3英文文献及翻译格式示例

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3-外文翻译模板格式及要求

杭州电子科技大学毕业论文外文文献翻译要求根据《普通高等学校本科毕业设计（论文）指导》的内容，特对外文文献翻译提出以下要求：一、翻译的外文文献可以是一篇，也可以是两篇，但总字符要求不少于1.5万（或翻译成中文后至少在3000字以上）。

二、翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关著作及其他相关材料，文献作者最好为国外的专家或学者；应与毕业论文（设计）主题相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业论文（设计）的参考文献。

并在每篇中文译文首页用“脚注”形式注明原文作者及出处，中文译文后应附外文原文。

脚注的方法：插入----引用---脚注和尾注三、中文译文的基本撰写格式为：1.题目:采用小三号、黑体字、居中打印，段前段后1行间距；；2.正文:采用小四号、宋体字，行间距为固定值20磅，标准字符间距。

页边距为左3cm，右2.5cm，上下各2.5cm，页面统一采用A4纸。

英文原文如为word文档，请用罗马字体排版，段前空两格，段间距20磅。

页眉为“杭州电子科技大学本科毕业论文外文翻译”，5号宋体字从正文开始编写页码，页码居中。

四、封面格式由学校统一制作（注：封面上的“翻译题目”指中文译文的题目），填充内容为加粗小三号楷体_GB2312，并按“封面、译文一、外文原文一、译文二、外文原文二、考核表”的顺序统一装订。

五、忌自行更改表格样式，学号请写完整。

封面和考核表均为一页纸张，勿换行换页。

注意：1.除了封面和考核表之外，外文翻译有页眉和页码。

2.外文翻译中各级标题统一为段前空两格；若标题无序号，也可按与原文一致的原则处理。

题目段前段后1行一级标题小四宋体加黑，段前段后0.5行其他各级标题段前空两格，小四宋体不加黑，其他与正文要求一致。

毕业论文外文文献翻译毕业设计（论文）题目Xxx（单击此处添加论文题目）翻译（1）题目指翻译后的第一篇中文译文的题目翻译（2）题目指翻译后的第二篇中文译文的题目若无，则本栏留空学院经贸学院专业国际经济与贸易（单击此处添加专业）姓名XXXXXX（单击此处添加姓名）班级XX020811（单击此处添加班级）学号XX023101（单击此处添加班级）指导教师XXXXXX（单击此处添加指导教师）单击此处添加翻译后的第一篇中文译文的题目1 [单击此处添加译文正文]一、单击此处添加一级标题1[单击此处添加译文正文]1.[单击此处添加译文正文]2.[单击此处添加译文正文]3.[单击此处添加译文正文]二、单击此处添加一级标题2[单击此处添加译文正文]1.[单击此处添加译文正文]2.[单击此处添加译文正文]3.[单击此处添加译文正文]三、单击此处添加一级标题3……………………………以下是模板的使用方法说明文字，正式成文后请删除。

英文文献全文翻译

英文文献全文翻译全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：LeGuin, Ursula K. (December 18, 2002). "Dancing at the Edge of the World: Thoughts on Words, Women, Places".《世界边缘的舞蹈：关于语言、女性和地方的思考》Introduction:In "Dancing at the Edge of the World," Ursula K. LeGuin explores the intersection of language, women, and places. She writes about the power of words, the role of women in society, and the importance of our connection to the places we inhabit. Through a series of essays, LeGuin invites readers to think critically about these topics and consider how they shape our understanding of the world.Chapter 1: LanguageConclusion:第二篇示例：IntroductionEnglish literature translation is an important field in the study of language and culture. The translation of English literature involves not only the linguistic translation of words or sentences but also the transfer of cultural meaning and emotional resonance. This article will discuss the challenges and techniques of translating English literature, as well as the importance of preserving the original author's voice and style in the translated text.Challenges in translating English literature第三篇示例：Title: The Importance of Translation of Full English TextsTranslation plays a crucial role in bringing different languages and cultures together. More specifically, translating full English texts into different languages allows for access to valuable information and insights that may otherwise be inaccessible to those who do not speak English. In this article, we will explore the importance of translating full English texts and the benefits it brings.第四篇示例：Abstract: This article discusses the importance of translating English literature and the challenges translators face when putting together a full-text translation. It highlights the skills and knowledge needed to accurately convey the meaning and tone of the original text while preserving its cultural and literary nuances. Through a detailed analysis of the translation process, this article emphasizes the crucial role translators play in bridging the gap between languages and making English literature accessible to a global audience.IntroductionEnglish literature is a rich and diverse field encompassing a wide range of genres, styles, and themes. From classic works by Shakespeare and Dickens to contemporary novels by authors like J.K. Rowling and Philip Pullman, English literature offers something for everyone. However, for non-English speakers, accessing and understanding these works can be a challenge. This is where translation comes in.Translation is the process of rendering a text from one language into another, while striving to preserve the original meaning, tone, and style of the original work. Translating afull-length English text requires a deep understanding of both languages, as well as a keen awareness of the cultural andhistorical context in which the work was written. Additionally, translators must possess strong writing skills in order to convey the beauty and complexity of the original text in a new language.Challenges of Full-text TranslationTranslating a full-length English text poses several challenges for translators. One of the most significant challenges is capturing the nuances and subtleties of the original work. English literature is known for its rich and layered language, with intricate wordplay, metaphors, and symbolism that can be difficult to convey in another language. Translators must carefully consider each word and phrase in order to accurately convey the author's intended meaning.Another challenge of full-text translation is maintaining the author's unique voice and style. Each writer has a distinct way of expressing themselves, and a good translator must be able to replicate this voice in the translated text. This requires a deep understanding of the author's writing style, as well as the ability to adapt it to the conventions of the target language.Additionally, translators must be mindful of the cultural and historical context of the original work. English literature is deeply rooted in the history and traditions of the English-speaking world, and translators must be aware of these influences in orderto accurately convey the author's intended message. This requires thorough research and a nuanced understanding of the social, political, and economic factors that shaped the work.Skills and Knowledge RequiredTo successfully translate a full-length English text, translators must possess a wide range of skills and knowledge. First and foremost, translators must be fluent in both the source language (English) and the target language. This includes a strong grasp of grammar, syntax, and vocabulary in both languages, as well as an understanding of the cultural and historical context of the works being translated.Translators must also have a keen eye for detail and a meticulous approach to their work. Every word, sentence, and paragraph must be carefully considered and translated with precision in order to accurately convey the meaning of the original text. This requires strong analytical skills and a deep understanding of the nuances and complexities of language.Furthermore, translators must possess strong writing skills in order to craft a compelling and engaging translation. Translating a full-length English text is not simply a matter of substituting one word for another; it requires creativity, imagination, and a deep appreciation for the beauty of language. Translators mustbe able to capture the rhythm, cadence, and tone of the original work in their translation, while also adapting it to the conventions of the target language.ConclusionIn conclusion, translating a full-length English text is a complex and challenging task that requires a high level of skill, knowledge, and creativity. Translators must possess a deep understanding of both the source and target languages, as well as the cultural and historical context of the work being translated. Through their careful and meticulous work, translators play a crucial role in making English literature accessible to a global audience, bridging the gap between languages and cultures. By preserving the beauty and complexity of the original text in their translations, translators enrich our understanding of literature and bring the works of English authors to readers around the world.。

MLA格式参考文献示例【范本模板】

MLA格式参考文献示例期刊文章1。

一位作者写的文章Stewart，Donald C。

"What is an English Major, and What Should It be?” College Composition and Communication 40 (1989）：188-202。

Yu，Yongding。

［余永定]. 财政稳定问题研究的一个理论框架。

世界经济，2005(7)：25-29。

2。

两位作者写的文章Brownell，Hiram H。

, and Heather H。

Potter. ”Inference Deficits in Right-Brain Damaged Patients.” Brain and Language 27 (1986）: 310—21.Li, Jianzhong, and Liu，Xianmin。

[李建中, 刘显敏］。

大数据的一个重要方面:数据可用性. 计算机研究与发展, 2013 （6)：1147—62。

3。

三位及以上的作者写的文章Mascia—Lees, Frances E.，et al。

"Double Liminality and the Black Woman Writer."American Behavioral Scientist 31 (1987)：101-14。

Zhang, Peng, et al。

［张鹏等］。

云计算环境下适于工作流的数据布局方法. 计算机研究与发展，2013 （3)：636-47。

专著1.一位作者写的书籍Graff, Gerald. Professing Literature：An Institutional History. Chicago：U of Chicago P, 1987。

Zhang, Zhijian. ［张志健］. 严复思想研究. 桂林：广西师大出版社, 1989。

2.两位作者写的书籍Plant，Raymond，and Kenneth Hoover。

英文论文(外文文献)翻译成中文的格式与方法

英文论文（外文文献）翻译成中文的格式与方法英文论文（外文文献）翻译成中文的格式与方法本文关键词：外文，英文，中文，翻译成，文献英文论文（外文文献）翻译成中文的格式与方法本文简介：在撰写毕业设计（论文）或科研论文时，需要参考一些相关外文文献，了解国外的最新研究进展，这就需要我们找到最新最具代表性的外文文献，进行翻译整理，以备论文写作时参考，外文文献中英文文献占绝大多数，因此英文论文准确的翻译成中文就显得尤为重要！一、外文文献从哪里下载1、从知网国际文献总库中找英文论文（外文文献）翻译成中文的格式与方法本文内容：在撰写毕业设计（论文）或科研论文时，需要参考一些相关外文文献，了解国外的最新研究进展，这就需要我们找到最新最具代表性的外文文献，进行翻译整理，以备论文写作时参考，外文文献中英文文献占绝大多数，因此英文论文准确的翻译成中文就显得尤为重要！一、外文文献从哪里下载1、从知网国际文献总库中找，该数据库中包含14,000多家国外出版社的文献，囊括所有专业的英文文献资料。

2、一些免费的外文数据库或网站，为了方便大家查找，编者整理成文档供大家下载：国外免费文献数据库大全下载3、谷歌学术检索工具，检索时设置成只检索英文文献，键入与专业相关的关键词即可检索。

二、英文论文翻译格式与要求翻译的外文文献的字符要求不少于1.5万（或翻译成中文后至少在3000字以上）。

字数达到的文献一篇即可。

翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关着作及其他相关材料，应与毕业论文（设计）主题相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业论文（设计）的参考文献。

并在每篇中文译文首页用＂脚注＂形式注明原文作者及出处，中文译文后应附外文原文。

需认真研读和查阅术语完成翻译，不得采用翻译软件翻译。

中文译文的编排结构与原文同，撰写格式参照毕业论文的格式要求。

参考文献不必翻译，直接使用原文的（字体，字号，标点符号等与毕业论文中的参考文献要求同），参考文献的序号应标注在译文中相应的地方。

英文文献参考

英文文献参考
在撰写英文论文时，参考文献的格式非常重要，通常采用APA格式。

以下是一个英文参考文献的范例：
作者名. (出版年份). 书名. 出版社所在城市：出版社.
例如：
Sheril, R. D. (1956). The terrifying future: Contemplating color television. San Diego: Halstead.
如果是两位作者以上合著的书籍，格式如下：
作者1姓，作者1名字首字母., & 作者2姓，作者2名字首字母.(年). 书名. 出版社所在城市：出版社.
例如：
Smith, J., & Peter, Q. (1992). Hairball: An intensive peek behind the surface of an , ON: McMaster University Press.
如果是文集中的文章，格式如下：
作者名.(年). 文章题目. 期刊名(斜体). 第几期，页码.
例如：
Smith, J. (2007). The role of technology in education. Journal of Educational Technology, 45(3), 56-67.
如果是月刊杂志中的文章，格式如下：
作者名.(年). 文章题目. 月刊杂志名(斜体). 第几期，页码.
例如：
Jones, L. (2008). The impact of social media on society. American Journal of Social Media, 5(6), .。

英文文献和中文翻译Probing the Relationship of Long-Range Order in Nanodomain

对利用三元添置中子衍射得到的纳米级FeCo合金远程有序关系的探究1.简介由于具有非常高的饱和磁化强度和居里温度，FeCo合金在工业上是一种重要的工程材料。

这些合金在软磁材料的应用中发挥了重要作用，例如发电机和电动机。

进一步应用的例子是变压器磁芯，磁驱动传动器，高场磁体的磁极以及电磁阀。

在工业的大部分应用当中，面临的挑战是在保持磁性能的同时，如何提高FeCo合金的拉伸强度和韧性。

曾经尝试过的方法有改变合金设计（比如加入一些镍，钒，铌，钽，铬，钼三元金属）、进行退火处理或是采用先进的变形处理。

然而，在现代应用中，要求有更好的力学、磁学性能。

近几年来，由于对现代发电机和配电设备需求的增加，科学家在FeCo合金方面的研究兴趣与日俱增。

特别是在极端环境下，对电气应用的要求非常严格。

另一方面，针对FeCo合金的结构和物理性能，尤其是针对它的纳米结构系统提出了有趣的问题。

得益于低钴FeCo合金（钴占到质量分数的17%到35%）的发展，在满足所需的磁性能的同时，合金的成本才得以降低。

此外，较低的Co含量能够提高合金的延展性和韧性。

合金的力学性能和温度所决定的晶体结构有直接的联系。

在高温时，Fe、Co两元素随机分布在体心立方晶格上（图1 A2型结构）。

Co的含量占到29%到70%，这种无序的结构在低温状态下是不稳定的。

当温度低于远程无序的临界温度Tc时，Fe、Co将会被分配到两个相互穿插的原始立方晶格当中，并形成一个有序的B2型结构。

图1 二元合金FeCo的相图。

所讨论的三元合金的区域示意图。

B2型结构的合金有一些典型的特点。

比如说，“反结构”和“三点”机制产生的点缺陷能够导致晶格空位。

无序的B2型结构合金表现出波浪滑移，而局部无序型合金表现出平面滑移。

有序—无序之间的转变影响了FeCo合金的力学性能，比如合金韧性的改变、更脆的无序相、有序相等。

另外，磁性影响了结构的稳定性，造就了FeCo合金的有序性。

比如，在富铁FeCo合金中，磁有序稳定了体心立方结构，也稳定了来源于铁磁性B2相的有序性。

翻译正文格式说明及实例

、翻译分项说明1.注释以脚注形式出现，每页单独编号，注释 1 先说明原文出处，格式按参考文献。

小五字号，其他同下要求。

如果原文也有脚注（尾注则保持位置不变），则译文在脚注前加上“译者注”三个字，原文脚注什么也不用加。

2.译文题目为英文的：采用3号字、Times New Roman字体、加黑、居中、与内容空1行；译文题目为汉语的：采用3号字、黑体、加黑、居中。

二级、三级标题分别采用四号字体，其他同正文题目。

3.译文为英文的：内容采用小4号Times NewRomar字体，1.5行距，首句空4 格。

4.译文为中文的：内容采用小4号宋体、首句空2格、 1.5行距。

5.目录中的摘要、关键词分别对应原文和译文摘要，关键词，如果原文没有摘要或关键词，译者需要根据原文内容自己写出相应的摘要和关键词，关键词是指翻译过程中重要或者频繁出现的词语，一般在6-10 个。

6.翻译作品有章节的，目录、正文中按相应顺序排序。

没有划分相应章节的，目录、正文中按：译文、参考文献（译者所用）、翻译问题研究报告、翻译心得、致谢排序。

翻译问题研究报告、翻译心得、致谢部分要求用英语完成，中间可以出现中文例证或者说明，如果是英译中，目录可以是中文，正文题目可以是英文，如致谢（目录中为中文，正文题目为英文Acknowledgements，主要是为了前后一致，更美观一些）。

7.翻译问题研究报告部分一般应包括：时间（time ），工作量（workload ），技巧原贝U( skill and prin ciple )，工具(dicti onary and tech no logy ) 等。

翻译心得部分一般应包括：收获(achieveme nt or progress )，发现(findings )，思考(reflections), 局限(limitation )，建议(suggestions )，未来努力方向(further research )，等。

英语参考文献格式(英文版)

者。
• 范例：
•
国立台湾师范大学学校体育与研究发展中心
（1998）。适应体育导論。台北市：教育部。
•
Australian Sports Medicine Federation.
(1986). The sports trainer: Care and
prevention of sporting injuries.
resources by psychology undergraduates.
Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5,
117-
123. Retrieved October 13, 2001,
from
/articles.html
3. 仅有电子网路版之期刊：有日期应注明日期与编号，网址资料必需有URL，并在投稿前测试网址之正确性。
育研究与发展中心。
•
Reaburn, P., & Coutts, A. (2000). The
joys of field research: The Simpson
Desert cycle challenge experience
[Abstract]. Book of Abstracts (p.
315). Brisbane, Australia: 2000 Pre-
名单。
二、一般书籍
• 格式：
•
作者（出版年）。书名。出版地：出版者。
•
作者 (出版年). 书名 (□□版.). 出版城市, 州别简
称: 出版者.
• 范例：
•
谢伸裕（1997）。基础运动生物化学。台北市：
力大。
•
Thomas, J. R., & Nelson, J. K. (2001).

英文文献翻译格式

英文文献翻译格式
英文文献翻译格式通常包括以下几个方面:
1. 文献信息：在翻译文献之前，首先要提供文献的基本信息，包括作者、标题、期刊/书名、出版日期等。

通常按照以下格式进行排列：
[作者姓氏]，[作者名字]. [文章标题]. [期刊/书名]. [出版日期].
2. 翻译译者：如果是自己翻译的文献，应该标明自己是译者。

可以在文献信息的末尾加上"Translated by: [译者姓名]"或者"Translation by: [译者姓名]"。

3. 段落翻译：在翻译文献的内容时，可以将原文按照段落进行翻译，并使用缩进或者空行进行分隔。

可以使用换行符或者段落符号表示新的段落。

4. 引用翻译：如果在翻译过程中需要引用原文的内容，可以使用引号标注，同时在引用的末尾注明原文的出处。

可以使用段落符号或者引用标记来引用内容。

5. 注释：如果在翻译过程中需要添加注释或者补充说明，可以使用括号或者脚注来表示。

注释应该直接放在被注释的内容后面，使用合适的标点符号进行分割。

6. 标题翻译：如果文献中包含标题或子标题，应该将其翻译成对应的中文。

可以将翻译后的标题用加粗、斜体、下划线等格
式进行标记，以便读者区分。

7. 插图翻译：如果文献中包含插图或者图片，通常需要对其进行翻译。

可以在插图下方或者旁边加上对应的中文说明，以方便读者理解。

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大学化学专业英语---英文文献示例

1大学化学专业英语---英文文献示例英文文献示例大学化学类专业，大三开始开专业英语课，本篇英语文献是在学术网下载的一篇示例文献，供学生练习翻译和初步接触正式阅读英文文献。

练习翻译和初步接触正式阅读英文文献。

——题记Chemical modiﬁcation of silica silica-gel -gel with diethylenetriamine via an end-group protection approach for adsorption to Hg(II)ABSTRACTFour kinds of silica-gel supported diethylenetriamine adsorbents with different structures, were preparedby so-called ‘heterogeneous heterogeneous-direct--direct--direct-amination’amination’’ (hetero (hetero--DA), ‘homogeneous homogeneous- - direct-amina direct-amination’’ tion’’ (homo (homo--DA), ‘‘heterogeneous end end--group protection’’ (hetero (hetero--EGP), and ‘‘homogeneous end-group pr protection’’ otection’’ (homo (homo-EGP) -EGP) methods, respectively. The obtained products were named SG-HE-dD, SG-HO-dD, SG-HE-pD and SG-HO-pD, respectively (where SG means silica-gel; HE means heterogeneous, HO means homogeneous, d means direct, p means protected and D means diethylenetriamine). Their structures were characterized by FT-IR, elemental analysis, porous structure analysis and thermogravimetric analysis. The adsorption capabilities of such adsorbents towards Hg(II) were studied and evaluatedby static method.SG-HE-pD and SG-HO-pD showed higher performance towards Hg(II) adsorption than corresponding counterparts SG-HE-dD and SG-HO-dD, even though the former two possessed lower contents of diethylenetriamine (DETA). The kinetics data indicated that the adsorption proce ss was governed by the ﬁlm diffusion and followed pseudo-pseudo-ﬁﬁrst-order rate model for SG-HE-dD,SG-HO-dD and SG-HE-pD and pseudo-second-order model for SG-HO-pD.The Langmuir model was applied to ﬁt the experimental equilibrium data for all adsorbents.The end-group protection method exhibited its advantage in preparation of effective adsorbent for metal ions uptake compared to the direct-amination method. Keywords:Chemical modiﬁcation of silica Chemical modiﬁcation of silica-gel -gel Diethylenetriamine End-group protection Adsorption Hg(II)1. IntroductionAs a result of heavy metal ion release from industrial wastewater, water pollution has become a serious problem. Waste streams contain solutions of metal ions, such as mercury, nickel,copper, lead, and so on. In particular, mercury compounds which are harmful to human health and aquatic life must be removed from sewage down to extremely low concentrations. Many literatures have discussed the removal of metal ions from aqueous solutions using approaches based upon adsorption, solvent extraction and polymeric membranes [1[1––4]. Recently, researches have reported the application of organic molecule-functionalized mesoporous silica-gel for the removal of metal ions from aqueous solution[5[5––7]. In this method, the organic molecule anchored on the surface of silica-gel relied on coordination bonding to the metals. Thus the approach featured advantages over those used in other methods because of its good selectivity for metal ions and free operation. Moreover, silica-gel was used as an matrix, not only due to the facility of immobilization process, but also to be relatively simple in comparison to organic polymers, with fastermetal ion-exchange kinetics, good swelling resistance in different solvents, and chemical stability [8]. It followed that a similar polyamine approach could be applied to metal ion-containing aqueous solutions via chelation on amine groups using silica-gel modiﬁed with polyamines [9polyamines [9––10].Anchoring an organic polyamine on the silica-gel surface via covalent bond is the most reliable method for preparing silica-gel-based adsorbents [11,12]. The direct heterogeneous synthesis and homogeneous synthesis have often been used for these purposes[13purposes[13––15].2. Experimental2.1. Materials and methodsSilica-gel obtained from Tenghai Chemical Institute, Qingdao,Shandong, China, with particle size in the range 6060––100 mesh was treated and activated as before [17]. The silylant agent 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTS, Qufu Wanda Chemicals Factory, China) and salicylaldehyde (Sal, Shanghai Chemical Factory, China) were used without further puriﬁcation; diethyle-netriamine (DETA) and toluene were distilled under reduced pressure just before use. Solvents used were of analytical reagent grade. Stock solutions of Hg(II) (0.1 mol dmÀ3) were prepared as follows: analytical reagent grade Hg(NO3)2ÁH2O was dissolving in 20 cm3 (0.5 mol dmÀ3) of HNO3 to avoid hydrolysis, then diluted to 1000 cm3. The buffer solution of pH 1.01.0––2.0 was adjusted to a desired value with HNO3/H2O and pH3.0HNO3/H2O and pH 3.0––6.0 was adjusted with sodium acetate/acetic acid solutions. 2.2. Preparation of SG-HE-dD, SG-HO-dD, SG-HE-pD and SG-HO-pDThe preparation of SG-HE-dD, SG-HO-dD, SG-HE-pD and SG-HO-pD (where SG means silica-gel; HE means heterogeneous, HO means homogeneous, d means direct, p means protected and D means diethylenetriamine) was according to the approach described in Ref. [21]. The typical procedures as follows.Hetero-DA method: 20.0 g of silica-gel reactivated with 20 cm3(92.0 mmol) of GPTS in toluene, under reﬂux of the solvent in dry nitrogen. After ﬁltering and washing, the solid (SG-G) was dried.Then SG-G (10.0 g) was reacted with DETA (26.1 cm3, 240.1 mmol) and the solid was ﬁltered, washed and dried, to obtain the product,SG-HE-dD.Homo-DA method: GPTS (10 cm3, 46.0 mmol) reacted with DETA(10 cm3, 92.0 mmol) in methanol (100 cm3). The mixture was reﬂuxed under a nitrogen atmosphere for 12 h and the solution was concentrated to approximately 60 cm3. The resulting compound GD reacted with 10.0 g of silica-gel suspended in 100suspended in 100 cm3 of dry toluene. The ﬁnal solidcm3 of dry toluene. The ﬁnal solid was ﬁltered, extracted and dried, to obtain the product, SG-HO-dD. Hetero-pD method: The Schiff base, diethylenetriamine bissalicylaldehyde (DETA-(DETA-bS),bS), was ﬁrst produced by the method described in the literature [22]. DETA-bS (30.0 g) reacted with 10.0 g of SG in methanol. After reﬂuxing, the solid was ﬁltered,extracted and dried, to obtain the compound, SG-HE-DS. The salicylaldehyde was liberated during hydrolysis and the product SG-HE-pD was obtained as reported [19]. The product SG-HE-DS(6.3 g) was stirred with 100 cm3 of HCl (6 mol dmÀ3) at 333 K for 24 h and salicylaldehyde was liberated as yellow oil during the hydrolysis. Yellow product SG-HE-pD in the hydrochloride form was ﬁltered off, washed with ethanol and dried under vacuum. The resulting product in the free amine form was obtained by stirring with distilled water by adding sodium hydroxide (pH 8.0hydroxide (pH 8.0––9.0) till pH of solution remained at 8.08.0––9.0 for 2 h. Then it was washed by distilled water until the washings were neutral.Homo-pD method: 24.0 g of DETA-bS reacted with 8 cm3(37.5 mmol) of GPTS in 100 cm3 of methanol. The mixture was reﬂuxed under dry nitrogen atmosphere and the solvent was evaporated subsequently. This condensed solution reacted with silica-silica-gel of 8.0 g in dry toluene. After reﬂuxing, the gel of 8.0 g in dry toluene. After reﬂuxing, the solid was ﬁltered, washed and dried to give the product named SG-HO-DS. The resulting product SG-HO-pD was obtained during hydrolysis as previously described [19].2.3. Effect of pH on adsorptionThe effect of pH on the adsorption of Hg(II) was studied by adding 50.0 mg of silica-gel adsorbents to 1 cm3 of 0.1 mol dmÀ3 Hg(II) and 19 cm3 of buffer solution at different pH values in 100 cm3 Erlenmeyer ﬂask. This mixture was mechanically shaken for 24 h at 303 K to attain equilibrium. Then a certain volume of the solutions was separated from the adsorbents and the residual concentration of Hg(II) was detected by means of AAS. The adsorption amount was calculated according to the equation.q=(C0-C)V/Wq, the adsorption amount (mmol gÀ1), C0 and C, the initial and the ﬁnal concentrations of metal ions in solution, respectively(mmol cmÀ3), V, the volume (cm3), W, the weight of SG-HE-dD, SG -HO-dD,SG-HE-pD and SG-HE-pD (g).2.4. Adsorption kineticsAdsorption kinetics were performed by mixing a 30 mg of silica-gel adsorbents with 20 cm3 of Hg(II)(5.0 Â 10À3 mol dmÀ3,pH 4.0) solution in a 100 cm3 Erlenmeyer ﬂask at 293 K. One milliliter of the solution was taken at different time intervals,where the residual concentration of Hg(II) was determined via AAS.2.5. Adsorption isothermsComplete adsorption isotherms were obtained by soaking 30 mg of dry adsorbents in a series of ﬂasks containing 20 cm3 of different initial metal ion concentrations varying from 0.625 to 10 mmol dmÀ3 for 3 h. The initial pH was adjusted to 4.0 for Hg(II) while keeping the temperature at 293 K. Later onthe residual concentration was determined where the Hg(II) uptake was estimated.3. Results and discussion3.1. PreparationA direct reaction of the synthesized silylant agent with activated silica-gel in non-aqueous solvent yields the immobilized compound. When the objective was to expand the organic chain, in order to include a series of desirable functions, two main routes are followed: (i) heterogeneousroutes are followed: (i) heterogeneous——the previous anchored silica-gel reacts to another molecule or (ii) homogeneoushomogeneous—the—the silylant agent is ﬁrstly prepared before immobilizing [14]. In present paper,we reported the similar incorporation of DETA through heterogeneous and homogeneous methods and chose GPTS as coupling agent to link silica-gel and functional molecular DETA. The procedures were represented in Scheme 1(A, B). A uniform distribution of ligands on the surface of silica-gel prepared by nhomogeneous route was considered better than by the heterogeneous route [13]. However, homogeneous route still cannot avoid intra- and inter-strand bridging reactions due to N-alkylation at the primary amine groups and secondary amine in DETA [16]. These cross-linking reactions should decrease the amount of immobilized ligand (DETA). Moreover, complicated cross-linkings should bring about steric restrictions on the formation of metal chelate.In attempting to eliminate undesirable cross-linkings and increase the adsorption capacity, we protected the primary amine groups of the DETA by Schiff base formation prior to immobilization, and then the original amine could be regenerated by acid hydrolysis. The objectives, SG-HE-pD and SG-HO-pD, were presumed to have a structure as depicted in Scheme 1, in which GPTS had the unique chance to react with the secondary amine of DETA.4. ConclusionThe following conclusions can be deduced from t he above results:(1) FT-(1) FT-IR and elemental analysis conﬁrmed the four IR and elemental analysis conﬁrmed the four kinds of efﬁcient modiﬁcation of diethylenetriamine bridged by 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane on silica-gel.(2) The BET surface area, BJH desorption average pore diameter and BJH desorption cumulative volume of pores of silica-gel decreased after functionalization. On condition that the N content was low for SG-HE-pD and SG-HO-pD, their values of BET surface area, BJH desorption average pore diameter and BJH desorption cumulative volume of pores were respectively larger than those for SG-HE-dD and SG-HO-dD for the larger pores were stuffed because of the serious cross-linking during the direct-amination reaction and the hydrogen bonding interactions between basic amino groups and residual silanols.(3) Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the adsorbents prepared by heterogeneous reaction had higher stability(almost 673 K) although a low adsorption capacity. And those four kinds of adsorbents can be applied in the case of no more than 523 K.(4) The maximum adsorption capacity was observed on SG-HO-pD, although a lower N content than SG-HO-dD was observed.The maximum adsorption of all adsorbent occurred at pH 4.0 for Hg(II). An adsorption kinetics study indicated that pseudo-pseudo-ﬁﬁrst-order rate model provided an excellent ﬁtting of SG-HE-dD, SG-HO-dD and SG-HE-pD and pseudo-second-order model provides an excellent ﬁtting of SG-HO-pD. The isotherm adsorption data of Hg(II) on all adsorbents was well ﬁtted by the Langmuir isotherm model. References[1] E. Guibal, Interactions of metal ions with chitosan-based sorbents: a review, Sep. Purif. Technol. 38 (2004) 43Technol. 38 (2004) 43––74.[2] J.P. Ruparelia, S.P. Duttagupta, A.K. Chatterjee, S. Mukherji, Potential of carbon nanomaterials for removal of heavy metals from water, Desalination 232 (2008)145232 (2008)145––156.[3] H. Deligoz, Emin Erdem, Comparative studies on the solvent extraction of transition metal cations bycalixarene, phenol and ester derivatives, J. Hazard. Mater.154 (2008) 29Mater.154 (2008) 29––32.[4] A. Vijayalakshmi, D.L. Arockiasamy, A. Nagendran, D. Mohan, Separationof proteins and toxic heavy metal ions from aqueous solution by CA/PC blend ultraﬁltration membranes, Sep. Purif. Technol. 62 (2008) 32Technol. 62 (2008) 32––38.[5] Y . Shiraishi, G . Nishimura, T. Hirai, I. Komasawa, Separation of transition metals using inorganic adsorbents modiﬁed with chelating ligands, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.41 (2002) 5065Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.41 (2002) 5065––5070.[6] B.J. Gao, F.Q. An, K.K. Liu, Studies on chelating adsorption properties of novel composite material polyethyleneimine/silica gel for heavy-metal ions, Appl. Surf. Sci. 253 (2006) 1946ions, Appl. Surf. Sci. 253 (2006) 1946––1952.[7] R.K. Dey, C. Airoldi, Designed pendant chain covalently bonded to silica gel for cation removal, J. Hazard. Mater. 156 (2008) 95removal, J. Hazard. Mater. 156 (2008) 95––101.[8] P .K. Jal, S. Patel, B.K. Mishra, Chemical modiﬁcation of silica sur surface face by immobilization of functional groups for extractive concentration of metal ions, Talanta 62 (2004) 1005–1028.[9] J. Kramer, W.L. Driessen, K.R. Koch, J. Reedijk, Highly selective and efﬁcient recovery of Pd, Pt, and Rh from precious metal-containing industrial efﬂuentswith silica silica-based -based (poly)amine ion exchangers, Sep. Sci. Technol. 39 (2004) 63–75.[10] L. Bois, A. Bonhomme, A. Ribes, B. Pais, G . Rafﬁn, F . Tessier, Functionalized silica for heavy metal ions adsorption, Colloids Surf. A 221 (2003) 221221––230.[11] E.M. Soliman, M.E. Mahmoud, S.A. Ahmed, Synthesis, characterization and struc ture effects on selectivity properties of silica gel covalently bonded diethylene- triamine mono- and bis-bis-salicylaldehyde salicylaldehyde and naphthaldehyde Schiff’s bases towards some heavy metal ions, Talanta 54 (2001) 24354 (2001) 243––253.[12] J.A.A. Sales, C. Airoldi, Epoxide silylant agent ethylenediamine reaction product anchored on silica gel gel––thermodynamics of cation thermodynamics of cation––nitrogen interaction at solid/liquid interface, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 330 (2003) 142142––149.[13] J.A.A. Sales, A.G A.G.S. .S. Prado, C. Airoldi, The incorporation of propane-1,3-diamine into silylant epoxide group through homogeneous and heterogeneous routes, Polyhedron 21 (2002)26472647––2651. [14] A.G A.G.S. .S. Prado, L.N.H. Arakaki, C. Airoldi, Adsorption and separation of cations on silica gel chemically modiﬁed by homogeneous and heterogeneous routes with the ethylenimine anchored on thiol modiﬁed silica gel, Green Chem. 4 (2002) 4242––46.[15] D. Perez-Quintanilla, I. del Hierro, M. Fajardo, I. Sierra, Mesoporous silica functionalized with 2-mercaptopyridine: Synthesis, characterization and employment for Hg(II) adsorption, Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 89 (2006) 58Mesoporous Mater. 89 (2006) 58––68.[16] R.J. Qu, Y .Z. Niu, C.M. Sun, C.N. Ji, C.H.Wang, G.X. Cheng, Syntheses,characterization, a nd adsorption properties for metal ions of silica-g el functionalized by ester- andamino-terminated dendrimer-like polyamidoamine polymer, Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 97 (2006) 5858––65. [17] Y [17] Y. Zhang, R.J. Qu, C.M. Sun, B.H. Qu, X.Y . Zhang, R.J. Qu, C.M. Sun, B.H. Qu, X.Y . Zhang, R.J. Qu, C.M. Sun, B.H. Qu, X.Y. Sun, . Sun, C.N. Ji, End-group protection as a novel strategy to prepare silica-gel supported diethylenetriamine with high adsorption capacities for metal ions, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, in press.[22] B.W.M. Coleman, L.T. Taylor, Pentadentate ligands. I. Nickel(II) complexes of the linear Schiff base ligands derived from substituted salicylaldehydes and diethylenetriamine and 2,20 -bis(aminopropyl)amine, Inorg. Chem.10(1971) 21952195––2199.小结：读英语文献，想要读准、读快，没有投机取巧的捷径，只有不懈的积累，才能正真厚积薄发。

翻译正文格式说明及实例

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小五字号，其他同下要求。

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英文文献小短文(原文加汉语翻译)

A fern that hyperaccumulates arsenic(这是题目，百度一下就能找到原文好，原文还有表格，我没有翻译)A hardy, versatile, fast-growing plant helps to remove arsenic from contaminated soilsContamination of soils with arsenic,which is both toxic and carcinogenic, is widespread1. We have discovered that the fern Pteris vittata (brake fern) is extremely efficient in extracting arsenic from soils and translocating it into its above-ground biomass. This plant —which, to our knowledge, is the first known arsenic hyperaccumulator as well as the first fern found to function as a hyperaccumulator— has many attributes that recommend it for use in the remediation of arsenic-contaminated soils.We found brake fern growing on a site in Central Florida contaminated with chromated copper arsenate (Fig. 1a). We analysed the fronds of plants growing at the site for total arsenic by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy. Of 14 plant species studied, only brake fern contained large amounts of arsenic (As;3,280–4,980 We collected additional samples of the plant and soil from the contaminated site –1,603 As) and from an uncontaminated site –As). Brake fern extracted arsenic efficiently from these soils into its fronds: plantsgrowing in the contaminated site contained 1,442–7,526 Arsenic and those from the uncontaminated site contained –These values are much higher than those typical for plants growing in normal soil, which contain less than of arsenic3.As well as being tolerant of soils containing as much as 1,500 arsenic, brake fern can take up large amounts of arsenic into its fronds in a short time (Table 1). Arsenic concentration in fern fronds growing in soil spiked with 1,500 Arsenic increased from to 15,861 in two weeks. Furthermore, in the same period, ferns growing in soil containing just 6 arsenic accumulated 755 Of arsenic in their fronds, a 126-fold enrichment. Arsenic concentrations in brake fernroots were less than 303 whereas those in the fronds reached 7,234 of 100 Arsenic significantly stimulated fern growth, resulting in a 40% increase in biomass compared with the control (data not shown).After 20 weeks of growth, the plant was extracted using a solution of 1:1 methanol:water to speciate arsenic with high-performance liquid chromatography–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Almost all arsenic was present as relatively toxic inorganic forms, with little detectable organoarsenic species4. The concentration of As(III) was greater in the fronds (47–80%) than in the roots %), indicating that As(V)was converted to As(III) during translocation from roots to fronds.As well as removing arsenic from soils containing different concentrations of arsenic (Table 1), brake fern also removed arsenic from soils containing different arsenic species (Fig. 1c). Again, up to 93% of the arsenic was concentrated in the fronds. Although both FeAsO4 and AlAsO4 are relatively insoluble in soils1, brake fern hyperaccumulated arsenic derived from these compounds into its fronds (136–315 levels 3–6 times greater than soil arsenic.Brake fern is mesophytic and is widely cultivated and naturalized in many areas with a mild climate. In the United States, it grows in the southeast and in southern California5. The fern is versatile and hardy, and prefers sunny (unusual for a fern) and alkaline environments (where arsenic is more available). It has considerable biomass, and is fast growing, easy to propagate,and perennial.We believe this is the first report of significant arsenic hyperaccumulation by an unmanipulated plant. Brake fern has great potential to remediate arsenic-contaminated soils cheaply and could also aid studies of arsenic uptake, translocation, speciation, distribution anddetoxification in plants.*Soil and Water Science Department, University ofFlorida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0290, USAe-mail†Cooperative Extension Service, University ofGeorgia, Terrell County, PO Box 271, Dawson,Georgia 31742, USA‡Department of Chemistry & SoutheastEnvironmental Research Center, FloridaInternational University, Miami, Florida 33199,1. Nriagu, J. O. (ed.) Arsenic in the Environment Part 1: Cycling and Characterization (Wiley, New York, 1994).2. Brooks, R. R. (ed.) Plants that Hyperaccumulate Heavy Metals (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998).3. Kabata-Pendias, A. & Pendias, H. in Trace Elements in Soils and Plants 203–209 (CRC, Boca Raton, 1991).4. Koch, I., Wang, L., Ollson, C. A., Cullen, W. R. & Reimer, K. J. Envir. Sci. Technol. 34, 22–26 (2000).5. Jones, D. L. Encyclopaedia of Ferns (Lothian, Melbourne, 1987).积累砷的蕨类植物耐寒，多功能，生长快速的植物，有助于从污染土壤去除砷有毒和致癌的土壤砷污染是非常广泛的。

英文文献小短文(原文加汉语翻译)

A fern that hyperaccumulates arsenic(这是题目，百度一下就能找到原文好，原文还有表格，我没有翻译)A hardy, versatile, fast-growing plant helps to remove arsenic from contaminated soilsContamination of soils with arsenic,which is both toxic and carcinogenic, is widespread1. We have discovered that the fern Pteris vittata (brake fern) is extremely efficient in extracting arsenic from soils and translocating it into its above-ground biomass. This plant —which, to our knowledge, is the first known arsenic hyperaccumulator as well as the first fern found to function as a hyperaccumulator— has many attributes that recommend it for use in the remediation of arsenic-contaminated soils.We found brake fern growing on a site in Central Florida contaminated with chromated copper arsenate (Fig. 1a). We analysed the fronds of plants growing at the site for total arsenic by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy. Of 14 plant species studied, only brake fern contained large amounts of arsenic (As;3,280–4,980 p.p.m.). We collected additional samples of the plant and soil from the contaminated site (18.8–1,603 p.p.m. As) and from an uncontaminated site (0.47–7.56 p.p.m. As). Brake fern extracted arsenic efficiently from these soils into its fronds: plants growing in the contaminated site contained 1,442–7,526p.p.m. Arsenic and those from the uncontaminated site contained 11.8–64.0 p.p.m. These values are much higher than those typical for plants growing in normal soil, which contain less than 3.6 p.p.m. of arsenic3.As well as being tolerant of soils containing as much as 1,500 p.p.m. arsenic, brake fern can take up large amounts of arsenic into its fronds in a short time (Table 1). Arsenic concentration in fern fronds growing in soil spiked with 1,500 p.p.m. Arsenic increased from 29.4 to 15,861 p.p.m. in two weeks. Furthermore, in the same period, ferns growing in soil containing just 6 p.p.m. arsenic accumulated 755 p.p.m. Of arsenic in their fronds, a 126-fold enrichment. Arsenic concentrations in brake fern roots were less than 303 p.p.m., whereas those in the fronds reached 7,234 p.p.m.Addition of 100 p.p.m. Arsenic significantly stimulated fern growth, resulting in a 40% increase in biomass compared with the control (data not shown).After 20 weeks of growth, the plant was extracted using a solution of 1:1 methanol:water to speciate arsenic with high-performance liquid chromatography–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Almostall arsenic was present as relatively toxic inorganic forms, with little detectable organoarsenic species4. The concentration of As(III) was greater in the fronds (47–80%) than in the roots (8.3%), indicating that As(V) was converted to As(III) during translocation from roots to fronds.As well as removing arsenic from soils containing different concentrations of arsenic (Table 1), brake fern also removed arsenic from soils containing different arsenic species (Fig. 1c). Again, up to 93% of the arsenic was concentrated in the fronds. Although both FeAsO4 and AlAsO4 are relatively insoluble in soils1, brake fern hyperaccumulated arsenic derived from these compounds into its fronds (136–315 p.p.m.)at levels 3–6 times greater than soil arsenic.Brake fern is mesophytic and is widely cultivated and naturalized in many areas with a mild climate. In the United States, it grows in the southeast and in southern California5. The fern is versatile and hardy, and prefers sunny (unusual for a fern) and alkaline environments (where arsenic is more available). It has considerable biomass, and is fast growing, easy to propagate,and perennial.We believe this is the first report of significant arsenic hyperaccumulationby an unmanipulated plant. Brake fern has great potential to remediate arsenic-contaminated soils cheaply and could also aid studies of arsenic uptake, translocation, speciation, distribution and detoxification in plants. *Soil and Water Science Department, University ofFlorida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0290, USAe-mail: lqma@†Cooperative Extension Service, University ofGeorgia, Terrell County, PO Box 271, Dawson,Georgia 31742, USA‡Department of Chemistry & SoutheastEnvironmental Research Center, FloridaInternational University, Miami, Florida 33199,1. Nriagu, J. O. (ed.) Arsenic in the Environment Part 1: Cyclingand Characterization (Wiley, New York, 1994).2. Brooks, R. R. (ed.) Plants that Hyperaccumulate Heavy Metals (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998).3. Kabata-Pendias, A. & Pendias, H. in Trace Elements in Soils and Plants 203–209 (CRC, Boca Raton, 1991).4. Koch, I., Wang, L., Ollson, C. A., Cullen, W. R. & Reimer, K. J. Envir. Sci. Technol. 34, 22–26 (2000).5. Jones, D. L. Encyclopaedia of Ferns (Lothian, Melbourne, 1987).积累砷的蕨类植物耐寒，多功能，生长快速的植物，有助于从污染土壤去除砷有毒和致癌的土壤砷污染是非常广泛的。

3000字英文参考文献及其翻译范例

3000字英文参考文献及其翻译【注意：选用的英文一定要与自己的论文题目相关。

如果文章太长，可以节选（用省略号省略一些段略）。

如果字数不够，可以选2至3篇，但要逐一注明详细出处。

英文集中在一起放前面，对应的中文翻译放后面。

中文翻译也要将出处翻译，除非是网页。

对文献的翻译一定要认真！对英文文献及其翻译的排版也要和论文正文一样！特别注意：英文文献应该放在你的参考文献中。

】TOY RECALLS——IS CHINA THE PROBLEM？Hari. Bapuji Paul W. BeamishChina exports about 20 billion toys per year and they are the second most commonly imported item by U.S. and Canada. It is estimated that about 10,000 factories in China manufacture toys for export. Considering this mutual dependence, it is important that the problems resulting in recalls are addressed carefully.Although the largest portion of recalls by Mattel involved design flaws, the CEO of Mattel blamed the Chinese manufacturers by saying that the problem resulted ‘in this case （because）one of our manufacturers did not follow the rules’. Several analysts too blamed the Chinese manufacturers. By placing blame where it did not belong, thereis a danger of losing the opportunity to learn from the errors that have occurred. The first step to learn from errors is to know why and where the error occurred. Further, the most critical step in preventing the recurrence of errors is to find out what and who can prevent it.……From:/loadpage.aspx?Page=ShowDoc&Category Alias=zonghe/ggmflm_zh&BlockAlias=sjhwsd&filename=/doc/sjhwsd/2 00709281954.xml, Sep. 2007玩具召回——是中国的问题吗？哈里·巴普基保罗·比密什中国每年大约出口20亿美元的玩具，最常见是从美国和加拿大进口项目。

3-电气工程及其自动化专业外文文献英文文献外文翻译

3-电气工程及其自动化专业外文文献英文文献外文翻译1、外文原文(复印件)A: Fundamentals of Single-chip MicrocomputerThe single-chip microcomputer is the culmination of both the development of the digital computer and the integrated circuit arguably the tow most significant inventions of the 20th century [1].These tow types of architecture are found in single-chip microcomputer. Some employ the split program/data memory of the Harvard architecture, shown in Fig.3-5A-1, others follow the philosophy, widely adapted for general-purpose computers and microprocessors, of making no logical distinction between program and data memory as in the Princeton architecture, shown in Fig.3-5A-2.In general terms a single-chip microcomputer is characterized by the incorporation of all the units of a computer into a single device, as shown in Fig3-5A-3.ProgramInput& memoryOutputCPU unitDatamemoryFig.3-5A-1 A Harvard typeInput&Output CPU memoryunitFig.3-5A-2. A conventional Princeton computerExternal Timer/ System Timing Counter clock componentsSerial I/OReset ROMPrarallelI/OInterrupts RAMCPUPowerFig3-5A-3. Principal features of a microcomputerRead only memory (ROM).ROM is usually for the permanent,non-volatile storage of an applications program .Many microcomputers and microcontrollers are intended for high-volume applications and hence the economical manufacture of the devices requires that the contents of the program memory be committed permanently during the manufacture of chips . Clearly, this implies a rigorous approach to ROM code development since changes cannot be made after manufacture .This development process may involve emulation using a sophisticated development system with a hardware emulation capability as well as the use of powerful software tools.Some manufacturers provide additional ROM options by including in their range devices with (or intended for use with) user programmablememory. The simplest of these is usually device which can operate in a microprocessor mode by using some of the input/output lines as an address and data bus for accessing external memory. This type of device can behave functionally as the single chip microcomputer from which itis derived albeit with restricted I/O and a modified external circuit. The use of these ROMlessdevices is common even in production circuits where the volume does not justify the development costs of custom on-chip ROM[2];there canstill be a significant saving in I/O and other chips compared to a conventional microprocessor based circuit. More exact replacement for ROM devices can be obtained in the form of variants with 'piggy-back' EPROM(Erasable programmable ROM )sockets or devices with EPROM instead of ROM 。

英文论文参考文献示例

英⽂论⽂参考⽂献⽰例英⽂论⽂参考⽂献⽰例⽆论在学习或是⼯作中，⼤家肯定对论⽂都不陌⽣吧，通过论⽂写作可以提⾼我们综合运⽤所学知识的能⼒。

你写论⽂时总是⽆从下笔？以下是⼩编收集整理的英⽂论⽂参考⽂献⽰例，供⼤家参考借鉴，希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。

英语论⽂参考⽂献格式范本⽤Times New Roman。

每⼀条⽬顶格,如某⼀条⽬超过⼀⾏，从第⼆⾏起“悬挂缩进”2字符。

参考⽂献中所有标点与符号均在英⽂状态下输⼊，标点符号后空⼀格。

参考⽂献条⽬排列顺序：英⽂⽂献、中⽂⽂献、⽹络⽂献。

分别按作者姓⽒字母顺序排列。

⽂献前不⽤序号。

1)英⽂参考⽂献 (1)专著与编著排列顺序为：作者姓、名、专著名、出版地、出版社、出版年。

例如： Brinkley, Alan. The Unfinished Nation. New York: Knopf, 1993. 专著名中如果还包含其他著作或作品名，后者⽤斜体。

例如： Dunn, Richard J ed. Charlotte Bront: Jane Eyre. New York: Norton, 1971. A.两个⾄三个作者第⼀作者的姓在前，名在后，中间⽤逗号隔开;其余作者名在前，姓在后，中间⽆逗号;每个作者之间⽤逗号隔开，最后⼀个作者的姓名前⽤“and”，后⽤句号。

例如： Rowe, Richard, and Larry Jeffus. The Essential Welder: Gas Metal Arc Welding Classroom Manual. Albany: Delmar, 2000. B. 三个以上作者第⼀作者姓名(姓在前，名在后，中间加逗号)后接“et al.”，其他作者姓名省略。

例如： Randall, John et al. Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997. C. 同⼀作者同⼀年出版的不同⽂献，参照下例： Widdowson, Henry G. EIL: Squaring the Circles. A Reply. London: Lomgman, 1998a. Widdowson, Henry G. Communication and Community. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998b. (2)论⽂集参照下例： Thompson, Pett. “Modal Verbs in Academic Writing”. In Ben Kettlemann & Marko, Henry ed. Teaching and Learning by Doing Corpus Analysis. New York: Rodopi, 2002: 305-323. (3)百科全书等参考⽂献参照下例： Fagan, Jeffrey. “Gangs and Drugs”. Encyclopedia of Drugs, Alcohol and Addictive Behavior. New York: Macmillan, 2001. (4)学术期刊论⽂参照下例： Murphy, Karen. “Meaningful Connections: Using Technology in Primary Classrooms”. Young Children. 2003, (6): 12-18. (5)⽹络⽂献参照下例：/yingyulunwengeshi/2012/0322/1110279616.html ----“Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About URL” . 2)中⽂参考⽂献 (1)专著参照下例：⽪亚杰.结构主义[M].北京：商务印书馆，1984. (2)期刊⽂章参照下例：杨忠，张韶杰.认知语⾳学中的类典型论[J].外语教学与研究，1999，(2)：1-3. (3)学位论⽂参照下例：梁佳.⼤学英语四、六级测试试题现状的理论分析与问题研究[D].湖南⼤学，2002. (4)论⽂集参照下例：许⼩纯.含义和话语结构[A].李红儒.外国语⾔与⽂学研究[C].哈尔滨：⿊龙江⼈民出版社，1999：5-7. (5)附录本翻译学论⽂参考⽂献范例参考⽂献：奥马利第⼆语⾔习得的学习策略上海：上海外语出版社，2001 陈保亚 20 世纪中国语⾔学⽅法论济南：⼭东教育出版社，1999 丁⾔仁英语语⾔学纲要上海：上海外语出版社，2001 费尔迪南德索绪尔普通语⾔学教程长沙：湖南教育出版社，2001 冯翠华英语修辞⼤全北京：商务印书馆，1996 桂诗春，宁春⾔主编语⾔学⽅法论北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1998 桂诗春应⽤语⾔学长沙：湖南教育出版社，1998 何兆熊新编语⽤学概要上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000 何⾃然语⽤学与英语学习上海：上海外语教育出版社，1997 侯维瑞英语语体上海：上海外语教育出版社，1988 胡壮麟语⾔学教程(修订版)北京：北京⼤学出版社，2001 黄国⽂语篇与语⾔的功能北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002 黄国⽂语篇分析概要长沙：湖南教育出版社，1988 李延富主编英语语⾔学基本读本济南：⼭东⼤学出版社，1999 李运兴语篇翻译引论北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2000 刘润清西⽅语⾔学流派北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1999 刘润清等现代语⾔学名著选读(上下册)北京：测绘出版社，1988 刘润清等语⾔学⼊门北京：⼈民教育出版社，1990 陆国强现代英语词汇学(新版)上海：上海外语教育出版社，1999 拓展内容：书写格式 1.参考⽂献标注的位置 2. 参考⽂献标标注⽅法和规则 3. 参考⽂献标标注的格式 2007年8⽉20⽇在清华⼤学召开的“综合性⼈⽂社会科学学术期刊编排规范研讨会”决定，2008年起开始部分刊物开始执⾏新的规范“综合性期刊⽂献引证技术规范”。

3给水排水外文翻译外文文献英文文献

3给水排水外文翻译外文文献英文文献Relations between triazine flux, catchment topography and distancebetween maize fields and the drainage network F. Colina,*, C. Puecha, G. de Marsilyb,1aUMR “Syste`mes et Structures Spattiaux”, Cemagref-ENGREF 500, rue J.F. Breton 34093, Montpellier Cedex 05, FrancebUMR “Structure et Fonctionement des Syste`mes Hydriques Continentaux”, Universite´ P. et M. Curie 4, Pl. Jussieu 75252, Paris Cedex 05, FranceReceived 5 October 1999; revised 27 April 2000; accepted 19 June 2000AbstractThis paper puts forward a methodology permitting the identification of farming plots contributing to the pollution of surface water in order to define the zones most at risk from pesticide pollution. We worked at the scale of the small agricultural catchment (0.2–7.5 km2) as it represents the appropriate level oforganisation for agricultural land. The hypothesis tested was: the farther a field undergoing a pesticide treatment is from a channel network, the lower its impact on pollution at the catchment outlet.The study area, the Sousson catchment (120 km2, Gers, France), has a “herring bone” structure: 50 independent tributaries supply the main drain. Pesticide sales show that atrazine is the most frequently used compound although it is only used for treating maize plots and that its application rate is constant. In two winter inter-storm measurement exercises, triazine flux values were collected at about 30 independent sub-basin outlets.The contributory areas are defined, with the aid of a GIS, as different strips around the channel network. The correlation between plots under maize in contributory zones and triazine flux at related sub-basin outlets is studied by using non-parametric and linear correlation coefficients. Finally, the most pertinentcontributory zone is associated with the best correlation level.A catchment typology, based on a slope criterion, allows us to conclude that in steep slope catchments, the contributory area is best defined as a 50 m wide strip around the channel network. In flat zones, the agricultural drainage network is particularly well developed: artificial drains extend the channel network extracted from the 1/25.000 scale topographic map, and the total surface area of the catchment must be taken to account. q 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.Keywords: Pesticide catchment; GIS artificial network1. IntroductionThe use of pesticides in western agriculture dates back to the middle of the 19th century (Fournier,1988). Since then, because of their intensive use,yields have increased and the demand for agricultural products has been satisfied. However, the pollution created by theiruse threatens both drinking water resources and the integrity of ecosystems. Therefore, there is a great demand for the reduction of pollution.The remedies lie in changes in the way that agricultural land is managed. The problem of agricultural Journal non-point source pollution by pesticides must be taken from the field, the level of action, to the catchment,the level of control of the water resource.Between these two spatial scales, different levels of organisation can be found. Fields, groups of fields,basins and main catchment, can be viewed together as nested systems (Burel et al., 1992). For each scale level, the main processes governing water movement and soluble pollutant transport are different, as are the variables characterising the system (Lebel, 1990):flow in macropores at local scale, preferential flowpaths at the hillslope scale, flows in connection withthe repartition of different soils at the catchment scale,geology influence at the regional scale(Blo¨sch and Sivapalan, 1995).At the field level, an experimental approach can be used and the relative weight of each variable can be experimentally tested (Scheunert, 1996; Bengtson et al., 1990). The major factors that concern agricultural practices have been identified and many agricultural management indicators have been developed (Bockstaller et al., 1997). Nevertheless, this approach cannot be applied at the catchment scale for several reasons: the need to measure the pollution and the environmental factors simultaneously, multiple measurement difficulties, the complexity of analysis. The variability of observations has temporal and spatial components. Rain induces pesticide leaching and therefore causes temporary high pesticide concentrations in the water; the closer the pesticide spreading date in thefield is to the measurement, the greater the concentration levels (Seux et al., 1984; Reme,1992; Laroche and Gallichand, 1995). The extensive use of Geographical Information System (GIS) has made it possible to analyse the impact on the pollution of the spatial characteristics of agricultural zones (Battaglin and Goolsby, 1996). But so far, the results of these experimentshave only led to an approximate estimate of the risks (Tim and Jolly, 1994).In order to progress in the search for ways to reduce pesticide pollution, it would be worthwhile to improve our assessment of how spatial structure and organisation affects the levels of pollutants measured.This paper presents the results of a study that concerns a particular aspect of the influence of spatial organisation on pesticide transfer: the effects of the distance between the cropland and the channel network. The longer the distance between a cultivated field and a river, the greater the retention and degradation processes (Leonard, 1990; Belamie et al.,1997). One mighttherefore imagine that the greater the distance, the lower the pollution level. However,few studies have given a numerical value to the critical distance at which a field does not influence river pollution significantly. Usually, when dealing with risk zone definition, experts establish an arbitrary distance (Bouchardy, 1992). Our main goal is to determine through spatial analysis the critical distance from a hydrographic network. The zones most at risk from pesticides, including the plots, which contribute most of the pollution, can then be determined.The study area, the Sousson catchment (Gers,France) has certain physical characteristics, which allows sampling of most of the independent subbasins, defined here as agricultural production zones. Its particular morphology made the comparative study of the production zones possible. The method involves a statistical comparison between pollution measurements and spatial characteristics of thecatchments. In order to establish the boundaries ofthe contributing areas, the pollution flux measured at the production zone outlet is compared to the landcover, estimated within strips of variable width around the channel network. Results are shown and discussed from a mainly practical viewpoint.2. The study area and collected data2.1. Study area descriptionThe study area is the Sousson catchment, in southwestern France (Gers). The Sousson River is a tributary of the river Gers. The catchment area is 120 km2. The 32 km long hydrographic network has a ‘herringbone’pattern: 53 sub-basins with fairly homogeneous surfaces areas ranging from 0.2 to 7.5 km2 serve the central drain (Fig. 1).The wide, gently sloping and heavily cultivated left bank, differs from the right bank, which is narrow, steep and mainly made up offorest and pastureland.The Sousson catchment area is exclusively agricultural.There is no industry or settlement of more than 200 inhabitants. The two main crops cultivated aremaize and winter wheat (17 and 15% of the catchment surface area, respectively). The maize fields are usually situated, on the left bank, in the upstream middle of the catchment area, and along the main river.There are two types of soil: a calcareous soil, which is quite permeable, and a non-calcareous soil called locally ‘boulbenes’ with an top limoneous layer and a lower silty layer. In order to avoid the stagnation of water in the upper layer caused by the silty impermeable layer, the fields on boulbene soil are artificially drained. Maize is cultivated for preference on thistype of soil.No significant aquifer has been found in the catchment, as the substratum is rather impervious (clays).2.2. Collected data2.2.1. Spatial dataA GIS was developed for the area, which contains the following information layers:²the hydrographic network and the catchment boundaries digitized from 1/25.000 scale topographic map;² a gridded Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the zone providing landsurface slopes generated from DEM with a resolution of 75 m;²the boundaries of cultivated fields digitized from aerial photos at scale of 1/15.000;²landcover for both 1995 and 1996 was defined in detail in the study area. For 1997, landcover was identified by remote sensing. Knowledge of agricultural antecedents enhanced the classification of a SPOT (Satellite Pour l0Observation de la Terre) image. As a result, the maize areas for the entire Sousson catchment were determined for 1995, 1996 and 1997 (Fig. 2).GIS functions are capable of determining the landcover of each catchment by intersecting the two information layers “landcover” and “catchment boundaries”, or defining a zone of constant width around the hydrographic network, which is called the buffer zone.In order to evaluate the pesticide application rate, figures for local pesticide sales were collected. Atrazine, alachlor and glyphosate are the most commonly used compounds, atrazine far outstrips the others triazines as the most frequently used product (ten times less simazine is sold). In this region, atrazine is only used in maize cultivation. The application rate (mass of atrazine sold/maize surface area) does not vary from one municipality to another.To simplify the investigations, we chose to study the atrazine spread on maize plots in May. We assume that all the maize plots are treated with atrazine and that the application rate is uniform.2.2.2. Water pollution dataTwo series of measurements were made during the winter period: 23 sub-basins were sampled on December 3rd and 4th 1997, and 26 sub-basins were sampled March 17th to 19th 1998. Hence, the atrazine treatments were carried out 7 or 10 months before and the maize harvest was 1 and 4 months before the measurements were taken.To obtain stable hydrological conditions, the chosen measurement dates coincided with decreasing flow as shown in Fig. 3. The same operator collected the quality samples and gauged the river flow in order to limit measurement errors.The triazine concentration was measured with an ELISA water test (Transia Plate PE 0737). This measurement technique is less accurate than the classical chromatography technique, but it permits a faster analysis of a large number of samples (Rauzy and Danjou, 1992; Lentza-Rios, 1996). As atrazine is the mostwidely commercialised triazine product in this region, we will consider that observed triazine concentrations are representative of atrazine concentrations.December 1997 values, and March 1998 values were grouped together in order to assemble a large enough sample for statistical analysis (Fig. 4). The instantaneous triazine flux was obtained by multiplying the triazine concentration with the dischargevalue. As shown in Table 1, water flow in December 1997 was double that in March 1998, but the corresponding triazine flux are comparable.2.2.3. Quality assuranceTo control the quality of ELISA water-test measurements, each concentration was analysed 142 F. Colin et al. / Journal of Hydrology 236 (2000) 139–152 Fig. 2. Hydrographic network (topographic 1/25.000 map) and subcatchments, parcel limits and land-cover (example of maizeplots). twice. A maximum difference of 20% is tolerated between two duplicate samples, the median error is 10%, and mean values are used. It is possible that ELISA measurement induces a consistent error by comparing with gas chromatography measurements (Tasli et al., 1996), but this bias is compensated by comparative reasoning on all the samples.A few points were measured two or three times during the exercise in order to evaluate the daily variations during the sampling period. Table 2 shows that the flux variation between different days of a sampling period ranges from 2 to 49%. It is therefore possible to compare the different samples from the period in question. All the measurements from each period are then grouped together.The uncertainty on the triazine flux is the sum of the uncertainty of discharge and concentration measurements. The uncertainty on the discharge measurements ranges from 15 to 20%. Therefore, the triazine flux value isgiven with a maximum uncertainty of 40%.3. MethodTo define the zones most at risk we tested how the distance to the river of the areas where pesticides are applied influence pollution levels. Thus, we have to determine the relative position of the hydrographic network and the contaminating plots.In our case, the data on pollution is provided by triazine flux measurements taken at basin outlets and the potentially contaminating fields are maize plots.3.1. Efficiency curve and spatial partitionThe basic hypothesis is that the impact of the field as a contributor to pollution decreases the further it is from the channel network. Thus, there is a critical distance at which the field makes little contribution to outlet pollution. In other words, we assume that plot contribution to pollution level can be modelled through adecreasing efficiency curve. This hypothesis will be tested with a very simple curve: a step function. This curve is defined using only one parameter, the threshold limit distance, d, beyond, which a plot stops contributing to river pollution.In practice, this hypothesis implies a three-step approach:²determination of the location of the maize fields;²definition of a buffer of width d, equal to the threshold distance and, which surrounds the channel network;²determination of the contaminating fields inside these limits.The fields define the contributing maize areas depending on the buffer width (Fig. 5). At this stage, GIS functionality is required, particularly for the buffer function.3.2. Correlation between contributing area and pollution at the catchment outletWe studied the correlation level between triazine flux measured at the catchment outlet and the different contamination contributing areas defined by strips of variable width. Three parameters are used to determine the correlation level (further information is provided on this point in Appendix A):²The Kendall rank correlation coefficient (Siegel, 1956) t gives a measure of the degree of association or correlation between two sets of ranks. It expresses the difference between the probability that the two data sets are ranked according to the same order and the probability that they are ranked according to a different order. If t . 1.21.; a positive (negative) relation exists between the two data series, if t . 0; there is no relation between the two data series.²The Spearman rank correlation coefficient R (Siegel, 1956) requires that individuals under study be ranked in two ordered series. As the Kendall coefficient t , R expresses the existence of any one relation between two data series if itsvalue is close to 1.²The linear correlation coefficient r (Wonnacott and Wonnacott, 1991) expresses the intensity of a linear relation between two data series; r2 is the part of the variance explained by the linear model.The two first parameters evaluate if a relation exists between observed triazine flux and the different tested maize areas without hypothesis on the form of the relation. The linear correlation coefficient allows a special relation type to be tested. The squared value of the Spearman coefficient R, as the correlation coefficient r, expresses a part of total variance on the ranks. The Kendall coefficient represents the probability of two series being ranked in the same way against the probability of them being ranked in a different way. The use of non-parametric coefficients confers robustness to the method in relation to distributional skewing (Barringer et al., 1990).The most significant correlation levelcorresponds to the most accurate threshold distance d. This distance d defines the zone for which the relation between fields undergoing atrazine treatment and triazine flux is the highest. The buffer of width d will be defined as, “the zone most at risk”, even if plots outside this buffer zone may contribute in a small way to the pollution.3.3. Catchment typologyThe study of the slopes in the whole catchment shows a significant disparity between the upstream and downstream zones. The slopes in the upstream zone are gentle while those in the downstream zone are steep. In order to describe these morphological differences, the index Islope threshold was calculated for each basin: Islope . Sslope.5%=Stotal .1. where Sslope.5% is the basin surface area where the slope is steeper than 5% and Stotal the total surface area of the basin.The 5% threshold slope was chosen because itrepresents the upper limit at which mechanised agriculture can still be practised.The higher the Islope, the greater the proportion of steep slope zones in the basin. In order to sequence basins, a limit of Islope . 0:5 was chosen. This value corresponds to an equal part of flat and steep slope zones in a catchment. Furthermore, this typology separates the sampled basins into two groups of a comparable number of elements. This catchment typology shows a classification according to the position upstream and downstream in the Sousson catchment (Fig. 6).4. ResultsDuring the winter, in December 1997 and March 1998, water quality and discharge measurements were made to determine triazine flux. The network was digitized from the 1/25.000 scale topographic map. The buffers tested are 50 m, 100 m, and 200 m wide. The entire catchment corresponds to the maximumwidth, which is close to 500 m for the downstream group basins and 250 m for the upstream group, which has a more pointed shape. As it is noted by Barringer et al. (1990), the minimum used buffer width must be superior to that of the mapping unit. Here, maize field were determined using information provided by SPOT satellite imagery, (resolution 20 m), with field boundary definition based on 1/10.000 aerial photos (1 mm on the map is equal to 10 m on field).The area was divided into strips around the channel network. Then, the maize fields were putback into this division of space to obtain, for each basin, maize surface area within 50, 100 and 200 m of the hydrographic network, and within the whole catchment.4.1. Study of the whole set of basinsResults of regressions for 23 catchment areas in December 1997 and 26 in March 1998, whichinclude a Kendall rank correlation, a Spearman rank correlation and linear correlation coefficients are given with their significance level in Table 3. Calculated correlation coefficients do not seem to vary consistently as a function of the selected threshold distances: the number of coefficients increase in all cases when the buffer area is enlarged with the exception of December where they decreased in number for the whole catchment area. Considering these results, one might think that the distance of the field from the river has no effect on the pollution. However, if upstream and downstream basins are separated, according to the slope criterion Islope, the results are very different.4.2. Study of the downstream basins Regressions were carried out on nine basins in December 1997 and on 13 in March 1998, mean triazine concentrations are 42.0 and 123.0 ng/l, respectively. Results are shown in Table 4. Calculated correlation coefficients decreasewhen the strip width around the channel network increases. The best correlation levels are obtained for a distance d of 50 m (100 m for the linear correlation in December 1997). The Kendall and the Spearman correlation coefficients show the existence of a relation between maize area inside a 50 m wide buffer zone around the channel network and the triazine flux at the catchment outlet. The linear relation is quite adequate to model this variable association given that 69% of the total variance is explained in December 1997 and 56% in March 1998 considering that d equals 50 m. Resultsobtained for the two measurement dates are mutually coherent although differences exist. In December, whatever the value of d, the significance level is above the acceptance limit (p . 5%). The relation between maize area and triazine flux is optimal for d equal to 50 or 100 m but still exists for d equal to 200 m or considering the whole catchment surface area.The correlation between pollutant flux and maize areas far from the river can be explained by two ways. On the one hand, there is a correlation between the different maize areas (cf. Table 6). Indeed, if maize surface areas within different buffer zones were perfectly proportional, i.e. if linear correlation coefficients between the different maize surfaces areas were equal to one, no variation wouldbe detected in the correlation coefficients between maize surface areas and triazine flux. The sets of basins studied were not exactly the same during the two measurement exercises. For December 1997, the level of correlation between the different maize surface areas is higher than for March 1998 (as it is shown in Table 6). This difference between the two series is partly responsible for the slow decrease in the number of correlation coefficients concerning distance d for December 1997. On the other hand, as it is shown in Fig. 3, December 1997 measurements were made during the falling limb of thehydrograph and thus we can assume that, in these hydrological conditions, the area contributing to pollution is larger and includes zones distant from the hydrographic network for the whole catchment area. However, in March 1998, in lower water level conditions, only correlations where d is equal to 50 m are significant at the 5% threshold.We can conclude that the limit of 50 m is the most appropriate to define the zones most at risk for the two monitoring periods — seven and ten months after the triazine applications —even if hydrological conditions are also important when defining the contribution of the other maize plots located on the whole catchment area.4.3. Study of the upstream basinRegressions were made on 14 catchments for December 1997 and 13 basins for March 1998, mean triazine concentrations are 177.9 and 314.6 ng/ l, respectively. Results are shown inTable 5. The correlation coefficients become more numerous with strip width, while the opposite is true for the downstream basins. In most cases, the best results are obtained by considering the whole catchment area. The linear model is less accurate for the December data set .r2 . 38%. than the Spearman rank correlation .R2 . 70%.: It suggests an association between variables more complex than the linear relation does.Field investigations provide the explanation of the difference between the two catchment groups. For upstream catchments, the hydrographic network taken as the reference is irrelevant. In this flat zone, the artificial drain network around each plot extends the channel network; thus, the real active network is denser than that of the topographic 1/25.000 map. Fig.7 shows, for a particular catchment, the differences between the topographic 1/25.000 map network and the active one observed in the field. Moreover, this ditch network is connectedwith buried drains located under most of the fields in this upstream zone. The consequence is that each field is artificially connected with the catchment outlet.This difference in optimal width between the upstream and downstream catchments is the consequenceof man’s activities on the flat upstream area. In this case, the total catchment surface area must beconsidered as a contributing area.5. DiscussionWe chose to take the measurements in winter because it is easier to compare triazine flux at the catchment outlets. In spring, which is the atrazine spreading period, the differences in flux could be due to differences in the application dates. We used instantaneous inter-storm triazine flux measurements to maximise the stability of the transfer processes (Woods and Sivapalan, 1995). Thus, our resultsdo not necessarily apply to transfer during peak runoff. As the measurements were made between stormy periods our attention was focussed on the slow components of water movement such as subsurface runoff, drainage flow and water circulation in soil, where leaching favours the transport of soluble compounds such as atrazine. These conditions are not maximal from the point of view of instantaneous pollutant quantity export, but do represent a nonnegligible quantity and this over long periods of the year. However, this was a way to acquire comparable data sets at several basin outlets. Moreover, with these data sets it is possible to integrate the spatial diversity and give the results in a form that can be generalised.A simple model of contribution through buffers of stationary width around the hydrographic network was used, where each buffer defines a zone contributing to pollution. The degree of correlation between thecontributing areas and the pollution at the basin outlet was determined.The results show that a critical contribution distance cannot be defined for all basins studied. However, basin typology based on morphology criteria permitted the identification of two groups of basins.These basins have to be considered separately as their water movement characteristics are very different.For the downstream basins, which have a marked relief, the channel is well defined by the network that figures on the 1/25.000 scale topographic map. The model identifies a critical contribution distance, which ranges from 50 to 100 m. Atrazine is little adsorbed by soil, very soluble and easily leached. In inter-storm periods, it is not surface runoff, which causes the water transfers but sub-surface runoff and the draining of local aquifers surrounding the hydrographic network. The area of strongest influence ranges from 50 to 100 m and gives a good representation of the zone where atrazinetransport processes are active. This optimal distance should be determined for different climatic conditions and different periods of the agricultural year. Then we would know if the contributing area possesses temporal dynamics or if it remains stable.The upstream basins have higher triazine concentrations. These areas are characterised by the high proportion of flat zones (slopes of less than 5%), and an artificial drainage network connecting each plot to the main drain in order to avoid flooding. Thus, each plot contributes to the pollution measured at the basin outlet. The topographic 1/25.000 map network does not include this effect of the human intervention on the water circulation, and it is not pertinent in a drained region to evaluate the distance between cropland and the river.How the hydrographic network is defined is critical to the success of this analysis. The initial choice was based on the network digitized from the 1/25.000 scale topographic map. The mainbenefit to be derived from using such a network is its availability, which allows us to easily transpose the methodology. It represents the perennial flow network, stable in time. But, from the point of view of water movement, it lacks locations of manmade drains that can accelerate he transport of solute pollution. From a practical point of view, it is preferable to study the farmlandand identify zones with intensive artificial drainage before defining the boundaries of contributing areas around the channel network.6. ConclusionsIn order to reduce surface water pollution, the application of pesticides has to be controlled and agricultural practices must be such that they respect the environment. But the proper management of cropland must not be neglected either. The spatial organisation of fields has an impact on river pollution.The effect of the distance between fields contributing to the。

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Based on GSM module and AT89C51 connectiondesign and application---From 《GSM principle and its network optimization》chapter one---From 《New single chip microcomputer interface device and technology》chapter sixAbstractThis article through analyzed the GSM module and the monolithic integrated circuit connection design simply introduced the TC35i module commonly used instruction and the coding rule, introduced emphatically the TC35i module and the AT89C51 principle of work, the periphery connection electric circuit, the software control technology, at the same time has produced some TC35i module and the AT89C51 connection application procedure, proposed AT89C51 when receive data should pay attention question, thus designed has the GSM module the data transmission terminal.Key words: GSM network1 Summarize:Along with correspondence technique of development, according to the service function of the NTT DoCoMo net, just to industry control and control from a distance the realm have continuously extension of trend.Is orientation this kind of demand, Siemens company released a new generation wireless correspondence GSM mold piece-TC35i, according to should the short news function of the mold piece, can fast safety credibility realization customer information processing etc. function, special be applicable to control centre and terminal equipments distance very far, or inconvenience adoption wired correspondence lie quality etc. situation, for example the oil well information collect behind of deliver, the long range copy form system, city transportation direction etc. all according to the TC35i mold piece to realization.2 The application of GSM network:GSM is Global System for Mobile Communications acronym, which means Global System for Mobile Communications is the world's leading cellular systems inthe world. GSM is based on narrowband TDMA standard that allows radio frequency in a group call at the same time 8. GSM80 during the rise in Europe, put into use in 1991. The end of 1997, has operations in more than 100 countries, Europe and Asia has become the standard in fact, that by 2001, the world's 162 countries have already built a 400 GSM communications network. But the GSM system capacity is limited, users in the network overload, it had to construct additional network facilities. What is gratifying is that GSM performance in other areas, which in addition to providing a standardized list and signaling systems, but also opened up some of the more intelligent of the business such as international roaming and so on. The convenience of GSM mobile phone is that it provides a smart card, known as SIM cards, and card could be separated, so that the replacement of mobile phone users and custom personal information in this area are facilitated.GSM network to improve after years of development, is now very mature, less blind spots, signal stability, automatic roaming, and the communication distance from the impact of the surrounding environment. GSM short message in particular, flexible and convenient, you can cross-market, inter-provincial and even cross-border transmission, and each send a short message as long as one dime, very reliable and affordable. In addition, the mobile phone SIM card in recent years can apply for 0, some packages use lower cost than fixed. Therefore the use of mobile phone message to achieve alarm, ultra long-range remote control for industrial equipment, transmission of data is a very good choice.GSM module, is a similar mobile communication module, integrates a number of mobile phone functions on a single small circuit board, it can send SMS messages, calls and so on, the module is small, but it has a lot of mobile phone functionality, with its have equal is the core of the mobile phone, and it is in a lot of applications have a wide range of applications, GSM module through the use of AT commands to control it, modules can be connected to computer RS232 serial port, can also be used to carry out single-chip control . Below we cite some typical applications:2.1 mobile phone access control system:GSM Access Control System used to control the electric lock control, if you need to enter, as long as the cell phone call using GSM modules mobile number, will automatically open the door, and only you can set up cell phone numbers to open the door, and no costs.2.2 three billboard over the weather disaster emergency turn off:Over three billboards are constantly flip through the motor to achieve a number of ads displayed, because installed in the outdoors, when there is wind, hail and other weather disasters, billboards could easily be blown bad or damaged card die, when in need of emergency shut down, You can normally closed relay contact to control the power of advertising, when you need to do is send "turn off" control message, the billboard will automatically turn off, and automatically after a certain time delay automatically return to normal job (generally disastrous weather will not continue for a long time) in advance if you want to open a billboard, you can send "Open" control message.2.3 engineering system balance reminders:Some works are safe after the completion of the normal operation after a period of time to settle the balance, if the encounter malicious clients the outstanding purchase price, often installed side very headache, because equipment has been installed, if the loss of a great come back down, particularly in the field customer very costly when the client system can be installed in the GSM module, use it all the way to control system or the way some of the key points, when the customer paid in arrears when the malicious message can turn off some features, forcing customers to pay the purchase price then immediately open message, if you have a smooth recovery of the purchase price can also be the name of system maintenance by the GSM module removed from the client system.2.4 monitoring systems or Web servers and reset the alarm:Monitoring system or web server running after a long period after death may be wrong, this time to power on reset is the only solution at this time through the GSM module can control system power, and set to open automatically after 3 seconds turn off mode, can achieve power reduction, in addition, GSM module in some special application areas also played a very large role, such as: the disappearance of the main power supply, memory errors, fan shutdown, fuel depletion, it was the invasion and other information, are not people the ideal choice for monitoring the engine room.the remote control of home appliances:Through the message can easily achieve the remote control to open rice cookers, water heaters and other appliances by remote control or switch to repair mode can also control the air-conditioning GSM global wireless mobile communication network control alarm host, using the global GSM short message data transmission mode and voice-enabled platform for the completion of intelligent data transmission and remotecontrol alarm, set the host family, shops, office safety, electrical control, remote monitoring, such as Intelligent home functions, because of the global GSM wireless mobile communication network signal coverage area of Canton, and truly realize the low-cost high-quality ultra-long-distance convenient and flexible intelligent wireless control and alarm, to solve the fixed-line telephone or cable broadband network wired alarm limitations. GSM global wireless mobile communications network in popularity all over the world, the GSM global wireless mobile communication network control alarm can be widely used in a single host family, community property, electricity, transportation, petroleum, coal, railway, municipal and public security departments of the security industry prevention devices, data monitoring and remote monitoring system. Wireless Road, with 11 defense areas, 2-way Cable Standoff, different defense area alarm, alarm and message control, separate from a defended position, remote control, home appliance control, linkage to take photographs with the latest alarm center network characteristics.Features:1. Wireless suspects under strict surveillance, no wiring, and ease of installation.2. Cable suspects under strict surveillance, safe and reliable.3. Wireless remote control security / from a defended position, easy to operate.4. Adaptability widely used global-band wireless mobile networks.5. Password settings, confidentiality stronger.6. Alarm, the high-decibel alarm sound to deter thieves.7. Host automatically to six groups of mobile numbers to send SMS alerts. Alarm message and a telephone can be set up8. Host automatically dial the six groups of mobile or fixed telephone warning, start-site monitoring.9. Preset scene alarm and alarm message10. With emergency alarm function, can prevent thieves burglary, detection of gas leaks and smoke fire.11. Communicate electric missing Detect and alarm, to prevent the intentional destruction of the power system and power failure monitoring.12. Communicate after the loss of electricity automatically switch to a back-up battery. 13. Available through GSM network platform and networking alarm center.14. Supported message in Chinese or English instructions.15. Handset intercom mode: Matching intercom calls, and alarm can be two-wayintercom, real-time clear police intelligence to prevent unnecessary alarm.3 The TC35i mold piece introductionCurrently, domestic already beginning usage of the GSM mold piece have a lot, and these of function, method of using difference not big.What this design adoption is a Siemens TC35 the TC35i of the series.On this kind of wireless mold piece function and TC35 and permit, design tightly packed, consumedly contracted the physical volume of customer's product.The TC35i and GSM2/2 and permit,dual-band(GSM900/GSM1800), RS232 the data connect, should mold piece and radio frequency electric circuit and Ji take and integral whole, provide toward the customer standard of AT order connect, is data, speech, short news and fax provide fast, credibility, safety of deliver, convenience customer of application development and design.3.1 The GSM AT instruction introduction that the mold has something to do with SMS in the piec e:The order for provide of the GSM- powered mold piece match GSM07.05 and GSM07.07 norm.In the GSM07.07 definition of the AT Command connect and provided a kind of which GSM AT Instruction TC35i AT89C51move terrace and data terminal equipments of in general use connect;The GSM07.05 made to the short news detailed of provision.At short news mold piece receive network hair of short news, can send out a designation information through a string of, the data terminal equipments can send out toward the GSM mold piece various order.The instruction of GSM AT having something to do with SMS such as List1 to show.The instruction of GSM AT gather, is signed letter, Motorola and HP etc. factory house by Nokia, love to together develop for the GSM system of, among them include control SMS(Short Message Service).3.2 The PDU code rule:Send out short news in common use Text and PDU(Protocol Data Unit, agreement data unit) mode currently.The usage Text mode receive and dispatch a message code simple, realization get up very easy, but the biggest weakness be to can't receive and dispatch Chinese message;But PDU mode not only support Chinese message, also the ability send out English message.The PDU mode receive and dispatch a message can the usage be 3 kinds of to code:7-bit, 8-bit and UCS2 code.7-the bit code to used for send out common of ASCII character list, 8-bitcode Be usually used for sending out data news, UCS2 code used for sending out Unicode character list.General PDU's code is constitute by ABCDEFGHIJKLM 13.A:The address length of the message center, 216 enter to make number(one word stanza)B:The number type of the message center, 216 enter to make number.C:Message center number, B+C length will from the data decisionD:Document head word stanza, 216 enter to make number.E:Information type, 216 enter to make number.F:Drive call number length, 216 enter to make number.G:Drive call number type, 216 enter to make number, take value togetherH:Drive call number, length from data within F decision.I:Agreement marking, 216 enter to make number.J:The data code a project, 216 enter to make number.K:Term of validity, 216 enter to make number. L:Customer data length, 216 enter to make number.M:Customer's data, its length from the data decision in the L.Enactment in J adoption UCS2 code, here is the Unicode character list of Chinese-English.4 the hardware of the TC35i and list slice machine connect a people'selectric circuitThe TC35i mold piece is main to save according to the processor, GSM radio frequency mold piece, power supply mold piece, Shan from the GSM, the ZIF conjunction machine, antenna connect six part constitute.Connect machine with a list slice machine realization electric circuit to connect through a ZIF, should connect read or send out the TC35i mold piece in of data.5 list slice the software of the machine and TC35i connect and controlprinciple8051 one-chip computer have four 8 walk abreast I/O port, call P0, P1, P2 and P3. Each port is 8 accurate two-way mouths, accounts for 32 pins altogether. Every one I/O line can be used as introduction and exported independently. Each port includes a latch (namely special function register ), one exports the driver and a introduction buffer . Make data can latch when outputting, data can buffer when making introduction , but four function of passway these self-same. Expand among the system of memory outside having slice, four port these may serve as accurate two-way mouth of I/O in common use. Expand among the system of memory outsidehaving slice, P2 mouth see high 8 address off; P0 mouth is a two-way bus, send the introduction of 8 low addresses and data / export in timesharingList slice the software of the machine and TC35i connect in fact be list slice the machine pass AT instruction control cellular phone of control technique, first constitution the TC35i mold piece of work mode:AT+CMGF=n, n=0 is a PDU mode;N=1 write an article this mode;Usually the constitution is a PDU mode, under this kind of mode, ability transmission or accept a transparent data.(customer from definition data)AT+CMGR=n in order to read the short news data of the TC35i mold piece, the n is a short news number.AT+CMGL=n in order to list the short news in the TC35i mold piece, n=0 is the short news which read, n=a the short news which have been already read, n=2 short news which sent out, n=3 for have already send out of short news n=4 is all short news.AT+CMGD=the n is the short news which delete the TC35i mold piece and the n is a short news serial number.6 Master routineThe software plait distance pass to write in toward the TC35i dissimilarity of AT instruction ability completion variety function, such as network debarkation, read SIM card top telephone number, send out SMS news and receive SMS news etc..The instruction sign, constant, PDU data...etc. of AT instruction all code form transmission by ASCII;The transmission transparent data have to pair of the TC35i mold piece of work mode constitution is PDU mode;List slice machine toward the TC35i mold piece after send out each instruction have to with return to car sign conduct and actions should instruction of be over, for example list slice the machine send out instruction in"AT+ CMGF=0" toward the cellular phone, its ASCII code sequence is"41 H, 54 H, 2 BH, 42 H, 4 DH, 47 H, 46 H, 3 DH, 30 H, 0 DH", the last word stanza 0 DH is to return to car sign, mean that instruction be over, if have no this to return to car sign, the cellular phone won't identify this instruction.When the AT instruction which receive to an integrity of the TC35i mold piece after, the TC35i mold piece not summary execution should instruction, but first just receive of the ASCII of the AT instruction code sequence all anti- send out;(contain 0 DH)Secondly send out a the ASCII which return to car sign with a carriage return sign to code, namely 0 DH with 0 AH;Then performance should instruction.The list slice machine read the PDU data of the TC35i mold piece, originality data should is 16 enter make number, but read back of data still is an ASCII mean of 16 enter make number.So a word stanza of 16 entered to make number and thenbecame 2 word stanza of ASMII code.But the PDU data data word stanza length within pack part still is actual character list length.But isn't the word stanza which become ASCII code length, this at plait distance should special attention, otherwise receive of data not integrity.The list slice machine is after receiving a PDU data pack data have to its instauration become 16 enter make a data, its calculate way as follows:Establish a for the ASCII code receive, b for the conversion is behind of 16 enter make number.So if a<39 H,b=a-30 H;If a>39 H, b=h-07 H a-30.End pair of in front and back two pieces merger is a word stanza.Concluding remark The usage cellular phone mold piece benefit is at the system integration, the cost be lower.Install correspondence circuit in secluded region etc. difficulty or uneconomical place, engineering service facilities can freedom vivid of constitution, no longer be subjected to geography condition of restriction.In fine, GSM mold piece the price be cheap, application extensive, application the foreground be captivating, pass with cellular phone mold the piece connect can very convenience of design customer demand of the data receive terminal.基于 GSM 模块与 AT89C51 的接口设计及应用的接口设计及应用-----摘自《GSM 原理及其网络优化》第一章-----摘自《新型单片机接口器件与技术》第六章摘要本文通过分析 GSM 模块与单片机的接口设计简单介绍了 TC35i 模块的常用指令及摘编码规则，着重介绍了 TC35i 模块与 AT89C51 的工作原理、外围接口电路、软件控制技术，同时给出了一些 TC35i 模块与 AT89C51 接口的应用程序，提出了 AT89C51 在接收数据时应该注意的问题，从而设计出具有 GSM 模块的数据传输终端。

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哈尔滨工业大学毕业设计（论文）
英文原文（原文也可以直接将PDF版打印）
ASSESSING CREDIT OR DETERMINING QUANTITY?
THE EVOLVING ROLE OF RATING AGENCIES
Lynnette D. Purda*
This version: April 21, 2011
Abstract
Over the past ten years, credit rating agencies have come under intense criticism from both practitioners and academics, first for their failure to identify problems resulting in bankruptcies at Enron and Worldcom and second for providing overly optimistic ratings for structured finance products. While many investors question the value of rating agencies in light of these criticisms, they have proven remarkably resilient. This paper provides a brief background on how rating agencies secured competitive advantages in evaluating credit quality. It then reviews the empirical evidence on the information content of ratings given these advantages. I argue that the information content of ratings stems from two intertwined sources: 1) information related to credit quality and 2) information related to the firm’s ability to access debt. Based on this evidence, I suggest that the dominant role for ratings today is as a benchmark for financial contracting. In this way, ratings remain influential in establishing the supply and demand of debt securities.
译文
评级机构的发展的作用评估信用还是决定数量？
本文：2011.4.21
摘要
在过去的十年，信用评级机构一直处于来自实践者和学者的激烈的批评中，首先他们未能发现问题，导致安然和世通破产；其次对结构性金融产品提供过于乐观的评级。

虽然许多投资者因为这些批评对评级机构的价值提出了质疑，但他们仍然被证明是相当有活力的。

这篇文章首先在评估机构如何在信用评级质量中获得竞争优势提供一个简单地背景介绍，然后考虑到这些优势回顾了一些信息内容方面的评级经验证据。

个人认为信息内容的评级来自两种交织在一起（错综复杂）的来源：1）和信贷质量相关的信息；2)和公司获取债务资本能力相关的信息。

以此为据，我建议当前评级的主导作用是作为基准的金融收缩。

以这种方式，在建立债券的供应和需求方面评级仍然是有效的。

- -1。

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