earthquake; birth control • 7）动词+副词Verb +adverb :breakdown; handout;makeup • 8）名词+形容词Noun +adjective :knee-deep; life-long;duty-free • 9）ing+名词-ing+noun:swimming pool; sewing machine; • 10）其它形式Other forms :never-to- be-forgotten; go-between; on-the-spot;
(完整word版)Chapter-3-Morphology--形态学(现代语言学)
Chapter 3 Morphology 形态学1.Definition 定义Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.形态学是语法学的一个分支，它研究的是单词的内在结构及单词的构成规则。
The aim of morphology is to find out these rules。
形态学的任务就是要找出这些规则（单词构成的规则）。
Morphology is divided into two sub-branches：inflectional morphology and lexical or derivational morphology. The former studies the inflections and the latter the study of word-formation.形态学可以划分两个分支：屈折形态学和词汇形态学（也叫派生形态学).前者研究的是单词的屈折变化，后者研究的是构词法。
2.Morpheme 词素2.1Morpheme： the smallest meaningful unit of language词素:语言中最小的意义单位Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology。
正如音位是音系学研究中的基本单位一样,词素是形态学研究中的基本单位。
Monomorphemic words 单词素单词2.2Types of morphemes 词素的类型2.2.1Free morphemes 自由词素The morphemes that are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves are called free morphemes。
语言学教程(第四版) 教材及习题 配套PPT Chapter 3
P.F. Productions
143
Similarity
both regarding affixes
Differences
Productivity Meaning change Condition Position
P.F. Productions
144
Sememe: the smallest component of meaning. e.g. The morpheme -s has only one sememe: PLURALITY, meaning more than one. Phoneme: the smallest meaningful unit of sound Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit in grammar (第三版) the smallest unit of language in regard to the relationship between sounding and meaning, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning (第四版)
P.F. Productions 142
In English, inflectional affixes are mostly suffixes, which are always word final, e.g. drums, walks, Mary’s. Derivational affixes can be either prefixes, suffixes, or both, e.g. suburban, depart, online, slaver, teacher, workP.F. Productions 135
《语言学教程》chapter-3-Morphology-的word文档
Chapter 3 LexiconTime periods: two classesTeaching contents:3.1 definition of a word3.2 The formation of wordsTeaching aims and requirementsLearn by heart:1. The classifications of morphemes, such as free morpheme and bound morpheme, stem, root, inflectional affix and derivational affix.2. Two ways of word-formation such as inflections and derivations.Know:1. The definition of morphemes, free morphemes, bound morphemes, stem, root, affix, inflection and derivation and so on.2. Two different fields of morphology, including inflectional morphology and derivational morphology.Understand:1. Definition of a word2. The classifications of word according to different aspects3. The formation of wordsTeaching focus and difficulties:Focus：1. The definition of morphemes, free morphemes, bound morphemes, stem, root, affix, inflection and derivation and so on.2. The classifications of morphemes, such as free morpheme and bound morpheme, stem, root, inflectional affix and derivational affix.3. Two ways of word-formation such as inflections and derivations.Difficulty:1. Classification of morphemes2. Inflection and derivations.1. Review what we have learned in last chapter, and ask some students to answer the following questions: (5m)1) How are English consonants classified?2) How are English Vowels classified?3) What are phonemes and allophones?2. Study3.1 Definition of a wordA word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.Zhang Weiyou (1999)a minimum free formStability --internal structure (can’t rearrange)relative uninterruptibility --internal structure (can’t insert) Classification of words(1)Basic word stock & non-basic vocabularyContent words & functional wordsNative words & borrowed wordsVariable words & invariable wordsOpen-class words & closed-class wordsTraditional parts of speech & additional four categoriesClassification of words (2)Variable words & invariable words (variability)—variable words: the words whose form is changeable, words which might appear in different inflective and derivative forms, v. n.—invariable words: the words whose form is unchangeable, words which usually occur in the same form such as: since, in, for, of, at, on Classification of words (3)Open-class words & closed-class words (membership)--open-class words: membership is unlimited, n. v. (economic words, scientific words.)--closed-class words: membership is comparatively limited. Pronouns, conj, prep. Articles.Classification of words (4)Traditional parts of speech & additional four categoriesTraditional parts of speech:N. v. adj. Adv. Prep. Conj. Interj.ArticleAdditional four categoriesParticles : 小品词infinite maker ‘to’, negative maker ‘not’, subor dinate units in verbal phrases.Auxiliaries: 助词(助动词、情态动词)Pro-form 代词形式 pro-v. pro-adj.e.g. He likes the animal, so do i.e.g. The desk is white, so is the chair.Determiners 限定词‘the’, ‘a’, ‘some’, ‘all’e.g. ‘all the beautiful Chinese girls’,3. Study 3.2 The formation of word1) Ask the students to skip over this section and find out the answers to the following questions:a. What is morphology?b. What is morpheme? What is the biggest difference between morpheme and phoneme?c. How can we classify morphemes?2) 3.2.1 MorphologyDefinition: the study of word-formation, or the internal structure of words, or the rules by which words are formed from smaller components: morphemes.For example:Verbs are formed by adding –ify to either an adjective (adj.) or a noun (n.)在形容詞或名詞加-ify變成動詞*simple (adj.) simplify (v) 簡化*quality (n) qualify (v)使具有資格*identity (n) identify (v) 認出MorphemesThe most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme.The smallest meaningful components of words.E.g.: boyish孩子氣的;男孩似的boy, -ish (two morphemes)3) 3.2.2 Types of morphemes (1)Those that may constitute words by themselves,自由形式的詞素本身就是一個詞，可以單獨使用e.g.: boy, girl, table, nation.Free morphemes PK Bound morphemesThose that cannot occur alone,Bound morpheme includes two types: roots and affixes.e.g.: -s in dogs, -ed in worked, dis- in dislike, un- in unable.A certain affix here refers to an inflectional affix: grammatical endingsTypes of morphemes (2)Root: the part left when all the affixes are removed 词根Stem: the part left when a certain affix is removed 词干Affix: the part which is attached to other words; usually bound morphemes 词缀E.g.: friend as in unfriendliness.Roots may be:Free: those that can stand by themselves,E.g.: black+board; nation+-al; orbound: those that cannot stand by themselves,E.g.: -ceive in receive, perceive, conceive.Affix: normally divided into:Prefix (dis-, un-) prefixes occur at the beginning of a word.suffix (-en, -ify) at the endinfix (foot-feet) in the middlePrefix 前綴mis- 誤 mistake 誤解over- 過分 overdo 做得過分Prefixed modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.Exceptions are the prefixes be-, and en(m)-.Added to adjectives or nouns they turn the words into verbs.Suffixes modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.Accordingly, there are noun-forming suffixes, adjective-forming suffixes, adverb-forming suffixes, and verb-forming suffixes.-er teacher, writer-ician “...(專)家,...工作者” electrician電工-bility “能力” possibility可能性-hood “時期” childhood幼年時期,童年時期-age “(人生的)某一時期” orphanage孤兒-ary (adj) elementary基本的, secondary第二位的-ful (adj) beautiful美麗的, delightful愉悅的, sorrowful悲傷的-en (V 使..) weaken使變弱 , darken, deepen-ize (v …化) modernize使現代化-ly (adj+ -ly=adv n + -ly= adj) slowly慢慢地, friendly友善的-ward (往…方向) forward(adv)往前, eastward往東Stem: a morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix may be added,e.g.: friend+-s; write+-ing, possibility+-es.A stem can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.e.g.:*toler- (root) + affix –ate: tolerate忍受*quick (free morpheme) + affix –ly: quickly *careless (a derived form) + affix lessInflectional affix: Bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers, signifying such concepts as tense, number, case etc.e.g.: -ed, -s, -erHe had regular features. 他五官端正。
新编英语语言学教程课件chapter 3 morphology
Chapter 3 Lexicon
范雪菲
3.1 What is word?
3.1.1 Three senses of “word”
＊A physically definable unit (自然的有界限的单位）
• 3.1.3 classification of words
• Variable and invariable words
variable words----one could find ordered and regular series of grammatically different word forms; on the other hand, part of the word remains relatively constant. “ follow-followsfollowing”
※some of the categories newly introduced into linguistic
analysis: particles, auxiliaries, pro-form(代词形式“So
do I “), determiners
Determiners
• It refers to words which are used before the noun acting as head of a noun phrase, and determine the kind of reference the noun phrase has: definite (the) or indefinite( an ), partitive ( some ), or universal (all).
《语言学教程》第 3 章 形态学
7. 是一种词汇或语法单位，具有稳定性，体现为一个或多
个由若干个音位构成的组合。
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关于语素定义的要点概括
1. 语素是在词的范围内。[所在地] 2. 语素是最小的词汇语法单位，也是最小的意义
单位，具有词汇意义和语法意义。[兼为形式单位 和意义单位] 3. 语素本身具有稳定性，不可再分割，除非丧失 意义。[具有稳定性] 4. 语素体现为若干个音位构成的组合。 [物质表 现形式]
The term was introduced in the late 19th century, and has had three main senses. 1. 语素，词素 A unit smaller than the word which has grammatical as opposed to lexical meaning. 2. 语素 Any configuration of phonological units within a word which has either grammatical or lexical meaning. 3. 语素，词语 An invariant lexical or grammatical unit realized by one or more configurations of phonological units.
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语素的分类[1]
Morpheme [根据是否可以单独构词]
Free morpheme [自由语素] [简写F]
Bound morpheme [粘附词素] [简写B]
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依据语素，对词进行的分类