Chapter 4 Cultural Values
《跨文化商务交际》课程学习大纲课程名称：跨文化商务交际课程英文
《跨文化商务交际》课程学习大纲课程名称：跨文化商务交际课程英文《跨文化商务交际》课程学习大纲课程名称: 跨文化商务交际课程英文名称:课程编码: 401022060 学时/学分: 32学时 3学分适用对象: 商务英语专业编写人: 张宁一、课程介绍《跨文化商务交际》为我国高等英语专业商务类核心课程之一。
同英语国家的人们用英语进行有效的交流是应用英语类专业教学的重要目的之一。
然而有效的交流不仅仅是一个语言技巧问题，还涉及到许多文化因素。
本课程的主旨是帮助学生解决在跨文化交际中因文化的差异而产生的种种问题。
二、课程学习目标通过本课程的学习，学生应能够认识语言、文化和交际三者之间的关系;对各类交际形式有所认识;对对象国文化有更进一步的了解,更有效地进行交流;预料和避免由于不同的文化期望而产生的误解;解释手势和其他形式的体态语;讨论有关文化适应和相容的问题。
学习目标一览表1. 掌握本课程的基础性内容，包括跨文化交际学的需求,发展简史及内涵等基本知识点的识记和理解。
知识2. 对跨文化交际理论有较系统的理解和掌握。
目标3. 能够结合本专业特点理论联系实际，透过现象把握其基本规律。
1. 通晓跨文化交流的本质、基本理论和技巧。
2. 了解文化差异产生的过程。
能力目标 3. 掌握基本的沟通方法和策略。
4. 提高英语语言运用能力和跨文化交际能力1. 培养科学、严谨的学习态度、执着探索、创新改革的科学精神。
文化素质2. 培养自身的国际视野、创新意识、跨文化交际和人际交往意识。
目标三、课程教学内容《跨文化商务交际》课程的教学内容共分为八个模块，每个模块由基础性内容、提高性内容、拓展性内容三部分构成，基础性内容是必须掌握的内容，提高性内容是在基础性内容的基础上对基本问题的探讨和梳理，拓展性内容是对所学知识的延伸性学习，是课程内容的前瞻性分析和理论延展。
第1至4章以跨文化交际学的基本理论为框架，阐述阐述交际、文化、跨文化交际等基本概念、交际与文化的关系;介绍文化差异在言语和非言语交际方面的表现;不同的文化价值观的理论划分，以及在文化层面上分析了人们在跨文化商务交际中存在的众多价值观念差异。
Culturalvalues跨文化交际文化价值观模式
人际取向 18
2.2 Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s five value orientations (P74)
oriantation Basic values
Human Nature
Basically Evil
Relationship Man
of Humankind subjugated by
Hofstede’s Dimensions of Cultural Variability Individualism Vs Collectivism
Uncertainty Avoidance
Power Distance
Edward T Hall’s Context - Culture
Theory
High-Context
3)) Values are a learned organization of rules for making choices and for resolving conflicts.
1.3 Values
4) Hofstede: Values are “a broad tendency to prefer certain states of affairs over others”. E.g.
1.1 Perception
1.2 Beliefs 1.3 Values
2. Cultural Patterns
1. 1 What is perception?
• Perception is primary in the study of intercultural communication, because our information about and knowledge of our physical and social world are mediated(传 达 )by perceptual processes. Our perceptions give meaning to all those external forces: symbols, things, people, ideas, events, ideologies and faith.
Chapter_3_Cultural_values跨文化交际文化价值观模式
1.2 Beliefs 1.3 Values 2. Cultural Patterns
1. 1 What is perception?
• Perception is primary in the study of intercultural communication, because our information about and knowledge of our physical and social world are mediated(传 达 )by perceptual processes. Our perceptions give meaning to all those external forces: symbols, things, people, ideas, events, ideologies and faith.
1.3 Values
1)A Value is an enduring belief that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to another. 2)Values are shared ideas about what is true, right, and beautiful which underline cultural patterns and guide society in response to the physical and social environment.‖ (Nanda &Warms) 3)) Values are a learned organization of rules for making choices and for resolving conflicts.
中国文化概况 chapter 4
minutes)
How do you understand Chinese calligraphy?
Chinese calligraphy is also called the art of lines.
Calligraphy’s purpose is to retain the beauty of nature and illuminate man’s spiritual beauty. It stresses the overall layout and harmony between words and lines.
The Seal Form (篆书)
Soft lines of strokes and upright rectangular shape keep the seal form characters more close to pictography (象形文字).
Each of the characters has a balanced and symmetrical (对称的) pattern.
The Chinese saying “The handwriting reveals the person” (字如其人), is directly related to calligraphy.
Strokes (笔画) of Chinese Characters
(完整版)大学跨文化交际期末总结word打印版
Chapter 1 CultureDefinitions:1 Culture is the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religions, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving. 文化是个人和群体在种族发展过程中所获得的知识、经验、信仰、价值观、行为、态度、阶级、宗教、时间观、角色、空间观、宇宙观和艺术品的集合。
(P12/P29)2 Cultural Identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.文化身份：认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。
(P19/29)3 Subculture exist within dominant cultures and are often based on economic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region.指存在于主流文化中的文化，其划分通常基于经济地位、社会阶层、民族、种族或地理区域.(P23/29)4 Subgroups usually do not involve the same large number of people and are not necessarily thought of as accumulating values and patterns of behavior over generations in the same way as culture do.相对于亚文化和共文化群体，亚群体通常规模不大，也不一定有文化群体世代相传积累的价值观念和行为模式。
Cross-Cultural Communication Unit 1-4 跨文化交际
➢Lessons about life and ways for living that life ➢It's based on cooperation
CHAPTER 1
Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The Future
CHAPTER 1 - Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The Future
Challenge?
• Societies around the globe have been interwoven into a complex fabric of interdependent economic, technological, political, and social relationships.
CHAPTER 2
The Deep Structure of Culture: Roots of Reality
CHAPTER 2 - The Deep Structure of Culture: Roots of Reality
• The deep structure of culture is the unconscious assumptions about how the world operates. It makes each culture unique, and explains how and why of a culture's collective action.
跨文化商务英语课件4
• U.S. women have taken 2/3 of new jobs created; they are starting new businesses at twice the rate of men. In France, 1/5 of small businesses are owned by women; in Canada, the rate is 1/3.
Definition of Value
• A value can be defined as a conception, explicit or implicit, distinctive of an individual or characteristic of a group, of the desirable which influences the selection from available modes, means, and ends of action.
Chapter 4
Contrasting Cultural V
Social principles, goals, or standards accepted by persons in a culture. They are learned by contacts with the family, teachers, and religious leaders. The media also may influence one’s value system.
• Differences in conception of the self.
– Chinese have high value on group cooperation and individual modesty. – Americans place high value on self-reliance and freedom from externally imposed constraints.
市场营销英文题4
Chapter 04 Cultural Dynamics in Assessing Global MarketsTrue / False Questions1. (p. 93) There is a moderate level American-style risk-taking among Japanese investors. FALSEDifficulty: EasyType: Knowledge2. (p. 93) The liberalization of Japan's capital markets in recent years now gives Japanese more freedom of choice in their investments. However, only twelve percent of household financial assets are directly invested in stocks and a mere two percent in mutual funds.TRUEDifficulty: ModerateType: Knowledge3. (p. 93) The Japanese transition into a more modern and stable securities market has been a smooth one.FALSEDifficulty: EasyType: Knowledge4. (p. 94) The manner and amount in which people consume are factors that dictate their style of living.TRUEDifficulty: EasyType: Knowledge5. (p. 94, footnote #1) Apparently obesity in the United States is causing Disneyland to deepen the channel on which its Small World boats float to keep the boats from bottoming out.TRUEDifficulty: EasyType: Knowledge6. (p. 94) Culture deals with a group's design for living.TRUEDifficulty: EasyType: Comprehension7. (p. 94) According to the text, culture is specifically how well someone walks, talks, or writes. FALSEDifficulty: EasyType: Knowledge8. (p. 94) Marketers are often considered to be agents of change with respect to culture.TRUEDifficulty: ModerateType: Comprehension9. (p. 94) Culture affects every part of our lives, every day, from birth to death and everything in between.TRUEDifficulty: EasyType: Comprehension10. (p. 98) According to Dutch professor Geert Hofstede, culture is a figment of our imagination. FALSEDifficulty: ModerateType: Knowledge11. (p. 99, Exhibit 4.4) According to the text, culture can trace its origins to geography, history, technology and political economy, and social institutions.TRUEDifficulty: ModerateType: Knowledge12. (p. 99, Exhibit 4.4) Good illustrations of elements of culture would be one's family, religion, schools, media, government, and even corporations.FALSEDifficulty: ModerateType: Knowledge13. (p. 104) In most cultures the first social institution infants are exposed to outside of the home takes the form of a church or other religious institution.TRUEDifficulty: ModerateType: Comprehension14. (p. 103) The two social institutions that most strongly influence values and culture are governments and nonprofit institutions.FALSEDifficulty: HardType: Comprehension15. (p. 106) Underlying the cultural diversity that exists among countries are fundamental differences in cultural values.TRUEDifficulty: ModerateType: Knowledge16. (p. 107) The Individualism/Collectivism Index measures the tolerance of social inequality. FALSEDifficulty: ModerateType: Knowledge17. (p. 107) Aspects of additional data sets related to values related to leadership and organizations developed in the 1990s coincide with Hofstede's data collected 25 years earlier. TRUEDifficulty: EasyType: Knowledge18. (p. 107) Rebecca Nguyen is attempting to measure power inequality between superiors and subordinates within AT&T's social system. The best measure would be the Power Distance Index.TRUEDifficulty: ModerateType: Application19. (p. 111) Anthropologist Edward T. Hall tells us that culture is communication.TRUEDifficulty: ModerateType: Comprehension20. (p. 112) With respect to languages, Spanish, Italian, French, and Portuguese are all classified as Romance languages because most poetry is written in these languages.FALSEDifficulty: ModerateType: Application21. (p. 112) A researcher for the Gallup polling organization is designing a questionnaire that will explore people's attitudes toward the arts, folklore, and music. The researcher's survey will, therefore, explore people's attitudes toward what is called aesthetics.TRUEDifficulty: ModerateType: Application22. (p. 114) According to information about beliefs found in the text, a Chinese man or woman who believed in feng shui would not face their home in either a northwesterly or southwesterly direction.TRUEDifficulty: HardType: Application23. (p. 115) The type of knowledge about a culture that is usually obvious and must be learned is designated as being interpretative knowledge.FALSEDifficulty: ModerateType: Knowledge24. (p. 116) Jose and Mary Garcia, while both being Hispanic, are miles apart in their cultural upbringing. Jose, who grew up in Argentina, believes that time is unimportant in daily activities and that all things will eventually get done. Mary was raised in Los Angeles where everything is very time-oriented. These differences would be attributed to interpretative knowledge gained by the two Garcia's.TRUEDifficulty: HardType: Application25. (p. 116-117) If a person has cultural sensitivity then the person is attuned to the nuances of culture so that a new culture can be viewed objectively, evaluated, and appreciated.TRUEDifficulty: EasyType: Knowledge26. (p. 117) Cultural borrowing is relevant only to those cultures formed in what was called the New World.FALSEDifficulty: ModerateType: Knowledge27. (p. 117) A good illustration of cultural borrowing is the fact that salsa is now the number one condiment used by Americans with their meals.TRUEDifficulty: ModerateType: Application28. (p. 117) If there is anything constant about culture is that it is constantly changing.TRUEDifficulty: EasyType: Comprehension29. (p. 118) If we were to describe a culture as being dynamic, we would recognize that this culture was resistant to change.FALSEDifficulty: EasyType: Comprehension30. (p. 120) An illustration of cultural congruence would be the fact that Apple Computer prints all instructions for setting up their computer products in English and the native language of the country where the product is to be sold.TRUEDifficulty: ModerateType: Application31. (p. 120) Nike would be following a program of unplanned change if it were to introduce a line of tennis shoes for women (Nike Goddess) in a Muslim country with no prior marketing or communication efforts.TRUEDifficulty: HardType: ApplicationMultiple Choice Questions32. (p. 94) __________ is pervasive in all marketing activities; the marketer's efforts actually become a part of the __________.A. Resistance; opposition to changeB. Culture; fabric of cultureC. Acceptance; new global contextD. Public relations; cultureE. Change; marketing strategyDifficulty: ModerateType: Comprehension33. (p. 94) _____________ is the human-made part of human environment.A. SociologyB. PsychologyC. CultureD. Reference groupsE. Cohort groupsDifficulty: ModerateType: Knowledge34. (p. 94) The sum total of knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, law, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by humans as members of society is called:A. SociologyB. PsychologyC. CultureD. Reference groupsE. Cohort groupsDifficulty: ModerateType: Knowledge35. (p. 94) When marketers first introduced the PDA to the American consumer they performed the role of being a(n) _____________ because the cultural impact of the product became widespread.A. gatekeeperB. role playerC. supply creatorD. agent of changeE. promoterDifficulty: ModerateType: Application36. (p. 96, Exhibit 4.2) With respect to a cultural fact, which of the following countries has the highest rate of consumption of chocolate?A. FranceB. GermanyC. United StatesD. ItalyE. United KingdomDifficulty: HardType: Application37. (p. 98) According to Dutch management professor Geert Hofstede, culture is seen as:A. "software of the mind."B. "the difference between life and death."C. "the conflict of civilization versus the masses."D. "tool of the elite."E. "art's triumph over banality."Difficulty: HardType: Comprehension38. (p. 98) According to Dutch management professor Geert Hofstede, culture is seen as a:A. weapon that is often used on the poor.B. problem-solving tool.C. bias that is used to justify racial inequality.D. a relationship enhancer.E. reflection of a nation's evolution.Difficulty: ModerateType: Knowledge39. (p. 99, Exhibit 4.4) All of the following are considered to part of the origins of culture EXCEPT:A. geography.B. history.C. technology and political economy.D. mathematical modelsE. social institutions.Difficulty: ModerateType: Comprehension40. (p. 99, Exhibit 4.4) Which of the following would be considered to among the elements of culture according to a model presented in the text?A. familyB. religionC. mediaD. ritualsE. schoolDifficulty: ModerateType: Comprehension41. (p. 99) A traditional definition of ____________ centers around the notion that it is the sum of the values, rituals, symbols, beliefs, and thought processes that are learned, shared by a group of people, and transmitted from generation to generation.A. social classB. psychologyC. anthropologyD. demographyE. cultureDifficulty: ModerateType: Knowledge42. (p. 102) As Mike Jones has grown up he has learned a great about his culture from his schools, church, mass media, and family. This learning is called:A. acculturation.B. socialization.C. naturalization.D. emancipation.E. adaptation.Difficulty: HardType: Application43. (p. 98, Crossing Borders 4.1) The following traits have been identified as those shared by humans EXCEPT __________.A. conceive of success and failureB. overestimate objectivity of thoughtC. express emotions with faceD. engage in sport activitiesE. imitate outside influencesDifficulty: EasyType: Knowledge44. (p. 102) Mervin is excited about his new home in the Philippines. Even though he was born in Los Angeles, Mervin has been given the opportunity to learn about a new culture, form new friends, and capitalize on opportunities than were not available in his previous home or workplace. Mervin will go through what is called a ______________ as he adjusts to living in Manila.A. acculturationB. socializationC. naturalizationD. emancipationE. standardizationDifficulty: ModerateType: Application45. (p. 103) The family, religion, schools, the media, government, and corporations are all illustrations of what are called:A. social institutions.B. cultural icons.C. internal variables.D. external variables.E. demographic variables.Difficulty: ModerateType: Knowledge46. (p. 104) In most cultures the first social institution infants are exposed to outside the home takes the form of a:A. day care center.B. school.C. religious institution (church, mosque, shrine, or temple).D. shopping mall.E. government agency.Difficulty: HardType: Comprehension47. (p. 104) According to the text, there is some good news about gender equality in recent years -- the __________ gap between the sexes is narrowing in many places around the world.A. intelligenceB. employmentC. identityD. educationE. languageDifficulty: EasyType: Knowledge48. (p. 105) __________ are seen as leading positive cultural changes and progress around the world.A. SchoolsB. Sports stadiumsC. Labor unionsD. Dogmatic religionsE. Internet and televisionDifficulty: EasyType: Knowledge49. (p. 105) The four social institutions that most strongly influence values and culture are schools, churches (religious institutions), families, and:A. shopping malls.B. day care centers.C. government agencies.D. the media.E. corporations.Difficulty: ModerateType: Comprehension50. (p. 106) Compared with the early (during childhood) and direct influences of family, religion, school, and the media during childhood, governments:A. hold a very strong position.B. hold a moderate position.C. hold relatively little sway.D. control a great deal of our lives.E. basically ignore people.Difficulty: HardType: Application51. (p. 106-107) The most useful information on how cultural values influence various types of business and market behavior comes from work done by:A. Sigmund Freud.B. George Gallup.C. Geert Hofstede.D. Ayn Rand.E. Milton Friedman.Difficulty: HardType: Knowledge52. (p. 107, Exhibit 4.5) Many languages are very different from other languages. Which of the following languages is the most distant from English?A. French.B. German.C. Spanish.D. Arabic.E. Taiwanese (Taiwan).Difficulty: HardType: Knowledge53. (p. 108) The ________________ Index refers to the preference for behavior that promotes one's self-interest.A. Individualism/CollectivismB. Power DistanceC. Uncertainty AvoidanceD. RitualE. LanguageDifficulty: ModerateType: Knowledge54. (p. 107, Exhibit 4.5) Which of the following countries scores highest on theIndividualism/Collectivism Index meaning that this country values and rewards individual initiative more that the others cited?A. BrazilB. GreeceC. FranceD. GermanyE. United StatesDifficulty: EasyType: Application55. (p. 107, Exhibit 4.5) Which of the following countries would have the most affinity (score highest) for collectivism (cohesive groups are honored and encouraged)?A. Great BritainB. AustraliaC. CanadaD. FranceE. JapanDifficulty: EasyType: Application56. (p. 108) The Uncertainty Avoidance Index measure the tolerance of ___________ and__________ among members of a society.A. social equality; inequalityB. self-interest; collective interestC. uncertainty; ambiguityD. primary; secondary language toleranceE. ritual; dislocationDifficulty: ModerateType: Comprehension57. (p. 107, Exhibit 4.5) Emma Smith has just been hired as a consultant for the Smith Barney stock brokerage firm. Her task is to determine whether Smith Barney should use face-to-face contacts to encourage sales or the more impersonal electronic communications that have become so popular today. Her data indicates (based on reviews of Individualism/Collectivism studies) that all but one of the following countries would probably favor electronic communication. Which country would most likely favor face-to-face contact with a Smith Barney broker?A. United StatesB. AustraliaC. CanadaD. JapanE. Great BritainDifficulty: ModerateType: Application58. (p. 109, Crossing Borders 4.2) Giving a gift in another country requires careful attention if it is to be done properly. According to the characteristics of gift giving that follows, which country most likely matches with this form of gift giving? Characteristics: never make an issue of a gift presentation--publicly or privately; gifts should be presented privately, with the exception of collective ceremonial gifts at banquets or after speeches.A. Arab WorldB. United StatesC. JapanD. Latin AmericaE. ChinaDifficulty: ModerateType: Application59. (p. 110-111) Rituals let people know:A. what to expect.B. what something costs.C. how the government operates.D. the impact of language.E. the ancient rites of worship.Difficulty: ModerateType: Comprehension60. (p. 111) Anthropologist Edward T. Hall tells us that culture is:A. all-encompassing.B. relatively minor in the scheme of life.C. communication.D. strongly linked to physiology.E. standard throughout the world.Difficulty: ModerateType: Knowledge61. (p. 111) In many parts of the world language is itself thought of as a social institution (often with political importance). Which of the following countries best exemplifies the above statement?A. AustraliaB. United StatesC. FranceD. MexicoE. SwitzerlandDifficulty: ModerateType: Application62. (p. 111) The relationship between language and international marketing is an important factor that cannot be overestimated. Recent studies indicate that a new concept, __________, is proving useful to marketing researchers in market segmentation and strategic entry decisions.A. linguistic trapsB. linguistic distanceC. language parallelsD. language rootsE. linguistic accentsDifficulty: ModerateType: Comprehension63. (p. 112) Which of the following general terms would most closely be associated with the arts, folklore, music, drama, and dance?A. controllable environmental variablesB. uncontrollable environmental variablesC. aestheticsD. cultural mandatesE. cultural iconsDifficulty: ModerateType: Knowledge64. (p. 114) Much of what we learn to believe comes from:A. the media.B. the Internet.C. religious training.D. biological heredity.E. physiological need states.Difficulty: EasyType: Comprehension65. (p. 114) Gin and Oki Chen are about to purchase a new home in San Francisco. The first home shown to the couple is a lovely ranch-style house. As Gin looks at the home she comments to the real estate broker, "This will never do. I am sorry but the front entrance faces northwest. No one would ever visit us. May we please see another house from your list." Her husband concurs. Which of the following would explain why Gin Chen's statement was so strong and why she would rather look at another home?A. She is afraid of earthquakes in the San Francisco area.B. She dislikes the color of the house but is afraid to say so because it would be rude.C. She never has liked houses that face shaded areas.D. She is from southern China and, therefore, prefers an entrance that faces southwest.E. She respects traditional feng shui beliefs.Difficulty: ModerateType: Application66. (p. 115) How people think and view the world is important to any cultural study of the international environment. According to a book written by Richard Nisbett, The Geography of Thought, Asians tend to:A. prefer home cooking to fast food.B. see the whole picture and can report details about background and foreground.C. focus on small details in the foreground but cannot often see the "big picture."D. see the world (surprisingly) in a similar way to everyone else.E. see only what they want to see as they are very biased on their outlook on life.Difficulty: HardType: Application67. (p. 115) ____________ knowledge about a culture is usually obvious and must be learned.A. FactualB. InterpretativeC. VirtualD. HistoricalE. SuperstitiousDifficulty: ModerateType: Knowledge68. (p. 115) _____________ knowledge about a culture is an ability to understand and to appreciate fully the nuances of different cultural traits and patterns.A. FactualB. InterpretativeC. VirtualD. HistoricalE. SuperstitiousDifficulty: ModerateType: Knowledge69. (p. 115) Factual knowledge is very important to understanding a culture. Which of the following would be the best illustration of this importance?A. The Catholic religion is widespread throughout the world.B. The United States is located in the Northern Hemisphere of what was called the New World.C. 98 percent of Mexico is Roman Catholic.D. Great Britain is made up of England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales.E. Traffic laws requiring autos to travel on the right or left side of the road.Difficulty: HardType: Application70. (p. 116) ______________ is being attuned to the nuances of culture so that a new culture can be viewed objectively, evaluated, and appreciated.A. Cultural ombudsmanshipB. Being a cultural iconC. Being a cultural mavenD. Cultural sensitivityE. Cultural borrowingDifficulty: ModerateType: Knowledge71. (p. 117) ________________ is a responsible effort to learn from other's cultural ways in the quest for better solutions to a society's particular problems.A. Cultural ombudsmanshipB. Being a cultural iconC. Being a cultural mavenD. Cultural sensitivityE. Cultural borrowingDifficulty: ModerateType: Knowledge72. (p. 117) Modern medicine in the United States has been impacted by application of herbal remedies from South America and acupuncture from the Orient. This would be an example of which of the following?A. Cultural ombudsmanshipB. Being a cultural iconC. Being a cultural mavenD. Cultural sensitivityE. Cultural borrowingDifficulty: ModerateType: Application73. (p. 117) Which of the following best illustrates the concept of cultural borrowing in the United States?A. Eating three meals a day.B. Working five days a week.C. Eating salsa on just about everything.D. The popularity of SUVs in suburban neighborhoods.E. The popularity of basketball among urban youth.Difficulty: EasyType: Application74. (p. 119) According to text, innovations vary across cultures. In the Hofstede and other studies it was shown that innovation was associated with all of the following EXCEPT:A. higher individualismB. lower power distanceC. uncertainty avoidanceD. production and acceptance of innovationsE. customized disruptive innovationsDifficulty: HardType: Application75. (p. 119) Some studies have shown that one of the most important factors in determining what kind and how much of an innovation will be accepted is the:A. degree of interest in the particular subject.B. how much the item costs.C. what color the item is.D. how the item is packaged.E. knowledge of the brand name.Difficulty: HardType: Comprehension76. (p. 119) Often, cultural resistance to change disappears as:A. government mandates force consumers to change.B. religion and rituals spark acceptance of cultural change.C. change agents provide correct change.D. superstition overcomes science.E. ideas initially too complex for consumers become less so.Difficulty: HardType: Application77. (p. 120) Marketers have two options when introducing an innovation to a culture. First, they can cause change. What is the other option?A. They can wait.B. They re-package the innovation to cause confusion.C. They mandate adoption by withdrawing all alternatives.D. They can plea for governmental assistance and support.E. They can promote the innovation as accepted in other cultures.Difficulty: ModerateType: Comprehension78. (p. 120) One of the ways to introduce change into a market is to do it in slow gradual steps by making the new products as similar to the old ones as possible. This would be called a strategy of:A. unplanned change.B. cultural adiaphoria.C. cultural syncopation.D. cultural congruence.E. continuous changeDifficulty: ModerateType: Comprehension79. (p. 120-121) Morton Foods has decided to introduce a new line of turkey products to the American consumer. Turkey Steaks will resemble beefsteak in taste but will be made from turkey meat. The Turkey Steaks will be leaner and healthier for a variety of reasons. However, Morton Foods is concerned that the product will not be accepted. If Morton Foods follows a strategy of ______________, they are more likely to success with the introduction of the new product.A. unplanned changeB. cultural adiaphoriaC. cultural syncopationD. cultural congruenceE. continuous changeDifficulty: HardType: Application80. (p. 119-120) Nexar Energy is advocating the use solar power to replace all petroleum-based energy sources. The company has demonstrations to show how solar power could be used in all major petroleum-based products--automobiles, power sources, and heating and cooling. Since Nexar Energy is advocating _____________, their information documents their deliberate attempt to change the way we do things with respect to energy sources.A. unplanned changeB. planned changeC. parallel changeD. syncopated changeE. synergistic changeDifficulty: ModerateType: Application81. (p. 120) The Westernized diet has caused many Japanese to become overweight. This would be an illustration of which of the following forms of change?A. unplanned changeB. planned changeC. parallel changeD. syncopated changeE. synergistic changeDifficulty: ModerateType: Application82. (p. 121) When ____________ (acceptance) occurs, a process of social change may also occur.A. product replacementB. product abandonmentC. product innovationD. product diffusionE. product accelerationDifficulty: HardType: Comprehension83. (p. 121-122) The marketer seeking _____________ and adoption may inadvertently bring about change that affects the very fabric of a social system.A. product replacementB. product abandonmentC. product innovationD. product diffusionE. product acceleration84. (p. 121) If the consequences of diffusion on an innovation on a society are undesirable, then the innovation can be said to have had a(n) ____________ impact on the society.A. functionalB. dysfunctionalC. symmetricalD. parallelE. dynamic。
经典常谈3到4章读后感
English Reflection: Thoughts on Chapters 3 and 4 of "Classics and Common Talk"Reading Chapters 3 and 4 of "Classics and Common Talk" left me with a deep appreciation for the wisdom embedded within the classic texts and the author's insightful interpretation of them.Chapter 3 delves into the concept of "Classics" and their importance in Chinese culture. The author highlights the unique position of Classics in the Chinese literary canon, their influence on subsequent generations, and their role in shaping cultural values and moral standards. Through the author's analysis, I gained a deeper understanding of the significance of Classics in the historical and cultural context of China.Chapter 4 expands on the theme of Classics by exploring their relevance in modern society. The author discusses how the values and insights contained in Classics can still guide us in contemporary life, despite the significant changes in society and technology. This chapter encourages readers to seek wisdom from the past and apply it to present-day challenges, emphasizing the timeless value of Classics.Reading these chapters, I was reminded of the importance of maintaining a continuous dialogue with the past. Classics, being a repository of collective wisdom and experience, offer a valuable resource for understanding our own culture and history. Moreover, they provide guidance and inspiration for addressing the complexities of modern life.In conclusion, Chapters 3 and 4 of "Classics and Common Talk" have deepened my understanding of the significance and relevance of Classics in both historical and modern contexts. They have encouraged me to delve deeper into the rich tapestry of Chinese culture and draw wisdom from its ancient texts.阅读《经典常谈》的第三、四章，我深感其中蕴含的智慧和对经典文本的独到解读令人叹服。
跨文化交际教学笔记
Teaching PlanI. Teaching Plan:----1 unit/week, 16 units for 16 weeks----30% assignments ets+70% final examII. Contents1.Chapter One Culture2.Chapter Two Cultural Dynamics3.Chapter Three Communication4.Chapter IV Intercultural Communication5.Chapter Five Cultural Values6.Chapter Six Culture’s Influence on Perception7.Chapter Seven Intercultural Communication Barriers8. Chapter Eight Verbal Intercultural Communication (I)9. Chapter Nine Verbal Intercultural Communication (II)10. Chapter Ten Nonverbal Communication11. Chapter XI Global Social Customs and Business Etiquette12. Chapter Twelve Effective InterculturalCommunication CompetenceChapter One CultureQuestions for discussion:1.What’s culture？(examples and definitions) some cultures.3.What’s the uses of learning a particular culture?/What doesculture can help/ Is it necessary to learn culture?( Your culture and other’s culture)4.Whom do you learn a culture from?5.Definition of culture6.Characteristics of culture7.Cultural Identity: definition and examples and formation andcharacteristics.Enculturation，acculturation，separation,segregation, integration,assimilation, marginalization ，and culture shock cultural conflict host cultureTo identify the definitions ofenculturation,ɪn kʌlt∫ə`reɪ∫ən n. 对某种文化的适应acculturation, ə kʌlt∫ə՝rei∫ən n. 文化传入, 文化适应separation,segregation, segri՝gei∫ən n. 种族隔离integration,inti՝grei∫ən n. 综合assimilation, ə sɪmɪ`leɪ∫ən ]n. 同化, 同化作用, 消化marginalization边缘化and culture shock 文化冲击cultural conflict 文化冲突host culture主文化（要学习的别人的问话）中国作为东道主文化（host culture），对于国外汉学家从事对自己文化研究的努力，一般都表现出友善和欢迎的态度。
Cross-Cultural Communication Unit 1-4 跨文化交际(课堂PPT)
15
CHAPTER 1 - Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The Future
Dominant Culture
Co-Cultures
• It's the one in power -
• They are numerous.
control.
• Distinct and unique
• Meanwhile, aging population in more developed countries – Could bring more communication issues between older generations and younger generations (this can be treated as co-culture).
ethnic background, age, sex,
media, monetary systems,
or other factors.
etc.
16
17
• We learn our culture through proverbs
– Offer an important set of instructions
Our goal in this class is to answer some of the following questions: • Why do we often uncomfortable when encountering people who are different from yourself? • Why do people from different cultures behave in ways that seem strange to you? • How do cultural differences influence communication? • Which cultural differences are important and which are inconsequential? • Why is it difficult to understand and appreciate cultural difference?
culture values
Your perceptions of and response to external events are in part determined by your culture. What you think and how you react to events is based in part on your perceptions of the world, as well as the beliefs and values that have been instilled in you by your culture. However external factors beyond the pale(范围，境界) of culture such as the death of a love one etc., can affect your belief, attitudes, and perceptions as well.
For Peruvians((秘鲁人,） Iranians, and Mexicans, yellow flowers often invoke the same reaction. Why? In all examples, the external objects (moon, hands, flowers) were the same, yet the responses were different. The reason is perception – how diverse cultures have taught their members to look at the world in different ways.
The positive view of elderly is found in many cultures such as in Arab, Asia, Latin America and American Indian cultures: It is believed that the older one gets, the wiser one becomes – life has seasoned the individual with varied experiences. Hence, in Africa age is an asset. The old the person, the more respect the person receives from the community and especially from the young.
跨文化商务交际Chapter4
Characteristics Of Masculine Culture
1.There is a high occupation segregation by gender.
2.Career for males are powerful and mandatory, and females are always in the low level position. 3.People are highly competitive. 4.Accomplishments are highly valued. 5.People are task-oriented. 6.The art of combat is valued. 7.Family and work life are sepaeties, men and women
are considered socially equal. Homosexuality is not a threat. Love and tenderness are for men and women alike. Intimate relationship without sex are allowed. Children need love, and parents spend much time with them.
1.There is a little occupational segregation by gender. 2.There is relative gender equality. 3.Careers for males are optional. 4.More women are in powerful jobs. 5.Nurturing is highly valued. 6.The level of job-related stress is low. 7.People are highly cooperative. 8.People are relationship-oriented. 9.The art of compromise is valued. 10.The smaller , the more beautiful. 11.Concern for family issues is present in workplace 12.One works to live
理解文化的价值
From IntellectualPerspective (从知识角度解说文化的影响)
Culture is “the arts and other manifestations（显示、 证明） of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively （全体地）”.
Value System
A value system represents what is expected or hoped for, required or forbidden. It is not a report of actual conduct but is the system of criteria by which conduct is judged and sanctions applied.
From Anthropologic Perspective （从人类学的角度）
Culture is “the customs, civilizations （文明）, and achievements of a particular time or people”.
Edward Tylor(爱德华泰勒)
Being
Emphasis on social status and position
Being-and-becoming
No one will be the same tomorrow as today
Culture…is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals（道德）, custom, and any other capabilities（能 力） and habits acquired by man as a member of society.
Chapter 4 Culture Difference
Chapter 4 Culture Difference(文化差异)汉英词语1.倍加珍惜来之不易的和平highly value the hard-earned peace2..滨江大道Riverside Promenade3..博采众长draw on other s’ successful experience4..沧海桑田ups and downs of time5.产生疑虑spawn suspicion6.常务会议executive meeting7.城隍庙Town God’s Temple8.处世之道philosophy of life/code of conduct9.《春秋》The Spring and Autumn Annals10.促进文化多元化promote the diversity of cultures11.代办处office of the charged affaires12.当届影帝reigning movie king13.当今世界的潮流overriding trend of the present-day world14.奠定了坚实的基础cement the foundation for….15.奠基仪式ground-breaking ceremony16.东方明珠the Oriental Pearl Tower17.动画片animated films18.翻天覆地的变化earth-shaking changes19.关系到生死的一年 a do-or-die year20.归根到底in the final analysis21.国际文化产业博览交易会International Cultural Industrial Fair22.国际舞台international arena23.国际展览局International Bureau of Exhibitions24.国家广电总局the State Administration of Radio , Film and Television25.国家级电视网络单位national television network26.国家级文物national historical relics；relics kept as national treasure27.过江隧道tunnels under the river28.和平代表团peace mission29.弘扬中国文化popularize Chinese culture30.互相借鉴draw on the merits(experiences, etc.)of each other31.嘎纳国际电影节Cannes International Film Festival32.巨额投资whopping sum of investment in…..33.军事顾问团military advisory group34.开放兼容open and receptive35.开始建设kick-start/jump-start the construction36.孔子学院Confucius Institute37.扩大会议enlarged meeting38.礼节性访问courtesy visit39.历史悠久的历史文化time-honored histories and cultures40.立足国情plant our feet solidly on our national conditions41.利民、裕民、养民、惠民value of serving the people, enriching them, nourishing them andbenefiting them42. 联络处liaison office43. 留下难以磨灭的美好记忆leave an indelibly fond mark on one’s memory44. 谱写美妙的篇章write a beautiful chapter45. 取得良好的开端get off to a good start46. 人才济济galaxy of talents ; wealth of talents47. 人口覆盖率coverage rate of the population48. 如火如荼的进行be in full swing49.上海大剧院Shanghai Grand Theatre50. 审时度势size up the situation51. 世博会纪念品Expo souvenir52. 提出问题pose a question53. 外滩the Bund54. 网上世博会Expo online55.文化部the Ministry of Culture56.相生相克inter-promoting and interacting57. 削减条条框框cut red tape58. 消除民族隔阂remove misunderstanding between nations59. 小组讨论panel discussion60. 小组委员会subcommittee61. 新闻出版署the General Administration of Press and Publication62. 新闻代表团press delegation63. 旋风式访问whirlwind trip64. 压轴戏last and best play65. 亚洲有线电视与卫星广播协会Cable and Satellite Broadcasting Association of Asia66. 一如既往as always67. 义演音乐会charity concert68. 议程项目items on the agenda69. 饮鸠止渴seek temporary relief regardless of the consequences70. 影城film art center71. 友好人士代表团friendly personnel delegation72. 有线电视申请户cable(TV) subscriber73. 预备会议preliminary meeting74. 园内巴士on-site bus75. 在世界上占有一席之地gain a foothold in the world76. 真诚而热烈的讨论candid and spirited discussion77. 指导委员会steering committee78. 中国全国青年委员会All-China Youth Federation79. 中华医学会Chinese Medical Association80. 中央民族音乐团China National Music Orchestra81. 重要文化遗产major cultural heritage82. 专题学术会议symposium83. 专线车shuttle bus84. 自由、平等、博爱liberty , equality, fraternity85. 自由讨论open-ended discussion86. 总领事馆consulate-general87. “走出去“战略strategy of “going global”汉英常用表达句1.民以食为天。
第四章文化的价值
1、Kluckholn and Strodtbeck’s values orientations
(1)Human Nature (2)Relationship to Nature (3)Sense of Time (4)Activity (5)Social Relationships.
Mini-drama
Mini-drama
三、Study of Values
1、Kluckholn and Strodtbeck about basic values 2、Hofstede-bond value dimensions 3、Hall’s High-and Low—Context Orientation
1、Why did the general manager have difficulties in getting a
Suzuki or Mini? 2、 Why did the management team say they could hardly come to work on bicycle?
二、Priorities of Culture Values
Discuss:
What do you value most? How do your priorities influence your day-to-day activities,
especially those relating to your business work? Begin answering these questions by choosing the top five values from the following 20 values.
跨文化交际
Grading Distribution
Attendance & Participation: 5 points Assignments: 15 points MidMid-term Exam: 40 points (Chapter 1-4) 1Final Exam: 40 points (Chapter 5-8) 5Total: 100 points
1.2 Metaphors
1. The Culture Iceberg
• • 2. • • • Culture above the waterline (10%) = 表层 Culture below the waterline (90%) = 中层和 核心层 The Culture Onion Culture in the outer layer 表层 Culture in the middle layer 中层 Culture in the inner nucleus layer 核心层
1.3 Characteristics
• • • • • • Shared Learned Symbolic Integrated Dynamic Ethnocentric
2. Communication
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Definitions Business Communication Patterns Communication and Culture
3.2 Barriers
Geert Hofstede • Language differences • Nonverbal communication • Stereotypes • Cultural bias on judgments • High level of stress
中国传统文化价值观忠诚英文演讲稿
中国传统文化价值观忠诚英文演讲稿Loyalty in Chinese Traditional Cultural ValuesLadies and gentlemen,It is my honor to stand before you today to discuss the value of loyalty in Chinese traditional cultural values. In a rapidly changing and interconnected world, it is essential to reflect on the enduring principles that have shaped our society for centuries.Chapter 1: Introduction to Chinese Traditional Cultural Values Chinese traditional cultural values are deeply rooted in the country's long history and rich heritage. These values have served as guiding principles for Chinese individuals and communities, contributing to social harmony and stability. Among these values, loyalty holds a special place.Chapter 2: The Essence of LoyaltyAt its core, loyalty is about unwavering dedication and commitment to a cause, person, or group. In Chinese culture, loyalty is highly valued as it upholds the principles of trust, integrity, and honor. It fosters a sense ofunity and cohesion within families, friendships, and even within the larger society.Chapter 3: Loyalty in Personal RelationshipsIn personal relationships, loyalty is regarded as the foundation of trust and mutual support. The Chinese concept of "xia" emphasizes the virtue of filial piety and loyalty to one's parents. Children are taught from an early age to respect and care for their parents, embodying loyalty through their actions and words.Chapter 4: Loyalty in Professional RelationshipsIn the professional sphere, loyalty is highly esteemed. Employers expect loyalty from their employees, and employees are expected to show genuine dedication and loyalty to their superiors and organizations. This commitment ensures a harmonious and productive work environment, where trust and cooperation thrive.Chapter 5: Loyalty to the NationChinese traditional culture places tremendous importance on loyalty to the nation. Throughout history, countless individuals have demonstrated their unwavering loyalty to their country, often at great personal sacrifice. This deep sense of loyalty has been a driving force in the progress andprosperity of China.Chapter 6: Loyalty in Modern SocietyAs we navigate the complexities of the modern world, the value of loyalty remains relevant. In a time when individualism often prevails, loyalty reminds us of the importance of standing by our principles and remaining steadfast in our commitments. It encourages us to build strong and lasting connections, bridging gaps and fostering understanding.Chapter 7: ConclusionIn conclusion, loyalty is an integral part of Chinese traditional cultural values. It is a virtue that binds individuals, families, and communities together. Whether in personal relationships, professional settings, or loyalty to the nation, this unwavering commitment serves as a moral compass, guiding our actions and shaping our character.Let us embrace and uphold the value of loyalty in our lives, preserving the essence of Chinese traditional cultural values for generations to come. Thank you.(Note: The above content is a sample and generated by an AI languagemodel. While it adheres to the topic and aims to provide a comprehensive overview, it is advisable to further enhance and personalize the speech for a real-life presentation.)。
正文以外的声音--梁遇春小品文翻译副文本研究
正文以外的声音——梁遇春小品文翻译副文本研究摘要目前学界对梁译小品文的研究很少，对梁译小品文中的副文本研究少之更少。
副文本是法国文论家热奈特在20世纪70年代提出来的概念，他认为副文本是围绕在正文边缘的一些辅助性材料，为正文营造出变化的氛围，是读者进入正文的门槛。
本文借助热奈特的副文本理论，旨在从一个新的角度把握梁遇春的小品文翻译。
论文主要有四大章节：绪论，简要概括热奈特的副文本理论，梳理有关梁译小品文的文献资料，指出目前相关研究的不足之出，提出研究的问题及研究构想。
第一章梁遇春小品文翻译中的副文本。
按照热奈特对副文本的二级分法——内副文本和外副文本，我们将出版商、序言、注释归入内副文本，将书评、书信和小品文创作归入外副文本。
结合各副文本要素的具体内容，分别对它们进行系统地梳理。
第二章副文本的翻译学价值。
梁译小品文，正文直译，副文本为其提供阐释说明。
但对于译文来说，各副文本要素各有不同的价值层级。
文本内，封面图像对译文做出抽象概括，序言预先处理译文一般性的细节，注释随文处理译文具体化的细节。
文本外，书评书信和个别小品文创作对译文形成跨文本的阐释。
书评继续介绍评价作家作品、小品文文体，书信为译文营造历史现场，小品文创作在内容和形式上模仿化用译文。
其次，副文本是译者现身的平台，它们记录了译者对于翻译的认识。
这些内容对于我们把握梁遇春的翻译思想具有重要的史料价值。
第三章副文本的审美价值。
梁译副文本其本身的写作是倾注了梁遇春的才华和心血的。
总体看来，梁译副文本都呈现出絮语笔调，并显示出对个性主题的追求。
其此，梁遇春的注释方式具有中国古代评点文学的传统，梁遇春化身评点者对译文作出文内文外的评点。
第三，在梁遇春的封面图像、序言、注释、书评中，梁遇春对小品文的定义、种类、风格、题材等问题进行了多方面的探讨。
它们无疑有助于小品文的理论建构。
由此，副文本在其工具性之外，是有自身的审美品格的。
第四章副文本的文化价值。
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Most of the Oxford University professors or doctors lecture in their way. They sit on the desk now and then for their lectures.
They are just being themselves. They sometimes do not have a fixed topic and just talk and talk. They even do not mind whether their students follow thim or not.
4.Masculinity-Femininity 5.Uncertainty Avoidance
1. Cultural differences in values
We are learning English, we are adopting ourselves to a new culture, we are learning a new cultural software. With the knowledge we have learned, we can have a better communication. But all of these do not necessarily lead to successful communication, as we often respond or react by doing more of what we did in the past. A kind preparation or pre-knowledge can only work in a certain way. Most often We work in a cultural way of our own.
Power distance Collectivism-individualism Masculinity-femininity Uncertainty avoidance
People are sitting or lying on the grass for leisure in public.
Why are the Chinese and the westerners so different in so many ways? In food, time, talking, sex, friendship, nature, children, family, work, education, and social relationships, almost everything. The key is their different attitudes towards values. The culture they have enjoyed all their life. A great man has helped us how to understand these differences with his four value dimensions.
A group of Chinese professors were visiting Oxford University. They were served with western food for the three meals a day. About one week later, some refused to take such meals and chose to cook Chinese food for themselves.
Intercultural Communication in Business
Chapter 4
Contrasting Cults
1. Cultural Differences
2. Power Distance
Company L/O/G/O
3. Collectivism-Individualism