The Eigenvectors of the Right-Justified Pascal Triangle A Shorter Proof with Generating Fun
李四光成就英语作文
In the annals of Chinese scientific history, there stands a towering figure whose contributions have not only shaped the course of geological science but have also inspired generations of scholars and students. This eminent individual is none other than Li Siguang, a geologist of profound intellect and dedication. His life and work are a testament to the power of curiosity, perseverance, and the pursuit of truth.Born in 1889 in Hubei Province, Li Siguangs early life was marked by a relentless quest for knowledge. His journey began with a fascination for the natural world, which led him to study abroad in Japan and later in the United States, where he honed his skills in geology. His academic pursuits were not without challenges, as he faced language barriers and cultural differences, but his determination saw him through these obstacles.Upon returning to China, Li Siguang embarked on a career that would redefine the field of geology in his homeland. He was a pioneer in the study of Chinas geological structures, and his work led to the discovery of multiple geological periods, including the Sinian, which he named after the ancient Chinese dynasty. His theories on the formation of mountain ranges, particularly the theory of crustal movements, were groundbreaking and have had a lasting impact on the field.One of Li Siguangs most significant achievements was his prediction of the existence of oil fields in the Northeast of China. At a time when many believed that the region was devoid of oil, Lis persistence and belief in his findings eventually led to the discovery of the Daqing Oil Field, one of the largest onshore oil fields in the world. This discovery not only bolsteredChinas energy security but also served as a powerful validation of Lis scientific acumen.Li Siguangs legacy extends beyond his scientific contributions. He was a dedicated educator, nurturing the minds of countless students and inspiring them to pursue their own paths in the sciences. His approach to teaching was characterized by a deep respect for the scientific method and an emphasis on the importance of fieldwork and practical experience. His belief in the importance of education is encapsulated in his famous quote, The roots of education are bitter, but the fruit is sweet.Moreover, Li Siguangs work has had a profound impact on the environmental consciousness of China. His studies on geological disasters, such as earthquakes and landslides, have contributed to a better understanding of these phenomena and have informed strategies for disaster prevention and mitigation. His holistic approach to geology, which considered the interplay between geological processes and human activity, was ahead of its time and has influenced modern environmental science.In reflecting on Li Siguangs life and achievements, one cannot help but be struck by the depth of his commitment to the pursuit of knowledge. His story is one of unwavering dedication, intellectual curiosity, and a profound love for the natural world. It is a story that continues to inspire students and scholars alike, reminding us of the importance of perseverance, openmindedness, and the relentless pursuit of truth.As a high school student, I am deeply inspired by Li Siguangs life story. Hisjourney from a curious child to a renowned geologist is a narrative of passion and hard work. It serves as a reminder that the path to success is often paved with challenges, but with determination and a thirst for knowledge, one can achieve great things. Li Siguangs legacy is a beacon of inspiration, guiding us to explore the unknown, question the established, and strive for excellence in our own endeavors.。
u(t x) = Gamma d
lim e?itH Pc
L2 s ?
= 0; s > 0;
(1.8)
where L2 ; s 2 R; denotes the weighted L2 space consisting of all functions, f , that are locally in L2 and s such that (1 + jxj2)s=2 f (x) 2 L2 , with norm,
@ d2 i @t u(t; x) = ? dx2 u(t; x) + V (x)u(t; x) + f (x; juj) ju(t; x)j ; u(0; x) = (x); u(t; x)
(1.1)
where u is a complex-valued function de ned for t; x 2 R. For each xed x 2 R, f (x; ) 2 C 1(R; R); @ @x f (x; ) 2 C (R; R); f (x; 0) = 0 and,
t! 1
lim u(t) ? e?itE0 P0
L2 s ?
= 0:
(1.10)
For functions u(t; x) de ned for t; x 2 R, we denote u(t) for u(t; ). Equation (1.10) gives us also a time-dependent characterization of the stability of the bound state 0 . It tells us that given any initial state in L2 , = rei 0 + with 2 Hc, the solution to (1.5) is the sum of the periodic orbit of the bound state, e?itE0 rei 0, and a dispersive solution, e?itH , that propagates out to in nity as t ! 1 and whose local energies tend to zero. As we show below, this situation persists in the nonlinear case. There is an invariant center manifold, consisting of the orbits of periodic localized solutions, such that all small solutions to (1.1) approach particular orbits in the center manifold as t ! 1. Invariant manifold theorems have been extensively 3
英文论文写作中一些可能用到的词汇
英⽂论⽂写作中⼀些可能⽤到的词汇英⽂论⽂写作过程中总是被⾃⼰可怜的词汇量击败, 所以我打算在这⾥记录⼀些在阅读论⽂过程中见到的⼀些⾃⼰不曾见过的词句或⽤法。
这些词句查词典都很容易查到，但是只有带⼊论⽂原⽂中才能体会内涵。
毕竟原⽂和译⽂中间总是存在⼀条看不见的思想鸿沟。
形容词1. vanilla: adj. 普通的, 寻常的, 毫⽆特⾊的. ordinary; not special in any way.2. crucial: adj. ⾄关重要的, 关键性的.3. parsimonious：adj. 悭吝的, 吝啬的, ⼩⽓的.e.g. Due to the underlying hyperbolic geometry, this allows us to learn parsimonious representations of symbolic data by simultaneously capturing hierarchy and similarity.4. diverse: adj. 不同的, 相异的, 多种多样的, 形形⾊⾊的.5. intriguing: adj. ⾮常有趣的, 引⼈⼊胜的; 神秘的. *intrigue: v. 激起…的兴趣, 引发…的好奇⼼; 秘密策划(加害他⼈), 密谋.e.g. The results of this paper carry several intriguing implications.6. intimate: adj. 亲密的; 密切的. v.透露; (间接)表⽰, 暗⽰.e.g. The above problems are intimately linked to machine learning on graphs.7. akin: adj. 类似的, 同族的, 相似的.e.g. Akin to GNN, in LOCAL a graph plays a double role: ...8. abundant: adj. ⼤量的, 丰盛的, 充裕的.9. prone: adj. 有做(坏事)的倾向; 易于遭受…的; 俯卧的.e.g. It is thus prone to oversmoothing when convolutions are applied repeatedly.10.concrete: adj. 混凝⼟制的; 确实的, 具体的(⽽⾮想象或猜测的); 有形的; 实在的.e.g. ... as a concrete example ...e.g. More concretely, HGCN applies the Euclidean non-linear activation in...11. plausible: adj. 有道理的; 可信的; 巧⾔令⾊的, 花⾔巧语的.e.g. ... this interpretation may be a plausible explanation of the success of the recently introduced methods.12. ubiquitous: adj. 似乎⽆所不在的;⼗分普遍的.e.g. While these higher-order interac- tions are ubiquitous, an evaluation of the basic properties and organizational principles in such systems is missing.13. disparate: adj. 由不同的⼈(或事物)组成的;迥然不同的;⽆法⽐较的.e.g. These seemingly disparate types of data have something in common: ...14. profound: adj. 巨⼤的; 深切的, 深远的; 知识渊博的; 理解深刻的;深邃的, 艰深的; ⽞奥的.e.g. This has profound consequences for network models of relational data — a cornerstone in the interdisciplinary study of complex systems.15. blurry: adj. 模糊不清的.e.g. When applying these estimators to solve (2), the line between the critic and the encoders g1,g2 can be blurry.16. amenable: adj. 顺从的; 顺服的; 可⽤某种⽅式处理的.e.g. Ou et al. utilize sparse generalized SVD to generate a graph embedding, HOPE, from a similarity matrix amenableto de- composition into two sparse proximity matrices.17. elaborate: adj. 复杂的;详尽的;精⼼制作的 v.详尽阐述;详细描述;详细制订;精⼼制作e.g. Topic Modeling for Graphs also requires elaborate effort, as graphs are relational while documents are indepen- dent samples.18. pivotal: adj. 关键性的；核⼼的e.g. To ensure the stabilities of complex systems is of pivotal significance toward reliable and better service providing.19. eminent: adj. 卓越的，著名的，显赫的;⾮凡的;杰出的e.g. To circumvent those defects, theoretical studies eminently represented by percolation theories appeared.20. indispensable: adj. 不可或缺的;必不可少的 n. 不可缺少的⼈或物e.g. However, little attention is paid to multipartite networks, which are an indispensable part of complex networks.21. post-hoc: adj. 事后的e.g. Post-hoc explainability typically considers the question “Why the GNN predictor made certain prediction?”.22. prevalent: adj. 流⾏的;盛⾏的;普遍存在的e.g. A prevalent solution is building an explainer model to conduct feature attribution23. salient: adj. 最重要的;显著的;突出的. n. 凸⾓;[建]突出部;<军>进攻或防卫阵地的突出部分e.g. It decomposes the prediction into the contributions of the input features, which redistributes the probability of features according to their importance and sample the salient features as an explanatory subgraph.24. rigorous: adj. 严格缜密的;严格的;谨慎的;细致的;彻底的;严厉的e.g. To inspect the OOD effect rigorously, we take a causal look at the evaluation process with a Structural Causal Model.25. substantial: adj. ⼤量的;价值巨⼤的;重⼤的;⼤⽽坚固的;结实的;牢固的. substantially: adv. ⾮常;⼤⼤地;基本上;⼤体上;总的来说26. cogent: adj. 有说服⼒的;令⼈信服的e.g. The explanatory subgraph G s emphasizes tokens like “weak” and relations like “n’t→funny”, which is cogent according to human knowledge.27. succinct: adj. 简练的;简洁的 succinctly: adv. 简⽽⾔之，简明扼要地28. concrete: adj. 混凝⼟制的;确实的，具体的(⽽⾮想象或猜测的);有形的;实在的 concretely: adv. 具体地;具体;具体的;有形地29. predominant：adj. 主要的;主导的;显著的;明显的;盛⾏的;占优势的动词1. mitigate: v. 减轻, 缓和. (反 enforce)e.g. In this work, we focus on mitigating this problem for a certain class of symbolic data.2. corroborate: v. [VN] [often passive] (formal) 证实, 确证.e.g. This is corroborated by our experiments on real-world graph.3. endeavor: n./v. 努⼒, 尽⼒, 企图, 试图.e.g. It encourages us to continue the endeavor in applying principles mathematics and theory in successful deployment of deep learning.4. augment: v. 增加, 提⾼, 扩⼤. n. 增加, 补充物.e.g. We also augment the graph with geographic information (longitude, latitude and altitude), and GDP of the country where the airport belongs to.5. constitute: v. (被认为或看做)是, 被算作; 组成, 构成; (合法或正式地)成⽴, 设⽴.6. abide: v. 接受, 遵照(规则, 决定, 劝告); 逗留, 停留.e.g. Training a graph classifier entails identifying what constitutes a class, i.e., finding properties shared by graphs in one class but not the other, and then deciding whether new graphs abide to said learned properties.7. entail: v. 牵涉; 需要; 使必要. to involve sth that cannot be avoided.e.g. Due to the recursive definition of the Chebyshev polynomials, the computation of the filter gα(Δ)f entails applying the Laplacian r times, resulting cal operator affecting only 1-hop neighbors of a vertex and in O(rn) operations.8. encompass: v. 包含, 包括, 涉及(⼤量事物); 包围, 围绕, 围住.e.g. This model is chosen as it is sufficiently general to encompass several state-of-the-art networks.e.g. The k-cycle detection problem entails determining if G contains a k-cycle.9. reveal: v. 揭⽰, 显⽰, 透露, 显出, 露出, 展⽰.10. bestow: v. 将(…)给予, 授予, 献给.e.g. Aiming to bestow GCNs with theoretical guarantees, one promising research direction is to study graph scattering transforms (GSTs).11. alleviate: v. 减轻, 缓和, 缓解.12. investigate: v. 侦查(某事), 调查(某⼈), 研究, 调查.e.g. The sensitivity of pGST to random and localized noise is also investigated.13. fuse: v. (使)融合, 熔接, 结合; (使)熔化, (使保险丝熔断⽽)停⽌⼯作.e.g. We then fuse the topological embeddings with the initial node features into the initial query representations using a query network f q implemented as a two-layer feed-forward neural network.14. magnify: v. 放⼤, 扩⼤; 增强; 夸⼤(重要性或严重性); 夸张.e.g. ..., adding more layers also leads to more parameters which magnify the potential of overfitting.15. circumvent: v. 设法回避, 规避; 绕过, 绕⾏.e.g. To circumvent the issue and fulfill both goals simultaneously, we can add a negative term...16. excel: v. 擅长, 善于; 突出; 胜过平时.e.g. Nevertheless, these methods have been repeatedly shown to excel in practice.17. exploit: v. 利⽤(…为⾃⼰谋利); 剥削, 压榨; 运⽤, 利⽤; 发挥.e.g. In time series and high-dimensional modeling, approaches that use next step prediction exploit the local smoothness of the signal.18. regulate: v. (⽤规则条例)约束, 控制, 管理; 调节, 控制(速度、压⼒、温度等).e.g. ... where b>0 is a parameter regulating the probability of this event.19. necessitate: v. 使成为必要.e.g. Combinatorial models reproduce many-body interactions, which appear in many systems and necessitate higher-order models that capture information beyond pairwise interactions.20. portray:描绘, 描画, 描写; 将…描写成; 给⼈以某种印象; 表现; 扮演(某⾓⾊).e.g. Considering pairwise interactions, a standard network model would portray the link topology of the underlying system as shown in Fig. 2b.21. warrant: v. 使有必要; 使正当; 使恰当. n. 执⾏令; 授权令; (接受款项、服务等的)凭单, 许可证; (做某事的)正当理由, 依据.e.g. Besides statistical methods that can be used to detect correlations that warrant higher-order models, ... (除了可以⽤来检测⽀持⾼阶模型的相关性的统计⽅法外, ...)22. justify: v. 证明…正确(或正当、有理); 对…作出解释; 为…辩解(或辩护); 调整使全⾏排满; 使每⾏排齐.e.g. ..., they also come with the assumption of transitive, Markovian paths, which is not justified in many real systems.23. hinder:v. 阻碍; 妨碍; 阻挡. (反 foster: v. 促进; 助长; 培养; ⿎励; 代养, 抚育, 照料(他⼈⼦⼥⼀段时间))e.g. The eigenvalues and eigenvectors of these matrix operators capture how the topology of a system influences the efficiency of diffusion and propagation processes, whether it enforces or mitigates the stability of dynamical systems, or if it hinders or fosters collective dynamics.24. instantiate:v. 例⽰；⽤具体例⼦说明.e.g. To learn the representation we instantiate (2) and split each input MNIST image into two parts ...25. favor:v. 赞同;喜爱, 偏爱; 有利于, 便于. n. 喜爱, 宠爱, 好感, 赞同; 偏袒, 偏爱; 善⾏, 恩惠.26. attenuate: v. 使减弱; 使降低效⼒.e.g. It therefore seems that the bounds we consider favor hard-to-invert encoders, which heavily attenuate part of the noise, over well conditioned encoders.27. elucidate:v. 阐明; 解释; 说明.e.g. Secondly, it elucidates the importance of appropriately choosing the negative samples, which is indeed a critical component in deep metric learning based on triplet losses.28. violate: v. 违反, 违犯, 违背(法律、协议等); 侵犯(隐私等); 使⼈不得安宁; 搅扰; 亵渎, 污损(神圣之地).e.g. Negative samples are obtained by patches from different images as well as patches from the same image, violating the independence assumption.29. compel:v. 强迫, 迫使; 使必须; 引起(反应).30. gauge: v. 判定, 判断(尤指⼈的感情或态度); (⽤仪器)测量, 估计, 估算. n. 测量仪器(或仪表);计量器;宽度;厚度;(枪管的)⼝径e.g. Yet this hyperparameter-tuned approach raises a cubic worst-case space complexity and compels the user to traverse several feature sets and gauge the one that attains the best performance in the downstream task.31. depict: v. 描绘, 描画; 描写, 描述; 刻画.e.g. As they depict different aspects of a node, it would take elaborate designs of graph convolutions such that each set of features would act as a complement to the other.32. sketch: n. 素描;速写;草图;幽默短剧;⼩品;简报;概述 v. 画素描;画速写;概述;简述e.g. Next we sketch how to apply these insights to learning topic models.33. underscore：v. 在…下⾯划线;强调;着重说明 n.下划线e.g. Moreover, the walk-topic distributions generated by Graph Anchor LDA are indeed sharper than those by ordinary LDA, underscoring the need for selecting anchors.34. disclose: v. 揭露;透露;泄露;使显露;使暴露e.g. Another drawback lies in their unexplainable nature, i.e., they cannot disclose the sciences beneath network dynamics.35. coincide: v. 同时发⽣;相同;相符;极为类似;相接;相交;同位;位置重合;重叠e.g. The simulation results coincide quite well with the theoretical results.36. inspect: v. 检查;查看;审视;视察 to look closely at sth/sb, especially to check that everything is as it should be名词1. capacity: n. 容量, 容积, 容纳能⼒; 领悟(或理解、办事)能⼒; 职位, 职责.e.g. This paper studies theoretically the computational capacity limits of graph neural networks (GNN) falling within the message-passing framework of Gilmer et al. (2017).2. implication: n. 可能的影响(或作⽤、结果); 含意, 暗指; (被)牵连, 牵涉.e.g. Section 4 analyses the implications of restricting the depth d and width w of GNN that do not use a readout function.3. trade-off:(在需要⽽⼜相互对⽴的两者间的)权衡, 协调.e.g. This reveals a direct trade-off between the depth and width of a graph neural network.4. cornerstone:n. 基⽯; 最重要部分; 基础; 柱⽯.5. umbrella: n. 伞; 综合体; 总体, 整体; 保护, 庇护(体系).e.g. Community detection is an umbrella term for a large number of algorithms that group nodes into distinct modules to simplify and highlight essential structures in the network topology.6. folklore:n. 民间传统, 民俗; 民间传说.e.g. It is folklore knowledge that maximizing MI does not necessarily lead to useful representations.7. impediment:n. 妨碍,阻碍,障碍; ⼝吃.e.g. While a recent approach overcomes this impediment, it results in poor quality in prediction tasks due to its linear nature.8. obstacle:n. 障碍;阻碍; 绊脚⽯; 障碍物; 障碍栅栏.e.g. However, several major obstacles stand in our path towards leveraging topic modeling of structural patterns to enhance GCNs.9. vicinity:n. 周围地区; 邻近地区; 附近.e.g. The traits with which they engage are those that are performed in their vicinity.10. demerit: n. 过失,缺点,短处; (学校给学⽣记的)过失分e.g. However, their principal demerit is that their implementations are time-consuming when the studied network is large in size. Another介/副/连词1. notwithstanding:prep. 虽然;尽管 adv. 尽管如此.e.g. Notwithstanding this fundamental problem, the negative sampling strategy is often treated as a design choice.2. albeit: conj. 尽管;虽然e.g. Such methods rely on an implicit, albeit rigid, notion of node neighborhood; yet this one-size-fits-all approach cannot grapple with the diversity of real-world networks and applications.3. Hitherto:adv. 迄今;直到某时e.g. Hitherto, tremendous endeavors have been made by researchers to gauge the robustness of complex networks in face of perturbations.短语1.in a nutshell: 概括地说, 简⾔之, ⼀⾔以蔽之.e.g. In a nutshell, GNN are shown to be universal if four strong conditions are met: ...2. counter-intuitively: 反直觉地.3. on-the-fly:动态的(地), 运⾏中的(地).4. shed light on/into:揭⽰, 揭露; 阐明; 解释; 将…弄明⽩; 照亮.e.g. These contemporary works shed light into the stability and generalization capabilities of GCNs.e.g. Discovering roles and communities in networks can shed light on numerous graph mining tasks such as ...5. boil down to: 重点是; 将…归结为.e.g. These aforementioned works usually boil down to a general classification task, where the model is learnt on a training set and selected by checking a validation set.6. for the sake of:为了.e.g. The local structures anchored around each node as well as the attributes of nodes therein are jointly encoded with graph convolution for the sake of high-level feature extraction.7. dates back to:追溯到.e.g. The usual problem setup dates back at least to Becker and Hinton (1992).8. carry out:实施, 执⾏, 实⾏.e.g. We carry out extensive ablation studies and sensi- tivity analysis to show the effectiveness of the proposed functional time encoding and TGAT-layer.9. lay beyond the reach of:...能⼒达不到e.g. They provide us with information on higher-order dependencies between the components of a system, which lay beyond the reach of models that exclusively capture pairwise links.10. account for: ( 数量或⽐例上)占; 导致, 解释(某种事实或情况); 解释, 说明(某事); (某⼈)对(⾏动、政策等)负有责任; 将(钱款)列⼊(预算).e.g. Multilayer models account for the fact that many real complex systems exhibit multiple types of interactions.11. along with: 除某物以外; 随同…⼀起, 跟…⼀起.e.g. Along with giving us the ability to reason about topological features including community structures or node centralities, network science enables us to understand how the topology of a system influences dynamical processes, and thus its function.12. dates back to:可追溯到.e.g. The usual problem setup dates back at least to Becker and Hinton (1992) and can conceptually be described as follows: ...13. to this end:为此⽬的;为此计;为了达到这个⽬标.e.g. To this end, we consider a simple setup of learning a representation of the top half of MNIST handwritten digit images.14. Unless stated otherwise:除⾮另有说明.e.g. Unless stated otherwise, we use a bilinear critic f(x,y)=x T Wy, set the batch size to 128 and the learning rate to 10−4.15. As a reference point:作为参照.e.g. As a reference point, the linear classification accuracy from pixels drops to about 84% due to the added noise.16. through the lens of:透过镜头. (以...视⾓)e.g. There are (at least) two immediate benefits of viewing recent representation learning methods based on MI estimators through the lens of metric learning.17. in accordance with:符合；依照；和…⼀致.e.g. The metric learning view seems hence in better accordance with the observations from Section 3.2 than the MI view.It can be shown that the anchors selected by our Graph Anchor LDA are not only indicative of “topics” but are also in accordance with the actual graph structures.18. be akin to:近似, 类似, 类似于.e.g. Thus, our learning model is akin to complex contagion dynamics.19. to name a few:仅举⼏例;举⼏个来说.e.g. Multitasking, multidisciplinary work and multi-authored works, to name a few, are ingrained in the fabric of science culture and certainly multi-multi is expected in order to succeed and move up the scientific ranks.20. a handful of:⼀把;⼀⼩撮;少数e.g. A handful of empirical work has investigated the robustness of complex networks at the community level.21. wreak havoc: 破坏;肆虐;严重破坏;造成破坏;浩劫e.g. Failures on one network could elicit failures on its coupled networks, i.e., networks with which the focal network interacts, and eventually those failures would wreak havoc on the entire network.22. apart from: 除了e.g. We further posit that apart from node a node b has k neighboring nodes.Processing math: 100%。
正义维护公平的英语作文
Justice is a fundamental concept in society,embodying the principles of fairness, impartiality,and equity.It ensures that every individual is treated equally under the law and that their rights are protected.The pursuit of justice is essential for maintaining social order and fostering a sense of trust among citizens.In an essay on justice and fairness,one might begin by discussing the importance of justice in a democratic society.Democracy thrives on the belief that every citizen has an equal voice and that their rights are safeguarded.Justice is the cornerstone of this belief, ensuring that the law is applied fairly to all individuals,regardless of their social status, wealth,or influence.The essay could then delve into the various aspects of justice,such as distributive justice, which focuses on the fair distribution of resources and opportunities among members of society.This aspect of justice is crucial in reducing inequality and ensuring that everyone has a fair chance to succeed.Procedural justice is another important aspect that the essay could explore.It refers to the fairness of the processes and procedures used in decisionmaking and dispute resolution.A fair process is one that is transparent,consistent,and unbiased,allowing every individual to have their grievances heard and addressed.The essay might also discuss the challenges to achieving justice and fairness in todays world.Factors such as corruption,discrimination,and social biases can hinder the pursuit of justice.It is essential to address these issues through strong legal frameworks, education,and public awareness campaigns to promote a culture of fairness and equality.Moreover,the essay could highlight the role of institutions in upholding justice.Courts, law enforcement agencies,and regulatory bodies play a critical role in ensuring that justice is served.They must operate with integrity and impartiality to maintain public trust and uphold the rule of law.In conclusion,the essay would emphasize the importance of justice and fairness in building a just society.It would call for collective efforts from individuals,institutions, and governments to promote and protect these values.By doing so,we can create a society where everyone is treated with dignity and respect,and their rights are protected, regardless of their background or circumstances.。
Eigenvalue inequalities for Klein-Gordon Operators
2
The plan of attack is to use trace identities to derive universal spectral bounds and geometric spectral bounds for Hm,Ω . The generator of the Cauchy process, corresponding to the√ case m = 0, is often referred to as the fractional Laplacian and designated −∆. The latter is, unfortunately, ambiguous notation, √ since this operator is distinct from the operator −∆Ω as defined by the functional calculus for the Dirichlet Laplacian −∆Ω , except when Ω is all of Rd . For this reason we shall avoid the ambiguous notation when speaking of compact Ω. (For the spectral theorem and the functional calculus, see, e.g., [47].) Whereas several universal eigenvalue bounds, mostly of unknown or indifferent sharpness, have been obtained for higher-order partial differential operators such as the bilaplacian (e.g., [32,25,14,54,57]), and for some first-order Dirac operators [11], universal bounds for pseudodifferential operators appear not to have been studied before. In a final section we study interacting Klein-Gordon operators of the form H = Hm,Ω + V (x), (1.2)
2024考研英语长难句解析含译文语法分析in a certain light
2024考研英语长难句解析含译文语法分析in a certain lightThere is clearly no difficulty of an intellectual sort about gaining new information in the course of reading if the new facts are of the same sort as those you already know. A person who knows some of the facts of American history and understands them in a certain light can readily acquire by reading, in the first sense, more such facts and understand them in the same light.【翻译】如果新的事实和你已经知道的事实都是同一类型的，那么你在阅读的过程中获取新信息显然就没有什么智力上的困难了。
一个知道一些美国的历史事实，并在某种程度上理解这些事实的人，可以在第一个意义上，通过阅读，马上轻易地获取更多这样的事实，并且以同样的理解程度理解这些事实。
【语法分析】第一句话是一个主从复合句，包含好几个层次。
总的来说，if之前是主句，if之后是条件状语从句。
主句部分的主干是，There's no difficulty about gaining information.of an intellectual sort是介词短语，作定语，修饰difficulty（属于智力类型的困难）。
In the course of reading也是介词短语，但是它作的是状语，修饰动名词gaining (在阅读的过程中获取新信息)。
在if引导的条件状语从句中使用了句型the same... as...。
Finding community structure in networks using the eigenvectors of matrices
M. E. J. Newman
Department of Physics and Center for the Study of Complex Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109–1040
We consider the problem of detecting communities or modules in networks, groups of vertices with a higher-than-average density of edges connecting them. Previous work indicates that a robust approach to this problem is the maximization of the benefit function known as “modularity” over possible divisions of a network. Here we show that this maximization process can be written in terms of the eigenspectrum of a matrix we call the modularity matrix, which plays a role in community detection similar to that played by the graph Laplacian in graph partitioning calculations. This result leads us to a number of possible algorithms for detecting community structure, as well as several other results, including a spectral measure of bipartite structure in neteasure that identifies those vertices that occupy central positions within the communities to which they belong. The algorithms and measures proposed are illustrated with applications to a variety of real-world complex networks.
LAPACK（5）——矩阵广义特征值问题和QZ分解
LAPACK（5）——矩阵⼴义特征值问题和QZ分解⼴义特征值问题，即Ax= Bx，在Matlab中，使⽤eig()求解⼀般特征值问题和⼴义特征值。
[V,D] = eig(A,B,flag)， A和B时⽅阵，flag⽤来选择算法，'qz'表⽰选择使⽤QZ算法。
也可以直接调⽤qz()来求解，[AA,BB,Q,Z,V] = qz(A,B,flag)， flag 表⽰使⽤复数或实数计算，默认取值为复数。
在Lapack中，有四个函数都是⽤来求解⼴义特征值的，GEGS Computes the generalized eigenvalues, Schur form, and left and/or right Schur vectors for a pair of non-symmetric matrices.GGES Computes the generalized eigenvalues, Schur form, and left and/or right Schur vectors for a pair of non-symmetric matrices.GEGV Computes the generalized eigenvalues, and left and/or right generalized eigenvectors for a pair of non-symmetric matrices.GGEV Computes the generalized eigenvalues, and left and/or right generalized eigenvectors for a pair of non-symmetric matrices.区别在于前两个分解之后会输出舒尔形式，后两个则输出⼴义特征向量。
⽽且gegs和gegv都被gges和ggev代替。
两个都会⽤QZ分解求解⼴义特征值。
反证法英语作文
反证法英语作文In the realm of mathematics a common method used to prove a statement is the method of contradiction also known as reductio ad absurdum. This method involves assuming the opposite of what youre trying to prove and then showing that this assumption leads to a contradiction thereby proving the original statement must be true. Lets explore this concept in the context of an English essay.Title The Power of Proof by ContradictionIntroductionThe method of contradiction is a powerful tool in the mathematicians arsenal. It is a technique that has been used for centuries to prove the validity of various mathematical theorems and propositions. This essay will delve into the essence of the method of contradiction its historical significance and how it can be applied in solving complex problems.Historical BackgroundThe method of contradiction has its roots in ancient Greek philosophy particularly in the works of the philosopher Aristotle. He used this method to establish the principles of logic and reasoning. Over time this method has been refined and adapted by mathematicians to prove a wide range of mathematical statements.Understanding the MethodAt its core the method of contradiction involves four main steps1. Assume the opposite of the statement you want to prove.2. Deduce logical consequences from this assumption.3. Show that these consequences lead to a contradiction or an absurdity.4. Conclude that the original assumption must be false and therefore the statement you wanted to prove is true.Examples of ApplicationLets consider a classic example from geometry proving that the sum of the angles in a triangle is always 180 degrees. Using the method of contradiction one would assume thatthe sum of the angles in a triangle is not 180 degrees. By examining the implications of this assumption one would find that it leads to a contradiction with the properties of a straight line and the parallel postulate thus proving the original statement to be true.Advantages of the MethodThe method of contradiction offers several advantagesIt can be used to prove a statement without directly constructing a solution.It is particularly useful when the direct approach is difficult or not feasible.It encourages critical thinking by challenging the reader to consider the opposite of what is being proven.Challenges and LimitationsHowever the method of contradiction is not without its challenges. It requires a deep understanding of the subject matter to identify the correct assumptions and to deduce the logical consequences that lead to a contradiction. Additionally it can be less intuitive than direct proof methods making it harder for some to grasp.ConclusionThe method of contradiction is a testament to the power of logical reasoning in mathematics. It allows us to prove statements that might otherwise be elusive. By embracing this method we not only solve mathematical problems but also strengthen our analytical skills and our ability to think critically.ReflectionIn conclusion the method of contradiction is a valuable tool in the field of mathematics. It challenges us to think beyond the obvious and to explore the implications of our assumptions. As we apply this method we gain a deeper understanding of the principles that govern the world around us and we develop a more profound appreciation for the beauty of mathematical proof.。
量子力学英文课件格里菲斯Chapter3
Technically, a Hilbert space is a complete inner product space, and the collection of square-integrable functions is only one example of a Hilbert space. In quantum mechanics, then,
Outline
In the last two chapters, we have stumbled on a number of interesting properties of simple quantum systems. Some of these are ―accidental‖ features of specific potentials (the even spacing of energy levels for the harmonic oscillator, for example), but others seem to be more general, and it would be nice to prove them once and for all (the uncertainty principle, for instance, and the orthogonality of stationary states).
A set of functions, { fn }, is orthonormal if they are normalized and mutually orthogonal:
Finally, a set of functions is complete if any other function g(x) (in Hilbert space) can be expressed as a linear combination of them:
个人主义的英语作文
Individualism is a concept that has been deeply ingrained in many societies, particularly in Western cultures.It emphasizes the importance of the self,personal goals, and individual rights over collective interests.Heres a detailed essay on individualism, exploring its various facets and implications.IntroductionIndividualism is a philosophical stance that prioritizes the individuals autonomy,freedom, and personal development.It is often contrasted with collectivism,which emphasizes group goals and social cohesion.In this essay,we will delve into the core principles of individualism,its historical roots,and its impact on modern society.Historical RootsThe seeds of individualism were sown during the Enlightenment era,a period marked by a surge in intellectual and philosophical thought.Thinkers like John Locke and JeanJacques Rousseau advocated for the rights of the individual and the importance of personal liberty.These ideas laid the groundwork for the development of democratic societies that value individual rights and freedoms.Core PrinciplesAt the heart of individualism are several key principles:1.Autonomy:The belief that individuals should have the freedom to make their own choices and decisions without undue interference from external authorities.2.SelfReliance:Emphasizing the importance of personal responsibility and the ability to rely on oneself for support and sustenance.3.Personal Growth:The pursuit of selfimprovement and the development of ones talents and abilities.4.Innovation:Encouraging creativity and the generation of new ideas,which can lead to progress and advancement in various fields.Impact on SocietyIndividualism has had a profound impact on various aspects of society:1.Economic Systems:Capitalism,which is predicated on the principles of individualism, has led to significant economic growth and innovation.It rewards individual effort and risktaking,fostering a competitive market environment.2.Political Systems:Democracies that are built on individualistic principles ensure that citizens have the right to vote,express their opinions freely,and participate in the governance of their country.3.Cultural Expression:The arts,literature,and media have been greatly influenced by individualism,with a focus on personal expression and the exploration of unique perspectives.Criticism and ChallengesDespite its benefits,individualism has faced criticism:1.Isolation:Critics argue that an overemphasis on the individual can lead to social isolation and a lack of community support.2.Inequality:The focus on personal success can exacerbate social and economic disparities,as those who are more successful may not feel a responsibility to help those less fortunate.3.Egoism:An extreme form of individualism can lead to egoism,where personal interests override the needs of others and the community.ConclusionIndividualism,as a philosophical and social concept,has shaped the way we understand freedom,autonomy,and personal responsibility.While it has contributed to significant advancements in society,it is essential to balance individual aspirations with a sense of community and collective responsibility to ensure a harmonious and equitable social environment.By doing so,we can harness the positive aspects of individualism while mitigating its potential negative consequences.。
权威等于真理吗英文作文
权威等于真理吗英文作文Title: Is Authority Equivalent to Truth?In the realm of human understanding, the concept of authority often intersects with the pursuit of truth. Authority, whether it stems from institutions, individuals, or societal consensus, holds significant sway over what we accept as truth. However, the question remains: isauthority truly equivalent to truth?To delve into this inquiry, it's crucial to define both authority and truth. Authority typically refers to the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience. This authority can manifest in various forms, such as governmental, academic, religious, or cultural institutions. On the other hand, truth denotes a state of accordance with fact or reality. It transcends subjective interpretation and represents an objective understanding of the world.At first glance, it may seem that authority and truth are synonymous. After all, institutions and individuals often possess authority precisely because they are deemed knowledgeable and truthful. For example, scientific institutions wield authority in matters of empirical truth, while religious authorities guide believers towardsspiritual truths. However, a closer examination revealsthat authority does not always guarantee truth.One of the primary reasons for this disparity is the fallibility inherent in human systems. Institutions, no matter how esteemed, are composed of individuals who are prone to error, bias, and even deceit. History is replete with examples of authoritative institutions promoting falsehoods for various reasons, whether political, ideological, or self-serving. The mere presence of authority, therefore, does not inherently validate the truthfulness of its pronouncements.Moreover, the dynamic nature of truth complicates its relationship with authority. Truth is not static; it evolves as our understanding of the world deepens and newevidence comes to light. Consequently, what may have been considered true under a particular authority at one pointin time may be debunked or revised in the future. Authority, however, often resists such changes, clinging toestablished doctrines and dogmas even in the face of contradictory evidence.Another factor to consider is the diversity of perspectives and experiences that shape our understandingof truth. Authority tends to be centralized, emanating from dominant voices within society. However, these voices maynot necessarily represent the full spectrum of human experiences or perspectives. Truth, on the other hand, is multifaceted, encompassing a multitude of viewpoints and interpretations. Relying solely on authoritative sources risks marginalizing alternative truths that may challengethe status quo.Furthermore, the relationship between authority andtruth is further complicated by power dynamics. Authority often consolidates power in the hands of a select few, enabling them to dictate the narrative and suppressdissenting voices. This concentration of power can lead to the manipulation of truth for ulterior motives, whether to maintain control, preserve privilege, or advance particular agendas. In such cases, authority becomes a tool of oppression rather than a beacon of truth.Despite these challenges, authority can still serve as a valuable guide in the pursuit of truth. Institutions and individuals with expertise and integrity can provide valuable insights and methodologies for discerning truth from falsehood. Peer review processes in academia, for instance, help ensure the reliability and validity of scientific knowledge. Similarly, ethical leadership within religious and moral frameworks can offer guidance in navigating complex ethical dilemmas.In conclusion, while authority can provide valuable guidance in the quest for truth, it is not synonymous with truth itself. The fallibility of human systems, the evolving nature of truth, the diversity of perspectives, and the influence of power dynamics all complicate the relationship between authority and truth. Rather thanuncritically accepting authoritative pronouncements, it is essential to approach truth-seeking with skepticism, open-mindedness, and a willingness to engage with diverse perspectives. Only through such rigorous inquiry can we hope to uncover the ever-elusive truths that shape our understanding of the world.。
《教授》完整中英文对照剧本
理查德情况很不妙It doesn't look good, Richard.实际上坦白说很糟糕In fact, to be quite frank, it looks pretty bad.与其拐弯抹角Rather than beat around the bush,我会直接跟你说出来I'm just gonna come right out and say it.理查德你得了四期肺癌stage four lung cancer.肺癌临床上共四期第四期即为晚期你上背部感觉到的疼痛The pain you've been experiencing in your upper back 实际上是由你肺里的is actually the result of malignant tumors恶性肿瘤造成的within your lungs,很遗憾这情况已经挺久了which it sadly appears you have for some time.即使我们再早点发现As we're catching this late in the game,你的癌细胞还是会机会扩散your cancer has also had the opportunity to spread尤其会往你的脊椎和肾上腺转移specifically to your spine, and adrenals.你应该通知学校You wanna put in notice with the college.并尽快告诉维罗妮卡还有你女儿You should notify Veronica and your daughter治疗立即就要开始as soon as possible as treatment will begin immediately. 我还有多长时间How long are we talking?积极治疗的话一年With treatment, a year,如果足够幸运的话或许一年半a year and a half, if you're lucky.不治疗呢And without?大概半年Probably six months.我很抱歉理查德I am so sorry, Richard.教授草Fuck.这个季度极其棒So let's make this a fantastic quarter.我们一直缺的那块资金现在补上了We get that extra little bit of funding that we so desperately need. 还有问题吗Uh, any questions?操♥你♥大♥爷♥Fuck.额就这样散会What...? Uhm... Okay.干Fuck.操妈♥逼♥上帝Jesus fucking Jesus.耶稣上帝干Jesus. God. Fuck.草泥马狗♥杂♥种♥Fucking bastard!干♥你♥妹耶稣Fuck! Jesus!去死吧Fuck it, huh?去你♥妈♥的♥上帝Fucking God!操♥你♥妈♥逼Fuck you!你♥妈♥的♥ 为什么Fuck you.该死Fuck.第一章我有些话想说无神论者会做祷告吗Shall the atheist say grace then?闭嘴理查德Shut up, Richard.当然亲爱的Of course, my dear.我倒是有些话想说I actually have something I wanna say.说吧孩子想说什么Go ahead, kid. What do you got?我想让你们知道我是同性恋I wanted you to know that I'm gay.你在开什么玩笑What on Earth?我的老天爷Jesus Christ.奥莉维亚我以为是什么很糟的事呢Olivia, I thought it was something bad.不你可不是同性恋奥莉No, you're not, Olive.你说我不是什么意思What do you mean I'm not?你不是同性恋我是说你不是拉拉You're not gay. I mean, you're not a lesbian.不我是Yeah, I am.不我知道自己的性取向Yeah. No, I think I'd know my own sexual preference. 呃这只是人生中一个阶段Uh, it's just a phase.我个人认为觉得这太棒了I, for one, think it's fantastic.别安慰她Don't placate her.我不是在安慰我女儿I'm not placating my daughter.你怎么敢就这样否定我How dare you deny me like this.我没有反对你宝贝I'm not denying you, sweetheart.我只是在否定以这种方式引起我们的注意I'm just denying your call for attention不管你认为这是什么就这样or whatever else this is. That's all.我比你自己更了解你奥莉I know you, Olive, better than you know yourself. 不妈妈你一丁点都不了解我No, mother. You know no shit about me.奥莉维亚快回来回来Olivia, please come back, sweetheart. Olivia.让她去吧Let her go.你教育子女的方式Your finesse of parenting...总是能惊到我has always amazed me.我也有话想说I also have something I'd like to say.我都等不及了I can't wait.我出轨了I'm having an affair.我出轨了我想你应该知道I'm having an affair and I thought you should know. 你为什么认为我应该知道And why did you think I should know?因为对方是亨利Because it's with Henry.哪个亨利Henry who?亨利·怀特Henry Wright.-亨利·怀特 -对- Henry Wright? - Uh-hmm.我的老板吗My boss?不不行不可能No, no, no, no.维罗妮卡这太恶心了Veronica. That's real revolting.你疯了吗拜托Are you out of your mind? Come on.至少出轨的对象有点品位吧At least have a little bit of taste in your infidelity. 这是你的事但我♥干♥过泳池救生员It's up to you, but I'd fucked a pool boy myself还是水管工我忘了or a plumber.然后我就软了Then had some fucking nutless sack.我向你保证一点都不空虚I assure you it's not empty.什么What?因为天佑亨利有一个额外的睾丸Henry has been blessed with a spare testicle.天佑亨利有一个额外的睾丸Henry was blessed with a spare testicle?你确定这不是囊肿或肿瘤吗Are you sure it's not a cyst or a cancerous growth? 你还在乎吗Do you even care?关于他的三个卵蛋吗About his third nut?不不我不在乎No. No, I don't.在我看来房♥地♥产♥As far as I'm concerned, that real estate's早就失去了投资价值lost its value long ago.你真是个混♥蛋♥You're such an ass.我承认Self-admitted.所以为我们神圣的婚姻干杯吧So let us drink to our holy matrimony.你自己喝吧Drink by yourself.不错的建议Much better idea.呃你想告诉我们什么Ugh. What was it you wanted to tell us?我我担心牛排煮太久了I was, uh, afraid I overcooked the steaks.真是个混球Such an asshole.不但她根本不是这么说的No, but that's not what she's saying at all.她是在为整个女权运动奠定基础She's laying the groundwork for the whole feminist movement. 继续Go on.就像一百年前那样Like a hundred years in advance and...那是什么What was that?噢Oh.你不做些什么吗Aren't you gonna do anything?比如说Like what?我不清楚打电♥话♥什么的I don't know. Call someone.你和它是朋友吗Were you friends with it?你认识它吗比如名字Did you know it personally, by, like, by name?这就是只该死的鸟It's a fucking bird.我不知道要给谁打电♥话♥I don't know who to call.-我能继续吗 -不不行- Can I continue? - No, you may not.噢谁的手♥机♥响了是你的吗Oh, whose phone is it? Is that your phone?该死Shit.好了是这位同学There we go. Here she is.抱歉Sorry.是我的对不起Mine. Sorry.我以为是振动模式但是Um, I thought it was on vibrate but it's...不不没事No, no, no, please,接电♥话♥ 站起来接电♥话♥ take your call. Stand up and take your call.来吧别害羞Please. Don't be shy.站起来接电♥话♥Stand up and take your call.哪位Hello.我回头再打给你我正在上课I'm gonna call you back actually because I'm in class.不真正在上课No, as in I'm in class.现在我正站着Right now. I'm standing up.我知道很奇怪好吧I know it's weird. Okay.再见再见再见Goodbye. Bye. Bye.真迷人Fascinating.我很抱歉I'm sorry.哦不必如此Oh, don't be.好了Okay.从现在开始From here on out,我们会和以往非常非常不同we're gonna do things very, very differently.在座的各位要是对此不感兴趣So for those of you who are not even remotely interested 现在就可以直接离开了in being here, please leave.只要走出门Just simply walk out the door结课必定能得到一个Cand you'll receive an automatic C.我没有多少时间可以浪费I no longer have time to be wasted我也不打算浪费你们的时间nor do I intend on wasting yours.所以对于那些So for those of you who receive grades of,比如说只能拿C 或是更糟的say, a C or worse,积极主动点let's just be proactive.带上东西走吧Pack up your shit. And vamos now.怎么样Hmm?不错继续Good. Here we go.如果你们有人打算学习商业If any of you have any intentions of studying business,现在就出去吧get the fuck out now.我不会再说第二遍I'm not gonna say it again.如果你低头发现自己穿着运动裤If you look down and you happen to find yourself in sweatpants 或者是带腰绳的裤子之类的or rather pants with the drawstring or something,请出去just please leave.最重要的一点Most important of all,如果你从来没有为自己内心的欢愉读过书if you've never read a book for our own internal pleasure...你不属于这里出去吧you don't belong here. Get out.如果你们有人发现自己If any of you find yourself属于上述任何一类falling into any of these categories.我保证你不会拿到比C更高分数I assure you, you will not do better than a C.继续Here we go.还有政♥府♥部门工作人员和从政者The government workers and the politicians included.运动裤可不仅仅是开玩笑The, uh, sweatpants comment is not a joke.我生病了感冒I'm sick. I have a cold.好了现在那些有兴趣Right. Now, for those of you who are interested in学习更伟大思想的人今天是时候了learning from greater minds, and there are today,你们负责读一本书you're in charge of reading one book这个季度只有一本书and one book only to this quarter.这样做之后你就可以站在这里After doing so, you will then stand up here开设你自己的课了and you will run a class of your own.干得漂亮现在是饮水机边的国王和皇后Excellent. There go the kings and queens of the water cooler,明天就是给大公♥司♥卖♥♥命的工作狂corporate whores of tomorrow.也许是C 也许不是C. Maybe not.然后你可以站在这里劝说你的同龄人And then you will stand up here and you'll persuade your peers 这项工作有多重要of the work's importance.为此你将得到一个BFor that, you'll receive a B.如果你能教我们一些新东西就能得到AIf you teach us something new, you receive an A.还有问题吗Any questions?额Um...啊哈对了还有一件事Ah-ha. Yes. One more thing.不能宣扬女权主义或同性恋No feminist or queer propaganda.我现在最不需要关心的事情The plight of unkempt women is truly the last thing就是不注重仪表的女人们的困境I would like to think about right now.我觉得你不能这么规定I don't think you can do that.我已经做了规定I just did.现在我将开启随心所欲And now, I shall embark on an emotional...狂欢的72小时bender for 72 hours.最可能的是我一个人喝酒Most likely, I'll be drinking alone我觉得那还行and I'm all right with that.因此结果就是课程取消So as a result, class is cancelled.结束That's it.下课Class dismissed.哦对了顺便问一句你们有人卖♥♥大♥麻♥ Oh, yeah, by the way, if any of you sell marijuana或者认识卖♥♥大♥麻♥的人or you know anyone who does,能在办公时间过来找我一下吗would you please visit me during office hours?谢了拜拜Thanks. Bye.什么鬼What the fuck?学术休假I need to go on sabbatical next quarter.是美国大学教师发展的一种重要制度形式每隔一定年限在全薪或减薪的情况下研究者外出休整一年或稍短的时间我会不我不会准你学术休假I would... No, I can't give you a sabbatical,那要一年呢it takes a year.准备学术休假的申请要一年的时间A year to get that kind of thing done.你得做点什么来加快速度You're gonna have to do something to speed it up.不我不能No, I can't.你要学术休假干什么What do you want to go on a sabbatical for?我想写出下一部美国最精彩的小说I would like to write the next great American novel.哦是吗Oh, yeah?或短篇取决于长度Or novela,depending on the length.关于什么What's it about?关于孤儿养兔子的故事It's gonna be about an orphan who raises rabbits or bunnies around there. 叫什么名字And what's it called?现在暂定的题目是寻找兔兔乐Right now, the tentative title is Bunny Fun Found因为她的名字叫兔兔奇怪的是because her name is Bunny and oddly enough,-她玩得很开心 -真是扯淡- she was having fun... - You're full of shit.你满嘴跑火车是在骗我You're full of shit. You're having me on.-皮特我得了癌症 -什么- I have cancer, Peter. - What?我得了癌症而且情况很不妙I have cancer and it doesn't get look good.天啊理查德Jesus Christ, Richard.我不想死在这里I don't want to die here.我不想死在像这样的地方I don't wanna die here like this.求你让我出去就让我孤独的死去Please get me out. Just let me die alone.让我平静地死去Let me die in peace.理查德Oh, Richard.不要在桌子上拉手No hands above the table.好吧Okay.是什么癌症What kind of cancer is it?是肺癌It's, uh, it's lung cancer.可你从不抽烟You don't smoke.不我现在可以抽了No. I can now.听着每个人都有可能这样Listen, this is what happens to everybody.这就是我们所有人不容逃避的现实It's what happens to all of us.我是说你也可能长满了这鬼东西I mean, you could be ridden with the same damn thing. 你为什么要对我说这些Why would you say something like that to me, huh?不我只是在表达论点很抱歉No, no. I'm making a point. I'm sorry.说出来意思就不太对了It came out wrong.-我很抱歉真对不住 -没关系- I'm sorry. I'm sorry. - That's allright.酒来了There you go.我真讨厌这些女人气的杯子I really hate these effeminate glasses.我们该怎么办What are we gonna do?我会把药柜装满I'm gonna fill my medicine cabinet.还有And...我要直接挺过去I'm gonna ride this thing out.等等你不接受治疗吗Wait, you're not gonna get treatments?不No.-你欠我的皮特 -是啊- You owe me, Peter. - Uh, yes.对是的当然Yes. Yes, of course.谢谢Thank you.你现在可以松开我的手You can let go of my hands now然后我们就能一块喝酒了and then we can have a drink maybe.-好 -谢了- Yeah. - Thank you.敬最后这几个月的时间So to the months end.为了你的健康To your health.不要需要开玩笑There's no need to be facetious.我不是故意开玩笑的I didn't mean to be facetious.还有你那碎嘴别出去跟人乱讲And don't go blabbering your little wet mouth about this. -不不会的 -我生病和别人没关系- No, no. - This is no one's business.-只是我的事 -当然了- but my own. - Of course.我认为你的艺术作品是出色的令人惊叹的I think your art is brilliant, stunning,而且非常值得投资and a wonderful investment.实际上In fact...你可以把校园弄弄吗雕塑啥的could you do the whole campus?-当然凭你的天赋 -去佛罗里达大学吗- Certainly with your talent... - To the College of Florida? 那是我的职责That's my responsibility.你不用担心You don't need to worry about that.为你最近的出轨喝一杯To your latest infidelity.还有你那光荣的绿帽子And your honorable cuckolding.这是什么Ooh, what's that?这是一颗长型白色药片It's a white oblong pill.你从哪儿弄来的Where did you get it?我们现在是有钱的中年人了We're well-to-do middle-aged wasps.想要什么药都能拿到处方亲爱的We can get prescriptions for anything we want, darling.好吧Okay.你要是表现得好If you behave yourself...我就再给你个蓝色三角的I'll give you a blue triangular one next.听说你很喜欢I heard you're quite fond of them.说正事Onto serious matters.-说吧 -你心里知道- Go for it. - And you know at heart,我一点都不在乎你和亨利的事I don't give a damn about you and Henry.你想做什么就做什么但你必须明白You do whatever you please. But you have to realize从现在开始我也会过得无拘无束that from here on out, I'll be living just as freely.在我们悲剧的婚姻中I've played a rather quiet role in我一直都是默不作声的那个the tragedy that is our marriage.还有and...老实说我受够了quite frankly, I'm done.是时候发泄一下内心最原始的欲望了It's time that we lived a bit closer to the... primal truth of it all.所以从现在开始我俩想干谁就干谁So from this point on, let us fuck who we wanna fuck.想吃什么就吃什么Let us ingest what we wanna ingest.总之只要高兴想做什么做什么And all in all, just do whatever the hell we damn well please. 好啊喝一杯Here, here.只有一个要求One request,我们都谨慎一点that we do so discretely.尽量不要伤害到Let us at least attempt to keep the parental damage我们可爱的拉拉女儿to our sweet lesbian love child to a minimum.我打从心底里同意I wholeheartedly agree.很好问题解决了Wonderful. And the matter is settled.理查德Richard?怎么了亲爱的Yes, dear?我能问一下你那家伙还能用吗Dare I ask if your equipment still works?我也不知道I don't know.很可惜它已经休眠很多年了I mean, sadly, it's laid dormant for years.如果不能用了刚好再搞个处方药治治But if it doesn't, it's just one more prescription to fill.这个敬我们的新生活Here's to, uh, our new lives.还有你重获自♥由♥And your new freedoms.现在把奖励我的蓝色药丸给我吧Now, hand over a blue one I've behaved myself admirably. 他有点像呃He was like this, um...一个爱上了自己表妹的17世纪的诗人17th century poet who fell in love with his cousin and... -爱上了自己的表妹 -我♥草♥- ...fell in love with his cousin? - Oh, shit.你真是个混♥蛋♥You're such an asshole.-怎么了 -我爸妈在家- What? - My parents are home.没关系的Hey. It's okay.你能答应我别评价吗Can you promise not to judge me?不用担心真的Don't worry, seriously.它坏掉了It's broken. Hmm.我是说整个都坏掉了I mean, the whole thing is broken.真是That's .奥莉维亚快看亲爱的Oh, Olivia. Look, dear.-奥莉维亚和她朋友来了 -这怎么了- It's Olivia andhis company. - What's going on?你妈妈把灯弄坏了Uh, your mom broke the lamp.你俩还好吗Are you all right?当然了亲爱的怎么会不好呢Yes, darling. Of course, why wouldn't we be?因为你俩看上去喝多了要不就是嗑药了Because you seem like you're drunk or on drugs.我们其实两样都来了点Admittedly, we are on a bit of both.但别让这个影响你的决定But don't let that influence your decisions.哦别听他瞎说Oh, don't listen to him.只是些处方药我是奥莉维亚的妈妈维罗妮卡They're just prescriptions. I'm Veronica, Olivia's mother. 嗨我是泰勒Hi, I'm Taylor.很高兴见到你Oh, nice to meet you...不好意思Excuse me.小心亲爱的别太激动Careful, dear. Let's not exert yourself.那她一定就是So is this... is she...妈妈泰勒就是泰勒Taylor is Taylor, mother.是啊当然是了Yes, yes, of course, you are.顺便说一下我是理查德And by the way, I'm Richard.-你要喝点吗 -当然快来- Would you like a drink? - Yes, please, come. -一起来喝一杯 -等一下不行- Join us for a drink. - No, hang on. No.你们这样太吓人了我们走了You're being very creepy. We're going.-吓人吗 -没错- Creepy? - Yes.我们只是找点乐子We're just having fun.走了Come on.嘿很高兴见到你Hey, well, it was very nice meeting you.再见很高兴认识你Bye. Nice to meet you.还不错啊That was pleasant.你觉得她俩怎么样So how do you think that went?1到10分的话On a scale of one to ten,我打4分I'd say a four.同意Agreed.我只是对自己有点失望I'm only mildly disappointed in myself.我感到有些羞愧I feel ashamed. Yeah.我们这是怎么了理查德What happened to us, Richard?我们到底怎么了What happened to us?生活Life.你知道吗就算我能回到过去You know, if I could go back in time,我也不知道应该挽回些什么I don't even know what it is I'm supposed to fix. 我能很容易想到许多事Oh, I could readily think of many things.我没问你I didn't ask you.没错True.你要把我们所有的结婚礼物都弄坏了You're gonna break all our wedding presents. 有没有注意到它们都很空洞Did you ever notice that they're all hollow?这是什么意思Ah, what does that mean?不用在意了It doesn't matter.理查德Richard?怎么了亲爱的Yes, dear?谢谢你帮我Thank you for helping me.这还用谢Of course.你吐的时候帮你拢住头发Holding your hair back has是我这辈子的荣幸之一always been one of my life's great honors.我认真的I'm serious.从某种意义上说我也是认真的In ways, so am I.你觉得奥莉维亚恨我吗Do you think Olivia hates me?恨Yes.但她也没有错But she's supposed to.我不是个坏人I'm not a bad person.我知道维罗妮卡I know you're not, Veronica.没有人说你是个坏人No one ever said you were.第二章操就要操对了你们是相对来说比较有吸引力的孩子Well, you are a... relatively attractive group of kids. 我意思是我几乎看不到有软弱的人I mean, I see a few weak chins here and there.但是我想这很可能是But, uh, I think that's probably just因为新英格兰的良好教育due to some fine New England breeding. Hmm?美丽的母亲有钱的父亲Beautiful mother, rich father,寒冷的冬天类似这些cold winter, that kind of thing.你抽烟吗Do you smoke?不No.你看着像抽烟的人You look like you do.我抽烟布朗先生I do, Mr. Brown.介意给我一支吗Would you mind if I have one?不不介意No, not at all.那么So, um...开始自我介绍吧let's go through and introduce ourselves. 谁想先来Any volunteers?那我先来我叫理查德I'll go first. My name is Richard.是你们的老师点吧I'm your professor. Go ahead.真♥他♥妈♥的不好抽That was fucking wretched.天呐Jesus.好了Okay.下一个是谁Who's next?你怎么样How about you?-我吗 -没错你- Me? - Yeah, you,打电♥话♥的女孩girl with the phone.你是谁Who are you,我们为什么要认识你why should we know you,你的人生目标是什么what do you want to do with your life?好吧Okay.我是克莱尔I'm Claire.我来自纽约州北部I'm from Upstate New York.为什么要认识我Why you should know me?我也不知道I don't know.真的我也不知道Yeah. I don't know.我猜因为我叔叔是学校的校长I guess because my uncle is the president of the school. 恶心亨利·怀特是你叔叔吗Ew. Henry Wright is your uncle?-是的 -我受不了那个二货- Yes. - I can't stand the fuck.我也不太喜欢他I don't really like him either.很高兴听你这么说That's very good to hear.我想说他真像个蜜桃冰淇淋I mean, he's so peach melba.既油腻又Just slimy and...我有主意了I've got an idea.先暂停一下这破课How about we put a little pause to this shit我们去酒吧and we go down to the bar,然后我们在那继续上and we can run over it there.我的亲生父亲是在波士顿My biological father actually met my mothers每月的堆肥会议上遇见我母亲的at a monthly compost meeting in Boston.他是个人类社会学家He's this social anthropologist over at a...很好罗丝Okay. Rose,去给大家每人再拿两扎啤酒好吗go and grab two more pitchers for everybody, would you? 为什么不直接记在你的账上Why don't you just put them in your tab?不这不是重点No, that's not the point.重点是我想要你去拿See, I want you to go and get them.而且我想要你现在就去拜托了And I want you go and get them now, please?我能要些鹰嘴豆泥吗Can I get some hummus?可以买♥♥吧Yeah, get some hummus.谢谢你Thank you.我给你们一小点建议Let me give you all a piece of advice.如果这个人有一丁存心怀孕的倾向Steer very clear of anyone who has even the faintest,躲的远远的slightest whip of intentional conception.我爸妈是故意怀上我的I was conceived intentionally.好吧我得知道你叫什么Well, I need to know your name.还有希望你们父母都告诉你们了By the way, I hope your parents all told you人总有一天会死that you fucking die at the end.你会死的你会死的You're gonna die. You're gonna die.你会死的总有一天You're gonna die. One day,即使是无忧无虑的小罗丝也会死even our blessed little Rose will die.所以我在想要是他妈的都没好好活过So, what I'm wondering is, why the fuck do we我们何苦要来这人世间走一遭sort of float through this weird thing called life without living?你知道活着You know, live.不是存在不是简单地存在Don't exist. Don't simply exist.那样太他妈无聊了要活着That's boring as fuck. Live.你懂的干些大事操地惊天动地You know. Stir some shit up. Fuck some shit up.操得对最重要的是丰富我们的生活Fuck it right. What I wanna focus on is enriching our lives.从中学到一些能受益终身的智慧And try to extract some sort of wisdom that we can carry with us.你懂得而不仅仅是爸爸妈妈的累赘You know, something other than mommy and daddy's baggage. 上帝祝福你亲爱的Ah, bless you, dear.我想对你眨眨眼可是我从来没学会You know, I'd wink at you but I never learned how.我觉得该解释一下So I just thought you should know it.还有人想要别的吗Anybody want anything else?我要能给我拿杯威士忌吗Yeah, could I get a whiskey?当然可以Oh, that's fine.她冲我放电来着She winked at me.我买♥♥了鹰嘴豆泥了I got the hummus, so...你拯救了圣诞节Christmas is saved.天呐My God.来Here we go.愿我们能永远记住每一个May we forever remember that in each and every moment,我们谱写自己生命篇章的瞬间we are composing the stories of our lives.我们要努力让它成为一个有意义的故事Let's aim to make it a meaningful read or at least,至少是个有趣的故事an interesting one, yeah?来干杯All right. Cheers.干杯Cheers.现在不介意的话Now, if you will excuse me,我要去做点出轨的事了I intend to explore a smidgen of infidelity.什么情况啊What the fuck?好了孩子们玩得开心点All right, kids. Have fun.很抱歉I'm so sorry.-只管操♥我♥ -没问题- Just fuck me. - Okay.你根本不需要做任何选择You don't have to make any choices at all.我们可以包办一切重新装♥修♥科技馆We can cover it all. We could renovate science hall.英语部再换些新椅子We could bring in a new chair to the English department. 我说那挺好的不用我吩咐了Well, I said, "Well, of course, that goes without saying." 你大学排名Surely you have better...肯定比我的要好you know, college rankings than I.闭嘴Shut up.天呐维罗妮卡那他妈的是啥Jesus, Veronica. What the hell was that?滚开Fuck off.让他们瞅着吧Let them watch.罗丝嘴巴闭上Rose, close your mouth.你那样张着嘴非常不好看It's unattractive when you gape like that.小丹尼帮我个忙Danny boy, do me a favor.吃完后结下帐Uh, close out the tab when you're done.然后那啥Yeah. And what... what...不好意思甜心你叫什么来着I'm sorry, what's your name again, sweetheart?萨拉.Sarah.别忘了给萨拉留小费Be sure and leave Sarah a healthy tip因为她是个非常非常好的人because it turns out she's a very, very nice person.我们下周再见吧I'll see you guys next week, yeah?罗丝我先拿你开刀Oh, yeah, Rose. Let me get you out of the way first.-回去好好准备一下 -但我不知道该怎么做-So be prepared. -But I don't know what to do.准备《白鲸》. Moby Dick it is.19世纪美国海洋题材小说描写了亚哈船长为了追逐并杀死白鲸莫比·迪克最终与白鲸同归于尽的故事好主意那先这样Good idea. All right.再见Have a good one.不到一分钟他就选中了女服务员He just picked up that waitress in less than a minute.到洗手间里上了她And fucked her in the bathroom.对他们俩都是成年人Yeah, well, they're both consenting adults,可以为所欲为so they can do whatever they want.干杯Cheers to that.吉布斯吉布斯看Jibbles, Jibbles, Jibbles, look.我感觉妈咪正在偷腥Look, I feel mommy is cheating.说了啥What's it say?管用了It works.我们得试着阻止他Let's go try to stop him-免得他喝个烂醉 -皮特别管了from drinking so much. Oh. Peter, come on.他自己开心就好He's having a good time.噢理查德你看起来很有精神Ah, Richard, you're looking rather sprite.我刚刚做♥爱♥没带套Oh, I just had unprotected sex.噢跟谁啊Oh, with who?狮子酒吧非常甜的那个女服务员Some very sweet girl from the Lion's Pub.嗨朵娜Hello, Donna.真恶心他没必要跟我们说那个吧Oh, that's disgusting. Why would he tell us that? 今天过得怎样啊甜心So, how was your day, sweetheart?还行Fine.那挺好Good. Fine's fine.-泰勒怎样啊 -她很好- How's Taylor? - She's fine.那就更好了That's even finer.让我们为美好的日子干杯Let us cheers to a fine day all round.二位好Hello.维罗妮卡Hmm, Veronica.坐吧Sit down.谢谢Thank you.太客气了You're so welcome.现在我们再试一次好吗Now, let's give this another shot, shall we?奥莉维亚你妈妈想跟你道歉Olivia, your mother would like to apologize.是的我很抱歉Yes, I would like to apologize...我那天的行为for my behavior the other night.我不知道为什么会作出那种反应I don't know why my reaction was so, um...不知道为什么那么的I don't know.右翼吗?右翼认为福利越多,人的依赖性就越强,进取心就越差就会鼓励懒惰,打击勤奋,从而对一个国家的前途造成消极的影响对Yes.我非常抱歉I'm really sorry.做得好Beautiful.奥莉维亚你接受妈妈的道歉吗Olivia, do you accept your mother's apology?当然Sure.那就好Well, good.事情已经解决了The matter's settled.祝大家好胃口Bon appetit.声称一次环游世界的旅行So, Ishmael claims that a journey around the world《白鲸记》里的角色在圣经旧约中是亚伯拉罕的长子这个名字已经成为孤儿流亡者和社会弃儿的象征能把你带回到起始点just brings you back to where you were before you started,这实际上来自于一个男人but this is actually coming from a man, who's lost everything他失去了过去几年里that's been his entire reality and consciousness所有的现实和意识for the past few years...我看起来气色变好了吗Do I look like I'm getting some color?不知道有点看不出来。
一个涉及亚纯函数的正规定则(英文)
一个涉及亚纯函数的正规定则(英文) Introduction to Regularity Rules for Meromorphic FunctionsMeromorphic functions, also known as rational functions, are analytic functions that are defined as the ratios of two analytic functions. These functions have poles and zeros, but they do not have essential singularities. In this article, we will discuss the regularity rules for meromorphic functions.1. Identity TheoremThe identity theorem states that if two meromorphic functions agree on an open set, they must be identical in that set. In other words, if f(z) and g(z) are meromorphic functions on an open set U, and f(z) = g(z) for all z in U, then f(z) = g(z) for all z in the whole domain of f and g.2. Maximum Modulus PrincipleThe maximum modulus principle states that if a meromorphic function f(z) is defined on a region R, then the maximum value of |f(z)| in R is achieved on the boundary of R. In other words, the highest point of |f(z)| occurs on the boundary of R, not within the region R itself.3. Weierstrass Factorization TheoremThe Weierstrass factorization theorem states that any entire function can be expressed as an infinite product of linear factors (z-a), where a is a zero of the function. This theorem is useful in the study of meromorphic functions, as any meromorphic function can be expressed as the ratio of two entire functions.4. Liouville's TheoremLiouville's theorem states that any bounded entire function must be constant. In other words, there are no non-constant bounded entire functions. This theorem is useful in the study of meromorphic functions, as any meromorphic function can be expressed as the ratio of two entire functions.5. Riemann's Removable Singularity TheoremRiemann's removable singularity theorem states that if a function f(z) has a pole at z0, but is otherwise continuous and bounded near z0, then the singularity of f(z) at z0 can be "removed" by defining a new function g(z) that is equal to f(z) for all z not equal to z0, and is defined to be equal to the value of the limit of f(z) as z approaches z0. In other words, the singularity at z0 is removable.ConclusionIn conclusion, the regularity rules for meromorphic functions include the identity theorem, the maximum modulus principle, the Weierstrass factorization theorem, Liouville's theorem, and Riemann's removablesingularity theorem. These rules are essential in the study of meromorphic functions and are widely used in complex analysis.。
价值的结构规律英文表达
价值的结构规律英文表达The Structural Laws of Value.In the realm of economics and philosophy, the concept of value holds paramount importance. It encompasses the worth, desirability, or usefulness of something, often determined by societal norms, individual preferences, and the scarcity of resources. The structural laws of value refer to the principles that govern how value is created, distributed, and consumed within a given system or society.1. Labor Theory of Value.One of the earliest and most influential theories of value is the labor theory of value, proposed by Adam Smith and later developed by Karl Marx. This theory posits that the value of a commodity is determined by the amount of labor required to produce it. Marx further argued that the value of labor is determined by the average amount of labor necessary to produce a given commodity under normalconditions of production. This theory highlights the role of labor as the primary determinant of value and suggests that the exploitation of labor by capitalists is the source of surplus value.2. Marginal Utility Theory.In contrast to the labor theory of value, the marginal utility theory emphasizes the subjective value of goods and services. This theory, developed by economists like Carl Menger and Francis Ysidro Edgeworth, posits that the value of a commodity is determined by the utility or satisfaction it provides to the consumer. The marginal utility refers to the additional satisfaction derived from consuming one additional unit of a commodity. Consumers are assumed to distribute their income among different goods in such a way that the marginal utility of each good is equalized.3. Subjective Value Theory.Subjective value theory, also known as the theory of subjective value, posits that value is entirely subjectiveand depends on the individual's preferences and beliefs. This theory emphasizes the role of individual perception in determining the value of goods and services. According to this theory, the value of a commodity is determined by the willingness-to-pay of the buyer and the willingness-to-accept of the seller. The price of a commodity, therefore, reflects the intersection of these two willingnesses.4. Supply and Demand Theory.The supply and demand theory is a fundamental economic principle that governs the determination of prices and the allocation of resources. According to this theory, the price of a commodity is determined by the interaction of supply and demand forces in the market. The supply curve represents the quantity of a commodity that producers are willing and able to sell at different prices, while the demand curve represents the quantity of a commodity that consumers are willing and able to buy at different prices. The equilibrium price and quantity are determined where the supply and demand curves intersect.5. Theory of Comparative Advantage.The theory of comparative advantage, developed by David Ricardo, explains the basis for international trade and specialization among countries. This theory suggests that a country should export goods and services in which it has a comparative advantage, i.e., where the cost of productionis relatively lower compared to other countries. By specializing in the production of goods and services where it has a comparative advantage, a country can increase its overall economic welfare by trading with other countries.In conclusion, the structural laws of value are diverse and encompass various theories and principles that govern how value is created, distributed, and consumed within a given system or society. These laws highlight the role of labor, utility, individual preferences, supply and demand, and comparative advantage in determining the value of goods and services. Understanding these laws is crucial for making informed economic decisions and for promoting economic growth and welfare.。
尊重引领美好同行的英语作文
Respect is a fundamental principle in human interaction,and it plays a pivotal role in shaping harmonious relationships.When we respect others,we acknowledge their worth and dignity,which in turn fosters a positive environment where everyone can thrive.In the workplace,respect is crucial for maintaining a productive and collaborative atmosphere.When colleagues respect each others opinions and contributions,it leads to better communication and a more efficient work process.It also helps in reducing conflicts and misunderstandings,as people are more willing to listen and understand different perspectives.In educational settings,respect is essential for creating a conducive learning environment. Teachers who respect their students individuality and abilities can motivate them to learn and achieve their full potential.Similarly,students who respect their teachers and peers are more likely to engage in constructive discussions and share knowledge.In families,respect is the cornerstone of strong and healthy relationships.Parents who respect their childrens opinions and choices can build trust and open communication channels.Children who respect their parents and siblings are more likely to contribute positively to family dynamics and create a supportive environment.In society,respect for diversity and cultural differences is vital for promoting tolerance and unity.When we respect people from different backgrounds,we can appreciate their unique perspectives and learn from them.This mutual respect can lead to a more inclusive and harmonious society.To cultivate respect,we must first recognize the inherent worth of every individual, regardless of their social status,race,or beliefs.We should also practice active listening and empathy,trying to understand others feelings and viewpoints.Moreover,we must be mindful of our language and actions,ensuring that they do not undermine or belittle others.In conclusion,respect is a powerful force that can guide us towards a more harmonious and fulfilling life.By respecting others,we not only acknowledge their value but also pave the way for better relationships and a more inclusive society.Let us strive to make respect a fundamental part of our daily interactions and build a world where everyone is valued and appreciated.。
中外合办大学国际高中物理学原理第三次作业答案
Chapter 3 –Electric Field, Potential and DC CircuitDeadline: 12/14 1pmName: Student ID: Session ID (1001 or 1002):1.The drawing shows a ray of light traveling from pointA to point B, a distance of 4.60 m in a material thathas an index of refraction n1. At point B, the lightencounters a different substance whose index ofrefraction is n2 = 1.63. The light strikes the interface atthe critical angle of θc = 48.1°. How much time does ittake for the light to travel from A to B?Solution:The time it takes for the light to travel from A to B is equal to the distance divided by the speed of light in the substance. The distance is known, and the speed of light v in the substance is equal to the speed of light c in a vacuum divided by the index of refraction n1(Equation26.1). The index of refraction can be obtained by noting that the light is incident at thecritical angle θc (which is known). According to Equation 26.4, the index of refraction n1 isrelated to the critical angle and the index of refraction n2 by12c/sinn nθ=.The time t it takes for the light to travel from A to B isDistance Speed of lightin the substance dtv==(1)The speed of light v in the substance is related to the speed of light c in a vacuum and theindex of refraction n1 of the substance by v = c/n1(Equation 26.1). Substituting thisexpression into Equation (1) gives11d n d dt c v cn ===⎛⎫ ⎪⎝⎭(2)Since the light is incident at the critical angle θc , we know that 1c 2sin n n θ= (Equation 26.4). Solving this expression for n 1 and substituting the result into Equation (2) yields()2c 181.634.60 m sin sin 48.1 3.3610 s 3.0010 m/sn d d n t c c θ−8⎛⎫⎛⎫⎪ ⎪︒⎝⎭⎝⎭====⨯⨯2. A film of oil lies on wet pavement. The refractive index of the oil exceeds that of the water. The film has the minimum nonzero thickness such that it appears dark due to destructive interference when viewed in red light (wavelength = 640.0 nm in vacuum). Assuming that the visible spectrum extends from 380 to 750 nm, for which visible wavelength(s) in vacuum will the film appear bright due to constructive interference?Solution:When the light strikes the film of oil from above, the wave reflected from the top surface of thefilm undergoes a phase shift that is equivalent to one-half of a wavelength, since the light travels from the smaller refractive index of air toward the larger refractive index of oil. On the other hand, there is no phase shift when the light reflects from the bottom surface of the film, since the light travels from the larger refractive index of oil toward the smaller refractive index of water. Thus, the net phase change due to reflection from the two surfaces is equivalent to one-half of a wavelength in the film. This half-wavelength must be combined with the extra distance 2t traveled by the wave reflected from the bottom surface, where t is the film thickness. Thus, the condition for destructive interference is3511filmfilm film film2222Extra distance Half-wavelength Condition for traveled by wave net phase change destructive interferencein the filmdue to reflection2, , , t λλλλ+=Note that the left-hand side of this equation is greater than 1film2λ. Thus, the right-hand side must also be greater than 1film 2λ. The smallest value that is greater than 1film2λ is the term 3film2λ. Therefore, we have that 31film film222= t λλ+, or film 2 = t λ. Since()film vacuum film film /640.0 nm /n n λλ== (see Equation 27.3), the condition for destructiveinterference becomesfilm film640.0 nm2t n λ==(1)The condition for constructive interference is1filmfilm2Extra distance Condition for Half-wavelengthtraveled by wave constructive net phase change in the filminterferencedue to reflection2 t m λλ''+=1, 2, 3,4m =where filmλ' is the wavelength that produces constructive interference in the film. Solving this relation for 2t gives()()vacuum 11film 22film2t m m n λλ''=−=− (2)Setting Equations (1) and (2) equal to each other and solving for vacuum λ' yields()vacuum 1vacuum 21film film 2640.0 nm 640.0 nm or m n n m λλ''=−=− For m = 1, vacuum λ'=1280 nm; for m = 2, vacuum λ'= 427 nm; for m = 3, vacuum λ'= 256 nm.Values of m greater than 3 lead to values of vacuum λ' that are smaller than 256 nm. Thus, theonly wavelength in the visible spectrum (380 to 750 nm) that will give constructive interference is 427 nm .3. The central bright fringe in a single-slit diffraction pattern has a width that equals the distancebetween the screen and the slit. Find the ratio λ/W of the wavelength λ of the light to the width W of the slit. Solution:19. REASONING The angle θ at which a darkfringe is located in the diffraction pattern of asingle slit is specified by sin m Wλθ=(Equation 27.4), where 1,2,3,...m =, λ is the wavelength of the light, and W is the width of the slit. The drawing at the right shows the angle θ and the positions of the slit and the screen. The width of the central bright fringe is determined by the location first dark fringe()1m = on either side of midpoint of thecentral bright fringe. As the drawing shows, the distance between the midpoint of the central bright fringe and the first dark fringe is y , so the width of the central fringe is 2y .Using Equation 27.4 for the first-order dark fringes (m = 1) and referring to the drawing, we see that22sin (1)y WL yλθ==+Since the distance L between the slit and the screen equals the width 2y of the central bright fringe, this equation becomes()2210.44752yWy y λ===+4. There are four charges, each with a magnitude of 3.0 μC . Two are positive and two are negative.The charges are fixed to the corners of a 0.45-m square, one to a corner, in such a way that the net force on any charge is directed toward the center of the square. Find the magnitude of the net electrostatic force experienced by any charge.Solution:In order for the net force on any charge to be directed inward toward the center of the square, the charges must be placed with alternate + and – signs on each successive corner. The magnitude of the force on any charge due to an adjacent charge located at a distance r isMidpoint of central bright fringeW θyLFirst dark fringe()()()229226228.9910N m /C 3.010C 0.40N 0.45m k q F r−⨯⋅⨯===The forces due to two adjacent charges are perpendicular to one another and produce aresultant force that has a magnitude ofadjacent 0.57 N F ===The magnitude of the force due to the diagonal charge that is located at a distance of is(diagonal 22220.40 N0.20 N 22k qk qF r ====since the diagonal distance is The force F diagonal is directed opposite to F adjacent(since the diagonal charges are of the same sign). Therefore, the net force acting on any of the charges is directed inward and has a magnitudeF net = F adjacent – F diagonal = 0.57 N – 0.20 N = 0.37 N5. The drawing shows an electron entering the lower left side of a parallel plate capacitor andexiting at the upper right side. The initial speed of the electron is 6.00 × 106 m/s. The capacitor is 2.00 cm long, and its plates are separated by 0.150 cm. Assume that the electric field between the plates is uniform everywhere and find its magnitude.Solution:According to 0/E F q = (Equation 18.2) and y F ma = (Equation 4.1), we have00y ma F E q q == (1)From kinematics we know that the electron’s displacement in the upward direction at the time t that it exits the capacitor is 20.150 10 m y −=⨯ and is given by 122y y a t = (Equation 3.5b with 00 m /s y v = since the electron is initially not moving in the y direction). We can solve this equation to obtain 22/y a y t = and substitute this result into Equation (1):2002y ma m yE q q t==(2) We also know that the electron’s displacement in the horizontal direction at the time t that it exits the capacitor is 22.00 10 m x −=⨯ and is given by 0x x v t =, since the horizontal speed of the electron is 60 6.00 10 m /s x v =⨯ and remains constant during the motion. We can solve this equation to obtain 0/x t x v = and substitute this result into Equation (2):()202220000222/x x m yv m y m y E q t q x q x v === (3)With 190 1.60 10 C q e −=−=−⨯ as the electron charge and 319.11 10 kg m −=⨯ as the electron mass, Equation (3) gives()()()()()23126202219209.11 10 kg 20.150 10 m 6.00 10 m /s 21540 N/C 1.60 10 C 2.00 10 m x m yv E q x −−−−⨯⨯⨯===−−⨯⨯This result is negative, because the electric field points downward in the drawing thataccompanies the problem, which is the direction that we assumed to be the negative y direction. The magnitude of the electric field, then, is 1540 N/C .6. What is the magnitude of electric field at location P , which has a distance of r above aninfinitely large plate with uniform density of charge λ (charge of the plate in a unit area)?SOLUTIONWe may select any columns passing through the plate as a closed surface. If the area of the top cover is A, then by Gauss Law:2E∙A=λA ε0So the electric field strengthE=λ2ε0One interesting thing is that E does not change with the distance of the point to the plate. This is the reason why we can generate an even electric field by large plates.7.We have discussed in lecture that the electric potential at a point near an infinitely long straightline with evenly distributed charges can only take locations 1 m away as reference and be calculated by V=−λ2πε0ln r. Here λis the density of charge (charge taken by unit length of the line), and r is the distance of the point to this line. If right below the point, another point charge Q with charge q is added (see the drawing), what should be the new relationship between V and r?SOLUTIONThe major reason why we cannot add the electric potential caused by the line and the charge is that they are related to different reference. So if we can calculate the electric potential generated by the point charge rated to 1 m away, then they can be added together.Now we know the electric potential at P generated by the point charge related to infinitely far point:V p=k q rLet r0=1m, the electric potential at 1 m generated by the point charge related to infinitely far point:V0=k q r0So the electric potential at P generated by the point charge related to 1 m far away is:V p−V0=k qr−kqr0So the electric potential at P generated by both point charge and line related to 1 m far away is:V=V l−V p−V0=k qr−kqr0−λ2πε0ln r=14πε0(qr−qr0−2λln r)(Both forms are correct.)8.Capacitor A and capacitor B both have the same voltage across their plates. However, theenergy of capacitor A can melt m kilograms of ice at 0 °C, while the energy of capacitor B can boil away the same amount of water at 100 °C. The capacitance of capacitor A is 9.3 μF. What is the capacitance of capacitor B?SOLUTIONBy fusing and vaporizing the same amount of water, the energy stored in two capacitor should follow:E A E B =L FL V=333kJ/kg2260kJ/kgThe energy stored in capacitor can be calculated by:E A=12C A V2E B=12C B V2SoC B=C A L VL F=9.3μF2260kJ/kg333kJ/kg=63.1μF9.Two cylindrical rods, one copper and the other iron, are identical in lengths and cross-sectionalareas. They are joined end to end to form one long rod. A 9.0-V battery is connected across the free ends of the copper-iron rod. What is the voltage between the ends of the copper rod?REASONING AND SOLUTION The voltage VCubetween the ends of the copper rod is givenby Ohm’s law as VCu = IRCu,where RCuis the resistance of the copper rod. The current I in thecircuit is equal to the voltage V of the battery that is connected across the free ends of the copper-iron rod divided by the equivalent resistance of the rod. The copper and iron rods are joined end-to-end, so the same current passes through each. Thus, they are connected in series, so the equivalent resistance R S is R S = R Cu + R Fe . Thus, the current isS Cu FeV V I R R R ==+The voltage across the copper rod isCu Cu CuCu Fe VV IR RR R ==+The resistance of the copper and iron rods is given by R Cu = ρCu L /A and R Fe = ρFe L /A , wherethe length L and cross-sectional area A are the same for both rods and ρCu and ρFe denote the resistivites. Substituting these expressions for the resistances into the equation above and using resistivities from Table 20.1 yieldCu CuCuFe 8Cu 889.0V (1.7210m)14V 1.7210m 9.710m V V V ρρρ−−−⎛⎫= ⎪ ⎪+⎝⎭⎛⎫=⨯Ω⋅= ⎪⨯Ω⋅+⨯Ω⋅⎝⎭.10. To save on heating costs, the owner of a greenhouse keeps 675 kg of water around in barrels.During a winter day, the water is heated by the sun to 12.0 ℃. During the night the water freezes into ice at 0 ℃ in nine hours. Suppose the night lasts for 9 hours. What is the minimum ampere rating of an electric heating system (240 V) that would make water temperature back to 12.0 ℃ through the night?REASONING AND SOLUTION The energy Q 1 that is released when the water cools from an initial temperature T to a final temperature of 0.0 °C is given by Equation 12.4 as Q 1 = cm (T – 0.0 °C). The energy Q 2 released when the water turns into ice at 0.0 °C is Q 2 = mL f , where L f is the latent heat of fusion for water. Since power P is energy divided by time, the power produced is12f(0.0)Q Q cm T C mL P tt+−︒+==The power produced by an electric heater is, according to Equation 20.6a, P = IV .Substituting this expression for P into the equation above and solving for the current I , we getf4(0.0)(4186J/kg C )(675kg)(12.0C )(675kg)(33.510J/kg)33A3600s (9.0h)(240V)h cm T C mL I tVI −︒+=⋅︒︒+⨯==⎛⎫ ⎪⎝⎭11. A 90.0-Ω and a 40.0-Ω resistor are connected in parallel. When this combination is connectedacross a battery, the current delivered by the battery is 0.294 A. When the 40.0-Ω resistor is disconnected, the current from the battery drops to 0.116 A. Determine (a) the emf and (b) the internal resistance of the battery REASONING AND SOLUTION a. In the first case the parallel resistance of the 75.0 Ω and the 45.0 Ω resistors have anequivalent resistance that can be calculated using Equation 20.17:p p 111or27.790.040.0R R =+=ΩΩΩOhm’s law, Emf = IR gives Emf = (0.294 A)(27.7 Ω + r ), orEmf = 8.14 V + (0.294 A)r(1)In the second case, Emf = (0.116 A)(90.0 Ω + r), orEmf = 10.44 V + (0.116 A)r(2) Multiplying Equation (1) by 0.116 A, Equation (2) by 0.294 A, and subtracting yieldsEmf = 11.9 Vb. Substituting this result into Equation (1) and solving for r gives r = 12.8 Ω.12.None of the resistors in the circuit shown in the drawing is connected in series or in parallelwith one another. Find (a) the current I5 and the resistances (b)R2 and (c)R3SOLUTIONa. The sum of the currents flowing into the battery must equal the sum of the currents flowing outof the battery:25135132into the out of the battery batteryso 9.0 A 12.0 A 6.0 A 15.0 A I I I I I I I I +=+=+−=+−=b. To apply Kirchhoff’s loop rule to loop CAB (see the drawing), we imagine traversing theloop counter-clockwise. Observing the + and − signs encountered along the way, we see that the potential rises when we cross the battery, and drops when we cross each resistor. The sum of the potential rises must equal the sum of the potential drops, so we have that1122Potential Potential rises drops VI R I R =+ (1)Solving Equation (1) for R 2, we obtain()()1122112275.0 V 9.0 A 4.0 or 6.5 6.0 A V I R I R V I R R I −−Ω=−===Ωc. This time, we apply the loop rule to loop CAED (see the drawing), traversing it clockwise. This procedure yields3355Potential Potential rises drops VI R I R =+ (2)Solving Equation (2) for R 3, we obtain()()5533553375.0 V 15.0 A 2.2 or 3.5 12.0 A V I R I R V I R R I −−Ω=−===Ω。
敬劳赢得尊重的英语作文
Respect is a fundamental aspect of human interaction,and it is something that is often earned rather than given.In the workplace,respect is a key component of a healthy and productive environment.It is important for employees to understand that respect is not a right,but a privilege that must be earned through hard work,dedication,and a commitment to excellence.One of the most effective ways to earn respect is through a strong work ethic.When employees consistently demonstrate a willingness to go above and beyond in their duties, they show their colleagues and superiors that they are serious about their job and are dedicated to the success of the team.This kind of dedication is not only admirable,but it also helps to build trust and credibility among coworkers.Another important factor in earning respect is communication.Effective communication is essential for building relationships and fostering a sense of camaraderie within a team. When employees are open and honest in their interactions with others,they demonstrate a level of integrity and professionalism that is highly respected.Additionally,clear and concise communication helps to prevent misunderstandings and ensures that everyone is on the same page.Respect is also earned through a willingness to learn and grow.In todays fastpaced work environment,it is crucial for employees to be adaptable and open to new ideas and approaches.By showing a commitment to continuous improvement and a willingness to learn from others,employees can demonstrate their value and earn the respect of their peers.Furthermore,treating others with kindness and respect is a surefire way to earn respect in return.When employees are considerate of their coworkers needs and feelings,they create a positive and supportive work environment that is conducive to success.This kind of empathy and understanding is highly valued and can go a long way in building strong relationships within the workplace.In conclusion,earning respect in the workplace is a multifaceted process that involves hard work,effective communication,a commitment to learning and growth,and treating others with kindness and respect.By embodying these qualities,employees can not only earn the respect of their colleagues but also contribute to a more positive and productive work environment.。
CISG第25条结构、历史和案例
IV. THE MEANING OF ARTICLE 25 IN LIGHT OF ITS STRUCTURE, LEGISLATIVE HISTORY, AND CASE LAWA. Structure and Legislative History of Article 25Legislative history and literary structure lay the groundwork for gaining an understanding of the meaning of Article 25.[40] The definition of a fundamental breach under Article 25 has two main components. The first is the detriment/expectation component and the second is the foreseeability component. Although the detriment/expectation component is what makes a breach "fundamental," liability for such a breach is limited by the affirmative defense of foreseeability.[41] For a breach to be "fundamental," the breach must cause a [page 118] "detriment" that substantially deprives thenon-breaching party of its reasonable expectations.[42] This detriment concept developed out of what were perceived weaknesses of the revised text of the ULIS.[43] Those weaknesses were replaced by a substantial detriment test for fundamental breach.[44]The CISG does not contain any definitions for the term "detriment." It also does not give any examples of a detriment that rises to the level of a fundamental breach. However, the unofficial commentary to the early drafts created after the development of the substantial detriment test does provide significant guidance as to its meaning and application.The drafters' commentary stated that "[t]he determination whether the injury is substantial must be made in the light of the circumstances of each case, e.g.,the monetary value of the contract, the monetary harm caused by the breach, or the extent to which the breach interferes with other activities of the [page 119] injured party."[45]From this comment, it is possible to conclude that the drafters simply and naturally intended the word "detriment" to be synonymous with monetary injury or harm, or of a consequential harm, and that the determination of a fundamental breach was to be made on a case-by-case basis.[46]This commentary also provides factors to look for in determining whether an injury is substantial enough to amount to a fundamental breach, specifically, the contract's overall value, the monetary loss suffered by thenon-breaching party, and the interference caused to thenon-breaching party's operations or activities. These factors were set out prior to the inclusion of the expectation interest of Article 25. However, what the injured party was entitled to expect under the contract is directly related to these objective factors.A contract for the international sale of goods will minimally contain the type of goods involved, the quantity of the goods involved, and the price of the goods being sold.[47] Therefore, the parties to the contract will not only expect a specific type and quantity of goods to be sold, but will also have some fixed monetary value set for the transaction. In addition, the parties involved will be non-consumers, i.e., merchants,[48] whose businessactivities will either benefit or sufferfrom engaging in a particular sale and whose interests and activities outside of the contract in dispute will most likely be identifiable.The expectation interest term of Article 25 is central to determining whether a breach is fundamental. It is the object of the inquiry into whether thenon-breaching party suffered a substantial injury. Expectationinterest developed out of the drafters' perceived need to add an objective criterion to define substantial detriment.[49] The extent to which a party suffers an injury to its expectations will be found not only in the language of the contract but in the circumstances surrounding the contractual relationship of the parties. Since the parties' expectations [page 120] dictate the degree to which theywill suffer harm if a breach occurs, it is very important that both parties be aware of their respective interests, both monetary and non-monetary.The second part of Article 25 is its foreseeability component. The foreseeability component developed out of the former Article 10 of ULIS which completely based fundamental breach on the foreseeability of events.[50] Article 25 adds objectivity into the determination of whether a breach is fundamental by asking two questions: (1) did the party in breach foresee the substantial detriment (i.e., loss of expectation interest) it caused to the non-breaching party; and (2) would a "reasonable person of the same kind in the same circumstances" foresee that the breach of contract would cause the non-breaching party substantialdetriment.[51]These two questions will require a finder of fact to view the transaction from the subjective perspective of the party-in-breach, as well as from the objective perspective of the reasonable merchant in the breaching party's position. In addition, the finder of fact will have to determine whether the non-breaching party's expectation interests were and would be substantially injured by the breach.Based on an analysis of the legislative history of the CISG, the burden of proving the foreseeability of loss is on the breaching party.[52] The drafters did not wish to include language in Article 25 which would raise questions of civil procedure and, therefore, did not incorporate express language, other than the word "unless," that would indicate a shift of the burden ofproof.[53] However, there was a consensus that this burden should be on the party in breach because of the logical difficulty of requiring the non-breaching party to prove what the party in breach actually foresaw or a party in its position could have foreseen.[54] Once the party alleging breach establishes that it has suffered a substantial loss of expectation interests, the breaching party can respond affirmatively. The first requirement for negating the claim for breach under Article 25 is purely a [page 121]subjective one that focuses solely on whether or not the party in breach actually foresaw the harm done by the breach. The actual foreseeability of the detriment caused by the breach will depend on the breaching party's knowledge of the facts surrounding the transaction.[55] Factors such as thebreaching party's (in)experience, level of sophistication, and organizational abilities should be considered in showing foreseeability of harm.[56] These factors demonstrate the breaching party's ability to anticipate and recognize problems in the transaction. The non-breaching party's experience, or lack thereof, may also be relevant. The manner in which the non-breaching party performs may affect the ability of the breaching party to perform properly. It is possible that the non-breaching party may not have provided material information or simply withheld such information which was crucial to properly completing performance.The second requirement under Article 25 for negating the claim for breach is an objective one requiring the breaching party to show that a reasonable personof the same kind in the same circumstances would not have foreseen the injuries to the non-breaching party. Since parties to contracts involving international sales are presumed to be merchants,[57] a "reasonable person" may be construed as a reasonable merchant. A reasonable merchant would, therefore, encompass all merchants that satisfy the standards of their trade and that are not intellectually or professionally substandard.[58] The phrase "of the same kind" refers to a merchant in the same business, doing the same functions or operations as the party in breach.[59] The requirement that the reasonable merchant be "in the same circumstances" refers to the market conditions, both regional andworld-wide.[60]A party alleged to be in breach has a difficult burden but if it can meet both [page 122] requirements then the party claiming breach will not be able to avoid performance of the contract. If the alleged party in breach can prove that it did not foresee the substantial loss of expectation interest the breach caused the non-breaching party, and can prove that a reasonable merchant facing the same market conditions would not have foreseen that the breach would cause a substantial loss of expectation interests, then there is no fundamental breach.[61]Article 25 does not address the point at which foreseeability is measured. Are facts and circumstances arising after the conclusion of the contract relevant for determining foreseeability?[62] Or is the focus only on the facts andcircumstances that occurred up to the conclusion of the contract?[63] The drafters apparently believed that by leaving the timing issue open that Article 25 maintains its flexibility because of the varieties of circumstances that could arise and that relevant information may have been provided after contract formation.[64] Parties to a contract may clarify the ambiguity surrounding the timing of foreseeability by expressly specifying the point at which information pertaining to the performance of the contract will no longer be considered.[65] If the parties to the [page 123] contract do not specify the timing, then in the event of litigation they will be leaving the determination to a tribunal.B. Article 25 and Case LawUNCITRAL has devised a system for compiling CISG cases.[66] The collection system depends on the cooperation of the Contracting States to select a "national correspondent" to gather court and arbitral decisions and then have them sent to the Commission's Secretariat.[67] After the collection of the cases, they may be reported through a commercial publisher.[68] As of May 1992, there has been no official reporter published containing CISG cases. Of the four cases in the United States that refer to the CISG, none deal specifically with fundamental breach.[69]There has been, however, at least one reported case in Germany dealing with fundamental breach.[70]In that case, an Italian seller contracted to manufacture and deliver shoes to aGerman buyer.[71] The seller delivered the shoes in March 1989 and the buyer refused to pay.[72]The German civil court of appeals had to address several issues. The court [page 124] had to determine whether Italian or German law, and whether the CISG or the Hague Sales Convention, applied to the transaction. The court also had to resolve whether the buyer properly refused to pay by declaring a fundamental breach and whether the buyer gave proper notice of avoidance to the seller. Because the plaintiff-seller had his principal place of business, and performance was due, in Italy, the court of appeals determined that Italian law applied to the transaction.[73] The court of appeals also concluded that the CISG applied to the transaction and not ULIS.[74]The court of appeals made thisconclusion because the CISG had been in force in Italy since January 1, 1988,[75] rendering the ULIS inapplicable.[76] Since CISG Article 1(b) allows the rules of private international law of one Contracting State to dictate that the CISG will apply,[77] the German court reasoned that the CISG was applicable to the entire transaction even though the CISG did not come into force in Germany until January 1, 1991.[78] The court of appeals noted that Italy had not made a reservation under CISG Article 95 to the choice of law rules under Article1(b).[79]The final issues which the court of appeals resolved centered on the question of whether a fundamental breach had occurred and whether the buyer had properly declared the contract avoided as per CISG Article 49(2)(b).[80]Unfortunately, the court of appeals made only a conclusory judgment as to whether a fundamental breach had actually occurred; the court provided no analysis as to what defects the shoes had that justified the buyer's avoidance of the contract. The court of appeals boldly concluded that the seller had not properly performed a contractual duty and that that breach amounted to a fundamental breach.[81] Hopefully, in future cases, tribunals will present their decisions on [page 125] CISG cases with greater emphasis on the analysis used to support their conclusions so as to provide guidance for other litigants.The court of appeals did however provide guidance with respect to the type of declaration that must be made in order for CISG contracts to be avoided. First, the court by implication recognized theuse of telex or fax as a proper means to declare avoidance since the buyer had used one of these forms of communication to deliver his declaration to the seller.[82] Second, and more significantly, the court concluded that a party declaring a CISG contract avoided need not use exact language, such as, "I hereby declare our contract avoided." Rather, the court acknowledged a more pragmatic form for declarations of avoidance, that is, that the communication must contain language which clearly operates to place the breaching party on notice that the non-breaching party will no longer perform.[83]In this case, the buyer had stated to the seller that the shoes remaining to be made would be made by another Italian company and that their joint venture had ended.[84]This noticewas sufficient for an effective declaration of avoidance.Lastly, the court of appeals decision provides some guidance with respect to the timing of a declaration of avoidance with respect to a breach that has occurred after goods have been delivered to a buyer. In this case, the buyer had the goods for approximately five days [85] but declared the contract avoided one day after the shoes had been displayed.[86] The court of appeals found that the buyers declaration of avoidance was timely made; the declaration was made within a reasonable time because it came only one day after the buyer became aware of the breach.[87] At a minimum, therefore, it is possible to assume that buyers injured by a fundamental breach for reasons other than delivery may be able to hold goodslike shoes or apparel for several days without becoming aware of some defect in them and thereafter still be able to declare the contract avoided within the next day. [page 126]。
国际人权法的渊源
The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights(ICESCR):
Right of people to work and make a “decent living for themselves and their families” Right to safe and healthy working conditions Right to form trade unions with the right to strike Right of everyone to Social Security, including social insurance “widest possible protection and assistance should be accorded to the family, which is the natural and fundamental group unit of society”
the Convention on the Status of Refugees (1951)《难民地位公约》
Sources of International Human Rights
Specialised international agreements(cont.)
The Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination(1966) 《消除 一切形式种族歧视公约》
Sources of International Human Rights
general international agreements