论有效教学理论在5至8岁儿童口语教学中的应用学位论文

AbstractFor the issues of the present situation of English education and the ineffective teaching in class in our country, the educators studied those through the foreign language educational psychology and found that English education should be based on the strong interest and willing and help students to transfer the foreign language study to the foreign language acquisition. Foreign language study is a very complex process referring to a mass of factors, especially to children. The research object of this thesis is the children between age of 5 to 8. The language educator should take advantages of the childr en’s physiology and psychology and combine the advantages with the English teaching. Aiming at practicing the theories of the effective teaching adequately, the educators should take the spoken English——the application function as the cutting point of the English Education, and mark the interesting education and creating education of English as the intended teaching goals. By referring to the findings of the effective teaching at home and abroad, this thesis focuses on children’s effective spoken English teaching, and crystallizes our country’s effective teaching principles——effectiveness, profitablity and efficiency.Key words: spoken English; Effective Teaching; children’s psychology摘要针对目前我国英语教育现状及课堂“无效教学”等问题，从外语教育心理学的角度上分析问题，可以发现，英语教学必须建立在强烈的英语兴趣和求知欲上，使学习英语向习得英语的方向转变。

外语学习是一个非常复杂的习得过程，它涉及各种因素，而儿童英语口语教学更是如此。

本文将5至8岁儿童作为研究对象，将儿童生理和心理上的优势作为切入点，使其与英语教学相融合，并从口语教学即语言的应用功能入手，把培养儿童对英语的兴趣爱好和创新独立思维作为教学目标，使得“有效教学”在儿童口语教学得到充分体现及应用。

同时通过借鉴和引用国内外对“有效教学”的研究成果，对儿童进行切实有效的口语教育，将我国就有效教学所提出的“有效果，有效率，有效益”的教学理念具体化。

关键词：口语；有效教学；儿童心理学Table of Contents Abstract (i)摘要................................................................................................................................................. i i1. Introduction (1)2. The Meaning of Spoken English Education between the Age of 5 to 8 in China (3)2.1 The current situation (3)2.1.1 The scale and the social needs (3)2.1.2 The dilemma situation (4)2.2 The important influence (5)2.2.1 Influence of the social and economic development (5)2.2.2 Influence of the children’s growing and development (6)3. The Teaching Aim of Spoken English Education of Children between 5 to 8 (9)3.1 The cultivation of interest and passion (9)3.2 The development of ability (9)3.3 The initiation of habits (9)4. The Restrictive Factors of the Effective English Teaching in the English Education Development (11)4.1 The features of ineffective teaching (11)4.1.1 Aspects of teachers (11)4.1.2 Aspects of students (11)4.2 The reasons of ineffective teaching (12)4.2.1 The ineffective irritation (12)4.2.2 The ineffective attention (12)4.2.3 The ineffective study style (13)5. The Application and Implement of the Effective Teaching in Children’s Spoken English Education between 5 to 8 (14)5.1 The effective teaching (14)5.1.1 The major standards of the effective teaching in our country (14)5.1.2 The expounding of the effective teaching by Zhang Lu and Roland Tharp (15)5.1.3 The aim of the effective English education (16)5.2 The factors of effective spoken English education of children’s between 5 to 8 (16)5.2.1 The features of behaviors (17)5.2.2 The ability of expression (17)5.2.3 The ways of thinking (17)5.3 The application of the effective teaching theory (18)5.3.1 The creative activities and the achievement of ‘effective ness’ (18)5.3.2 The real live education and the achievement of ‘profitablity’ (19)5.3.3 The challenging activities and achievement of ‘efficiency’ (19)6. Conclusion (21)References (21)Acknowledgements.......................................................................................... 错误！未定义书签。

1. IntroductionThe effective teaching means that teachers, abiding by the objective law of the teaching activities, use the minimum time，energy and resources and gain the maximum teaching effect to achieve the teaching objective and satisfy the need of the society and personal education. Form 90 time end 20 century, the study of the effective teaching has been started in our country. But people, at that time, didn’t pay too much attention to it. Since 2001, with the start of the new elementary education curriculum reform, the study of the effective teaching became the one big popular topic in the educational circles. Actually, people could learn this teaching thought since the every early time——the time of John Dewey(1859—1952). John Dewey pointed out that the education should be the one to inspire children’s mind. He also made a mention of the “five-steps teaching method”, which had a deep influence on the educational theory and practice in America at the first half of 20th century. Roland Tharp(1930—), the professor of the university of California, has mentioned the five standards for effective pedagogy in elementary settings in his study. In our country, the study of effective teaching also has productive achievements. Until 2008, there are 4 PhD dissertations on China Excellent MA and PhD Degree P, Analysis of Effective Communication in Class (张希希, 2001), Studies of Effective Pedagogy (姚利明, 2004), Studies of the Standards of Effective Pedagogy in the Class (孙亚玲, 2004) and Critiquing of Effective Pedagogy (何善亮, 2007). The thesis Analysis of the standards of Effective Pedagogy (张璐, 2000) was published on Theory and Practice of Education. In her thesis, she referred five standards: Language Development, Creative Activities, Making Meaning, Challenging Activities and Teaching Conversation. These five standards of effective teaching would be the guidance standards in this thesis.According to the reports from the education departments in our country, at present, there are over 70% of the elementary schools of the cities and towns has set up the English courses and over 30% in countries. Many colleges and universities are driving to set up the English department and enlarge the enrollment. Though government spends a lot of time and money on the English education, their strategies of personnel English training are wrong. Very few learners attain the ability to master English for general technical communication. There is no denying fact that it is a kind of waste to invest the massive manpower, physical resource and financial resource on the English education. Compared with the cost of time, expense and opportunity, the profit from the English education are actually limited. For the issues of the present situation of English education and the ineffective teaching in our country, the educators studied those through the foreign language educational psychology and found that English education should bebased on the strong interest and willing and help students to transfer the foreign language study to the foreign language acquisition. Children between 5 to 8 have their own advantage of foreign language study. They have their own way of thinking, expressing and acting. The second language educators should take advantage of the children’s characteristics, teach in an effective way by observing the effective teaching theory, and build up a good start for children’s life.The thesis consists of three parts. Part One is an introduction to the effective teaching theories, the research background, the reasons and purpose of studying the spoken English education between age of 5 to 8. Part Two is a detailed analysis of the effective teaching application on the spoken English education. It is divided into four chapters. Chapter One is the research background that reflects the meaning of the spoken English education between age of 5 to 8. Chapter Two is an analysis of the teaching aim of spoken English education of children, which makes a clear list for teachers to instruct the teaching practice and realize the optimization of the spoken English education process. Chapter Three is mainly about the restrictive factions of the effective English teaching. Chapter Four focuses on the application and implement of the effective teaching in children’s spoken English education. It involves the effective teaching theories which are expounded by Zhang Lu and Roland. Part Three is a conclusion of the thesis.2. The Meaning of Spoken English Teaching between the Age of5 to 8 in ChinaEnglish has become more and more important in our social and economic development. Due to the emphasis on English education, many primary schools start the English class since the early primary education and many universities set up the foreign language department to satisfy the social need of the English talents. But it also brings a lot of problems. The language educators don’t have enough time and energy to take care of each student in large classes. They could not satisfy all the students need. And this phenomena leads to the issues of ineffective teaching. The current situation of the foreign language education in China has stuck in a dilemma2.1The current situationThere is a growing tendency of English leaner that the English Language ability can be tested by means of some testing, for example, TOTLE, GRE and ect. Actually, it can’t prove anything even if students have the ability to pass these exams. As people arrive America, the only way for them to survive is opening the mouth, trying the best to express themselves and voicing themselves loudly to be heard. If someone can only read in English but communicate, then he or she would have a hard time in these English speaking countries. In China, English corners would be found easily in every school——elementary schools, middle schools, collages and universities, even in the Foreign Language Training Agencies, and every participant with high enthusiasm talk with each other in English. But these unprofessional practices cause the unprofessional English presentation. Consequently, Chinese are used to communicate with the foreigners in their Chinese-English which make the foreigner confused and Chinese also can’t get the meaning of the native speaker. For the language study, it supposes to follow the order of listening-speaking-reading-writing. If the language education could n’t follow this order and the students are unable to hear and understand what the native speaker said, then all the other higher developments would only be told in the paper.2.1.1The scale and the social needsAccording to the reports from the education departments in our country, at present, there are over 70% of the elementary schools of the cities and towns has set up the English courses and over 30% in countries. The numbers of the pupils in the whole nation, nearly 13 million, mean that there are at least 5 to 6 million pupils has begun to learn English in different times.According to the requirement of China, the foreign language education should be set up as early as possible, generally, in the grade three. With the rapid development of the social and educational system, many areas start the course at grade one, or even in the nursery school. Now some schools have set up the bilingual education since grade five or grade six, and some of the nursery schools start the bilingual education at the beginning. Truly, Chinese education enterprise，especially the higher education, has developed in a very high speed in nearly two decades with the economical development of rapidness. In 2005, the number of students in junior colleges and university undergraduates has reached 16.25 million. It’s fact that 90% of the foreign language courses, which have been set up by all these schools, are English. It means that there are over 100 million enrollments learning English. With the addition of the pupils and adults who learn English, it is no exaggeration to say that China possesses the largest population of English learning. In recent years, the demand of high English applied ability is raised by the enterprise concerning foreign nation. More and more colleges and universities are drive to set up the English department and enlarge the enrollment by the growing tendency of the needs of English talents.2.1.2The dilemma situationThough Chinese government emphasizes the importance of English education, most of the English learners, accepting the English education more than ten years, are unable to understand the English, communicate with English, not to speak of writing their own resumes in English. Many graduates, including the postgraduates, are inclined to take the English courses by their own in some educational agencies while they enter the services. The professional experts and social critics voice their skeptical view highly about the quality of the English education systems, and some of them air their opinion of incisiveness. At present, the biggest controversial problem of the elementary English education system is that it takes too much time on it. On the one hand, government brings forward the minimum age for starting to English study time after time. In the past, students began to learn English in the middle school, but now, they adopt them in grade one. On the other hand, government lengthens the time of the elementary English education again and again. In another word, a doctor also needs to acquire the elementary English education and a master must spend him or her over eighteen years to accept this kind of education. Though government spends a lot of time and money on the English education, their strategies of personnel training of English are wrong and very few attain the ability to master English for general technical communication. There is no denying fact that it is a kind of waste to invest the massive manpower, physical resource and financial resource. Compared with the cost of time, expense and opportunity, the profit from the English education are actually limited. Englishexamination is just one of methods to evaluate the education in the process of English education, but not the only one. The situation of the status in quo is completely reversed —— to passing the exam has became the aim of study to a great deal of students. Not only the students, but also the leaders of school, the teacher and the parents have the voice that the passing rate of the exams is one of the teaching evaluation criteria to measure the educational effects of the school.At present, there are three kinds of English standardized tests implemented in China. The first one is the high school entrance examination, to pick out the high school for the students. The second one is the college entrance examination, to find out which kind of university students have the qualification of enroll. The last is the CET4 which most of the sophomores are asked to pass. Some of the colleges and universities require the juniors and seniors to take the CET6 when they have passed the CET4. For the English major students, it is obliged to pass TEM4. The excellent students could take the TEM8 to prove their ability. The colleges and universities bind the degree with the CET4 certificate or TEM4 certificate. In order to get their degree, students have to do a lot of exercises to pass CET4 or TEM4 and regard the result of passing them as their occasion to survive. Consequently, the English education is lead to the unhealthy and twisted situation by means of the exam-oriented education system. To achieve their goal, the students prefect to memorize grammar rules and word lists, complete a great deal of exercise, take more mocks, rather than read some classics or finish the textbook from cover to cover. The guidance book written to provide some methods of fast success are big sells in the bookstore. Truly, they can help students to enhance the result, but not the ability to English communication.2.2The important influenceThe booming economy and society development not only need an international environment of lasting peace and the hard word from Chinese people and leaders, but also need the development of foreign trade and the absorption of advanced foreign technology. The ability to communicate in English and read in English will be a necessity in the future.2.2.1Influence of the social and economic developmentCompared with English, Chinese, owing the maximum number of user in the world, is not the major language, neither in the international policy nor the economic struggle. Furthermore, there are over 4 billion people in the world use English as their native language and mass number of counties speak English as the second language. The important effects of English have far exceeded the Chinese. It would have a far-reaching impact on the further development in China if we can master the English.2.2.2Influence of the children’s growing and developmentAll second language learners, regardless of age, have by definition already acquired at least one language. This prior knowledge may be an advantage in the sense that the learner has an idea of how languages work. On the other hand, as we shall see, knowledge of other languages can also lead learners to make incorrect guesses about how the second language works and this may cause errors which a first language learner would not make.(i) The psychological features of childrenLightbown, M and Spade, N(2002:33) found the following:Most child learners do not feel nervous about attempting to use the language---even when their proficiency is quite limited, but adults and adolescents often find it very stressful when they are unable to express themselves clearly and correctly. Nevertheless, even very young children differ in their nervousness when faced with speaking a language they do not know well. Some children happily chatter away in their new language; others prefer to listen and participate silently in social interaction with their peers. Fortunately for these children, the learning environment rarely puts pressure on them to speak when they are not ready.The psychologists report their studies that the critical period for children second language acquisition is between 2 to 11 or 12 years old. In this period, the ability of language acquisition does not develop in a direct line.Children between 3 to 6 years old, without fixed thinking model of native language, capacity to imitate, adapt to new language and easy to cultivate and develop the ability of thinking in English. But their weaknesses of memory caused by the imperfection development of the regions o f the brain badly affect the teaching effect. Children’s nervous system is so easily excited and unstable to learn fast but forget quickly. Moreover, the inexact memory also becomes an obvious disadvantage of language study.The golden period of second language development to children is between 6 to 9 years old. Their active and strong self-expressions prompt them to sing and dance and express themselves bravely in the public. Their incipient psychologies have salutary effects on the education of thinking in English. Also, the strong ability of rigid imitation and the gradual improvement of self-regulation in pronunciation provide a lot of beneficial effects on the form of spoken English. Though the imaginal memory still has the dominance, the effects of conscious memory, beginning to develop in this period, have progressively exceeded the unconscious memory.From the view of education psychology, child learners have the stronger imaginal memory than abstract memory. Children in grade one always try to memorize something new by concretes and offset the weaknesses of their life experiences. Various studies have longdemonstrated that being able to visualize information makes it easier to remember. So to help the child learners to memorize, the concretes that teacher choose to supporting in class must have strong color, clean shape and vivid immediacy to arouse their interesting.(ii) The importance of intrinsic motivation formingForeign language study is a very complex process referring to a mass of factors. These factors, especially those factors of learner themselves, impact the effect of foreign language study. The factors of learner themselves named non-intelligence factor, including the study motive, learning attitude and will and their characters, are the most direct and major factors.According to the study of Jakobovists (as cited in Jia Guanjie, 2001：17), the major factors influencing the foreign language study can be sorted in four parts: impetus with 33%, capability with 33%, intelligence with 20% and others with 14%. In another word, the study behaviors of foreign language learners are slaved by the ideology. The foreign language learners must have a strong will and desires of foreign language study, transfer them into the motivation and put the thought into action. The motivation can be divided into the intrinsic motivation and exterior motivation. The intrinsic motivation is mastered by the learner’s inner factors, coming from the attitude that the learner deal with the study. With the intrinsic motivation, such as a longing for knowledge, the curiosity, the interest, the hobby and the desire of self-expression, the foreign language learners’ aim of study language is the learning itself. They could be satisfied by learning foreign language and could not be disrupted by the outside world. Coming to the conclusion, in the process of foreign language education, teachers should do the best to motivating the students’ intrinsic motivation and make their inner world difference from the root.(iii) The development of creative and quality educationA study reported by educational psychologists of our country airs 10 major factors that creative students have. These 10 major factors are rich imagination, ability to draw inferences from one instance, great sensibility, sharp mind, unique insights, enthusiasm and patient, strong sense of independent, extensive interests and specialty in some aspect, last but not less, the keenest curiosity. As a tool of communication in our daily life, English education should not be divided form out life. Instead, students should discover knowledge from our life, using knowledge in the life, and master knowledge after using them. And the education linking with life is bond with the innovative and quality education.The innovative and quality education has 6 items in theological. Here is the list of these 6 items.(a)Cultivating interest means build up a creative room for children(b)The key of education is inspiring but not just teaching(c)Encourage children to break the rule and experience(d)Ask children to think outside the box and put their creative views into practice(e)Holding the sense of curious is the starting point and impetus for the creative mind(f)Ask children to observe the life and encourage them to ask questionsBeing the important carrier of culture, the foreign language distributes the foreign culture to the children. To adapt the multicultural society and international world, foreign language study could help children to finger out the difference between countries and nations, to open their mind and accept the multicultural consciousness, and setup the teamwork spirit and cooperation environment.3.The Teaching Aim of Spoken English Educationof Children between 5 to 8With the social development of rapidness, the increasing stress of survival, competition and personal development feeds back to the children. The pressure of students is heavier. Depending on the situation of the nine-year compulsory education and the higher education, the child learners are unable to reach the demand of exam-oriented education though implement the quality education in such a short time. That is to say, the language educator should take advantage of the children’s physiology and psychology, connect English education with life and fun and bond E nglish study in child learners’ mind.3.1The cultivation of interest and passionAccording to the research, most of the students who dislike English show less interest in it. They air their view that English is useless if they don’t need to study or work abroad. This voice drives them to give up the English study. There so, it is very necessary for the child learners, who are in the period of the formation and development of language, to learn English property, to like English, to build up a good emotion on English study and to set up the desire of speaking English.3.2 The development of abilityThe education of spoken English includes the education of social and communication ability. The child learner who is very shy and scared to express his or her own view is hard to gain the good score. The spoken English could be trained naturally if the leaner is eager for express himself or herself and try to do the best to transfer the thought into language by thinking. In the meantime, it can be a virtuous circle to stir up the curious and desire of more information about language.3.3 The initiation of habitsThe spoken English education should shake off the fetters of the grammar. Just like the acquisition of native language, it would be a success for children to use the second language to express themselves clear, even just a word or a simple sentence. Children have the ability to create some new words that they have never heard but use them properly when they learn the native language. They always give a surprise to their parents. Imitation and practice alone cannot explain some of the forms created by the children. They are not sentences that they heard fromadults. Their new sentences are usually comprehensible and often correct.4. The Restrictive Factors of the Effective English Teachingin the English Education DevelopmentThe effective teaching could be understood as students acquire knowledge and make progress after a period of teaching which is purposed and planned. In another word, the only standard to judge the quality of teaching is the progress of the students. The educators don’t judge the teaching quality through the hard word teaching, but through the studying production. The teaching is ineffective when students acquire little knowledge or show the bad attitude of learning, even if the teacher try his or her best to teach or the student learn as hard as he or she could. It is a serious outstanding issue that exists in the primary education system. The ineffective teaching is a serious issue that all the educators should take it serious and ponder thoroughly. What is the ineffective teaching? What features does it have? What leads to the ineffective teaching? As the educators have a clear review of the ineffective teaching, the teaching which is ineffective could be avoided.4.1. The features of ineffective teachingAt present, in our country, lots of experts in the effective teaching have a great number of researching on the effective teaching behaviors, and public some essays and books, for example, the Effective Teaching Theories（高慎英、刘良华, 2004）. But also, the effective teaching can be proved reversely by the ineffective teaching. Here are two aspects about the ineffective teaching.4.1.1 Aspects of teachersThere are aspects from teachers in ineffective teaching behaviors: teaching in a very boring and uninteresting way; dealing with the relationship between students without patience and fair；too serious and lack of humor; not realizing the mistakes or unable to admit the mistakes they made; not finding out the need of students and their personal issues; dealing with the relation with a more criticizing but less praising way. Teachers who have these behaviors are unable to finger out the students’ need s and provide a proper evaluation about their students.4.1.2 Aspects of studentsAnd here are the aspects from students in ineffective study behaviors: facing study in a lower emotion; finishing the homework in poor initiative; engendering the mood of being tired of study. In these situations, their creative ability and divergent thinking would make them lose the opportunity to develop. Accumulating over a long period, the learners will lose the interest of。