Concurrent Process up to Homotopy (II)
艾司西酞普兰与喹硫平联合治疗首发抑郁症的效果分析
DOI:10.16662/ki.1674-0742.2021.33.089艾司西酞普兰与喹硫平联合治疗首发抑郁症的效果分析杨晓江泉州市第三医院精神科,福建泉州362121[摘要]目的探讨艾司西酞普兰与喹硫平联合治疗首发抑郁症的效果。
方法方便选取2018年1月—2020年12月在该院就诊的116例首发抑郁症患者为研究对象,以随机数表法将其划分为两组。
对照组58例患者应用艾司西酞普兰治疗,研究组58例在此基础上联合喹硫平治疗。
比较两组患者的临床疗效、治疗前后的神经因子水平[髓鞘间隙蛋白(MBP)与神经营养因子(BDNF)],治疗前、治疗4周与8周时的认知功能[以重复性成套神经心理状态测验(RBANS)评价]以及不良反应情况。
结果研究组治疗的总有效率为94.83%较对照组79.31%高,差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.202,P<0.05)。
治疗后,研究组MBP(4.52±0.85)ng/mL较对照组(5.79±0.69)ng/mL低,BDNF(27.52±4.03)ng/mL较对照组(24.33±5.00)ng/mL高,差异有统计学意义(t=8.834、3.783,P<0.05)。
治疗4周与8周时,研究组RBANS评分(73.52±10.00)分、(78.62±10.40)分较对照组高(68.03±8.46)分、(71.32±9.05)分,差异有统计学意义(t=3.192,4.033,P<0.05)。
研究组不良反应发生率为10.34%,对照组不良反应发生率为8.62%,差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.100,P>0.05)。
结论首发抑郁症患者应用艾司西酞普兰与喹硫平联合治疗能够提高临床疗效,改善神经因子水平与认知功能,安全性佳,具有临床推广价值。
[关键词]艾司西酞普兰;喹硫平;首发抑郁症[中图分类号]R5[文献标识码]A[文章编号]1674-0742(2021)11(c)-0089-04. All Rights Reserved.Analysis of the Effect of Escitalopram and Quetiapine in the Treatment ofFirst-episode DepressionYANG XiaojiangDepartment of Psychiatry,Quanzhou Third Hospital,Quanzhou,Fujian Province,362121China[Abstract]Objective To explore the effect of escitalopram and quetiapine in the treatment of first-episode depression.Methods Conveniently selected the116first-episode depression patients who visited the hospital from January2018toDecember2020for research.They were divided into two groups using a random number table.58patients in the controlgroup were treated with escitalopram,and58patients in the study group were treated with quetiapine on this basis.Compared the clinical efficacy of the two groups of patients,the levels of neurological factors[myelin interstitial protein(MBP)and neurotrophic factor(BDNF)]before and after treatment,and the cognitive function[in a repetitive set ofneuropsychological status test(RBANS)evaluation]before and after treatment,4weeks and8weeks of treatment,andadverse reactions.Results The total effective rate of treatment in the study group was94.83%higher than79.31%in thecontrol group,the difference was statistically significant(χ2=6.202,P<0.05).After treatment,MBP(4.52±0.85)ng/mL in thestudy group was lower than that in the control group(5.79±0.69)ng/mL,and BDNF(27.52±4.03)ng/mL was higher thanthat in the control group(24.33±5.00)ng/mL,the difference was statistically significant(t=8.834,3.783,P<0.05).In thetreatment of4weeks and8weeks,the RBANS score of the study group was(73.52±10.00)points and(78.62±10.40)pointshigher than that of the control group(68.03±8.46)points and(71.32±9.05)points,the difference was statistically significant(t=3.192,4.033,P<0.05).The incidence of adverse reactions in the study group was10.34%,and the incidence of adversereactions in the control group was8.62%,the difference was not statistically significant(χ2=0.100,P>0.05).Conclusion Thecombined treatment of escitalopram and quetiapine in patients with first-episode depression can improve the clinicalefficacy,improve the level of neurological factors and cognitive function,with good safety and clinical promotion value.[Key words]Escitalopram;Quetiapine;First episode depression[作者简介]杨晓江(1978-),男,本科,主治医师,研究方向为精神病。
心理学名词——精选推荐
心理学名词1.从众(conformity)2.单纯曝光效果(mere exposure effect)3.模仿(modeling)4.跛足策略(self-handicapping)5.过度辩证效应(over justification effect)6.恋爱基模(love schema)7.习得无助(learned helplessness)关系8.睡眠效果(sleeper effect)9.破窗效(Broken Window Effect)10.联结与强化(linking vs. reinforcement)11.惩罚之前(before punishment)12.旁观者效应(bystander effect)13.消弱突现(extinction burst)14.自我实现预言(self-fulfilling prophecy)决定15.正义世界假说(a just world)16.自我评价维护理论(self-evaluation maintenance theory, SEM)17.自我中心偏误(egocentric bias)18.基本归因谬误(fundamental attribution error)19.印象的初始信息(primacy effect)20.虚假的一致(false consensus)21.服从(obedience)22.认知失调理论(cognitive dissonance theory)23.团体迷思(group thinking)心理学十大著名效应1.蝴蝶效应非线性,俗称“蝴蝶效应”。
什么是蝴蝶效应?先从美国麻省理工学院气象学家洛伦兹(Lorenz)的发现谈起。
为了预报天气,他用计算机求解仿真地球大气的13个方程式。
为了更细致地考察结果,他把一个中间解取出,提高精度再送回。
而当他喝了杯咖啡以后回来再看时竟大吃一惊:本来很小的差异,结果却偏离了十万八千里!计算机没有毛病,于是,洛伦兹(Lorenz)认定,他发现了新的现象:“对初始值的极端不稳定性”,即:“混沌”,又称“蝴蝶效应”,亚洲蝴蝶拍拍翅膀,将使美洲几个月后出现比狂风还厉害的龙卷风!蝴蝶效应是气象学家洛伦兹1963年提出来的。
tpo32三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案译文背景知识
tpo32三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案译文背景知识阅读-1 (2)原文 (2)译文 (5)题目 (7)答案 (16)背景知识 (16)阅读-2 (25)原文 (25)译文 (28)题目 (31)答案 (40)背景知识 (41)阅读-3 (49)原文 (49)译文 (53)题目 (55)答案 (63)背景知识 (64)阅读-1原文Plant Colonization①Colonization is one way in which plants can change the ecology of a site.Colonization is a process with two components:invasion and survival.The rate at which a site is colonized by plants depends on both the rate at which individual organisms(seeds,spores,immature or mature individuals)arrive at the site and their success at becoming established and surviving.Success in colonization depends to a great extent on there being a site available for colonization–a safe site where disturbance by fire or by cutting down of trees has either removed competing species or reduced levels of competition and other negative interactions to a level at which the invading species can become established.For a given rate of invasion,colonization of a moist,fertile site is likely to be much more rapid than that of a dry, infertile site because of poor survival on the latter.A fertile,plowed field is rapidly invaded by a large variety of weeds,whereas a neighboring construction site from which the soil has been compacted or removed to expose a coarse,infertile parent material may remain virtually free of vegetation for many months or even years despite receiving the same input of seeds as the plowed field.②Both the rate of invasion and the rate of extinction vary greatly among different plant species.Pioneer species-those that occur only in the earliest stages of colonization-tend to have high rates of invasion because they produce very large numbers of reproductive propagules(seeds,spores,and so on)and because they have an efficient means of dispersal(normally,wind).③If colonizers produce short-lived reproductive propagules,they must produce very large numbers unless they have an efficient means of dispersal to suitable new habitats.Many plants depend on wind for dispersal and produce abundant quantities of small,relatively short-lived seeds to compensate for the fact that wind is not always a reliable means If reaching the appropriate type of habitat.Alternative strategies have evolved in some plants,such as those that produce fewer but larger seeds that are dispersed to suitable sites by birds or small mammals or those that produce long-lived seeds.Many forest plants seem to exhibit the latter adaptation,and viable seeds of pioneer species can be found in large numbers on some forest floors. For example,as many as1,125viable seeds per square meter were found in a100-year-old Douglas fir/western hemlock forest in coastal British Columbia.Nearly all the seeds that had germinated from this seed bank were from pioneer species.The rapid colonization of such sites after disturbance is undoubtedly in part a reflection of the largeseed band on the forest floor.④An adaptation that is well developed in colonizing species is a high degree of variation in germination(the beginning of a seed’s growth). Seeds of a given species exhibit a wide range of germination dates, increasing the probability that at least some of the seeds will germinate during a period of favorable environmental conditions.This is particularly important for species that colonize an environment where there is no existing vegetation to ameliorate climatic extremes and in which there may be great climatic diversity.⑤Species succession in plant communities,i.e.,the temporal sequence of appearance and disappearance of species is dependent on events occurring at different stages in the life history of a species. Variation in rates of invasion and growth plays an important role in determining patterns of succession,especially secondary succession. The species that are first to colonize a site are those that produce abundant seed that is distributed successfully to new sites.Such species generally grow rapidly and quickly dominate new sites, excluding other species with lower invasion and growth rates.The first community that occupies a disturbed area therefore may be composed of specie with the highest rate of invasion,whereas the community of the subsequent stage may consist of plants with similar survival ratesbut lower invasion rates.译文植物定居①定居是植物改变一个地点生态环境的一种方式。
2023年英语四级考试核心高频词汇突破详解
1. consumer n.消费者,顾客,为producer反义词,consumer goods消费品2. social adj.1)社交旳;友谊旳~skills 2)社会旳~ status/ rank 3) 群居旳~ animals3. product n. sth. produced by nature or by man产品,生产物4. likely adj.~ + to –inf; ~ that …很也许旳he is not likely to succeed.5. system n. 系统;(思想、理论、原则等旳)体系a system of philosophy哲学体系6. activity n.所做或待做旳事情;活动7. reward n. recompensate for service or merit 酬劳;报答vt. ~ sb. (for sth)给酬劳You deserve a reward for being so helpful.8. stress n. 1) pressure压力;压迫2) lay (a) stress on重视9. expert n. 专家an expert in economics10. concern v. be concerned about/ for使担忧;使烦恼as far as ... is concerned就某人而言11. university n. 大学12. individual n. 个人(与society相对)adj. 个人旳13. view n.1)视野,眼界2)personal opinion e.g.to have different/ conflicting/opposing views 3)in view of鉴于,由于14. opportunity n. 时机,机会(特殊旳机会,具有期待旳意味)chance多指偶尔旳机会,具有侥幸旳意味在内15. hunt vi hunt for 寻找16. challenge n.挑战vt.向…挑战,对…质疑He challenged me to a game of chess.挑战17. process n.进行,过程vt. 加工,处理18. project n. 1)(plan for a) scheme or undertaking方案,计划2)工程19. amount n. 量a large amount of money vi. amount to总计,等于20. ability n.(potential) capacity or power能力to the best of one’s ability尽自己最大努力21. rate n. 1)比率birth rate出生率death rate死亡率2)速度at the rate of以…旳速度3)at any rate无论怎样,至少22. radiation n.发射,放射,辐射23. feature n.特性,特色2)特写,专题24. february n. 二月25. environment n. 环境,周围状况,自然环境26. create vt.cause sth. to exist, make发明27. crash v./n.坠落、打击或破裂a car crash汽车撞车事故;(贸易、财政等之)消灭、瓦解His business plan crashed. 28. advertise v. make known to people做广告,宣传29.writer n.作者,作家30. tend v. tend to倾向于,往往会,易于31. status n.地位;身份status symbol身份标志32. statute n.成文法;法规;条例by statute根据法规33.reader n.读者a meter reader(水、电表旳)抄表员34. per perp. 1) (比较两种数量或引述一种比率时)每一2)as per按照35. local adj.地方旳,当地旳,当地旳n.当地人36. highway n. 公路,大道37. brand n. trademark商标brand-new全新旳38. assume vt. 1)假定,认为2)承担,就职Heassumed the premiership in .承担总理之职39. physical adj.1)物质旳,与moral/spiritual相对2)身体旳,肉体旳,与mental相对40. instant adj.1)立即旳2)速食旳,即溶旳41. focus n. in /out of focus v. focus on(使)集中42. fashion n. 1)a/ the fashion 样子,方式2)风尚,时髦43. expand v.扩大,扩展expand the operation扩大业务44. effective adj. able to bring the result intended有效地,奏效旳45. decline v.1) continue to become smaller, weaker, lower下降,减少,衰退2)辞谢,拒绝46. benefit n.利益;益处;协助v. benefit from/ by 得益于;自…获益47. adult n.成人education for adults, adult education成人教育48. affect v. have an influence or impression on; act on影响49. compete vi. take part in a race, contest,examination 竞争,比赛to compete in a race(against/ with others)50. global adj.1)全球性旳;2)总旳they have doubled their global output.总产量51. policy n. (尤指政府、政党、企业)政策,方针2)保险单contract policy协议保险单52. account n. 1)账目,账户open an account开户头2)take sth. into account, takeaccount of sth.对某事物加以考虑account for1)解释,阐明2)占…比率53. foundation n.1)建立,发明2)(思想)基础,根据54. involve v.1) involve in使陷于(麻烦之中);使卷入2)牵扯;包括+动名词55. lightning n.闪电lightning-rod/conductor 避雷针56. technology n.技术,工艺,工程,措施computer technology, science and technology57. leak n.1)漏洞;漏隙2)漏出旳液体、气体v. leak (out) (to) the news has leaked out.58. competition n. in competition with竞争59. behavior n.行为,举止;品行60. community n.社会,小区community singing大合唱61. range n.范围;幅度;差距a wide range ofinterests广泛旳爱好vi.(在某范围内)变动,变化range from ...to...62. maintain vt. 1) assert as true坚持;主张2)保养,维修63. action n.take action开始行动Actions speak louder than words.行动胜过语言64. obvious adj.显而易见旳;清晰旳;明白旳it is obvious that ...65. primarily adv. in the first place; essentially 首先,重要地;及当地66. appeal vi.1) appeal to sb for sth呼吁,恳求2)attract有吸引力,有感染力67. detail n.细节,琐碎旳事go/ enter into details; explain sth in detail详细阐明68. decade n.十年旳期间69. pollution n.弄脏;亵渎;污染environmental~/ air ~/ lead ~铅污染70. advantage n.益处;便利;长处;(尤指竞争中旳)优势take (full) ~of sth运用71. culture n.1)文明,文化2)教养,教育a man of little culture没有教养旳人72. auto n. automobile汽车73. autobiography n.自传74. leader n. 领袖;领导者;指挥者75. accordingly adv. 1)as the (stated) circumstances suggest照着,对应地2)因此,因此76. plastic adj.易塑旳n.可塑物;塑胶77. approve vi.~ of sth/ sb赞成;同意vt.赞成;同意The senate approved the bill.参议院通过了这一法案。
上海名校卷高三阅读长难句解析汇编--第1期(word版)
名校卷长难句汇编--第1期【长难句解析】1.Hospitals, hoping to reduce medical error, have invested heavily to put computers, smart-phones and other devices into the hands of medical staff for instant access to patient data, drug information and case studies.【翻译】希望能够减少医疗错误的医院已经加大投资,把电脑,手机和其他设备交到医务人员的手中,他们能够立刻获取病人的数据,药物信息和案例研究。
【句子结构】整句话的主干是:hospitals have invested heavily.枝干:hoping to引导的非谓语做定语;for+n. 表示目的句型:非谓语;介词短语词组:put...into the hands of sb. 把...交到某人的手中;access to... 获取...2. A survey of 439 medical technicians found that 55 percent of technicians who monitor bypass machines acknowledged that they had talked on cellphones during heart surgery.【翻译】针对439医疗技术人员做出的一项调查发现:监督旁路输送机的55%的技术人员承认他们在做心脏手术期间会用手机交谈。
【句子结构】整句话的主干是:A survey found that枝干:who引导定语从句修饰先行词technicians, 在宾语从句中又有that they had talked on cellphones during heart surgery从句句型:定语从句;宾语从句词组:a survey of... 一项...调查;heart surgery 心脏手术3.Interestingly, the same article stresses that roughly 40 percent of leaders actually are quite shy - they're just better at adapting themselves to situational demands.【翻译】:有意思的是:相同的文章强调了大约40%的领导实际上相当的害羞--他们只是比较擅长让自己适应情景需求。
生物学英语复试题及答案
生物学英语复试题及答案一、选择题1. Which of the following is not a characteristic of living organisms?A. Growth and developmentB. ReproductionC. ResponsivenessD. Inertia2. What is the basic unit of life?A. CellB. TissueC. OrganD. Organ system3. What is the process of photosynthesis?A. The conversion of light energy into chemical energyB. The conversion of chemical energy into light energyC. The conversion of heat energy into chemical energyD. The conversion of chemical energy into heat energy4. What is the primary function of chlorophyll in plants?A. To absorb light energyB. To store chemical energyC. To release oxygenD. To produce water5. What is the main component of the cell membrane?A. ProteinsB. LipidsC. CarbohydratesD. Nucleic acids二、填空题6. The genetic material of all living organisms is either__________ or __________.7. The process by which organisms adapt to their environment is called __________.8. In eukaryotic cells, the organelles that are responsible for energy production are __________.9. The basic structural and functional unit of a protein is the __________.10. The process of an organism developing from a fertilized egg into a mature individual is known as __________.三、简答题11. Explain the role of DNA in the cell.12. Describe the process of cellular respiration.13. What are the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?四、论述题14. Discuss the importance of biodiversity and the threats itfaces.五、翻译题15. Translate the following sentence into English:“细胞分裂是生物体生长和发育的基本过程。
西方现代经济发展理论
5、高额群众消费阶段 Substantial crowd consumption phrase (高度发达的工业社会)
特点:社会注意力从供给转向需求,从生产转向消费。 The social focus veered from supply to demand, from
production to consumption in this phrase.
1、“起飞”
打破这种状态需要用“最小临界努力”,即要有 超过人口增长速度的投资增长率,形成足够大的力量冲 破“类均衡状态”,犹如飞机冲破地球引力、 空气阻 力的起飞。
2、条件:
(1)较高的资本积累率 comparatively high capital accumulation rate was available 建立带动整个经济增长的主导部门 the leading sector which can drive economic growth as a whole should be established 社会分摊资本投入 social overhead capital input
6、追求生活质量阶段
Pursuing living quality phrase (人类社会的第二次“突变”) 这一阶段不再以物质产品的数量,而是以劳务 形式反映的生活质量来衡量社会的成就。 The social achievements were no longer measured by material production amount but by the living quality reflected by labor service form in this phrase.
The transition process used modern scientific fruit to hinder the reward decrease. Generally, the premise of modern society take-off was not generated internally but came from the external invasion of advanced society.
2017“外研社杯”全国英语阅读大赛初赛样题
2017“外研社杯”全国英语阅读⼤赛初赛样题2017“外研社杯”全国英语阅读⼤赛初赛(90min)Part I Read and KnowIn Part I, you will read short texts of various kinds. Read the instructions carefully and answer the questions. (Time suggested: 20 minutes)Questions 1-3 (Suggested completion time: 3 minutes)Directions: Read the following quotes. Match the quotes with the people. Please note there are three extra options you do not need.Questions 4 (Suggested completion time: 2 minutes)Directions: Read the text, and answer the question according to the text.A few intuitive, sensitive visionaries may understand and comprehend XXXX (the book title), XXXX (the author)’s new and mammoth volume, without going through a course of training or instruction, but the average intelligent reader will glean little or nothing from it—even from careful perusal, one might properly say study, of it—save bewilderment and a sense of disgust. It should be companioned with a key and a glossary like the Berlitz books...4. Which of the following works does the book review address?A.UlyssesB.The OdysseyC.In Search of Lost TimeD.One Hundred Years of SolitudeQuestion 5 (Suggested completion time: 2 minutes)Directions: Read the text and answer the question according to the text.I like the fact that the study focuses on a French classroom, which receives less attention in Second Language Acquisition research than other foreign language classrooms.However, for reasons that I elaborate on below, I do not recommend this manuscript for publication. I recommend that the author consults the Journal of Language, Identity, and Education. That journal might be a better fit for this paper.5. The text could best be described as __________.A. a conclusionB. a summaryC. a reviewD. a pledgeQuestion 6 (Suggested completion time: 2 minutes)Directions: Read the text, and answer the question according to the text.My Lord,I have been lately informed, by the proprietor of The World, that two papers, in which my Dictionary is recommended to the public, were written by your lordship. To be so distinguished is an honor which, being very little accustomed to favors from the great, I know not well how to receive, or in what terms to acknowledge.Seven years, my lord, have now passed, since I waited in your outward rooms, or was repulsed from your door; during which time I have been pushing on my work through difficulties, of which it is useless to complain, and have brought it, at last, to the verge of publication, without one act of assistance, one word of encouragement, or one smile of favor. Such treatment I did not expect, for I never had a patron before.6. This text is taken from a letter which showed the writer’s __________ the Lord.A.gratitude towardsB.indifference toC.contempt forD.respect forQuestion 7 (Suggested completion time: 2 minutes)Directions: Read the text and answer the question according to the text.Because of social media, words are moving around theworld within weeks and months, whereas in the past, itcould take a few years, says Julie Coleman, author of TheLife of Slang. “It’s not necessarily that language is changingmore quickly, but technologies have developed and theyallow the transmission of slang terms to pass from onegroup to another much more quickly.”7. The main purpose of the text is to ________.A.explain the quick migration of slangB.imply the unnecessary change of languageC.exemplify the advancement of technologyD.introduce the book The Life of SlangQuestions 8 (Suggested completion time: 2 minutes)Directions: Read the text, and answer the question according to the text.When hunting raccoons for fur was a popular sport, huntingdogs were used to sniff them out of trees. As they are XXXXanimals, the hunting party had to work at night, and the dogswould sometimes end up choosing the wrong tree, or as the idiomgoes, “bark up the wrong tree.” The term was first printed in abook by Davy Crockett in 1833.8. Which word is the best substitution for the missing word XXXX?A.solitaryB.aggressiveC.nocturnalD.herbivorousQuestion 9 (Suggested completion time: 2 minutes)Directions: Read the details about a euphemism, and answer the question according to the details.9. The euphemism described above most probably refers to __________.A.people with special needsB.downright overwroughtC.tired and emotionalD.mentally challengedQuestion 10 (Suggested completion time: 5 minutes)Directions: The bar chart shows the share of UN procurement from Global Compact members from 2010 to 2014. Answer the question according to the information in the chart.Source: 2014 Annual Statistical Report on United Nations Procurement, the United Nations Office for Project Services, 201510. Choose the INCORRECT description of the chart.A.The share of UN procurement volume from Global Compact members grew steadily over thefive years in terms of absolute volume.B.In 2013, the total procurement volume dropped noticeably, and so did the procurement fromGlobal Compact members.C.In 2014, the total procurement volume increased greatly, causing a drop in the share ofprocurement from Global Compact members.D.The proportion of procurement from Global Compact members was not in line with thegeneral trend of procurement from Global Compact members.Part II Read and ReasonIn Part II, you will read short texts on different subjects. Read the instructions carefully and answer the questions based on logical inference and reasoning. (Time suggested: 40 minutes)Question 11 (Suggested completion time: 3 minutes)Directions: Read the following definition of a logical fallacy. Answer the question according to the definition.11. Which of the following provides a typical example of Confusion of “Necessary” with “Sufficient” Condition?A.You said that I would have to run the mile in less than six minutes to be on the track team,and I did. So why did I get cut from the team?B.Dina has to be rich or at least to be an heiress. She after all belongs to the Alpha Phi Lambdasorority which is the richest sorority on campus.C.It’s supposed to be in the low twenties tonight, so surely we’re not going to the footballgame, are we?D.To see viruses, one must have a microscope. This follows if William Carroll said he sawviruses, he must have used a microscope.Question 12 (Suggested completion time: 3 minutes)Directions: Read the definition of one type of logical fallacy. Answer the question according to the definition.Texas Sharpshooter FallacyTexas Sharpshooter fallacy is an informal fallacy which occurs when someone jumpsto the that a cluster in some data must be the result of a cause, usually one that itis clustered around.12. Which of the following provides a typical example of Texas Sharpshooter fallacy?A.I won’t pay the parking ticket because the traffic sign here says “Fine for Parking”!B.Cola is healthy because it sells best among the top five healthiest countries in the world.C.We can’t exploit the outer space because many people on Earth hardly make ends meet.D.Nobody at school can speak French because neither teachers nor the principal can speak it. Questions 13-14 Reasoning. (Suggested completion time: 8 minutes)In a swimming competition, Matt, Alen and Johnson won a medal respectively: the gold medal, the silver medal and the bronze medal. The coach made a guess: “Matt won the gold medal, Alen didn’t win the gold medal and Johnson didn’t win the bronze medal.” Unfortunately, only one of them is right.13. Who won the gold medal, who won the silver, and who won the bronze medal?A. Matt: gold medal; Johnson: silver medal; Alen: bronze medal.B. Alen: gold medal; Johnson: silver medal; Matt: bronze medal.C. Johnson: gold medal; Alen: silver medal; Matt: bronze medal.D. Matt: gold medal; Alen: silver medal; Johnson: bronze medal.14. Richard: The national budget should provide significant increases in all levels of education inthe upcoming year.Natalie:That’s not fair. A reduction in defense spending in peacetime may bring us excessive risks. We can’t afford it. Which of the following is the best interpretation of Natalie’s argument?A.Funds saved from defense have been diverted to all levels of education.B.Highlighting spending on education dangerously impacts on spending on the military.C.The size of the military budget reflects a state’s ability to fund educational activities./doc/588ab1b9302b3169a45177232f60ddccdb38e612.html pared with military spending, investing in education will create a financial crisis.Questions 15-16 (Suggested completion time: 5 minutes)Directions: Read the text and decide whether the statements are True or False according to the text.QuestionsQuestions define tasks, express problems, and delineateissues. They drive thinking forward. Answers, on the otherhand, often signal a full stop in thought. Only when ananswer generates further questions does thought continue as inquiry. A mind with no questions is a mind that is not intellectually alive. No questions (asked) equals no understanding (achieved). Superficial questions equal superficial understanding, unclear questions equal unclear understanding. If your mind is not actively generating questions, you are not engaged in substantial learning.15. The main purpose of the text is to define “questions”.True ( ) False ( )16. It can be inferred that a mind filled with questions will surely be engaged in substantial learning.True ( ) False ( )Questions 17-18 (Suggested completion time: 7 minutes)Directions: Read the text about the sugar industry, and answer the questions according to the information in the text.How the Sugar Industry Shifted Blame to FatThe internal sugar industry documents, recently discovered by a researcher at the University of California, San Francisco, and published Monday in JAMA Internal Medicine, suggest that the sugar industry may have manipulated the research into the role of sugar in heart disease.The documents show that a trade group called the Sugar Research Foundation, known today as the Sugar Association, paid three Harvard scientists the equivalent of about $50,000 in today’s terms to publish a 1967 review of research into sugar, fat and heart disease. The studies used in the review were handpicked by the sugar group, and the article, which was published in the prestigious New England Journal of Medicine, minimized the link between sugar and heart health and cast aspersions on the role of saturated fat.Even though the influence-meddling revealed in the documents dates back nearly 50 years, more recent reports show that the food industry has continued to influence nutrition science.Last year, an article in The New York Times revealed that Coca-Cola, the world’s largest producer of sugary beverages, had provided millions of dollars in funding to researchers who sought to play down the link between sugary drinks and obesity. In June, The Associated Press reported that candy makers were funding studies that claimed that children who eat candy tend to weigh less than those who do not.The revelations are important because the debate about the relative harms of sugar and saturated fat continues today, Dr. Glantz said. For many decades, health officials encouraged Americans to reduce their fat intake, which led many people to consume low-fat, high-sugarfoods that some experts now blame for fueling the obesity crisis.Today, the saturated fat warnings still remain a cornerstone of t he government’s dietary guidelines, though in recent years the American Heart Association, the World Health Organization and other health authorities have also begun to warn that too much added sugar may increase risks of cardiovascular disease.17. The word handpicked in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to __________.A.carefully chosen in a highly scientific wayB.carried out with the best research findingsC.tailored to the needs of the sugar industryD.done by scientists from Harvard University18. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?A.Manufacturers of sugar related food are funding studies aimed at finding the relationshipbetween sugar and health.B.Scientific research may not produce accurate results when funding for the research isprovided by agents who are not impartial.C.It is now accepted in the US that sugar and saturated fat are both responsible for anincreasing risk of heart disease.D.The industry-funded research plays an important and informative role in that it shapes theoverall scientific debate.Questions 19-20 (Suggested completion time: 7 minutes)Directions: Read the passage about MasterCard. Answer the questions according to the passage.MasterCardis making it easier for charities to get help quickly to the people who really need it, and ensure that donations are actually being used for good. The MasterCard Aid Network, launched last September, distributes a version of the company’s plastic cards that come loaded with points that can be redeemed at certain merchants for groceries, medicine, shelter and even building materials or business supplies. The chip-enabled system can be deployed in a day or two compared to the weeks required to create and import paper vouchers.The system doesn’t require an Internet connection—a boon in off-the-grid areas where many refugees and disaster victims are concentrated. Still, the transactions enable organizations to collect data on what card recipients redeem, allowing charities to protect against fraudulent use and gather insight into beneficiaries’ needs.So far, organizations including Save the Children, World Vision and Mercy Corps have distributed cards to more than 75,000 people, from earthquake victims in Nepal to those in war-torn Yemen. MasterCard, which charges the charities fees for the service, says the program is profitable. The United Nations also recently named MasterCard the leader of an initiative to improve the distribution of humanitarian aid in emergencies, with a focus on the data management and privacy aspect.19. What is the passage mainly about?A.How MasterCard as for-profit company joins hands with world charity organizations.B.How MasterCard can keep an edge by its technological innovation in the world market.C.How MasterCard made its transformation from a for-profit company to a non-profit one.D.How MasterCard shortened the path between troubled populations and the aid they need.20. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A.Without the efforts of the Company, charities could not have protected against fraudulentuse of donations.B.MasterCard will perform a more important role in the international rescue and aid programswith technology developments.C.The plastic cards the MasterCard Aid Network distributes to needed people are similar tocredit cards but paid by donators.D.MasterCard earns money from charging fees for service and then gives the money torefugees and natural disaster victims.Questions 21-23 (Suggested completion time: 7 minutes)Directions: Read the text about virtual reality and augmented reality, and answer the questions according to the information in the text.Virtual Reality vs. Augmented RealityOne of the biggest confusions in the world of augmented reality is the difference between augmented reality and virtual reality. Both are earning a lot of media attention and are promising tremendous growth.Virtual reality (VR) is an artificial, computer-generated simulation or recreation of a real-life environment or situation. It immerses the user by making them feel they are experiencing the simulated reality firsthand, primarily by stimulating their vision and hearing.Augmented reality (AR) is a technology that layers computer-generated enhancements atop an existing reality in order to make it more meaningful through the ability to interact with it. AR isdeveloped into apps and used on mobile devices to blend digital components into the real world in such a way that they enhance one another, but can also be told apart easily.Augmented reality and virtual reality are similar in that both are inverse reflections of one in another with what each technology seeks to accomplish and deliver for the user. Virtual reality offers a digital recreation of a real-life setting, while augmented reality delivers virtual elements as an overlay to the real world. Both leverage some of the same types of technology, and they each exist to serve the user with an enhanced or enriched experience.However, the two also differ from each other in various ways. Augmented reality enhances experiences by adding virtual components such as digital images, graphics, or sensations as a new layer of interaction with the real world. It is being used more and more in mobile devices such as laptops, smart phones, and tablets to change how the real world and digital images, graphics intersect and interact. Contrastingly, virtual reality creates its own reality that is completely computer generated and driven. It is usually delivered to the user through a head-mounted or hand-held controller. This equipment connects people to the virtual reality, and allows them to control and navigate their actions in an environment meant to simulate the real world.21-23. Which THREE of the following statements can be inferred from the text?A.Augmented reality shows virtual elements on top of the real world, while virtual realityrecreates real-life situations in a digital way.B. A virtual reality dressing room may allow shoppers to virtually try on their purchases quicklyand easily without really having to put them on.C.Virtual reality is able to transpose us by taking us to some other place, while augmentedreality, in contrast, never moves us elsewhere.D.With augmented reality, you can , and with virtual reality, you can .E.Both augmented and virtual realities utilize some of the same types of technology and offerpeople enriched experiences.F.Augmented reality will enable an immobile patient to go out of the room and enjoy his/herfavorite sights, sounds and smells in the country.Part III Read and QuestionIn Part III, you will read passages on the same subject. You will be required to identify the writer’s position and evaluate the effectiveness of the writer’s arguments. (Time allowed: 30 minutes)Questions 24-31 (Suggested completion time: 30 minutes)Passage ANonverbal communication is often spontaneous and unintentional, and its meaning may be ambiguous. For one thing, different nonverbal codes can indicate the same meaning while one nonverbal code can have different meanings in diverse contexts. Think about your expression of love toward your parents. Have your affective words or behavior remained the same over the past 18 years? Do you feel the same when a friend gives you a hug at the news that you have failed an exam and at the time when you have won an award? In addition, people may use masking, a facial management technique, to replace an expression of true feeling with one appropriate for a given interaction. For instance, your friend Mary is suffering from a fever but still smiles at you to confirm that she’s OK.Culture, technology, and situation all serve as powerful influences on our nonverbal behavior. What may be an innocent gesture in one group, context, region, or country can convey a different and possibly offensive message elsewhere. For example, American people are accustomed to making direct eye contact when speaking to someone, whether a friend or a professor. However, in some East Asian cultures, such as China, Japan, and South Korea, direct eye contact in interactive communication is not required. In fact, such long-time direct eye contact, when facing superiors or elders, might be considered a sign of disrespect and challenge. Similarly, some cultures are contact cultures so that touch is an important form of communication, whereas other cultures are non-contact cultures so touching is generally avoided. For example, a socially polite touch involves a handshake between American men but may include a kiss between Arab or European men. Some religions prohibit opposite-sex touching between unmarried or unrelated individuals.Nonverbal communication can be found in our electronic written communication such as email, text messaging, and Internet chat rooms. 25 We use all capital letters to indicate shouting, random punctuation (#@*&!) to substitute for obscenities, and type treatments such as boldfacing and italicizing for emphasis. We use color, font styles and sizes, animations, figures, diagrams, and pictures in attempts to express emotion or help users visualize the sender or the message in context. We expect others to use emoticons to express emotion in mediated texts (). Since we can’t hear voice inflection or see facial expressions in many mediated situations, your preferences for screen text size, whether you leave a few explanatory lines, and whether you attach or compress files all say something about you to others. As the Internet allows users to have visual, audio, and text contact, with refinements, speakers have the potential to be even more persuasive than in face-to-face conversations across distances.No one likes taking out the garbage. But in Japan the chore is compounded by an added element: The neighbors are watching. No, I’m not being paranoid. They’re watching.Every time I take my trash down to the curb, in its regulation translucent white bag, I can feel their eyes peering through the plastic at my milk cartons, my egg containers, and my disposable chopsticks. They can see everything.I first realized my garbage and I were not alone on a Monday a few months ago, when I was bringing down a bag of old cereal boxes, soggy refrigerator leftovers, and coffee grounds. My landlady, who lives on the first floor, was outside watering her garden. Her eyes took in the contents of my trash.“No, today is Monday. It’s plastics day,” she said.“Oh,” I replied, “I guess they changed the pick-up schedule.” Her eyes fluttered to the ground, studiously avoiding mine. “No, Monday has always been plastics day,” she said.Over the next few minutes, in the muddled mix of Japanese and English we use to communicate, my landlady explained that she often would take my garbage away if I had put it out on the wrong day, store it in her house, and then bring it out again on the proper day.As I wa lked back upstairs, lugging my unwanted trash, it hit me: For the year and a half since I’d been living in the apartment, she’d been watching me, peeping from behind her rose bushes: scurrying to the curb after I’d been there, checking to see whether I’d f ollowed the correct garbage protocol. That’s when I learned the hard truth: When it comes to garbage in Japan, there’s no such thing as privacy. Garbage is public property, something to which your neighbors can claim snoopingprivileges. As a foreigner in this homogenous land, my activities garner more attention, and more criticism, than most. I’ve started wondering what else my neighbors notice. What else am I doing wrong?What I found most disturbing about the exchange was that my landlady had been reluctant for so long to confront me directly. We see each other constantly, sometimes we have pleasant little chats, or she comes upstairs when something is broken. Yet she could never bear to tell me that I had mixed up the trash schedule. Pointing out o ne’s mistakes is considered rude in Japan.As a foreigner with rudimentary Japanese, I expected the language barrier to be the biggest obstacle to living here. I was wrong. Learning to navigate Japan, perhaps any foreign country, is all about reading the subtle cultural cues, not the alphabet. Most things in Japan remain unspoken, especially the improper and the unpleasant.The most powerful voice you have, no one else can hear. It is a voice shaping your destiny, ability to cope with triumph or disaster, and how you engage with and inspire others in any quest you face. This voice ultimately determines your success as a communicator and the success of your communications. It is the voice within your head.The starting point for being an outstanding public relations communicator is recognizing that you deliver communications not just through your words, signs or gestures. Nor do you deliver just through your body language. You communicate through the way you think.You probably know of people who can easily comment on other people’s problems but are blind to their own shortcomings. The ability to understand yourself, your own emotions, and know how your mind works is known as your intrapersonal skill. Having self-awareness and understanding of yourself makes it possible subsequently to develop fully your interpersonal skills. Your intrapersonal skill is essentially how you can manage your own thinking—the ability to understand how your thinking works and ultimately master the voice in your head.Everyone has an inner voice that creates an internal dialogue, a self-talk, which shapes and progresses their thinking and communication. (Your self-talk is not a sign of delusional behavior!) This self-talk lies at the heart of your subsequent communications. If you are unclear in your mind about how you feel and understand about an issue, the probability is that your subsequent communications will reflect this uncertainty, or fail to convince.The image of Sir Bob Geldof when he launched Band Aid in 1984 is a good example of someone with a clear sense of passion and belief, who initially had limited resources—at the outset his campaign was just him and his intense reaction to watching BBC news coverage of famine scenes in Ethiopia. Yet he succeeded in creating a major brand and raising valuable funds for famine relief. His clear sense of purpose fueled his passion to overcome the odds. A committed community activist can likewise often outwit and outperform a well-oiled and well-funded formal public relations programme; witness the success of groups like Greenpeace against major oil companies.The potential of the focused few was recognized by sociologist Margaret Mead: “Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful committed citizens can change the world. Indeed, it is the only thing that ever has.” The starting point for your journey in understanding and becoming an outstanding public relations communicator is to examine what shapes your thinking and how it is manifested in your communications.24. Which statement is true about the ambiguity of nonverbal communication?A.It leads to vagueness in nonverbal codes in a given context.B.Intended meanings of nonverbal codes cannot be conveyed fully.C.It stems from the spontaneity and randomness of nonverbal codes.D.True feelings can be hidden by the ambiguity of nonverbal codes.25. Which of the following best fits the numbered space in Passage A?A.It supersedes all other forms because of its effectiveness.B.There is a whole series of substitutions for nonverbal codes.C.People are born with a natural ability to communicate nonverbally.D.Interpretation of nonverbal codes relies on sensation and experiences.26. The word navigate in the last paragraph of Passage B means__________.A.roaming about freelyB.keep close contact withC.familiarize oneself withD.sail smoothly along27. What can be deciphered from Japan’s trash codes?A.Japanese tend to present their remarks in an explicit way.B.Trash is public property from which neighbors may intrude upon one’s privacy.C.The language barrier is an obstacle to dealing with the trash business.D.People not following the correct trash protocol will be considered rude.28. According to P assage C, the voice in one’s head__________.A.matters more than any vocal messagesB.should precede one’s subsequent communicationsC.can help avoid potential misunderstanding in some wayD.determines the development of one’s interpersonal skills29. How do people’s personal communication skills affect their public relations?A.Self awareness of how you think will affect your ability to communicate effectively.B.Effective public relation communications are delivered through nonverbal codes.C.Successful public relations are determined by the voice qualities of communicators./doc/588ab1b9302b3169a45177232f60ddccdb38e612.html municators with passion and beliefs have stronger chances of outwitting their rivals.30-31. Decide whether the statements are True or False according to the three passages.30. Nonverbal codes in electronic written communications may well be more effective than face-to-face conversations. True ( ) False ( )31. It’s vital to take age, culture, region, gender, and emotional state into account when comprehending body language gestures.True ( ) False ( )。
中医英语考试(中医基础+中医诊断学)
广州中医药大学研究生英语(中医基础+中医诊断学)汉译英读译教程Unit 11.社会政治经济转型the transition of politico-economic structure of society2.自然规律natural law3.人体与自然的统一the unity of the body with the natural world4.疾病的防治the prevention and treatment of diseases5.藏象visceral manifestations6.理法方药theory, strategy, prescription and herbs7.验方effective formulas8.外邪exogenous evilsUnit 21.阴阳对立the opposition of yin-yang2.归纳为阴阳基本属性to be reduced to their elemental, basic character of yin or yang3.维持生命和促进所有新陈代谢to keep alive and stoke all metabolic processes4.子宫受寒The uterus turns cold.5.阴脏阳腑相互依存才能实现其功能The yin and yang organs depend on each other for the performance of these functions.6.阴阳增长超过正常限度Yin or yang increases beyond their normal range.7.体内津液的耗损The exhaustion of body fluids8.阳盛The excess of yangUnit 31. 一套用来探讨和指代临床证象的符号系统an emblem system used to discuss and represent clinical phenomena2.在体外存在某种关联to have associations outside the body3.鼻腔是肺的延伸The nasal tract is an extension of the lung4.构思合适的治疗方法the conceptualization of proper treatments5.约束性的教义a binding doctrine6.虚证the pattern of deficiency7.子盗母气The child steals the qi of the mother.8.相生the mutual generation order9.相侮the counter-control cycleUnit 41.多重性质the multidimensional nature2.从解剖学和生理学角度理解to be viewed from the perspective of anatomy and physiology3.先天之气和后天之气the prenatal and postnatal qi4.气与气之间的转化the transformation of one type of qi into another5.调控毛孔的开合in charge of opening and closing our pores6.元气the original qi7.保证血液行于脉内而不至外溢to keep blood within the vessels8.防御外邪侵袭身体to defend the body from external pathogenic factorsUnit 51.心主血脉The heart governs the blood and vessels.2.肃降depurative downbearing3.控制汗孔开阖和抵御外邪入侵To control the opening and closing of sweat pores and to defend the exterior against invading evils4.消化和吸收功能the functions of digestion and assimilation5.水谷精微the essence of grain and wafer6.肝开窍于目The liver opens at the eyes.7.肾藏精The kidney stores essence.8.一身阴阳之本the root of yin and yang of the whole bodyUnit 71.望、闻、问、切inspection, listening and smelling, inquiry, palpation2.望全身情况(神、色、形、态) the observation of the entire body (spirit, color, form, bearing)3.声音低弱The voice is faint and low.4.听语言listening to speech5.脏腑衰败的凶险证inauspicious omen of the vanquished debility of the zang-fu organs6.问妇女经、带等问题inquiry of women problems such as menstrual cycle and vaginaldischarge7.解除病人顾虑to relieve the patients' apprehensions8.压痛tendernessUnit 81.六淫和七情the six pernicious influences and the seven emotions2.行动迟缓笨拙slow and awkward motion3.怕冷a fear of cold4.蜷卧to sleep in a curled-up position5.中医把人作为一个整体看待Chinese medicine views the human being as a whole.6.慢性病a chronic condition7.止渴to quench one's thirst8.关节僵硬stiff joint(s)诊断英语Unit11.舌象the appearance of the tongue2.舌苔小块剥落the tongue becomes peeled in patches/the coating falls off in small areas3.长年累月的使用prolonged use over some years4.糟粕unclean residue5.不受诸如身体劳累、情绪低落等短暂生理情志因素的影响Irrespective of temporary conditions such as those resulting from recent physical exertion or emotional upset6.水液积聚accumulation of body fluids7.色泽荣润vibrant and vital color8.心开窍于舌The tongue is regarded as the offshoot of the heart.Unit 21.心藏神The heart houses the mind and spirit.2.发声短促尖锐emit voice in short, sharp bursts3.“歌”声音调较高,音律优美、高低起伏,有如歌唱。
药学英语试题及答案
药学英语试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. The term "pharmacology" refers to the study of:A. The origin of drugsB. The effects of drugs on the bodyC. The synthesis of drugsD. The distribution of drugs答案:B2. Which of the following is not a route of drug administration?A. OralB. IntravenousC. InhalationD. Electrolysis答案:D3. The half-life of a drug is the time it takes for the concentration of the drug in the body to:A. DoubleB. TripleC. QuadrupleD. Decrease by half答案:D4. Which of the following is a common side effect of antibiotics?A. Dry mouthB. DiarrheaC. InsomniaD. All of the above答案:B5. The abbreviation "IV" stands for:A. IntravenousB. IntramuscularC. IntraperitonealD. Intradermal答案:A6. The term "bioavailability" refers to the:A. Percentage of a drug that is absorbed into the systemic circulationB. Percentage of a drug that is excreted unchangedC. Percentage of a drug that is metabolized in the liverD. Percentage of a drug that is stored in fat tissues答案:A7. Which of the following is a type of drug interaction?A. SynergismB. AntagonismC. PotentiationD. All of the above答案:D8. The therapeutic index of a drug is a measure of its:A. EfficacyB. SafetyC. Cost-effectivenessD. Taste答案:B9. The term "prodrug" refers to a drug that:A. Is already active when administeredB. Requires metabolic activation to become activeC. Is a combination of two drugsD. Is a drug that has been discontinued答案:B10. Which of the following is a method for enhancing drug solubility?A. Salt formationB. Coating with a polymerC. MicronizationD. All of the above答案:D二、填空题(每空1分,共20分)1. The ________ of a drug refers to its ability to reach the site of action in the body.答案:pharmacokinetics2. A drug that is administered as a liquid and is intended to be swallowed is called a ________.答案:solution3. The ________ of a drug is the maximum amount that can be given without causing harmful effects.答案:therapeutic dose4. A drug that is used to treat a specific disease or condition is called a ________.答案:therapeutic agent5. The ________ of a drug is the minimum amount that will produce a therapeutic effect.答案:therapeutic dose6. A drug that is used to prevent a disease or condition is called a ________.答案:prophylactic agent7. The ________ of a drug is the study of its effects on biological systems.答案:pharmacodynamics8. A drug that is used to alleviate symptoms without treating the underlying cause is called a ________.答案:symptomatic agent9. The ________ of a drug is the process by which it isremoved from the body.答案:elimination10. A drug that is used to treat a wide range of conditionsis called a ________.答案:broad-spectrum agent三、简答题(每题10分,共40分)1. Explain the difference between a generic drug and a brand-name drug.答案:A generic drug is a copy of a brand-name drug that has the same dosage form, safety, strength, quality, performance characteristics, and intended use. A brand-name drug is the original version of a drug that has beendeveloped by a pharmaceutical company and is protected by a patent.2. What are the factors that can influence the absorption ofa drug?答案:Factors that can influence the absorption of a drug include the route of administration, the formulation of the drug, the presence of food in the stomach, the pH of the gastrointestinal tract, and the individual's health status.3. Describe the process of drug metabolism.答案:Drug metabolism is the process by which the body breaks down and eliminates drugs. It typically involves two phases: Phase I reactions, which involve oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis to make the drug more polar, and Phase。
托福阅读真题第223篇CrownofThornsStarfishandCoralReefs
托福阅读真题第223篇CrownofThornsStarfishandCoralReefs托福阅读真题第223篇Crown of Thorns Starfish and Coral ReefsCrown of Thorns Starfish and Coral ReefsParagraph 1:The crown of thorns starfish, Acanthaster Tlanci, is large, twenty-five to thirty-five centimeters in diameter, and has seven to twenty-one arms that are covered in spines. It feeds primarily on coral and is found from the Indian Ocean to the west coast of Central America, usually at quite low population densities. Since the mid-1950s, population outbreaks at densities four to six times greater than normal have occurred at the same time in places such as Hawaii, Tahiti, Panama, and the Great Barrier Reef. The result has often been the loss of a fifty percent to nearly one hundred percent of the coral cover over large areas.1. According to paragraph 1 all of the following statements about crown of thorns starfish are true EXCEPTO Crown of thorns starfish usually have several arms covered in spines.O Crown of thorns starfish's main food is coral.O Crown of thorns starfish normally live in high population densities.O Crown of thorns starfish have caused a significant reduction in coral cover over large areas.Paragraph 2:A single Acanthaster can consume five to six square meters of coral polyps per year, and dense populations can destroy up to six square kilometers per year and move on rapidly. Acanthasters show a preference for branching corals, especially Acroporids. After an outbreak in a particular area, it iscommon to find that Acroporids have been selectively removed, leaving a mosaic of living and dead corals. In places where Acroporids previously dominated the community devastation can be almost complete, and local areas of reefs have collapsed.2. What can be inferred from paragraph 2 about a coral reef that has a small number of Acroporids?O It will collapse completely after Acanthaster consumes the Acroporids.O It will lose the Acroporids before the other corals when Acanthaster attack it.O It will have a mixture of living and dead Acroporids after an Acanthaster attack.O It will have a dense population of Acanthaster for several years.Paragraph 3:Areas of dead coral are usually colonized rapidly by algae and often are later colonized by sponges and soft corals. Increases in abundance of plant-eating fish and decreases in abundance of coral-feeding fish accompany these changes. Coral larvae settle among the algae and eventually establish flourishing coral colonies. In ten to fifteen years the reefs often return to about the same percentage of coral cover as before. Development of a four-species diversity takes about twenty years.3. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 3 as a consequence of the destruction of an area of a coral by Acanthaster?O Algae colonize the dead area.O Plant-eating fish increase in number.O Coral larvae disappear.O Species diversity recovers fully over time.Paragraph 4:two schools of thought exist concerning the cause of these outbreaks. One group holds that they are natural phenomena that have occurred many times in the past, citing old men’s recollections of earlier outbreaks and evidence from traditional cultures. The other group maintains that recent human activities ranging from physical coral destruction through pollution to predator removal have triggered these events.Paragraph 5:One theory, the adult aggregation hypothesis, maintains that most species is more abundant than we realize when a storm destroys coral and causes a food shortage. The adult Acanthasters converge on remaining portions of healthy coral and feed hungrily. Certainly there have been outbreaks of Acanthaster following large storms, but there is little evidence that the storms have caused the enough reef damage to create a food shortage for these starfish.4. According to paragraph 5, what is an important weakness of the adult aggregation hypothesis?O It is based on studies of the deeper parts of coral reefs.O It fails to explain the abundance of Acanthaster in the deeper parts of coral reefs.O It fails to explain why Acanthaster feed hungrily on healthy coral after a storm.O It is not supported by evidence that storms rusult in food shortages for Acanthaster.Paragraph 6:two other hypotheses attempt to explain the increased abundance of Acanthaster after episodes of high terrestrial runoff following storms. The first hypothesis is that low salinity and high temperatures favor the survival of the starfish larvae. The second hypothesis emphasizes the food web aspect, suggesting that strong fresh water runoff brings additionalnutrients to the coastal waters, stimulating phytoplankton production and promoting more rapid development and better survival of the starfish larvae.5. What can be inferred from paragraph 6 about the diet of Acanthaster larvae?O Phytoplankton is an important food source for them.O Storm water runoff washes away important nutrients they need.O When water temperature rises they have difficulty finding enough food.O Storms add needed salt to their diet.Paragraph 7:Those favoring anthropogenic (human influenced) causes have pointed to the large proportion of outbreaks that have been near centers of human populations. It has been suggested that coral polyps are the main predators of the starfish larvae. Destruction of coral by blasting and other bad land use practices would reduce predation on the starfish larvae and cause a feedback in which increases in Acanthaster populations cause still further coral destruction. Unfortunately, there are too few documented instances of physical destruction of coral being followed by outbreaks of Acanthaster for these hypotheses to be fully supported.6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.O Blasting and other bad land use practices would cause the destruction of coral and increase the number of predators that feed on Acanthaster larvae.O Bad land use practices would reduce predation onAcanthaster larvae and increase the starfish population which would cause more coral destruction.O A reduction of bad land use practices would reduce coral destruction by increasing the survival of Acanthaster larvae and their predators.O The destruction of coral through land use activities would cause a decrease in the number of predators that feed on Acanthaster larvae.Paragraph 8:Another group of hypothesis focuses on removal of Acanthaster's predators. Some have suggested that the predators might have been killed off by pollution whereas others have suggested that the harvesting of vertebrate and invertebrate predators of Acanthaster could have reduced mortality and caused increased abundance of adults. The problem with this group of hypothesis is that it is difficult to understand how reduced predation would lead to sudden increases in Acanthaster numbers in several places at the same time in specific years. It seems probable that there is no single explanation but that there are elements of the truth in several of the hypotheses. That is there are natural processes that have led to outbreaks in the past, but human impact has increased the frequency and severity of the outbreaks.7. Why does the author state that “it is difficult to understand how reduced predation would lead to sudden increases in Acanthaster numbers in several places at the same time in specifi c years”?O To indicate the difficulty in proving that increases in Acanthaster numbers occur at the same time in different areas of the world.O To identify a problem with a hypothesis that associates theincrease in the population of Acanthaster with a removal of its predators.O To argue against the hypothesis that human activities cause sudden population outbreaks of Acanthaster in different places at the same time.O To argue against the view that the predators of Acanthaster decline because of pollution and harvesting by humans.8. What does the author conclude in paragraph 8 about the causes of sudden population increases of Acanthaster?O A sudden population increase in the Acanthaster population could be attributed to natural process as well as human activities.O There are no elements of truth in the hypothesis proposed to explain sudden population increases of Acanthaster.O It is possible to offer a single explanation for sudden population increases of Acanthaster.O Natural processes have been responsible for sudden population increases of Acanthaster in the past while present outbreaks are due to human activities.Paragraph 2:■A single Acanthaster can con sume five to six square meters of coral polyps per year, and dense populations can destroy up to six square kilometers per year and move on rapidly. ■Acanthasters show a preference for branching corals, especially Acroporids. ■After an outbreak in a partic ular area, it is common to find that Acroporids have been selectively removed, leaving a mosaic of living and dead corals. ■In places where Acroporids previously dominated the community devastation can be almost complete, and local areas of reefs have collapsed.9. Look at the four squares [■ ] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.The crown of thorns starfish is a coral reef predator that preys on coral polyps.Where would the sentence best fit?10. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Attempts have been made to explain the sudden increases in Acanthaster populations since the mid-1950s and their impact on coral reefs.Answer ChoicesO Larvae Acanthaster populations have preyed on coral reefs and caused the loss of coral cover over large areas and the collapse of some coral reef communities.O Acanthaster outbreaks have been attributed to natural phenomena such as stroms that have created favorable conditions for the rapid development of the starfish larvae.O Acanthaster outbreaks are the results of natural processes that have led to some increases in the past, as well as of human impact that has sped up the frequency and severity of the outbreaks.O There are several hypotheses trying to explain the Acanthaster outbreaks but none have elements of the truth because they contradict each other.O The crown of thorns starfish, Acanthaster Tlanci, is large,twenty-five to thirty-five centimeters in diameter, and has seven to twenty-one arms that are covered in spines.O The favorable anthropogenic causes, such as destruction of coral by blasting and other bad land use practices, have provided Acanthaster more food sources and therefore stimulate its population outbreaks.答案TF223-Crown of Thorns Starfish and Coral Reefs(答案文章最后)托福阅读真题第223篇Crown of Thorns Starfish and Coral Reefs。
二语习得介绍1
NNS: I need you to write a recommendation for me.
Second Language Acquisition: An Overview
III. Issues in SLA
the role of the first language the “natural” route of development individual learner differences the role of input learner processes the role of formal instruction
Second Language Acquisition: An Overview
I. What is Second Language Acquisition (SLA)? 2. The Definition of SLA:
the process learning another language after the learning of the native language second language (L2) any language learned after learning the L1 L2 can refer to non-native language learnt after the L1 acquisition, regardless of whether it is the second, third language.
I. What is Second Language Acquisition (SLA)? 2. The Definition of SLA:
the process learning another language after the learning of the native language (both in naturalistic and instructed setting) foreign language acquisition the learning of a nonnative language in the environment of one’s native language (mainly in instructed setting)
药学考研英语试题及答案
药学考研英语试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. Which of the following is not a drug?A. PenicillinB. AspirinC. Vitamin CD. Sugar答案:D2. The term "pharmacology" refers to the study of:A. The origin of diseasesB. The effects of drugs on the bodyC. The production of drugsD. The side effects of drugs答案:B3. The primary function of a drug is to:A. Treat diseasesB. Prevent diseasesC. Enhance physical performanceD. Improve mental state答案:A4. The correct order of drug administration is:A. Oral, intravenous, intramuscularB. Intravenous, oral, intramuscularC. Intramuscular, oral, intravenousD. Intravenous, intramuscular, oral答案:B5. Which of the following is not a method of drug administration?A. OralB. IntravenousC. InhalationD. Topical答案:D6. The half-life of a drug refers to the time it takes for the drug concentration in the body to:A. DoubleB. HalveC. TripleD. Quadruple答案:B7. The therapeutic index of a drug is used to indicate:A. The drug's effectivenessB. The drug's safetyC. The drug's cost-effectivenessD. The drug's side effects答案:B8. The main difference between a prescription drug and an over-the-counter drug is that:A. The former is more expensiveB. The latter requires a prescriptionC. The former requires a prescriptionD. The latter has fewer side effects答案:C9. The side effects of a drug are:A. Always harmfulB. Always beneficialC. Sometimes harmful, sometimes beneficialD. Never harmful答案:C10. The correct storage method for drugs is:A. Exposed to sunlightB. Stored in a cool, dry placeC. Stored in a humid environmentD. Stored in a hot environment答案:B二、填空题(每题2分,共20分)1. The chemical structure of a drug determines its ________. 答案:pharmacological activity2. The ________ of a drug is the concentration at which halfof the drug is eliminated from the body.答案:half-life3. The ________ of a drug is the minimum effective concentration required to produce a therapeutic effect.答案:therapeutic dose4. The ________ of a drug is the maximum concentration that can be tolerated without causing adverse effects.答案:toxic dose5. The ________ of a drug is the process by which the drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted by the body. 答案:pharmacokinetics6. The ________ of a drug is the study of the drug's effects on the body and its mechanism of action.答案:pharmacodynamics7. The ________ of a drug is the study of the drug's interactions with other substances in the body.答案:drug interactions8. The ________ of a drug is the study of the drug's effects on the body's tissues and organs.答案:toxicology9. The ________ of a drug is the study of the drug's effects on the body's immune system.答案:immunopharmacology10. The ________ of a drug is the study of the drug's effects on the body's nervous system.答案:neuropharmacology三、简答题(每题10分,共30分)1. What are the three main categories of drug classifications?答案:The three main categories of drug classifications are therapeutic drugs, diagnostic drugs, and prophylactic drugs.2. Explain the difference between the therapeutic index andthe margin of safety of a drug.答案:The therapeutic index is the ratio of the toxic dose to the therapeutic dose, indicating the safety of a drug. Ahigher therapeutic index means a wider margin between the effective and toxic doses. The margin of safety refers to the difference between the toxic and therapeutic doses,indicating the range within which the drug can be safely used.3. What are the factors that influence drug absorption?答案:Factors that influence drug absorption include the physicochemical properties of the drug, the route of administration, the dosage form, the presence of food in the gastrointestinal tract, and individual physiological differences such as age, gender, and disease state.。
DNA的复制(教学课件)-高一生物下学期任务型教学课件(2019人教版必修2)
条件
特点
DNA分子的 复制过程
时间
意义
场所
It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the gengtic material.
Full details of the structure, including the con-ditions assumed in building it , together with a set of co-ordinates for the atoms, will be
式,暗示着遗传物质进行复制的一种可能的机制“
利用离心技术可以在试管中区分含有不同质量N元素的DNA。
15N15N
15N14N
14N14N
高密 度带
中密 度带
低密 度带
回归课本探新知
假说演绎法之演绎推理
如果DNA复制 是半保留复制
15N/15N -DNA
14N
子一代会出现 的结果是
14N/15N -DNA
14N
14N
密度梯度离心
15N/15N-DNA 14N/ 15N-DNA
2. 用什么实验方法区分母链和子链?
同位素标记
3. 如何检测这种差异?
密度梯度离心
利用
离心技术可以
在试管中区分含有不同N元
素的DNA
15N和14N是N元素的两种 稳定的同位素,这两种同 位素的相对原子质量不同, 含15N的DNA比含14N的 DNA密度大,从而区分 亲代和子代的DNA。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-合肥工业大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号:43
2022年考研考博-考博英语-合肥工业大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题For better health you must give up smoking, take more exercise and ______ eating too much. 问题1选项A.refrain fromB.wonder atC.draw upD.live through【答案】A【解析】考查词组辨析。
A项refrain from“克制,抑制,忍住”,B项wonder at“对……感到吃惊”,C项draw up“草拟,起草,停住”,D项live through“度过,经受过”。
由For better health“为了更好的健康”对应可知,______ eating too much中用refrain from符合语境。
句意:为了更健康,你必须戒烟,多做运动,不要吃得太多。
因此,该题选择A项正确。
2.单选题People who have such an addiction are ______; i.e., they have a very powerful psychological need that they feel they must satisfy.问题1选项pulsorypulsiveprehensiveD.consistent【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。
A项compulsory“(因法律或规则而)被强制的,义务的,必修的”,B项compulsive“强制的,强迫的,禁不住的”,指行为很难控制,C项comprehensive“综合的,广泛的,有理解力的”,D项consistent“始终如一的,一致的,坚持的”。
由addiction“瘾,嗜好”可知,compulsive符合语境。
句意:有这种癖好的人是强迫性的;也就是说,他们有一种非常强烈的心理需求,他们觉得必须要满足这种需求。
何凯文核心必考词汇1575(考研)
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金属有机化学:Homogeneous catalysis (2)
General Aspects
O
Cat.
R
+ CO + H2
R
O+
*
R
linear (l) n
branched (b) iso
Reaction discovered 1938 by Otto Roelen Catalyst metals: first Cobalt, later Rhodium In case of aliphatic olefins: linear aldehydes are preferred products One of the most important homogeneous catalytic reactions (> 7 Mio. to/a) Most important product: butyraldehyde (> 4 Mio to/a)
When it is a bidentate ligand, what will happen?
27
bond angle
➢ The bond angle of the ligand will effect the coordination
mode of the bidentate ligand.
➢ Large bond angle(close or larger them 120o) will prefer e-e
The typical catalyst: HRh(PR3)3CO studied first by Wilkinson et al. in 1968
HRh(CO)(PPh3)3
+ CO -PPh3 - CO +PPh3
HRh(CO)2(PPh3)2 19
高中英语人教版必修一Unit2课后巩固练习
高中英语人教版必修一Unit2课后练习题识记1.adj.道德的;道义上的.→adv道义上;道德上→adj.不道德的:邪恶的2.adj.珍稀的:宝贵的.→adv.过分讲究地;昂贵地3.v.(和某人)结婚:嫁:娶→adj.已婚的→n.结婚:婚姻4.adj.主要的:重要的;大的→n.大部分;大多数5.v.抱怨:埋怨:发牢骚→n.不满的原因;抱怨;埋怨6.v.回答.回应→n.回答,答复7.v.拒绝接受:不予考虑:拒收→n.拒绝;否决:抛弃8.v.任命:委任:安排→.n约会:约定;任命→adj.被任命的9.v.选举:推选→.n.选举.推选10.adj.神经紧张的;担心的→.n.紧张Healthy Habits,Healthy BodyFeel tired lately?Has a doctor said he can’t find anything wrong with you?Perhaps he sent you to a hospital,but all the advanced equipment there shows that there is nothing wrong with you.Then,consider this:you might be in a state of sub-health(亚健康).Sub-health,also called the third state or gray state,is explained as a borderline state between health and disease.According to the investigation by the National Health Organization,over45percent of sub-healthy people are middle-aged or elderly.The percentage is even higher among people who work in management positions as well as students around exam-weeks.Symptoms include a lack of energy,depression,slow reactions,insomnia(失眠),agitation(兴奋),and poor memory.Other symptoms include shortness of breath,sweating and aching in the waist and legs.The key to preventing and recovering from sub-health,according to some medical experts,is to form good living habits, alternate work and rest,exercise regularly,and take part in open air activities.As for meals,people are advised to eat less salt and sugar.They should also eat more fresh vegetables,fruit and fish because they are rich in nutritional elements—vitamins and trace elements that are important to the body.Nutrition experts point out that it is not good to eat too much at one meal because it may cause unhealthy changes in the digestive tract(消化系统).They also say that a balanced diet is very helpful in avoiding sub-health.28.According to this passage,which of the following is RIGHT?A.When you are in a state of sub-health,you should stay home and keep silent.B.When you are in a state of sub-health,you should go to see a doctor and buy some medicine.C.When you are in a state of sub-health,you should have yourself examined in foreign countries.D.When you are in a state of sub-health,you should find out the reasons and relax yourself.29.It may be easy for middle-aged people to be in a state of sub-health because____________.A.they have used up their energy B.they have more pressure in life and workC.they have lost their living hopes D.they begin to get older30.The key to preventing you from falling into a state of sub-health is that you should____________.A.work hardB.sleep moreC.form good living habitsD.take more medicine31.As for food,experts suggest that____________.A.we should never eat meat B.we should have a variety of foodC.we should eat less than usual D.we should have meals without salt and sugarStudents perform less well in final exams if smartphones are allowed in class,for non-academic(非学业的)purposes in lectures,a new study in Educational Psychology finds.Students who don’t use smartphones themselves but attend lectures where their use is acceptable also do worse,suggesting that smartphone use damages the group learning environment.Researchers from Rutgers University in the US performed an in-class experiment to test whether dividing attention between smartphones and the lecturer during the class affected students’performance in within-lecture tests and a final exam.118 students at Rutgers University took part in the experiment during one term of their course.Smartphones were not allowed in half of the lectures and allowed in the other half.When smartphones were allowed,students were asked to record whether they had used them for non-academic purposes during the lecture.The study found that having a smartphone didn’t lower students’scores in comprehension tests within lectures,but it did lower scores in the final exam by at least5%,or half a grade.This finding shows for the first time that the main effect of divided attention in the classroom is on the length of time in keeping memory,with fewer things of a study task later remembered.In addition,when the use of smartphones was allowed in class,performance was also poorer for students who did not use them as well as for those who did.The study’s lead author,Professor Arnold Glass,added:“These findings should alarm students and teachers that dividing attention is having a not obvious but harmful effect that is damaging their exam performance and final grade.To help manage the use of smartphones in the classroom,teachers should explain to students the alarming effect—not only for themselves,but for the whole class.”This is the first-ever study in an actual classroom showing a relationship between losing attention from smartphones and exam performance.However,more researches are required to see how students are affected by using smartphones after school. 32.What is the purpose of paragraph1?A.To present the main findings of the experiment.B.To explain how the experiment was carried out.C.To give details about the result of the experiment.D.To suggest what should be done for teachers and students.33.We know from the experiment that having a smartphone in class________.A.had no bad effect if students do not use themB.caused an average5%drop in students’scoresC.made it harder for students to keep things in mindD.had a bad effect on students’performance in all tests34.What’s Professor Glass’attitude towards using smartphones in class?A.He was against it.B.He was in favor of it.C.He cared little about it.D.He doubted the findings.35.What is the research team likely to do next?A.To find out ways to improve students’memory.B.To call on schools to ban smartphones completely.C.To do researches on focusing attention in actual classrooms.D.To study the influence of using smartphones after class.Tips for Green Travel with KidsTraveling doesn't mean letting go of all the eco-friendly choices we work so hard to achieve in our daily life.Here are a few tips for green travel with kids:Booking nonstop flights whenever possible will reduce carbon emissions(碳排放).If the closest local airport doesn't have nonstop flights to a certain place,check in with other local airports to see if nonstop flights are available.36.Whether you're flying or driving,it's easy when traveling to pull into fast food restaurants for snacks.37.My kids love to help plan snacks.I let them create their own snacks for the trip at home.38.At the airport,keep your reusable bottles empty until you have passed through the security(安检).Fill them up on the other side of the security checkpoint.Single-use plastic water bottles create unnecessary waste and the plastic can be harmful to your health.39.In addition,opening a few windows and turning off the air conditioner(空调)are also good ways to save energy.You should also help your children keep their good,green habits from home to place while traveling.Sometimes vacation can mean more than one shower each day—once in the morning and again after getting out of the pool.Pay attention to the number of showers(淋浴)and the length of showers.40.A.Walking is good for your health.B.Try to cut back to save water and energy.C.But you can pack healthy food from home.D.Traveling is a great chance to introduce your kids to the world.E.Reusable water bottles are easy to bring along wherever you travel.F.Save energy by turning off the hotel room lights when you head out for the day.G.You might have to drive a bit further,but saving on carbon emissions makes it worthwhile.阅读下面短文,从短文后所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
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a rX iv:mat h /32284v1[mat h.AT]24Feb23CONCURRENT PROCESS UP TO HOMOTOPY (II)PHILIPPE GAUCHER Abstract.On d´e montre que la cat´e gorie des CW-complexes globulaires `a dihomotopie pr`e s est ´e quivalente `a la cat´e gorie des flots `a dihomotopie faible pr`e s.Ce th´e or`e me est une g´e n´e ralisation du th´e or`e me classique disant que la cat´e gorie des CW-complexes modulo homotopie est ´e quivalente `a la cat´e gorie des espaces topologiques modulo homotopie faible.One proves that the category of globular CW-complexes up to dihomo-topy is equivalent to the category of flows up to weak dihomotopy.This theorem generalizes the classical theorem which states that the category of CW-complexes up to homotopy is equivalent to the category of topological spaces up to weak homotopy.1.Rappels sur les flots Cette note est la deuxi`e me de deux notes pr´e sentant quelques r´e sultats de [1].Tous les espaces topologiques sont suppos´e s faiblement s´e par´e s et compactement engendr´e s,c’est-`a -dire dans ce cas hom´e omorphes `a la limite inductive de leurs sous-espaces compacts (cf.l’appendice de [5]pour un survol des propri´e t´e s de ces espaces).La cat´e gorie correspondante est not´e e Top .On travaille ainsi dans une cat´e gorie d’espaces topologiques qui est non seulement compl`e te et cocompl`e te mais en plus cart´e siennement ferm´e e [6].En d’autres termes,le foncteur −×X :Top →Top a un adjoint `a droite TOP (X,−).Dans la suite,D n est le disque ferm´e de dimension n et S n −1est le bord de D n ,`a savoir la sph`e re de dimension n −1.En particulier la sph`e re de dimension 0est la paire {−1,+1}.D´e finition 1.1.[1]Un flot X consiste en la donn´e e d’un ensemble X 0appel´e 0-squelette,d’un espace topologique P X appel´e espace des chemins,de deux appli-cations continues s :P X →X 0et t :P X →X 0(X 0´e tant muni de la topologie discr`e te)et d’une application continue ∗:{(x,y )∈P X ×P X,t (x )=s (y )}→P X satisfaisant les axiomes s (x ∗y )=s (x ),t (x ∗y )=t (y )et enfin x ∗(y ∗z )=(x ∗y )∗z pour tout x,y,z ∈P X .Un morphisme de flots f de X vers Y est une applica-tion continue de X 0⊔P X vers Y 0⊔P Y telle que f (X 0)⊂Y 0,f (P X )⊂P Y ,s (f (x ))=f (s (x )),t (f (x ))=f (t (x )),f (x ∗y )=f (x )∗f (y ).La cat´e gorie corre-spondante est not´e e Flow .Les ´e l´e ments de P X sont appel´e s les chemins d’ex´e cution (non-constants)et ceux de X 0les ´e tats de X (ou encore les chemins d’ex´e cution constants).Si Z est un espace topologique,le flot Glob (Z )est d´e fini comme suit :P Glob (Z )=Z ,Glob (Z )0={0,1},et enfin s =0et t =1(il n’y a pas de cheminsd’ex´e cutioncomposables).Si Z est un singleton,on obtient le flot −→I correspondant au segmentdirig´e .2P.GAUCHERD´e finition 1.2.[1]Deux morphismes de flots f et g de X dans Y sont S-homotopes s’il existe une application continue H :X ×[0,1]→Y telle que(1)H (−,u )est un morphisme de flots de X dans Y(2)H (−,0)=f et H (−,1)=gOn ´e crit f ∼S g .De l`a on d´e finit la notion de flots S-homotopes :D´e finition 1.3.[1]Deux flots X et Y sont S-homotopes s’il existe un morphisme de flots f :X →Y et un morphisme de flots g :Y →X tels que f ◦g ∼S Id Y et g ◦f ∼S Id X .On dit alors que f et g sont deux ´e quivalences de S-homotopie r´e ciproques.Il existe une deuxi`e me classe de morphismes de flots appel´e s T-homotopie qui permet d’identifier des flots ayant les mˆe mes propri´e t´e s informatiques sous-jacentes[2,1].Nous n’en dirons rien de nouveau ici par rapport `a la pr´e c´e dente note.Il est donc inutile de rappeler la d´e finition pr´e cise de cette classe de morphismes.2.Flot S-cofibrantUn flot S-cofibrant est obtenu par d´e finition comme suit.On part d’un espace discret X 0et on consid`e re le flot correspondant ayant X 0comme 0-squelette et l’ensemble vide ∅comme espace de chemins.On lui attache ensuite des −→I pourobtenir un premier flot X 10.On passe ensuite de X 1n `a X 1n +1pour n 0en attachantdes Glob (D n +1)le long de morphismes d’attachement Glob (S n )→X 1n .En d’autres termes,on choisit une famille de morphismes de flots f i :Glob (S n )→X 1n pour i ∈I et X 1n +1est alors obtenu par le diagramme cocart´e sien dans la cat´e gorie des flots (qui se trouve ˆe tre cocompl`e te)i ∈I Glob (S n ) i ∈I f i X 1nX 1n +1Si Z est un CW-complexe,alors Glob (Z )est un exemple de flot S-cofibrant.Vu la similitude entre la construction des CW-complexes globulaires introduits dans[3,2]et celle des flots S-cofibrants,on n’aura pas de mal `a se convaincre du :Th´e or`e me 2.1.[1]Le plongement des CW-complexes globulaires dans les flots in-duit une ´e quivalence de cat´e gories entre les CW-complexes globulaires `a S-homotopie et T-homotopie pr`e s et les flots S-cofibrants `a S-homotopie et T-homotopie pr`e s.La preuve de ce th´e or`e me repose essentiellement sur le fait que deux CW-complexes globulaires sont S-homotopes (resp.T-homotopes)si et seulement si les flots correspondants sont S-homotopes (resp.T-homotopes)(cf.[2]).3.Dihomotopie faibleD´e finition 3.1.[1]Un morphisme de flots f :X →Y est une S-homotopie faible si f induit une bijection entre X 0et Y 0et une ´e quivalence d’homotopie faible de P X vers P Y .On dit alors que X et Y sont faiblement S-homotopes.PARALL´ELISME ET HOMOTOPIE(II)3 Th´e or`e me3.2.[1]Un morphisme deflots f:X→Y entre deuxflots S-cofibrants X et Y est une´e quivalence de S-homotopie faible si et seulement si c’est une ´e quivalence de S-homotopie.Si les deuxflots S-cofibrants sont de la forme Glob(Z)et Glob(T)o`u Z et T sont deux CW-complexes,cet´e nonc´e correspond au th´e or`e me classique de Whitehead.Pour le d´e montrer,on commence par introduire pour tout espace topologique U et toutflot X unflot U⊠X de telle fa¸c on que l’on ait la bijection naturelle Flow([0,1]⊠X,Y)∼=Top([0,1],FLOW(X,Y))o`u FLOW(X,Y)est l’ensemble des morphismes deflots de X`a Y muni de la Kelleyfication de la topologie in-duite par celle de TOP(X,Y).Mais le foncteur FLOW(X,−):Flow→Top ne commute pas avec les limites projectives.En effet,si X est un singleton, alors FLOW(X,Y)=Y0est toujours discret mais la limite projective d’espaces topologiques discrets peutˆe tre totalement discontinue sansˆe tre discr`e te.On doit donc proc´e der autrement pour d´efinir correctement U⊠X.Mais d`e s que U est connexe,la bijection naturelle ci-dessus est vraie et U⊠X est alors leflot libre engendr´e par X0⊔(U×X)quotient´e par les relations s(u,x)=s(x),t(u,x)=t(x) et(u,x)∗(u,y)=(u,x∗y)d`e s que t(x)=s(y)pour tout u∈U et tout x,y∈P X.Puis on adapte`a la cat´e gorie desflots la th´e orie des paires NDR et DR d’espaces topologiques[6]de la fa¸c on notion de paire NDR d’espaces topologiques devient la notion de S-cofibration d´efinie comme suit:D´efinition3.3.[1]Un morphisme deflots i:X→Y est une S-cofibration si i v´e rifie la propri´e t´e de rel`e vement des S-homotopies,i.e.pour tous morphismes deflots g:Y→Z et H:[0,1]⊠X→Z tels que H(0⊠x)=g(i(x)),il existe un morphisme deflots H(u⊠i(x))=H(u⊠x)et1⊠x→f(x)Y4P.GAUCHERMuni de ces outils,on suit alors pas-`a-pas la d´e monstration du th´e or`e me de Whitehead telle que expos´e e dans le livre[7]en adaptant auxflots les th´e or`e mes de compression ainsi que les diff´e rents th´e or`e mes d’extension de morphismes ou d’homotopies.On obtient mˆe me gratuitement le th´e or`e me suivant:Th´e or`e me3.7.[1]Soit f:X→Y un morphisme deflots o`u X et Y sont deux flots S-cofibrants.Alors f est S-homotope`a un morphisme deflots g:X→Y tel que pour tout n 0,g(X1n)⊂Y1n.Enfin on a:Th´e or`e me3.8.[1]Toutflot est faiblement S-homotope`a unflot S-cofibrant.Ce CW-complexe globulaire est n´e cessairement unique`a S-homotopie pr`e s d’apr`e s le th´e or`e me pr´e c´e dent.Si X est un espace topologique,on sait qu’il existe une proc´e dure pour construire une famille de CW-complexes(Y n)n 0o`u pour tout i 0et tout point base, l’application canoniqueπi(Y n)→πi(X)est surjective et pour tout0 i n et tout point base,l’application canoniqueπi(Y n)→πi(X)est injective.Dans cette proc´e dure,on passe de Y n`a Y n+1en attachant des disques D n+1`a Y notation πi d´e signe´e videmment le i-i`e me groupe d’homotopie.Une proc´e dure exactement similaire fonctionne pour lesflots.On part d’unflot X et on commence par associer`a P X un espace Y0et une application continue Y0→P X v´e rifiant les mˆe mes conditions que ci-dessus.On prend alors leflot libre T0engendr´e par X0et Y0,ce qui ne change´e videmment rien`a la situation pour les groupes d’homotopie.Puis on attache`a T0des cellules Glob(D1)le long de morphismes d’attachement Glob(S0)→T0de fa¸c on`a obtenir un morphisme deflots T1→X induisant des bijections pourπ0etπ1.L’unique diff´e rence avec ce qui se passe pour les espaces topologiques est qu’attacher une cellule`a unflot peut engendrer,du fait de la composition des chemins,un attachement de plusieurs cellules`a l’espace des chemins sous-jacents.Cela ne change rien pour les groupes d’homotopie.D’o`u le r´e sultat en it´e rant le proc´e d´e.Et comme corollaire,on obtient leTh´e or`e me3.9.[1]Le foncteur r´e alisation cat´e gorique induit une´e quivalence de cat´e gories entre la cat´e gorie des CW-complexes globulaires`a S-homotopie et`a T-homotopie pr`e s et la cat´e gorie desflots`a S-homotopie faible et`a T-homotopie pr`e s.Nous avons donc obtenu apr`e s[3]une deuxi`e me fa¸c on de d´e crire les automates parall`e les`a dihomotopie pr`e s.L’immense avantage de cette seconde fa¸c on est que la cat´e gorie desflots est compl`e te et cocompl`e te,contrairement`a la cat´e gorie des CW-complexes globulaires.De plus on a leTh´e or`e me3.10.[1]Il existe une structure mod`e le sur la cat´e gorie desflots dont les´e quivalences faibles sont exactement les S-homotopies faibles.Il existe une deuxi`e me classe de morphismes deflots appel´e s T-homotopie qu’on aimerait voir transformer en´e quivalence faible.D’o`u laQuestion3.11.Existe-t-il une structure mod`e le sur la cat´e gorie desflots dont les ´e quivalences faibles contiendraient aussi les T-homotopies?Cette structure mod`e le pourraitˆe tre obtenue´e ventuellement par localisation`a gauche ou`a droite au sens de[4]de la structure mod`e le du th´e or`e me3.10.PARALL´ELISME ET HOMOTOPIE(II)5 Il y a deux obstacles`a surmonter pour r´e pondre`a cette question:1)prou-ver l’existence d’une ou des deux localisations,2)v´e rifier que la ou les nouvelles structures mod`e le n’identifient pas des automates parall`e les ayant des propri´e t´e s diff´e rentes.Pour terminer,la cat´e gorie desflots n’est pas cart´e siennement ferm´e e mais elle poss`e de quand mˆe me une structure mono¨ıdale ferm´e e qui a une signification infor-matique int´e ressante[1].References[1]P.Gaucher,A Convenient Category for The Homotopy Theory of Concurrency,2002,arXiv:math.AT/0201252.[2]P.Gaucher,Automate parall`e le`a homotopie pr`e s(I),projet de note aux C.R.A.S.,2002.[3]P.Gaucher and E.Goubault,Topological Deformation of Higher Dimensional Automata,2001,arXiv:math.AT/0107060,`a paraˆitre dans Homology,Homotopy and Applications.[4]P.S.Hirschhorn,Localization of model categories,available at http://www-/˜psh/,October2001.[5]L.G.Lewis,The stable category and generalized thom spectra,Ph.D.thesis,University ofChicago,1978.[6]N.E.Steenrod,A convenient category of topological spaces,Michigan Math.J.14(1967),133–152.[7]G.W.Whitehead,Elements of homotopy theory,Springer-Verlag,New York,1978.Institut de Recherche Math´e matique A vanc´e e,ULP et CNRS,7rue Ren´e Descartes, 67084Strasbourg Cedex,FranceE-mail address:gaucher@math.u-strasbg.frURL:http://www-irma.u-strasbg.fr/~gaucher/。