2019考研英语阅读题源文章解析：Promise of Speedier Memory Chip
2019考研英语二阅读理解真题及答案解析text2
2019考研英语二阅读理解真题及答案解析text2森林为我们提供了阴凉、宁静的环境，是应对气候变化斗争中更艰巨的挑战之一。
小编为大家提供2019考研英语二阅读理解真题及答案解析text2，一起来学习一下吧！2019考研英语二阅读理解真题text2Text 2Forests give us shade, quiet and one of the harder challenges in the fight against climate change. Even as we humans count on forests to soak up a good share of the carbon dioxide we produce, we are threatening their ability to do so. The climate change we are hastening could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.Thankfully, there is a way out of this trap—but it involves striking a subtle balance. Helping forests flourish as valuable "carbon sinks" long into the future may require reducing their capacity to sequester carbon now. California is leading the way, as it does on so many climate efforts, in figuring out the details.The state's proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young trees and clear brush in parts of the forest, including by controlled burning. This temporarily lowers carbon-carrying capacity. But the remaining trees draw a greater share of the available moisture, so they grow and thrive, restoring the forest's capacity to pull carbon from the air. Healthy trees are also better able to fend off bark beetles. The landscape is rendered less combustible. Even in the event of a fire, fewer trees are consumed.The need for such planning is increasingly urgent. Already, since 2010, drought and beetles have killed more than 100 million trees in California, most of them in 2016 alone, andwildfires have scorched hundreds of thousands of acres.California's plan envisions treating 35,000 acres of forest a year by 2020, and 60,000 by 2030 —financed from the proceeds of the state's emissions-permit auctions. That's only a small share of the total acreage that could benefit, an estimated half a million acres in all, so it will be important to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought.The strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in woody material removed from the forests is locked away in the form of solid lumber, burned as biofuel in vehicles that would otherwise run on fossil fuels, or used in compost or animal feed. New research on transportation biofuels is under way, and the state plans to encourage lumber production close to forest lands. In future the state proposes to take an inventory of its forests' carbon-storing capacity every five years.State governments are well accustomed to managing forests, including those owned by the U.S. Forest Service, but traditionally they've focused on wildlife, watersheds and opportunities for recreation. Only recently have they come to see the vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon. California's plan, which is expected to be finalized by the governor early next year, should serve as a model.26. “One of the harder challenges” implies ___A. global climate change may get out of controlB. forests may become a potential threatC. people may misunderstand global warmingD. extreme weather conditions may arise27. To maintain forests as valuable "carbon sinks", we may need to _A.preserve diversity of speciesB. lower their present carbon-absorbing capacityC. accelerate the growth of young treesD. strike a balance among different plants28.California's Forest Carbon Plan endeavors to ___A. restore its forests quickly after wildfires.B. cultivate more drought resistant trees.C. find more effective ways to kill insectsD. reduce the density of some of its forests29. What is essential to California's plan according to para. 5?A. To obtain enough financial supportB. To carry it out before 2020C. To handle the areas in the serious danger firstD. To perfect the emission-permit auctions30.the author's attitude toward California's plan can be best described as ____A. supportiveB. ambiguousC. tolerantD. cautious2019考研英语二阅读理解答案解析text226. 答案【B】 forests may become a potential threat解析：本题目为推断题，考察推理判断能力。
一九年考研英语真题及答案
一九年考研英语真题及答案Introduction:The 2019 postgraduate entrance examination English test questions and answers are significant resources for candidates preparing for the exam. This article aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the exam questions, along with the corresponding answers, in order to assist candidates in their preparations.Section 1 - Reading Comprehension:The reading comprehension section of the 2019 postgraduate entrance examination English test focuses on the understanding of long passages. The passages cover a wide range of topics, including literature, social sciences, and natural sciences. The questions are designed to test the candidate's ability to comprehend the main idea of the passage, infer information, and understand the author's tone and purpose.In this section, candidates are required to read the passage carefully and answer the questions accordingly. It is essential to pay attention to keywords, such as "according to the passage," "based on the information given," etc., as they provide important clues for answering the questions correctly.Section 2 - Cloze Test:The cloze test section aims to evaluate a candidate's grasp of English vocabulary and grammar. In this section, a passage is presented with several missing words or phrases. Candidates are required to choose the most appropriate options to fill in the gaps.To excel in this section, candidates should have a good understanding of contextual clues, collocations, and common idiomatic expressions. Additionally, a comprehensive knowledge of grammar rules and vocabulary is crucial for achieving high scores in this section.Section 3 - Error Correction:The error correction section tests a candidate's grammatical accuracy in English writing. The sentences in this section contain grammatical errors that need to be identified and corrected.To perform well in this section, candidates should possess a deep understanding of English grammar rules, including verb tenses, subject-verb agreement, sentence structure, and word usage. Moreover, candidates must develop the ability to identify and correct various types of grammatical errors, such as misused words, punctuation mistakes, and faulty sentence structures.Section 4 - Translation:The translation section evaluates a candidate's ability to translate Chinese sentences into English. The sentences in this section cover a variety of topics and require candidates to demonstrate their understanding of both languages' idiomatic expressions and syntactic structures.To excel in this section, candidates should have a mastery of vocabulary, grammar, and idiomatic expressions in both English and Chinese. Moreover, candidates must possess excellent comprehension skills in order to accurately convey the meaning and nuances of the original Chinese sentences in English.Conclusion:The 2019 postgraduate entrance examination English test is a crucial component of the overall examination. By familiarizing themselves with the exam format and practicing with previous years' questions, candidates can enhance their English language skills and improve their performance in the exam. It is important for candidates to develop a consistent study plan, focusing on reading comprehension, vocabulary, grammar, and translation skills in order to achieve success in the exam.Disclaimer: This article is for reference purposes only. The authenticity of the mentioned questions and answers is not guaranteed. Candidates are advised to consult official sources and past year papers for the most accurate and up-to-date information.。
2019考研英语阅读题源文章解析：AS the Waters Rise
2019考研英语阅读题源文章解析：AS the WatersRiseFrom The EconomistSept.27,2007AS the Waters RiseAs world leaders met to discuss climate change at the United Nations this week, protesters outside seemed unconvinced that drowning islands and expanding deserts were the plane's biggest woe. Latin Americans lamented the imperialism of the United States. Vietnamese with Buddhist flags decried their govermnent's impiety, while emigres from Iran deplored their rulers' religious fervour.Inside the building, concerns were almost as diffuse. Some thought the most pressing aspect of climate change was rising sea levels; others, the growing intensity of storms and droughts; and others the spread of pests and diseases. Many poor countries felt more money was needed to address the problem; rich ones fretted about a lack of political will and popular enthusiasm. South Africa wanted more "mainstreaming of women and youth". Bolivia's president, Evo Morales, called capitalism the “worst enemy”，A sheikh from the United Arab Emirates said too vigorous a response to global warming could wreck oil-dependent economies. And President George Bush, not content with the UN event, held his own meeting on climate change on September 27th.In theory, both his gathering and the UN one aimed to foster debate about a successor to the Kyoto protocol theUN's existing treaty on climate change, which expires in 2012. But the rhetoric surrounding the two deliberations was very different. At the UN meeting, almost every leader spoke of "common but differentiated responsibilities”---jargon forthe idea that rich countries must cut their emissions of greenhouse gases, while poor ones carry on as normal unlessthe rich world pays for them to clean up their act. The White House affair, meanwhile, focused on disseminating green technology. The implicit message was that binding emissions targets are counter-productive, and that any solution must involve poor countries as well as rich ones.Yvo de Boer, head of the agency that oversees Kyoto andits precursor, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, says the gulf between America and the rest is less wide than it appears. Although Mr. Bush is not yet ready to contemplate a binding international treaty that wouldlimit greenhouse-gas emissions, he does advocate policiesthat could help trim America's emissions. As it is, states representing over half of America's emissions have pledgedcuts of some kind. Congress, meanwhile, is contemplating several bills that would impose a national cap. Australia,the other rich country that rejected Kyoto, is also workingon an emissions-reduction plan.Poor countries, for the most part, are still refusing to accept any targets of their own. Theyargue that rich countries have not made enough use of the Clean Development Mechanism(CDM), a scheme under Kyoto thatlets countries with emissions-reduction targets meet them in part through projects in poor countries. Cuba's foreign minister, for one, dismissed rich countries' efforts to date as modestisimo：he questioned the "moral authority” of leaders like Mr. Bush. India merely vowed that its emissions per head would never exceed the level of rich countries, a formula that still permits enormous growth.But a few developing countries hinted at a more flexible stance. Mexico suggested tying the aid given to poor countries through programmes like the CDM to their efforts to combat climate change. Indonesia's president, amid more talk of "differentiated responsibilities", said all countries should take on bigger burdens, and told fellow leaders to "think outside the box". There was much discussion--albeit mostly on the sidelines--of poor countries taking on targets for emissions per head, or per unit of output in certain industries.All this hints at the shape of things to come. America and Australia can probably be enticed to limit emissions, especially if, as expected, both get new governments in the next year or two. But the oversight and administration of such a deal might be looser than under Kyoto, given America's suspicion of global bureaucrats. Poor countries might he induced to take on targets of some sort, albeit of a less exacting sort than the straight emissions cuts faced by rich countries. But forging such a deal could take an age：neither America nor the UN expect any conclusion before late 2008.Perhaps those low-lying islands should not count on staying dry.。
2019考研英语一阅读理解真题及答案解析（text2）
2019考研英语一阅读理解真题及答案解析（text2）2019考研英语一阅读理解第二部分讲的是分数膨胀，小编为大家提供2019考研英语一真题阅读理解真题及答案解析(text2)，一起来看看吧！2019考研英语一阅读理解真题(text2)Text 2Grade inflation—the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past few decades—is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force—a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called "grade forgiveness"— is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student’s overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty.“Untimely,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State University’s registrar, “we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent contents or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges’ own needs as well. For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention—so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students—who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill—feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’ expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible—or at least appear to be. On this, students’ and colleges' incentives seem to be aligned.26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A. The change of course catalogs.B. Students' indifference to GPAS.C. Colleges' neglect of GPAS.D. The influence of consumer culture.27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?A. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.B. To maintain colleges' graduation rates.C. To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D. To increase universities' income from tuition.28. According to Paragraph 5, grade forgiveness enables colleges toA. obtain more financial support.B. boost their student enrollments.C. improve their teaching quality.D. meet local governments' needs.29. What does the phrase "to be aligned"(Line 5, Para. 6) most probably mean?A. To counterbalance each other.B. To complement each other.C. To be identical with each other.D. To be contradictory to each other.30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness byA. assessing its feasibility.B. analyzing the causes behind it.C. comparing different views on it.D. listing its long-run effects.2019考研英语一阅读理解答案解析(text2)26. 答案【D】 The influence of consumer culture.解析：本题目为原因细节题，考察具体细节。
2019考研英语阅读题源文章解析：A Case of Gender Blues
2019考研英语阅读题源文章解析：A Case ofGender BluesFrom NewsweekBy Lynn Waddell andArian Campo-FloresMar.12, 2007A Case of Gender BluesAfter a lifetime of agonizing over his gender identity, Steven Stanton decided to become a woman about two years ago. "It wasn't something I wanted to do,” says Stanton, 48, the city manager of Largo, Fla. "It was something I had to do.” He started hormonal therapy ,gradually shedding body hair and losing muscle mass. He began to feel breast pain when he went jogging—a problem he remedied by following a doctor's recommendation to wear a sports bra. On trips away from home, he began venturing out dressed as a woman. Although he confided all this to his wife and a small circle of friends, he knew that one day he'd have to tell the townspeople he served. So he prepared meticulously for that moment—aiming for May, when his 13-year-old son would be away—and created a detailed eight-page plan. "When you tell somebody this,it's devastating," he says. "It is like an element of betrayal."Stanton's plan foundered two weeks ago when the St. Petersburg Times published an article about his plans for a sex change. In the ensuing upheaval, church leaders condemnedhim and angry residents demanded his ouster. At a tumultuous meeting last Tuesday, city commissioners voted 5-2 to begin the process of firing Stanton, who has received mostly solid reviews in 14 years as city manager. "I do not feel he has the integrity, nor the trust, nor the respect, nor the confidence to continue," said Commissioner Mary Gray Black. Now on paid administrative leave, Stanton has until Tuesday to decide whether to appeal. Civil rights and transgender groups have rushed to his defense. "It's been a long time since I've seen that degree of just flagrant discrimination," says Karen Doering, senior counsel for the National Centerfor Lesbian Rights and now Stanton's lawyer.Stanton has struggled with his identity since he was a child. He used to try on his sister's dresses and continued accumulating women's clothes over the years. When he married in 1990, he hoped to stifle his yearnings and eventuallytried counseling. But "you go and try to get fixed," he said at last week's commission meeting, "and you learn you can't get fixed." In 2003, while city leaders were debating a human-rights ordinance that would protect transsexuals, the then Commissioner Pat Burke criticized Stanton for not lobbying hard enough for the measure (it didn't end up passing, but the town did adopt an internal policy barring discrimination on the basis of gender identity). Stanton, who was possibly wary of accusations of favoritism, responded by confiding his secret to Burke. when he showed her photos of himself in drag, she laughed affectionately and offered him fashion tips. "It was a light dress, and it didn't work.” she says.Stanton's case comes at a time when the transgender community is gaining acceptance. There's "a growing trend among mental-health professionals to get the social environment to adapt to the person rather than force the person to conform to gender stereotypes," says psychiatrist Jack Drescher. Federal civil-rights law offers no explicit protection for transgender workers, but eight states (not including Florida) and the District of Columbia do. In the corporate world, 122 of the Fortune 500 companies now have no discrimination policies that include gender identity, according to the Human Rights Campaign.Yet Stanton's experience shows the limits of such acceptance. The Largo city commission could vote to finalize his firing as early as Tuesday. Stanton, who initially refused to take legal action, is now contemplating it. "I never anticipated so many people calling up from the community saying, `Please, promise me that you'll fightthis'." As Stanton told his son, "Being courageous is being willing to stand when others are willing to sit" After years of battling himself, perhaps he's ready to take on a broaden struggle.。
2019年考研英语一阅读理解全文翻译
2019年考研英语一阅读理解全文翻译一、概述在我国，考研英语一是每年很多本科毕业生梦寐以求的考试科目之一。
作为考研英语一的重要部分，阅读理解部分的全文翻译是许多考生备考过程中的难点之一。
本文旨在为考生提供2019年考研英语一阅读理解部分的全文翻译，帮助考生更好地准备考试。
二、全文翻译下面，我们将为大家呈现2019年考研英语一阅读理解部分的全文翻译，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
Passage One译文：赫尔曼·梅尔维尔是美国文学的一位杰出代表，他最著名的作品莫过于《白鲸》。
在这部作品中，梅尔维尔运用了丰富的象征手法，讲述了一个普遍而又深刻的故事。
在小说的主角白约翰中尉的身上，梅尔维尔创造了一个充满了复杂矛盾的形象，他不仅代表了美国传统的英雄形象，同时也是神秘和复杂的象征。
这部作品融合了古代和现代的元素，艺术性和象征性都达到了极高的水平。
分析：本文第一篇阅读文章是关于美国文学作家赫尔曼·梅尔维尔及其作品《白鲸》的介绍。
通过对这部作品的主要情节和象征手法的分析，读者可以对这部作品有一个初步的了解。
Passage Two译文：文艺复兴是欧洲历史上的一个重要时期，它标志着欧洲从中世纪的黑暗走向了文明。
文艺复兴的艺术家们追求真理和美的境界，他们创作出了许多杰出的作品，为欧洲文化的繁荣和发展做出了重要贡献。
文艺复兴艺术在文学、绘画、音乐等方面都有着巨大的成就，受到了后世文化的深刻影响。
分析：本文第二篇阅读文章是关于欧洲文艺复兴的总体介绍，内容包括文艺复兴的历史背景、艺术家们的追求和作品的影响等方面。
这篇文章的翻译对于了解欧洲文艺复兴的重要意义和影响具有重要的参考价值。
Passage Three译文：科技的快速发展给人类社会带来了许多便利和改变，然而，也伴随着一些问题和挑战。
虚拟现实技术是当今科技领域的一个热门话题，它可以带来沉浸式的视听体验，为人们的生活和工作带来了新的可能性。
然而，虚拟现实技术也存在着隐私安全、伦理道德等方面的问题，需要社会和法律的共同关注和规范。
2019年河南专升本英语作文真题
The Power of Perseverance in OvercomingChallengesIn the journey of life, we are constantly faced with various challenges that test our resolve and perseverance. The 2019 Henan Vocational and Technical College Entrance Examination English essay topic, "The Importance of Perseverance in Overcoming Difficulties," presents a profound truth that perseverance is indeed the key to overcoming any obstacle we encounter.Perseverance is the steadfastness in doing something despite difficulty or delay in achieving success. It is the driving force that keeps us going when faced with challenges that seem insurmountable. In the realm of academic pursuits, perseverance is essential for achieving academic excellence. Students who persevere in their studies despite setbacks and failures are more likely to excel in their exams and future careers.The story of Thomas Edison, the inventor of the light bulb, is a testament to the power of perseverance. He faced numerous failures and setbacks in his quest to invent the perfect light bulb, but he never gave up. Instead, hepersevered and eventually succeeded in creating a bulb that revolutionized lighting technology. His story teaches us that with perseverance, no dream is too big, and no challenge is too difficult to overcome.Similarly, in the context of the 2019 Henan Vocational and Technical College Entrance Examination, students who persevere in their preparation despite the challenges and pressures of the exam are more likely to achieve their desired results. They understand that success does not come easily and that it requires hard work, dedication, and perseverance.Moreover, perseverance is not just about staying focused and determined in the face of difficulties. It is also about learning from our failures and using them as stepping stones to success. Every failure teaches us something valuable about ourselves and the world, and it is through perseverance that we are able to harness the power of these failures and turn them into successes.In conclusion, perseverance is the indomitable spirit that drives us forward in the face of adversity. It is the engine of success that powers us through the toughest oftimes. As students prepare for the 2019 Henan Vocationaland Technical College Entrance Examination, they must remember that perseverance is their greatest ally. With it, they can overcome any challenge, achieve their dreams, and write their own success stories.**坚持不懈的力量：在克服困难中的重要性**在人生的旅途中，我们不断面临各种挑战，考验我们的决心和毅力。
2019考研英语一阅读理解真题及答案解析（text1）
2019考研英语一阅读理解真题及答案解析(text1) 2019年考研英语一阅读理解真题已公布，为大家提供2019考研英语一阅读理解真题及答案解析研英语一阅读理解真题及答案解析(text1)(text1)(text1)，一起来学习一下吧！，一起来学习一下吧！ Text 1Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this this ““clawback clawback”” rule is to hold bankers aountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banks but but by by all all corporations, corporations, corporations, to to build a stronger stronger economy economy for future generations.“Short-termism Short-termism”” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded panies, says the Bank of England England’’s top economist. Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience impatience as as acting like like ““Children Children who who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once their pudding to eat them at once”” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from panies, can hinder a firm firm’’sefforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed This has been dubbed ““quarterly capitalism quarterly capitalism””In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shorters attention spans in financial markets. "There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,long-term investing,”” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week. In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Acl of xx has pushed most public panies to defer performance bonuses for seniorexecutives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short -termism .-termism .”” In its latest survey of CEO pay ,The Wall Street Journal finds that that ““a substantial part part ”” of executive pay is now tied to performance .Much more could be done to encourage Much more could be done to encourage ““long-termism long-termism，”，” such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a panyinvestment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a pany.Within panies, the right pensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the pany and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britain's new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.21. Aording to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is theA. enhance bankers A. enhance bankers’’ sense of responsibilityB. help corporations achieve larger profitsC. build a new system of financial regulationD. guarantee the bonuses of top executives22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicateA. the conditions for generating quick profitsB. governments B. governments’’ impatience in decision-makingC. the solid structure of publicly traded paniesD. D. ““short-termism short-termism”” in economic activities23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public panies can beA. indirectB. adverseC. minimalD. temporary24. The US and France examples and used to illustrateA. the obstacles to preventing A. the obstacles to preventing ““short-termism short-termism””.B. the significance of long-term thinking.C. the approaches to promoting C. the approaches to promoting ““long-termism long-termism””.D. the prevalence of short-term thinking.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Failure of Quarterly CapitalismB. Patience as a Corporate VirtueC. Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesD. Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers21. 21. 答案【答案【答案【A A 】 enhance bankers enhance bankers’’sense of responsibility 解析：本题目为细节题，考察具体细节。
2019考研英语(一)真题阅读理解详细解析(完整版)(解析版)
第1段:英国对其高管推行新规定，鼓励“长期效益主义”；第2段~4段：短期效益主义；（短期效益占主流、短期效益主义的弊端、美国短期效益占主导地位）第5~6段：列举美法推行“长期效益主义”的措施；第7段：英国新规定提醒银行高管重视“长期效益”；（【兔子考研】微信公众号）1,one motive in imposing is the_________.22.Alfred Marshall is quoted to23.It is argued that the influence be__________.24.The US and France examples are used to illustrate____________.25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?由楼上题干分析可知，此篇文章围绕长期效益和短期效益展开论述。
❶Financial regulations in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks.❷Starting next year,any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed10years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing.❸The main purpose of this“clawback”rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution.❹Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit:more long term decision-making not only byeconomy for future generations.have（强调新规其不同寻常）on the bosses of big banks.❷Starting next（高管的保证金）of top if their banks areunder investigation for❸主要目的和次要目的）of this“clawback”rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmfulrisk-taking and to restore.（转折之后为重点，重点往往是考点）officials also hope for a much larger点）more long term decision-making not only by banks but by all corporations,to build a stronger economy for future generations.（【兔子考研】微信公众号）翻译：❶英国的金融法规对大银行的老板实施了一项不寻常的规定。
2019经济学人考研英文文章阅读一一六
How spider silk avoids hungry bacteria蜘蛛丝是如何免于被饥肠辘辘的细菌蚕食的No antibiotics are involved它们并非以抗生素抗菌Tougher than any fibre made by humans and extraordinarily good at transmitting vibrations to the predators that weave it,spider silk has been a source of inspiration for the development of everything from scaffolding for regenerating bones to bulletproof vests,remote sensors and noise reducers.蜘蛛丝比任何人类制造的纤维都要坚韧，而且它还特别利于将震动传递给编织出它的捕食者。
从用于骨骼再生的支架到防弹背心，再从远程传感器到降噪器，蜘蛛丝一直是人类各种发明的灵感源泉。
Yet one of its most remarkable attributes,its resistance to decay,has received little attention.Some researchers speculate that spider silk keeps hungry bacteria at bay by being laced with antibiotics.然而，作为其最显著特性之一的抗腐坏性却很少受到人们的关注。
一些研究人员推测，蜘蛛丝是因为添加了抗生素才得以远离饥肠辘辘的细菌的。
But work by Wang Pi-Han and Tso I-Min at Tunghai University,in Taiwan, published in the Journal of Experimental Biology,suggests this is not thecase.Rather,silk manages to avoid being eaten by locking the nutrients it contains behind an impenetrable barrier.但据台湾东海大学的王必汉和曹一鸣发表在《实验生物学杂志》上的研究表明，事实并非如此。
2019年6月全国卷三阅读理解 解析 (2)
2019年6月全国卷三阅读理解精讲精析AOPENINGS AND PREVIEWSAnimals Out of PaperYolo！Productions and the Great Griffon present the play by Rajiv Joseph, in which an origami（折纸术）artist invites a teenage talent and his teacher into her studio. Merri Milwe directs. In previews. Opens Feb.12.（West Park Presbyterian Church,165 W.86th St.212-868-4444.）The AudienceHelen Mirren stars in the play by Peter Morgan，about Queen Elizabeth II of the UK and her private meetings with twelve Prime Ministers in the course of sixty years. Stephen Daldry directs. Also starring Dylan Baker and Judith Ivey. Previews begin Feb.14.（Schoenfeld，236 W.45th St.212-239-6200.）HamiltonLin-Manuel Miranda wrote this musical about Alexander Hamilton，in which the birth of America is presented as an immigrant story. Thomas Kail directs. In previews. Opens Feb.17.（Public，425 Lafayette St.212-967-7555.）On the Twentieth CenturyKristin Chenoweth and Peter Gallagher star in the musical comedy by Betty Comden and Adolph Green，about a Broadway producer who tries to win a movie star’s love during a cross-country train journey. Scott Ellis directs, for Roundabout Theatre Company. Previews begin Feb.12.（American Airlines Theatre, 227 W.42nd St.212-719-1300.）21. What is the play by Rajiv Joseph probably about?.A.A type of art.B.A teenager's studio.C.A great teacher.D.A group of animals.22. Who is the director of The Audience?A. Helen Mirren.B. Peter Morgan.C. Dylan Baker.D. Stephen Daldry.23. Which play will you go to if you are interested in American history?A. Animals Out of Paper.B. The Audience.C. Hamilton.D. O n the Twentieth Century.答案：21-23 ADC精讲精析：一、总论：1）话题分类：戏剧及音乐剧2）体裁：应用文3）难易程度：易—中4）文化背景知识：本文是一篇应用文。
2019经济学人考研英文文章阅读一零七
Chinese netizens get privacy-conscious中国网民有了隐私意识A backlash against a popular app’s data-grubbing terms of service are the latest example of growing concerns about misuse of personal information对一款流行App流氓数据服务条约的强烈抵制，正是人们日益担忧个人信息遭到滥用的最新例证On the night of August30th,soon after ZAO—an app whose name means “to make”—was launched,it proved so wildly popular that its servers crashed repeatedly.Almost as rapidly,a sudden backlash from its many fans nearly unmade it.8月30日晚，一款名为“ZAO”的应用程序一经发布，服务器便屡次崩溃，足以证明其广受人们的欢迎。
与它的爆红几乎同样迅速的是，许多粉丝突如其来的强烈抵制几乎将其打回了原形。
Technology-news outlets and meticulous netizens who had combed through the terms of its user agreement found that by signing up,users had granted ZAO“completely free”,“irrevocable”and“perpetual”rights to all content they uploaded to its platform.科技新闻媒体和细心的网友对“ZAO”的用户协议仔细地研究后发现，用户一旦注册，“ZAO”便拥有了“完全免费”、“不可撤销”和“永久”使用用户上传至平台上的内容的权利。
考研英语19年阅读答案
考研英语19年阅读答案考研英语阅读部分一直是考生们备考的重点和难点。
2019年的考研英语阅读题目，不仅考察了考生的词汇量和语法知识，还对考生的逻辑推理能力和快速阅读能力提出了挑战。
以下是对2019年考研英语阅读部分的答案解析。
首先，考生需要掌握大量的词汇，这是理解文章的基础。
在2019年的阅读题目中，很多词汇都是高频考点，比如“innovation”、“sustainability”和“diversity”等。
考生在备考过程中，应该重点记忆这些高频词汇，以便在考试中能够迅速识别和理解。
其次，阅读理解能力的提高需要大量的练习。
2019年的阅读材料涵盖了多个领域，包括科技、教育、经济和社会问题等。
考生应该广泛阅读这些领域的文章，通过不断的练习来提高自己的阅读速度和理解能力。
在解题技巧方面，考生需要注意文章的结构和逻辑关系。
2019年的阅读题目中，很多问题都是基于文章的主旨和细节来设置的。
因此，考生在阅读时应该关注文章的开头和结尾，以及段落之间的转折词，如“however”、“furthermore”和“nevertheless”等，这些词往往提示了文章的主旨和作者的观点。
此外，考生在做题时还应该注意时间管理。
2019年的阅读部分共有四篇文章，每篇文章后面都有五个问题，总共20个问题。
考生应该合理分配时间，每篇文章大约用时15分钟，包括阅读文章和回答问题的时间。
最后，考生在备考过程中应该多做真题和模拟题，这样可以更好地了解考试的题型和难度，同时也能够检验自己的备考效果。
综上所述，2019年考研英语阅读的答案不仅需要考生具备扎实的词汇基础和阅读能力，还需要掌握一定的解题技巧和时间管理能力。
通过系统的学习和大量的练习，考生可以在考试中取得理想的成绩。
考研英语一2019作文
考研英语一2019作文I have always been fascinated by the idea of traveling to different countries and experiencing new cultures. The thrill of exploring unfamiliar places and meeting new people never fails to excite me. It's like embarking on a journey of self-discovery, where every encounter and experience leaves a lasting impression.One of the most memorable trips I've had was when I visited Japan last year. The country's rich history and unique blend of tradition and modernity left me in awe. From the bustling streets of Tokyo to the serene temples in Kyoto, every moment was filled with wonder and amazement. And let's not forget the delicious food – sushi, ramen, and tempura – I couldn't get enough of it!But traveling isn't just about sightseeing and trying out new cuisines. It's also about connecting with people from different walks of life. During my trip to Japan, I had the chance to interact with locals and learn abouttheir customs and way of life. It was eye-opening to see how their values and beliefs shaped their society, and it made me appreciate the diversity of our world even more.Of course, no trip is without its challenges. From navigating through unfamiliar streets to dealing with language barriers, there were moments of frustration and confusion. But overcoming these obstacles only added to the sense of achievement and satisfaction. It's all part of the adventure, and looking back, I wouldn't have it any other way.In the end, traveling is not just a leisure activity; it's a form of education. It teaches us to be open-minded, adaptable, and empathetic. It broadens our horizons and allows us to see the world from a different perspective. And most importantly, it creates memories that we will cherish for a lifetime. So, if you ever have the chance to travel, don't hesitate – pack your bags and embark on the journey of a lifetime.。
英语二2019阅读1
英语二2019阅读1The 2019 English II reading passage presents a problem that is highly relevant in today's society: the issue of plastic pollution in the world's oceans. The passage describes the devastating impact of plastic waste on marine life, and it calls for urgent action to address this pressing environmental concern.From an environmental perspective, the problem of plastic pollution in the oceans is a critical issue that demands immediate attention. The passage highlights the detrimental effects of plastic waste on marine ecosystems, including the entanglement of marine animals in plastic debris and the ingestion of plastic by sea creatures. These harmful impacts not only threaten the survival of marine species but also have far-reaching consequences for the health of the oceans and the planet as a whole. As such, it is essential for individuals, communities, and governments to take proactive measures to reduce plastic pollution and protect the marine environment.In addition to the environmental implications, the problem of plastic pollution in the oceans also has significant social and economic ramifications. The passage emphasizes the interconnectedness of human activities and the health of the oceans, highlighting the ways in which plastic pollution affects industries such as fishing and tourism. Furthermore, the presence of plastic waste in the oceans has the potential to harm human health, as toxins from plastics can make their way into the food chain through seafood consumption. Therefore, addressing plastic pollution is not only an environmental imperative but also a social and economic necessity.On a personal level, the issue of plastic pollution in the oceans evokes a sense of responsibility and concern for the well-being of the planet. The passage's vivid descriptions of the impact of plastic waste on marine life elicit feelings of empathy and compassion for the creatures that are suffering as a result of human actions. It also prompts introspection about individual consumption habits and the role that each person plays in contributing to ormitigating plastic pollution. This personal connection to the issue underscores the need for collective action and underscores the importance of making sustainable choices in daily life.From a global perspective, the problem of plastic pollution in the oceans is a shared challenge that transcends national boundaries. The passage underscores the interconnectedness of the world's oceans and the need for international cooperation to address this pressing issue. Given the transboundary nature of ocean pollution, it is imperative for countries to collaborate on developing and implementing effective strategies to reduce plastic waste and mitigate its impact on marine ecosystems. This global perspective underscores the urgency of collective action and emphasizes the need for a united effort to protect the world's oceans for future generations.In conclusion, the problem of plastic pollution in the oceans is a multifaceted issue that has far-reaching implications for the environment, society, and the global community. The 2019 English II reading passage effectivelyconveys the urgency of addressing this critical problem and calls for concerted efforts at the individual, community, national, and international levels. By recognizing the interconnectedness of human actions and the health of the oceans, the passage underscores the need for collective action and emphasizes the importance of taking responsibility for protecting the marine environment. As individuals and as a global community, it is essential to take meaningful steps to reduce plastic pollution and safeguard the oceans for future generations.。
2019全国卷二英语阅读
2019全国卷二英语阅读Introduction:The 2019 National Examination Paper II in English presents a challenging set of reading comprehension exercises. This article aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the reading passages, highlighting the key points and discussing the underlying themes.Section 1: Passage AnalysisIn this section, we will analyze each passage, providing a summary of the main ideas and their implications.Passage 1: "Climate Change and Its Impact on Global Economy"This passage delves into the effects of climate change on the global economy. It highlights the need for immediate action to mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change on various sectors, such as agriculture, tourism, and infrastructure. The passage emphasizes the interconnectedness of economies and the urgency of adopting sustainable practices.Passage 2: "The Rise of E-commerce and Its Effects on Traditional Retail"The second passage explores the rapid growth of e-commerce and its implications for traditional retail. It discusses the convenience and accessibility of online shopping while acknowledging the challenges faced by brick-and-mortar stores. The passage further analyzes the impact of this shift on employment, consumer behavior, and the overall retail industry.Passage 3: "The Importance of Cultural Exchange in a Globalized World"The final passage emphasizes the significance of cultural exchange in today's globalized society. It highlights how cultural interactions foster mutual understanding, promote tolerance, and contribute to international cooperation. The passage also addresses the benefits and challenges of cultural exchange while encouraging readers to embrace diversity and cultivate intercultural competence.Section 2: Questions and StrategiesIn this section, we will provide strategies for effectively approaching the given questions and maximizing your score.Question 1: Multiple ChoiceFor multiple-choice questions, ensure a thorough understanding of the passage by reading it carefully. Pay attention to keywords, key phrases, and contextual information. Eliminate incorrect options based on the passage's content and select the most appropriate answer choice.Question 2: True/False StatementsWhen answering true or false statements, refer back to specific evidence in the passage to support your answer. Pay attention to qualifiers such as "always," "never," "sometimes" to determine the accuracy of the statement.Question 3: Short AnswerFor short answer questions, remember to answer concisely, using information from the passage directly. Pay attention to keywords in thequestion and ensure your response reflects a complete understanding of the passage.Question 4: Open-endedOpen-ended questions require a more in-depth analysis of the passage. Provide a well-supported response, incorporating evidence from the text, and demonstrating critical thinking skills. Focus on the main ideas, supporting details, and the overall message conveyed by the passage.Conclusion:The 2019 National Examination Paper II in English presents thought-provoking reading passages, challenging students to demonstrate their comprehension and analytical skills. By effectively analyzing the passages and employing appropriate strategies, test-takers can achieve a thorough understanding of the content and increase their chances of obtaining a high score. Remember, practice and familiarity with the reading comprehension format are key to success.。
2019考研英语阅读题源文章解析：AMatterofSovereignty
2019考研英语阅读题源文章解析：AMatterofSovereignty2019考研英语阅读题源文章解析：A Matter ofSovereigntyFrom The EconomistSept.6,2007A Matter of Sovereignty"You asked for it,now live with it. " That was, in essence, the message spread by Microsoft's lobbyists afterthe European Court of First Instance upheld a landmarkantitrust ruling against the world's largest software firm on September 17th, dealing it the most stinging defeat in nearly a decade of antitrust litigation. Emboldened by this decision, Europe's anti-monopoly squad will now go after other technology firms with high market shares, the lobbyists warn, forcing them to give up valuable intellectual propetty and curbing the incentive to innovate.Yet it is unlikely that that Neelie Kroes, the European Union (EU) competition commissioner, will now "be leading a prison march of the word's most successful firms through her Brussels doors", as one lobbyist put it. The judgment's consequences are far- reaching, but in a different way. If it is not overturned--as ,Tbe Economist went to press, Microsoft had not said whether it would make a final appeal--the firm will, in effect, lose much of its sovereignty over thevirtual territory staked out by its Windows operating system.Microsoft ended up in the dock in both Europe and America because it tried to protect and extend its Windows monopoly in two ways. One was by bundling other types of software along with Windows, notably its web browser, a move thattriggered the antitrust action in America. Its other approach, which lay at the heart of the European case, was to withhold information from rivals that would have allowed their software to "interoperate" well with Windows over a network.With a new Republican president in power, America's competition authorities decided in 2002 not to pursue the case championed by the Clinton White House and instead negotiated a settlement with Microsoft. This "consent decree", large parts of which will expire in November, amounted to little more than a slap on the wrist. It failed to administer any penalty and let Microsoft add new software elements to Windows so long as PC-makers were allowed to add rival products too. The provision regarding interoperability wasalso limited：the requirement to provide the necessary "communication protocols" applied only to the version of Windows that runs on individual PCs, and not the one running on the servers that dish up data on corporate networks.The European Commission's initial ruling againstMicrosoft in 2004 can be seen as an attempt to address these shortcomings. The commission ordered Microsoft to sell a version of Windows without its media-player software, the bone of contention in Europe when it comes to bundling. It ruled that the firm had to provide information on how to interoperate with Windows servers. The commission also imposed a fine of $497m ($6l3m)，which has since grown to $777m ($990m) because it determined that Microsoft was not fully complying with its decision.The European court has now upheld these remedies. Even more importantly, it largely endorsed the commission's legal reasoning. It argued, for instance, that withholding informationthat is needed for PCs and servers to work together constitutes an abuse of a dominant position if it keeps others from developing rival software for which thereis potential consumer demand. In such cases, the information cannot be refused even if it is protected by intellectual-property-rights, as Microsoft had argued.With its ruling, the court has set a precedent that means Windows is no longer simply private property with which Microsoft can do as it pleases. And this will certainly apply to any other firm that manages to build a similarly crucial and long-lasting digital monopoly. Even today, with software increasingly delivered as a service over the internet, Windows is protected by something known as the "application barrier to entry", meaning that so many programs run on it that rivals have a hard time getting users and software developers to switch.Yet, whatever the lobbyists say, European regulators are unlikely to go after every technology firm with a big market share. There are not many similarly dominant computer platforms. what is more, most of the potential investigations that may follow are different in kind from the action against Microsoft. In the case of Qualcomm, for instance, competitors have complained that it is charging excessive royalties fox its patents on mobile-phone technologies. In the case of Apple, commission officials have already said that they are wary of proposals to force the firm to open iTunes, its online music store, to music-players other than its iPod; aseparate investigation into iTunes concerns variations in pricing between European countries, rather than technological lock-in. Even the continuing investigation of Intel is not directly comparable to the Microsoft case. The world'sbiggest chipmaker, the commission charges, has used abusive tactics such as offering rebates to prevent computer- makers from using chips made by its rival, AMD.For the time being, the commission can apply the precedents set by the Microsoft ruling in only one case：Google, the world's leading web-search and online-advertising firm. Just as America's Federal Trade Commission is now doing, the EU's competition authorities will look closely atGoogle's planned takeover of Double Click, another leader in online advertising. And if Google becomes a central storage vault for data such as users' location and identity, as some fear, European regulators may one day try to compel the firm to give rivals open access to this information-rather as they have now forced Microsoft to release its communication protocols.Microsoft itself is not out of legal trouble, even if it chooses not to appeal. The commission has yet to determine whether the information the firm has supplied will really ensure interoperability. Still open, too, is the issue of how much Microsoft can charge firms that want to license its protocols. Then there is the question of whether Microsoft should be forced to license, the information to makers ofopen-source software. The firm argues that this would be tantamount to giving away the shop, but the commission thinks it would promote competition by advancing open-source rivals to Microsoft's products. And further investigations may yet follow into Office, Microsoft's dominant suite of business software, and Vista, the latest version of Windows.No wonder Microsoft is stoking fears that the commission plans to go on an antitrust rampage. It has prompted apolitical backlash that may discourage the EU from staying on the case. In America the talk is of a "new form of protectionism". After the European court's decision Thomas Barnett, the head of the antitrust division of the Department of Justice, warned that it "may have the unfortunate consequence of harming consumers by chilling innovation and discouraging competition".With this judgment Europe and America have clearly moved further apart in antitrust matters. But whether, as some fear, these differences turn into a full-blown transatlanticconflict remains to be seen. After all, the administration in Washington will probably have changed several more times before the Microsoft case finally draws to a close.。
2019年考研英语一阅读理解题源分析
2019年考研英语一阅读理解题源分析今天小编为大家提供2019年考研英语一阅读理解题源分析，考生在准备考研的过程中，应该充分重视上述的一些英美报纸杂志，平时要多看这些刊物，尤其是其中的议论、评论、报道和分析文章等。
2019年考研英语一阅读理解题源分析从取材来看，考研英语阅读理解A部分的四篇文章仍旧都是来自英美国家一些享有较高声誉的权威报刊杂志，如News week(《新闻周刊》),New York Times(《纽约时报》),U.S.News and World Report(《美国新闻与世界报道》),The Economist(《经济学家》),Times(《时代周刊》)等等。
文章内容既包罗万象又具有相当的时效性，大多涉及当年的热门话题，今年的四篇阅读涉及到了2篇经济政策类(银行管理政策、消费税sales tax policy)、科技(AI智能)、教育(GPA学分)都和我们之前考过的真题有重合，这也足矣看到复习真题的重要性，需要同学们一定重视真题，反复钻研真题，想拿高分的同学甚至不放过英语一的好材料。
正对这两类文章，考生应该有不同的阅读重点和策略。
对于说明文来说，最重要的是抓住文章的说明对象、事实和数据;对于议论文来说，最重要的是总结作者的观点和结论、抓住作者的态度，以及作者的观点和态度与其他人的观点和态度之间的关系等等。
由历年真题可见，社会科学是考研英语阅读的主要和重点选材，自然科学一直保持在1篇文章左右的分量，人文科学的重要性则有上升的趋势。
考生在准备考研的过程中，应该充分重视上述的一些英美报纸杂志，平时要多看这些刊物，尤其是其中的议论、评论、报道和分析文章等。
现在在国内买到英美国家原版报刊杂志的过刊还是比较容易的。
如果考生想掌握最新文章，可以登陆这些刊物的官方网站去阅读，通常这些文章都是免费的，但有的需要交费订阅才可以，考生可以灵活把握。
笔者在这里主要推荐The Economist(《经济学家》)的网站，不仅因为The Economist是考研选材的重点刊物之一，同时，考生在上面可以免费阅读近一两年的印刷版文章，非常方便实用。
2019考研英语阅读题源文章解析：LestWeForgetorRemember？
2019考研英语阅读题源文章解析：LestWeForgetorRemember？2019考研英语阅读题源文章解析：Lest We Forgetor Remember？From The EconomistAug. 2, 2007Lest We Forget or Lest We Remember?People remember emotionally charged events more easily than they recall the quotidian. A sexual encounter trumps doing the grocery shopping. A mugging trumps a journey to work. Witnessing a massacre trumps pretty well anything you can imagine.That is hardly surprising. Rare events that might have an impact on an individual's survival or reproduction should have a special fast lane into the memory bank-and they do. It is called the a2b-adrenoceptor, and it is found in the amygdala, a part of the brain involved in processing strong emotions such as fear. The role of the α2b-adrenoceptor is to promote memory formation-but only if it is stimulated by adrenaline. Since emotionally charged events are often accompanied by adrenaline secretion, the α2b-adrenoceptor acts as a gatekeeper that decides what will be remembered and what discarded.However, the gene that encodes this receptor comes in two varieties. That led Dominique de Quervain, of the University of Zurich, to wonder if people with one variant would have better emotional memories than those with the other. The short answer, just published in Nature Neuroscience, is thatthey do. Moreover, since the frequencies of the two variants are different in different groups of people, whole populationsmay have different mixtures of emotional memory.The reason Dr de Quervain suspected the variants might work differently is that the rarer one looks like the commoner one when the latter has a memory-enhancing drug called yohimbine attached to it. His prediction, therefore, was that better emotional memory would be associated with the rarer version.And that did, indeed, turn out to be the case in hisfirst experiment. This involved showing students photographs of positive scenes such as families playing together, negative scenes such as car accidents, and neutral ones, such as people on the phone. Those students with at least one gene for the rarer version of the protein (everyone has two such genes, one from his father and one from his mother) were twice as good at remembering details of emotionally charged scenes than were those with only the common version. When phone- callers were the subject; there was no difference in the quality of recall.That is an interesting result, but some of Dr de Quervain's colleagues at the University of Konstanz, in Germany, were able to take it further in a second experiment. In fact, they took it all the way along a dusty road in Uganda, to the Nakivale refugee camp. This camp is home to hundreds of refugees of the Rwandan civil war of 1994.In this second experiment the researchers were not asking about photographs. With the help of specially trained interviewers, they recorded how often people in the camp suffered flashbacks and nightmares about their wartime experiences. They then compared those results with the α2b-adrenoceptor genes in their volunteers. As predicted, those with the rare version had significantly more flashbacks than those with only the common one.Besides bolstering Dr de Quervain's original hypothesis, this result is interesting because only 12% of the refugees had the rarer gene. In Switzerland, by contrast, 30% of the population has the rare variety-and the Swiss are notnormally regarded as an emotional people.Whether that result has wider implications remains to be seen. Human genetics has a notorious history of jumping to extravagant conclusions from scant data, but that does not mean conclusions should be ducked if the data are good. In this case, the statistics suggest Rwanda may have been lucky：the long-term mental-health effects of the war may not be as widespread as they have been in people with a different genetic mix. On the other hand, are those who easily forget the horrors of history condemned to repeat them?。
2019考研英语二阅读理解真题及答案解析text3
2019考研英语⼆阅读理解真题及答案解析text3 美国劳动⼒缺乏，要么进⼝⾷品，要么进⼝劳动⼒。
⼩编为⼤家提供2019考研英语⼆阅读理解真题及答案解析text3，⼀起来看看吧！ 2019考研英语⼆阅读理解真题text3 Text 3 American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years now. Given a multi-year decline in illegal immigration, and a similarly sustained pickup in the U.S. job market, the complaints are unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers. Efforts to create a more straightforward agricultural-workers visa that would enable foreign workers to stay longer in the U.S. and change jobs within the industry have so far failed in Congress. If this doesn’t change, American businesses, communities and consumers will be the losers. Perhaps half of U.S. farm laborers are undocumented immigrants. As fewer such workers enter the U.S., the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are changing. Today’s farm laborers, while still predominantly born in Mexico, are more likely to be settled, rather than migrating, and more likely to be married than single. They are also aging. At the start of this century, about one-third of crop workers were over the age of 35. Now, more than half are. And crop picking is hard on older bodies. One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as implausible as it has been all along: Native U.S. workers won’t be returning to the farm. In a study published in 2013, economist Michael Clemens analyzed 15 years of data on North Carolina’s farm-labor market and concluded, “There is virtually no supply of native manual farm laborers” in the state. This was true even in the depths of a severe recession. Mechanization is not the answer either—not yet at least. Production of corn, cotton, rice, soybeans and wheat have been largely mechanized, but many high-value, labor-intensive crops, such as strawberries, need labor. Even dairy farms, where robots currently do only a small share of milking, have a long way to go before they are automated. As a result, farms have grown increasingly reliant on temporary guest workers using the H-2A visa to fill the gaps in the agricultural workforce. Starting around 2012, requests for the visas rose sharply; from 2011 to 2016 the number of visas issued more than doubled. The H-2A visa has no numerical cap, unlike the H-2B visa for nonagricultural work, which is limited to 66,000 annually. Even so, employers frequently complain that they aren’t allotted all the workers they need. The process is cumbersome, expensive and unreliable. One survey found that bureaucratic delays led H-2A workers to arrive on the job an average of 22 days late. And the shortage is compounded by federal immigration raids, which remove some workers and drive others underground. Petitioning each year for laborers—and hoping the government provides enough, and that they arrive on time—is no way to run a business. In a 2012 survey by the California Farm Bureau, 71 percent of tree-fruit growers and nearly 80 percent of raisin and berry growers said they were short of labor. Some western growers have responded by movingoperations to Mexico. Without reliable access to a reliable workforce, more growers will be tempted to move south. According to a report by the Partnership for a New American Economy, Americans are consuming more fresh produce, which is good. But a rising share of it is grown elsewhere. In 1998-2000, 14.5 percent of the fruit Americans consumed was imported. Little more than a decade later, the share of imported fruit had increased to 25.8 percent. Rural U.S. communities that might have benefited didn’t. In effect, the U.S. can import food or it can import the workers who pick it. The U.S. needs a simpler, streamlined, multi-year visa for agricultural workers, accompanied by measures to guard against exploitation and a viable path to U.S. residency for workers who meet the requirements. Otherwise growers will continue to struggle with shortages and uncertainty, and the country as a whole will lose out. 31.What problem should be addressed according to the first two paragraphs? A. discrimination against foreign workers in the U.S. B. biased laws in favor of some American businesses. C. flaws in US immigration rules for farm workers. D. decline of job opportunities in US agriculture. 32. One trouble with US. Agriculture workforce is___ A. the rising number of illegal immigrants. B. the high mobility of crop workers. C. the lack of experienced labors. D. the aging of immigrant farm workers. 33. What is the much-argued solution to the labor shortage in US farming? A. To attract younger laborers to farm work. B. To get native US workers back to farming. C. To use more robots to grow high-value crops. D. To strengthen financial support for famers. 34. Agriculture employers complain about the H-2A visa for its____? A. slow granting procedures. B. limit on duration of stay. C. tightened requirements. D. control of annual admissions. 35. Which of the following could be the best title for this text? A. US Agriculture in Decline. B. Import Food or Labor? C. America Saved by Mexico? D. Manpower vs. Automation? 2019考研英语⼆阅读理解答案解析text3 31. 答案 C. flaws in US immigration rules for farm workers. 解析：本题⽬为细节题，考察具体细节。
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2019考研英语阅读题源文章解析：Promise ofSpeedier Memory ChipFrom The New York TimesBy John MarkoffNov.11,2006Alloy Holds Out Promise of Speedier Memory ChipScientists at IBM and two partner companies have developed a promising material that they believe will lead to a new kind of computer memory chip able to meet the growing appetite for storing digital music, pictures and video.The advance will be described in a technical paper to be presented Monday at the International Electron Devices Meeting in San Francisco by researchers from IBM and two computer memory manufactures, Qimonda and Macronix. The scientists have designed a new semiconductor alloy derived from materials currently used in optical storage devices like CDs and DVDs.This team is not the only entrant in the race to find alternatives to flash memory, the prevailing form of nonvolatile storage--so called because it can retain information without power. Intel and STMicroelectronics have formed a partnership to pursue the technology, and, separately, Samsung has made announcements in the field.Intel has shown 128-megabit prototype chips and said it planned to introduce products in 2007. Samsung has described a 512-megabit prototype that it expects to market in 2008.IBM scientists say their announcement is significant because the company's new material has performance advantages over alloys now in use in prototypes made by others in the industryIf the technology proves cheap enough to manufacture, it will create a new competitor in the $18.6 billion market for the inexpensive erasable memory chips that have proliferated in mobile phones, music players and other consumer gadgets in recent years.Moreover, although IBM has withdrawn from the memory chip business, the company said it was intensely interested in the technology for corporate computing applications like transaction processing. Faster nonvolatile memory could change the design of the microprocessors that IBM makes, speeding up a variety of basic operations.The new memory technology could potentially be added to a future generation of the IBM Power PC microprocessor, according to Spike Narayan, a senior manager at the company's Almaden Research Center here.Over two and a half yeas, in a trial-and-error process, scientists here explored a class of materials that can be switched from an amorphous state to a crystalline one and then back again by repeated heating. The compounds, known as GST, or germanium-antimony-tellurium phase change materials,are routinely used today to make inexpensive optical disks that are read from and written to with laser beams.The IBM led team has proved that the same effect can be realized by using a small electrical current. That has madeit possible to build tiny memory cells that can store digital 1's and 0's by means of electricity rather than light. IBM scientists say the new material is an alloy composed of just germanium and antimony, and is referred to as GS. The scientists do not describe the material in detail in the paper.The advantage of the new material, according to the scientists, is that it can be used to create switches more than 500 times as fast as today's flash chips. Moreover, the prototype switch developed by the scientists is just 3 nanometers high by 20 nanometers wide, offering the promise that the technology can be shrunk to smaller dimensions than could be attained by flash manufacturers.The current generation of flash memory chips store as much as 32 billion bits on a chip .But that technology is likely to become increasingly problematic as chip makers struggle to reach ever finer dimensions.Reached for comment later last week, Vivek Subramanian, an associate professor of electrical engineering at the University of California, Berkeley, who has read thetechnical paper describing the project, said, "Everybody recognizes that scaling flash is going to be a problem in the long run. This looks like a really attractive technology that is both scaleable and consumes little power."Industry executives said that the new materials might bolster the computer and consumer electronics industries just when it appeared they were nearing fundamental engineering limits."This is a Christmas present for the industry because it shatters so many things at once, "said Richard Doherty, president of Envisioneering, a computer industry consulting firm in Seaford, N.Y.，who has been briefed on the technical paper. "This could change the basic equation between processors, local storage and communications."Today's flash memories are largely divided into two distinct types called NOR and NAND, with different performance characteristics. The principal disadvantage of the flash design is that data cannot be addressed one bit at a time but only in larger blocks of data.In contrast, phase change memories will be addressable at the bit level. Such a capability means that the new memories will be more flexible than flash memory and can be used in a wider variety of applications and computer designs.。