2009年1月MBA考试写作真题及答案
09年一月MBA写作真题及解析
四、写作：本大题共2小题，共65分。
其中论证有效性分析题30分，论说文35分。
请答在答题纸上。
56“知识就是力量”真的过时了吗？读完材料，我们发现作者对于“知识就是力量”持否定的态度，并用分子分母法进行分析，用知识和能力没有实质性的联系作为论证。
但是，这样的论证是值得商榷的。
原因如下：首先，作者认为，每一个人所掌握的知识，相对于整个人类的知识来说，都是沧海一栗。
因此，用知识作为培养和选拔人的标准，毫无意义。
在这里，作者忽略了一个重要的问题，那就是，并不是每一个人都需要掌握所有的知识。
虽然人类的知识很多，但是根据专业划分，每一个人只需要掌握他应该掌握的知识就是足够了。
其次，作者认为，传授知识，不应该是教育的目的。
这也是不符合逻辑的。
人类的知识，本来在钱人的基础上，历经千年积累起来的。
如果教育的目的不是知识，那么人生短短几十年，怎么能去自己研究、寻找知识呢？再者，作者认为，知识和批判性思维和创造性思维没有实质性的联系，这是难以成立的。
一个人，如果要具有批判性的思维，创造性的思维，没有坚实的知识基础，是不可能实现的。
爱因斯坦如果不具备某些知识，他一定发现不了相对论。
最后，“知识就是力量”，经过实践的证明，一直是引导社会进步，科学前进的重要保证。
由此可见，该论证，在概念、方法以及论据都存在缺陷，才因此得出了错误的结论。
一、论证有效性分析1000是100的十倍，但是当分母大到百亿的时候，作为分子的这两个数的差别就失去意义。
在知识经济时代，任何人所掌握的知识，都只是沧海一粟。
这使得在培养与选拔人才时，知识尺度已变得毫无意义。
现在网络技术可以使你在最短的时间内查询到你所需要的任何知识信息，有的大学毕业因此感叹何必要为学习各种知识数年寒窗，这不无道理。
传授知识不应当继续成为教育，特别是高等教育的功能。
学习知识需要记忆。
记忆能力，是浅层次的大脑功能。
人们在思维方面的差异，不在于能记住什么，而在于能提出什么。
素质教育的真正目标，是培养批判性思维与创造性思维能力。
2009年199管综逻辑写作真题及答案（校对版）
2009年199管综逻辑写作真题及答案（校对版）2009年联考MBA联考真题三、逻辑推理（本大题共30小题，每小题2分，共60分。
在下列每题给出的五个选项中，只有一项是符合试题要求的。
请在答题卡．．．上将所选的字母涂黑。
）26．某中学发现有学生课余用扑克玩带有赌博性质的游戏，因此规定学生不得带扑克进入学校，不过即使是硬币，也可以用作赌具，但禁止学生带硬币进入学校是不可思议的，因此，禁止学生带扑克进学校是荒谬的。
以下哪项如果为真，最能削弱上述论证？A．禁止带扑克进学校不能阻止学生在校外赌博。
B．硬币作为赌具远不如扑克方便。
C．很难查明学生是否带扑克进学校。
D．赌博不但败坏校风，而且影响学生学习成绩。
E．有的学生玩扑克不涉及赌博。
27、甲、乙、丙和丁四人进入某围棋邀请赛半决赛，最后要决出一名冠军。
张王和李三人对结果作了如下预测：张：冠军不是丙。
王：冠军是乙。
李：冠军是甲。
已知张、王、李三人中恰有一人的预测正确。
以下哪项为真？A．冠军是甲。
B．冠军是乙。
C．冠军是丙。
D．冠军是丁。
E．无法确定冠军是谁。
28. 除非年龄在50岁以下，并且能维持游泳三千米以上，否则不能参加下个月举行的横渡长江活动。
同时，高血压和心脏病患者不能参加。
老黄能维持游泳三千米以上，但没有被批准参加这项活动。
以上断定能推出以下哪项结论？I 老黄的年龄至少50岁。
II 老黄患有高血压。
III 老黄患有心脏病。
A．只有I。
B．只有II。
C．只有III。
、D．I、II和III至少有一。
E．I、II和III都不能从题干推出。
29. 一项对西部山区小塘村的调查发现：小塘村约五分之三的儿童入中学后出现中度以上的近视，而他们父母及祖辈，没有机会到正规学校接受教育，很少出现近视。
以下哪项作为上述断定的结论最为恰当？A．接受文化教育是造成近视的原因。
B．只有在儿童时期接受正式教育才易于成为近视。
C．阅读和课堂作业带来的视觉压力必然造成儿童的近视。
D．文化教育的发展和近视现象的出现有密切的关系。
2009年考试真题及参考答案
2009年联考MBA 联考真题综合试卷一、问题求解（本大题共15题，每小题3分，共45分。
在下列每题给出的五个选项中，只有一项是符合试题要求的。
请在答题卡．．．上将所选的字母涂黑。
） 1．一家商店为回收资金把甲乙两件商品均以480元一件卖出。
已知甲商品赚了20%，乙商品亏了20%，则商店盈亏结果为（A ）不亏不赚 （B ）亏了50元 （C ）赚了50元 （D ）赚了40元 （E ）亏了40元2．某国参加北京奥运会的勇女运动员比例原为19:12，由于先增加若干名女运动员．使男女运动员比例变为20:13．后又增加了若干名男运动员，于是男女运动员比例．最终变为30:19．如果后增加的男运动员比先增加的女运动员多3人，则最后运员的总人数为（ ）。
（A ）686 （B ）637 （C ）700 （D ）661 （E ）6003．某工厂定期购买一种原料，已知该厂每天需用该原料6吨，每吨价格1800元．原料的保管等费用平均每吨3元，每次购买原料支付运费900元，若该厂要使平均每天支付的总费用最省，则应该每（）天购买一次原料。
（A ）11 （B ）10 （C ）9 （D ）8 （E ）74．在某实验中，三个试管各盛水若千克。
现将浓度为12%的盐水10克倒入A 管中，混合后，取10克倒入口管中，混合后再取10克倒入C 管中，结果 A ，B ，C 三个试管中盐水的浓度分别为6%、2%、0.5%，那么三个试管中原来盛水最多的试管及其盛水量各是（A ）A 试管，10克 （B ）B 试管，20克 （C ）C 试管，30克（D ）B 试管，40克 （E ）C 试管，50克5．一艘轮船往返航行于甲、乙两码头之间，着船在静水中的速度不变，则当这条河的水流速度增加50%时，往返一次所需的时间比原来将( )．（A ）增加 （B ）减少半个小时 （C ）不变 （D ）减少1个小时 （E ）无法判断6．方程214x x -+=的根是（ ）。
MBA联考真题及参考答案
【经典资料，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可编辑修改】【经典考试资料，答案附后，看后必过，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可修改】2009年1月MBA联考真题及参考答案Part I Vocabulary and Structure (10%)Direction: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a pencil.1. The poor lady was too?????? and distressed to talk about the tragedy.A. engaged???????????????B. exhaustedC. ignorant???????????????D. energetic2. At fist?????? , the famous painting doesn't impress the audience at all.A. glance?????????????????B. gazeC. stare???????????????????D. view3. Delegates agree to the plan in??????? , but there were some details they didn't approve.A. discipline???????????????B. theoryC. principle????????????????D. nature4. I took the medicine 10minutes ago, but the bitterness is still???????? in my mouth.A. scattering???????????????B. fellingC. maintaining??????????????D. lingering5. Since the????????? of human history, human beings have been asking questions like "What is the essence of life."A. dusk????????????????????B. dustC. twinkle?????????????????? C. Dawn6. The eldest son????????????? all the family members to discuss how to celebrate the 50th weddinganniversary of their parents.A. Clustered????????????????B. resembledC. assembled????????????????D. rendered7. I must leave now,??????????? ,if you want that book I'LL bring it you tomorrow .A. Accidentally??????????????B. IncidentallyC. Occasionally??????????????D. Subsequently8. My mother is a light sleeper,??????????? to any sound even as low as the humming of mosquito.A. alert?????????????????????B. acuteC. keen?????????????????????D. immune9. The newly built factory is in urgent need of a number of skilled and????????????? workers.A. consistent?????????????????B. consciousC. confidential????????????????D. conscientious10. As an outstanding scholar, he has become???????????? to the research team.A. senior?????????????????????B. juniorC. indispensible??????????????? C. independent11. Sixteen days after the earthquake, 40people,??????? in their village, were rescued.A. trapped??????????????????B. confinedC. enclosed?????????????????D. captured12. Working far away from home, Jerry had to?????? from downtown to his office everyday.A. wander??????????????????B. commuteC. ramble???????????????????D. motion13. The finance minister has not been so?????? since he raised taxes to an unbearable level.A. famous??????????????????B. favorableC. popular??????????????????D. preferable14. It is unimaginable for someone in such a high?????? in the govemment to behave so badly in public.A. situation?????????????????B. positionC. profession????????????????D. appointment15. Information given to employees must be??????? , clear and in easy-to-follow language.A．convenient??????????????? B．continuousC．constant????????????????? D．concise16. John was very upset because he was??????? by the police with breaking the law.A. sentenced????????????????B. arrestedC. accused??????????????????D. charged17. David likes country life and has decided??????? farming.A. go in for????????????????B. go back onC. go along with????????????D. go through with18. Jennifer has never really????? her son's death. It's very hard to accept the face that she'llnever have a child.A. come to terms with??????B. come up againstC. come out with??????????D. come down to19. A national debate is now????? about whether we should replace golden weeks with paidVacations.A. in the way?????????????B. by the wayC. under way?????????????D. out of the way20. When a psychologist does a general experiment about the human mind, he selects peopleand asks them questions.A. at ease????????????????B. at randomB. in essence????????????? D. in sumIn1999, the price of oil hovered around $16 a barrel. By 2008, it had?? 21 the $100 a barrel mark. The reasons for the surge 22??? from the dramatic growth of the economies of china and India to widespread?? 23?? in oil-producing regions, including Iraq and Nigeria's? delta region. Triple-digit oil prices have?? 24?? the? economic? and political map of the world,?? 25? some old notions of power. Oil-rich nations are enjoying historic gains and opportunities,?? 26?? major importers—including chinaand? India, home to a third of the world's population--? 27? rising economic and social costs.Managing this new order is fast becoming a central?? 28?? of global politics. Countries that need oil are clawing at each other? to?? 29? scarce supplies, and are willing to deal with any? government,??? 30?? how? unpleasant, to do it .In? many? poor? nations? with? oil , the profits are being ,lost to corruption, 31? these countries of their best hope for development. And oil is fueling enormous investment funds run by foreign governments,?? 32?? some in the west see as a new threat.Countries like Russia, Venezuela and Iran are well supplied with rising? oil? 33, a change reflected in newly aggressive foreign policies. But some unexpected countries are reaping benefits,??? 34 costs,? from? higher? prices. Consider Germany.? 35? it? imports virtually all its oil, it has prospered from extensive trade with a booming Russia and the Middle East. German exports to Russia?? 36?? 128 percent from 2001 to 2006.In the United States, as already high gas prices rose? 37? higher in the spring of 2008,the issue cropped up in the presidential campaign, with Senators McCain and Obama? 38? for a federal gas tax holiday during the peak summer driving months. And driving habits? began? to? 39?? ,assales of small cars jumped and mass transport systems? 40? the country reported a sharp increase in riders.21. A. come??????????? B. gone??????????? C. crossed???????? D. arrived22. A. covered???????? B. discovered??????? C. arranged??????? D. ranged23. A. intensity??????? B. infinity???????? C. insecurity?????? D. instability24. A. drawn?????????? B. redrawn????????? C. retained??????? D. reviewed25. A. fighting??????? B. struggling??????? C. challenging????? D. threatening26. A. and??????????? B. while??????????? C. thus??????????? D. though27. A. confine???????? B. conflict???????? C. conform???????? D. confront28. A. problem???????? B. question???????? C. matter????????? D. event29. A. look for??????? B. lock up????????? C. send out??????? D. keep off30. A. no matter??????? B. what if????????? C. only if???????? D. in spite of31. A. abolishing?????? B. depriving??????? C. destroying?????? D. eliminating32. A. what??????????? B. that??????????? C. which?????????? D. whom33. A. interests?? B. taxes??????????? C. incomes???????? D. revenues34. A. as many as?????? B. as good as??????? C. as far as??????? D. as well as35. A. Although??????? B. Because????????? C. Since?????????? D. As36. A. advanced??????? B. grew??????????? C.? reduces??????? D.? multiplied37. A. even??????????? B. still??????????? C. rather????????? D. fairly38. A. asking????????? B. requesting??????? C. calling???????? D. demanding39. A. change????????? B. turn??????????? C. shift?????????? D. transform40. A. for??????????? B. from??????????? C. across????????? D. overPart III Reading Comprehension (40%)Direction: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a pencil.PASSAGE1.Henric Ibsen ,author of the play"A Doll's House", in which a pretty, helpless housewife abandonsHer husband and children to seek a more serious life, would surely have approved.. From January Ist ,2008, all public companies in Norway are obliged to ensure that at least 40% of their board directors arewomen. Most firms have obeyed the law, which was passed in 2003.But about 75 out of the 480 or socompanies it affects are still too male for the government's liking. They will shortly receive a letterinforming them that they have until the end of February to act , or face the legal consequences---whichcould include being dissolved.Before the law was proposed, about 7% of board members in Norway were female , according to the Centre for Corporate Diversity .The number has since jumped to 36%. That is far higher than the average of 9% for big companies across Europe or America's 15% for the Fortune 500.Norway's stock exchange and its main business lobby oppose the law, as do many businessmen." I am against quotas for women or men as a matter of principle," says Sverre Munck , head of international operations at a media firm. "Board members of public companies should be chosen solely on the basis of merit and experience,"be says. Several firms have even given up their public status in order to escape the new law.Companies have had to recruit about 1,000 women in four years. Many complain that it has beenDifficult to find experienced candidates. Because of this, some of the best women have collected as many as 25-35 directorships each, and are known in Norwegian business circles as the "golden skirts". One reason for the scarcity is that there are fairly few women in management in Norwegian companies---they occupy around 15% of senior positions. It has been particularly hard for firms in the oil, technology and financial industries to find women with a enough experience.Some people worry that their relative lack of experience may keep women quiet on boards, and thatIn turn could mean that boards might become less able to hold managers to account. Recent history in Norway, however, suggests that the right women can make strong directors. "Women feel more compelled than men to do their homework," says Ms Reksten Skaugen , who was voted Norway's chairman of the year for 2007, "and we can afford to ask the hard questions, because women are not always expected to know the answers."41. The author mentions Ibsen's play in the first paragraph in order to?????????? .A. depict women's dilemma at workB. explain the newly passed lawC. support Norwegian governmentD. introduce the topic under discussion42. A public company that fails to obey the new law could be forced to?????????? .A. pay a heavy fineB. close down its businessC. change to a private businessD. sign a document promising to act43. To which of the following is Sverre Munck most likely to agree?A. A set ratio of women in a board is unreasonable.B. A reasonable quota for women at work needs to be set.C. A common principle should be followed by all companies.D. An inexperienced businessman is not subject to the new law.44.The author attributes the phenomenon of "golden skirts" to??????????? .A. the small number of qualified females in managementB. the over-recruitment of female managers in public companiesC. the advantage women enjoy when competing for senior positionsD. the discrimination toward women in Norwegian business circles45. The main idea of the passage might be???????? .A. female power and liberation in NorwayB. the significance of Henric Ibsen's playC. women's status in Norwegian firmsD. the constitution of board members in NorwayPASSAGE2.While there's never a good age to get cancer, people in their 20s and 30s can feel particularly isolated. The average age of a cancer patient at diagnosis is 67. Children with cancer often are treated at pediatric (小儿科的) cancer centers, but young adults have a tough time finding peers, often sitting side-by-side during treatments with people who could be their grandparents.In her new book Crazy Sexy Cancer Tips, writer Kris Carr looks at cancer from the perspective of a young adult who confronts death just as she's discovering life. Ms. Carr was 31 when she was diagnosed with a rare from of cancer that had generated tumors on her liver and lungs.Ms. Carr reacted with the normal feelings of shock and sadness. She called her parents and stocked up on organic food, determined to become a "full-time healing addict." Then she picked up the phone and called everyone in her address book, asking if they knew other young women with cancer. The result was her own personal "cancer posse": a rock concert tour manager, a model, a fashion magazine editor, a cartoonist and a MTV celebrity, to name a few. This club of? "cancer babes" offered support, advice and fashion tips, among other things.Ms. Carr put her cancer experience in a recent Learning Channel documentary, and she has written a practical guide about how she coped. Cancer isn't funny, but Ms. Carr often is. She swears, she makes up names for the people who treat her ( Dr. Fabulous and Dr. Guru ), and she even makes second sound fun ("cancer road trips," she calls them).She leaves the medical advice to doctors, instead offering insightful and practical tips that reflect the world view of a young adult. "I refused to let cancer ruin my party," she writes. " Thereare just too many cool things to do and plan and live for."Ms. Carr still has cancer, but it has stopped progressing. Her cancer tips include using time-saving mass e-mails to keep friends informed, sewing or buying fashionable hospital gowns so you're not stuck with regulation blue or gray and playing Gloria Gaynor's "I Will Survive" so loud you neighbors call the police. Ms. Carr also advises an eyebrow wax and a new outfit before you tell the important people in your illness. " people you tell are going to cautious and not so cautiously try to see the cancer, so dazzle them instead with your miracle," she writes.While her advice may sound superficial, it gets to the heart of what every cancer patient wants: the chance to live life just as she always did, and maybe better.46. Which of the following groups is more vulnerable to cancer?A. Children.B. People in their 20s and 30s.C. Young adults.D. Elderly people.47. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT _______.A. Kris Carr is a female writerB. Kris Carr is more than 31-year-old.C. Kris Carr works in a cancer center.D. Kris Carr is very optimistic.48. The phrase "cancer posse" (Line 4, para.3 ) probably refers to ________A. a cancer research organizationB. a group of people who suffer from cancerC. people who have recovered from cancerD. people who cope with cancer49. Kris Carr make up names for the people who treat her because ________A. she is depressed and likes swearingB. she is funny and likes playing jokes on doctorC. she wants to leave the medical advice to doctorD. she tries to leave a good impression on doctor50. From Kris Carr's cancer tips we may infer that ________A. she learned to use e-mails after she got cancerB. she wears fashionable dress even after suffering from cancerC. hospital gowns for cancer patients are usually not in bright colorsD. the neighbors are very friendly with cancer patientsPASSAGE3。
2009年MBA联考综合试卷及答案
绝密★启用前2009年攻读硕士学位全国联考工商管理硕士综合能力试卷考生须知1．选择题的答案须用2B铅笔填涂在答题卡上，其它笔填涂的或做在试卷上的答案无效。
2．其他题一律用蓝色钢笔或黑色钢笔或圆珠笔在答题纸上按规定要求作答，凡做在试卷上或未做在指定位置的答案无效。
3．交卷时，请配合监考人员验收，并请监考人员在准考证相应位置签字（作为考生交卷的凭据）。
否则，所产生的一切后果由考生自负。
2008年全国攻读工商管理硕士研究生入学考试综合能力试题三、逻辑推理：本大题共30小题，每小题2分，共60分。
下面每题所给出的五个选项中，只有一项是符合试题要求的。
请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。
26. 某中学发现有学生课余用扑克玩带有赌博性质的游戏，因此规定学生不得带扑克进入学校，不过即使是硬币，也可以用作赌具，但禁止学生带硬币进入学校是不可思议的，因此，禁止学生带扑克进学校是荒谬的。
以下哪项如果为真，最能削弱上述论证？A.禁止带扑克进学校不能阻止学生在校外赌博。
B.硬币作为赌具远不如扑克方便。
C.很难查明学生是否带扑克进学校。
D.赌博不但败坏校风，而且影响学生学习成绩。
E.有的学生玩扑克不涉及赌博。
27. 甲.乙.丙和丁进入某围棋邀请赛半决赛，最后要决出一名冠军。
张.王和李三人对结果作了如下预测：张：冠军不是丙。
王：冠军是乙。
李：冠军是甲。
已知张.王.李三个中恰有一人的预测正确，以下哪项为真。
A.冠军是甲。
B.冠军是乙。
C.冠军是丙。
D.冠军是丁。
E.无法确定冠军是谁。
28. 除非年龄在50岁以下，并且能持续游泳三千米以上，否则不能参加下个月举行的花样横渡长江活动。
同时，高血压和心脏病患者不能参加。
老黄能持续游泳三千米以上，但没被批准参加这项活动。
以上断定能推出以下哪项结论？Ⅰ 老黄的年龄至少50岁。
Ⅱ老黄患有高血压。
Ⅲ 老黄患有心脏病。
A. 只有Ⅰ。
B. 只有Ⅱ。
C. 只有Ⅲ。
D. Ⅰ.Ⅱ和Ⅲ至少一个。
E. Ⅰ.Ⅱ Ⅲ都不能从题干推出。
2009年至2018年管理类联考MBAMPAcc考研写作真题与答案详解
2009年-2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试管理类专业硕士学位联考中文写作真题+答案详解适用对象：MBA、MPAcc、MPA、MEM、MTA、EMBA更新时间：2018年7月20日目录：【中文写作篇】 (2)2017年12月管理类硕士学位－写作真题+答案解析 (2)2016年12月管理类硕士学位－写作真题+答案解析 (6)2015年12月管理类硕士学位－写作真题+答案解析 (8)2014年12月管理类硕士学位－写作真题+答案解析 (11)2014年1月管理类硕士学位－写作真题+答案解析 (13)2013年1月管理类硕士学位－写作真题+答案解析 (14)2012年1月管理类硕士学位－写作真题+答案解析 (16)2011年1月管理类硕士学位－写作真题+答案解析 (18)2010年1月管理类硕士学位－写作真题+答案解析 (20)2009年1月管理类硕士学位－写作真题+答案解析 (21)【中文写作篇】2017年12月管理类硕士学位－写作真题+答案解析第56-57题，共65分。
其中论证有效性分析30分。
论说文35分。
请写在答题纸指定的位置上。
56.论证有效性分析：分析下述论证中存在的缺陷和漏洞，选择若干要点，写一篇600字左右的文章，对该论证的有效性进行分析和评论。
(论证有效性分析的一般要点是：概念特别是核心概念的界定和使用是否准确并前后一致，有无各种明显的逻辑错误，论证的论据是否成立并支持结论，结论成立的条件是否充分等等。
) 哈佛大学教授本杰明·史华慈（Benjamin I.Schwartz）在二十世纪末指出，开始席卷一切的物质主义潮流将极大地冲击人类社会固有的价值观念，造成人类社会精神世界的空虚，这一论点值得商榷。
首先，按照唯物主义物质决定精神的基本原理，精神是物质在人类头脑中的反映。
因此，物质丰富只会充实精神世界，物质主义潮流不可能造成人类精神世界的空虚。
其次，后物质主义理论认为：个人基本的物质生活一旦得到满足，就会把注意点转移到非物质方面，物质生活丰裕的人，往往会更注重精神生活，追求社会公平，个人尊严等等。
2009年1月MBA考试综合能力真题和答案
李研究员：您恐怕忽视了：这些木质工具是在泥煤沼泽中发现的,北美很少有泥煤沼泽。木质工具在普通的泥土中几年内就会腐烂化解。
36．以下哪项最为准确地概括了张教授与李研究员所讨论的问题?
A. 上述史前木质工具是否是其祖先从西伯利亚迁徙到阿拉斯加的人群使用的?
B. 张教授的论据是否能推翻上述考古学家的结论?
一、问题求解 （本大题共12小题，每小题4分，共48分。 共15小题，每小题3分，共45分，下列每题给出的五个选项中，只有一项是符合试题要求的。请在答题卡上将所选项字母涂黑。
二、条件充分性判断：条件充分性判断共11小题，每小题2分，共22分
本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分。
解题说明：本大题要求判断所给出的条件能否充分支持题干中陈述的结论。阅读条件（1）和（2）后，请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑
40．以下哪项是上述论证所假设的?
A．不完全反映全部真实的东西不能成为恰当的证据。
B．全部的真实性是不可把握的。
C．目前的法庭审理都把照片作为重要物证。
D．如果从不同角度拍摄一个物体,就可以把握它的全部真实性。
E．法庭具有判定任一证据真伪的能力。
41．以下哪项如果为真,最能削弱上述论证?
C. S市加强对驾校的管理，提高了对新驾驶员的培训标准。
D. 由于油价上涨，许多车主改乘公交车或地铁上下班。
E. S市目前的道路状况及安全设施较五年前有明显改善。
45. 肖群一周工作五天，除非这周内有法定休假日。除了周五在志愿者协会，其余四天肖群都在大平保险公司上班。上周没有法定休假日。因此，上周的周一、周二、周三和周四肖群一定在大平保险公司上班。
C．指出张教授曲解了考古学家的观点。
管综写作
第一章论证有效性分析1．论证有效性分析命题认知（1）题目要求“分析下面的论证在概念、论证方法、论据、结论等方面的有效性。
600字左右”。
（2）题干要求例如：某管理咨询公司最近公布了一份洋快餐行业发展情况的分析报告，对洋快餐在中国的发展趋势给出了相当乐观的预判。
该报告指出，过去5年中，洋快餐在大城市中的网点数每年以40%的惊人速度增长，而在中国广大的中小城市和乡镇还有广阔的市场成长空间，照此速度发展下去，预计在未来的10年，洋快餐在中国饮食行业的市场占有率将超过20%，成为中国百姓饮食的重要选择。
饮食行业某些人士认为，从营养角度看，长期食用洋快餐对人体健康不利，洋快餐的快速增长会因此受到制约。
但该报告指出，洋快餐在中国受到广大消费者，特别是少年儿童消费群体的喜爱。
显然，那些认为洋快餐不利健康的观点是站不住脚的。
该公司去年在100家洋快餐店内进行了大量问卷调查，结果显示，超过90%的中国消费者认为食用洋快餐对于个人的营养均衡有帮助。
而已经喜爱上洋快餐的未成年人在未来成为更有消费能力的成年群体之后，洋快餐的市场需求会大幅度跃升。
洋快餐长期稳定的产品组合以及产品和服务的标准化迎合了消费者希望获得无差异食品和服务的需要，这也是洋快餐快速发展的重要优势。
该报告预测，如果中国式快餐在未来没有较大幅度的发展，洋快餐一定会成为中国饮食行业的霸主。
（注：上述材料为2005年联考试题）下面为本书提供的参考范文，供读者学习。
洋快餐一定会成为中国饮食业的霸主吗上述咨询公司的推理过程过于草率，其论证有失偏颇。
首先，洋快餐在过去5年飞速增长，并不就意味着将来也会以同样的速度增长；网点数增加并不就意味着市场占有率就会增加。
还有，中小城市和乡镇居民和大城市的居民很可能在消费习惯、消费能力等方面存在巨大差异，所以，洋快餐未来不一定就能真的获得多少中小城市和乡镇的饮食市场。
其次，洋快餐受到少年儿童的喜爱，并不就意味着洋快餐无害于健康，材料显然是强拉因果。
2009年全国硕士研究生招生考试管理类联考综合能力真题(写作)
2009年全国硕士研究生招生考试管理类联考综合能力真题（写作）56、论证有效性分析：分析下述论证中存在的缺陷和漏洞，选择若干要点，写一篇600字左右的文章，对该论证的有效性进行分析和评论。
（论证有效性分析的一般要点是：概念特别是核心概念的界定和使用是否准确并前后一致，有无各种明显的逻辑错误，论证的论据是否成立并支持结论，结论成立的条件是否充分，等等。
）1000是100的十倍，但是当分母大到百亿的时候，作为分子的这两个数的差别就失去意义。
在知识经济时代，任何人所掌握的知识，都只是沧海一粟。
这使得在培养和选拔人才时，知识尺度已变得毫无意义。
现在网络技术可以使你在最短的时间内查询到你所需要的任何知识信息，有的大学毕业生因此感叹何必要为学习各种知识数年寒窗，这不无道理。
传授知识不应当继续成为教育，特别是高等教育的功能。
学习知识需要记忆。
记忆能力，是浅层次的大脑功能。
人们在思维方面的差异，不在于能记住什么，而在于能提出什么。
素质教育的真正目标，是培养批判性思维与创造性思维能力。
知识与此种能力之间没有实质性的联系，否则就难以解释，具有与爱因斯坦相同知识背景的人多的是，为什么唯独他发现了相对论。
硕士、博士这些知识头衔的实际价值一再受到有识之士的质疑，道理就在这里。
“知识就是力量”这一曾经激励了几代人的口号，正在成为空洞的历史回声，这其实是时代的进步。
【参考范文】知识真的不重要吗？在上述材料中，通过对知识尺度、高等教育、素质教育等内容进行论述，从而否定知识的重要性，认为知识就是力量已经过时，这是值得商榷的。
首先，在衡量知识尺度时存在比较不当的问题。
在培养和选拔人才所掌握的知识时，要以其所处行业、所在职位、所涉领域等作为衡量依据，这样的比较才有意义。
以个人知识与整体知识进行对比而得出“知识尺度的无意义”是有失偏颇的。
其次，有能力通过网络技术查询知识信息并不等同于掌握和学会运用这些知识，也不能因此来否定高等教育中知识传授的功能。
名师谷雨：2009MBA联考英语写作真题解析
名师谷雨：2009MBA联考英语写作真题解析同学们，微笑是最好看的，每个同学我都能看到微笑，本来年轻，再微笑更年轻，咱们看看下面两道题,有效性分析还是有难度的.总体上说这个题目比较象中国本土的文章，咱们先逐次看看。
1000是100的十倍。
但是当分母大到上百亿的时候，作为分子的这两个数的差别就失去了意义。
到这儿这句话什幺意思，100亿10的11次方。
分母一样，分母无穷大,分子1000和100没意义。
最后都约等于0.说这个不是让算数学，让你明白这句话意思，在数学上成立。
比如李嘉诚，1千万和1百万，站在李嘉诚面前,都一样都是穷人。
没什幺差别，但过起日子来，就不一样了。
先把这话弄明白了。
接着说什幺,在知识经济时代，任何人所掌握的知识，都是沧海一粟。
这使得在培养与选拔人才时，知识尺度也变得毫无意义。
当然同学们最想知道得多少分。
知识的尺度变得毫无意义，这是绝对化。
现代网络技术可以使你在最短的时间内查询到你所需要的任何知识信息，也是绝对化。
最后这一句也一样。
“知识就是力量”这一曾经激励了几代人的口号，正在成为空洞的历史回声，这其实是时代的进步历史的回声.这就是过时了，这也是绝对化。
按绝对和片面化来评，都对。
什幺叫片面化。
先解释一下，主要错误叫分解的谬误。
100万对李嘉诚来说没用,对自己来说就是100万。
非常含蓄，总体来说，把相对性搅到里面。
象乱麻一样难拆开，整篇都有这个，依据文本一点点来做这个工作。
数学道理是成立的,就我们掌握的知识与人类知识确实是沧海一粟。
在知识经济时代，知识也在细化。
虽与人类知识相比是沧海一粟,但与我们专业知识领域相比来说，有可能是足够。
第一说类比不恰当,相对人类知识这样没有意义，我们是相对于专业领域来说的，而不是与人类知识相比的。
要把这个说明白就行。
错误类比也可以。
我们所说的个体掌握的知识总是针对工作需。
2009 年全国MBA联考英语真题
2009年1月全国MBA联考英语真题解析第一部分为单选略二、综合填空In1999, the price of oil hovered around $16 a barrel. By 2008, it had 21 the $100 a barrel mark.The reasons for the surge 22 from the dramatic growth of the economies of china and India to widespread 23 in oil-producing regions, including Iraq and Nigeria's delta region. Triple-digit oil prices have 24 the economic and political map of the world, 25 some old notions of power. Oil-rich nations are enjoying historic gains and opportunities, 26 major importers including china and India, home to a third of the world's population 27 rising economic and social costs. Managing this new order is fast becoming a central 28 of global politics. Countries that need oil are clawing at each other to 29 scarce supplies, are willing to deal with any government, 30 how unpleasant, to do it .In many poor nations with oil , the profits are being ,lost to corruption, 31 these countries of their best hope for development. And oil is fueling enormous investment funds run by foreign governments, 32 some in the west see as a new threat. Countries like Russia, Venezuela and Iran are well supplied with rising oil 33, a change reflected in newly aggressive foreign policies. But some unexpected countries are reaping benefits, 34 costs, from higher prices. Consider Germany. 35 it imports virtually all its oil, it has prospered from extensive trade with a booming Russia and the Middle East. German exports toRussia 36 128 percent from 2001 to 2006.In the United States, as already high gas prices rose 37 higher in the spring of 2008,the issue cropped up in the presidential campaign, with Senators McCain and Obama 38 for a federal gas tax holiday during the peak summer driving months. And driving habits began to 39 ,as sales of small cars jumped and mass transport systems 40 the country reported a sharp increase in riders.21. A. come B. gone C. crossed D. arrived22. A. covered B. discovered C. arranged D. ranged23. A. intensity B. infinity C. insecurity D. instability24. A. drawn B. redrawn C. retained D. reviewed25. A. fighting B. struggling C. challenging D. threatening26. A. and B. while C. thus D. though27. A. confine B. conflict C. conform D. confront28. A. problem B. question C. matter D. event29. A. look for B. lock up C. send out D. keep off30. A. no matter B. what if C. only if D. in spite of31. A. abolishing B. depriving C. destroying D. eliminating32. A. what B. that C. which D. whom33. A. interests B. taxes C. incomes D. revenues34. A. as many as B. as good as C. as far as D. as well as35. A. Although B. Because C. Since D. As36. A. advanced B. grew C. reduces D. multiplied37. A. even B. still C. rather D. fairly38. A. asking B. requesting C. calling D. demanding39. A. change B. turn C. shift D. transform40. A. for B. from C. across D. over三、阅读理解：Part III Reading Comprehension (40%)Direction: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a pencil.PASSAGE1.Henric Ibsen ,author of the play "A Doll's House", in which a pretty, helpless housewife abandons Her husband and children to seek a more serious life, would surely have approved.. From January Ist ,2008, all public companies in Norway are obliged to ensure that at least 40% of their board directors are women. Most firms have obeyed the law, which was passed in 2003.But about 75 out of the 480 or so companies it affects are still too male for the government's liking. They will shortly receive a letterinforming them that they have until the end of February to act , or face the legal consequences---which could include being dissolved.Before the law was proposed, about 7% of board members in Norway were female , according to the Centre for Corporate Diversity .The number has since jumped to 36%. That is far higher than the average of 9% for big companies across Europe or America's 15% for the Fortune 500.Norway's stock exchange and its main business lobby oppose the law, as do businessmen." I am against quotas for women or men as a matter of principle," says Sverre Munck , head of international operations at a media firm. "Board members of public companies should be chosen solely on the basis of merit and experience ,"be says. Several firms have even given up their public status in order to escape the new law. Companies have had to recruit about 1,000 women in four years. Many complain that it has been Difficult to find experienced candidates. Because of this, some of the best women have collected as many as 25-35 directorships each, and are known in Norwegian business circles as the "golden skirts". One reason for the scarcity is that there are fairly few women in management in Norwegian companies---they occupy around 15% of senior positions. It has been particularly hard for firms in the oil, technology and financial industries to find women with a enough experience. Some people worry that their relative lack of experience may keep women quiet on boards, and thatIn turn could mean that boards might become less able to hold managers to account. Recent history in Norway, however, suggests that the right women can make strong directors. "Women feel more compelled than men to do theirhomework," says Ms Reksten Skaugen , who was voted Norway's chairman of the year for 2007, "and we can afford to ask the hard questions, because women are not always expected to know the answers."41. The author mentions Ibsen's play in the first paragraph in order to .A. depict women's dilemma at workB. explain the newly passed lawC. support Norwegian governmentD. introduce the topic under discussion42. A public company that fails to obey the new law could be forced to .A. pay a heavy fineB. close down its businessC. change to a private businessD. sign a document promising to act43. To which of the following is Sverre Munck most likely to agree?A. A set ratio of women in a board is unreasonable.B. A reasonable quota for women at work needs to be set.C. A common principle should be followed by all companies.D. An inexperienced businessman is not subject to the new law.44.The author attributes the phenomenon of "golden skirts" to .A. the small number of qualified females in managementB. the over-recruitment of female managers in public companiesC. the advantage women enjoy when competing for senior positionsD. the discrimination toward women in Norwegian business circles45. The main idea of the passage might be .A. female power and liberation in NorwayB. the significance of Henric Ibsen's playC. women's status in Norwegian firmsD. the constitution of board members in NorwayPASSAGE2.While there's never a good age to get cancer, people in their 20s and 30s can feel particularly isolated. The average age of a cancer patient at diagnosis is 67. Children with cancer often are treated at pediatric (小儿科的) cancer centers, but young adults have a tough time finding peers, often sitting side-by-side during treatments with people who could be their grandparents.In her new book Crazy Sexy Cancer Tips, writer Kris Carr looks at cancer from the perspective of a young adult who confronts death just as she's discovering life. Ms. Carr was 31 when she was diagnosed with a rare from of cancer that had generated tumors on her liver and lungs.Ms. Carr reacted with the normal feelings of shock and sadness. She called her parents and stocked up on organic food, determined to become a "full-time healing addict." Then she picked up the phone and called everyone in her address book, asking if they knew other young women with cancer. The result was her own personal "cancer posse": a rock concert tour manager, a model, a fashion magazine editor, a cartoonist and a MTV celebrity, to name a few. Thisclub of "cancer babes" offered support, advice and fashion tips, among other things.Ms. Carr put her cancer experience in a recent Learning Channel documentary, and she has written a practical guide about how she coped. Cancer isn't funny, but Ms. Carr often is. She swears, she makes up names for the people who treat her ( Dr. Fabulous and Dr. Guru ), and she even makes second sound fun ("cancer road trips," she calls them).She leaves the medical advice to doctors, instead offering insightful and practical tips that reflect the world view of a young adult. "I refused to let cancer ruin my party," she writes. " Thereare just too many cool things to do and plan and live for."Ms. Carr still has cancer, but it has stopped progressing. Her cancer tips include using time-saving mass e-mails to keep friends informed, sewing or buying fashionable hospital gowns so you're not stuck with regulation blue or gray and playing Gloria Gaynor's "I Will Survive" so loud you neighbors call the police. Ms. Carr also advises an eyebrow wax and a new outfit before you tell the important people in your illness. " people you tell are going to cautious and not so cautiously try to see the cancer, so dazzle them instead with your miracle," she writes.While her advice may sound superficial, it gets to the heart of what every cancer patient wants: the chance to live life just as she always did, and maybe better.46. Which of the following groups is more vulnerable to cancer?A. Children.B. People in their 20s and 30s.C. Young adults.D. Elderly people.47. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT _______.A. Kris Carr is a female writerB. Kris Carr is more than 31-year-old.C. Kris Carr works in a cancer center.D. Kris Carr is very optimistic.48. The phrase "cancer posse" (Line 4, para.3 ) probably refers to ________A. a cancer research organizationB. a group of people who suffer from cancerC. people who have recovered from cancerD. people who cope with cancer49. Kris Carr make up names for the people who treat her because ________A. she is depressed and likes swearingB. she is funny and likes playing jokes on doctorC. she wants to leave the medical advice to doctorD. she tries to leave a good impression on doctor50. From Kris Carr's cancer tips we may infer that ________A. she learned to use e-mails after she got cancerB. she wears fashionable dress even after suffering from cancerC. hospital gowns for cancer patients are usually not in bright colorsD. the neighbors are very friendly with cancer patientsPASSAGE3 Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage: Should a leader strive to be loved or feared? This question ,famously posed by Machiavelli ,lies at the heart of Joseph Nye's new book .Mr. Nye ,a former dean of the Kennedy School of Governmentat Harvard and one-time chairman of America's National Intelligence Council ,is best known for promoting the idea of "soft power" ,based on persuasion and influence ,as a counterpoint to "hard power" ,based on coercion(强迫) and force.Having analyzed the use of soft and hard power in politics and diplomacy in his previous books ,Mr.Nye has now turned his attention to the relationship between power and leadership ,in both the political and business spheres .Machiavelli ,he notes ,concluded that "one ought to be both feared and loved ,but as it is difficult for the two to go together ,it is much safer to be feared than loved."In short ,hard power is preferable to soft power .But modem leadership theorists have come to the opposite conclusion.The context of leadership is changing ,the observe ,and the historical emphasis on hard power is becoming outdated .In modem companies and democracies ,power is increasingly diffused and traditional hierarchies(等级制) are being undermined ,making soft power ever more important .But that does not mean coercion should now take a back seat to persuasion .Mr.Nye argues .Instead ,he advocates a synthesis of these two views .The conclusion of The Powers to Lead ,his survey of the theory of leadership ,is that a combination of hard and soft power ,which he calls mart power ?is the best approach.The dominant theoretical model of leadership at the moment is ,apparently ,the “transformational leadership pattern” .Anyone allergic(反感) to management term will already be running for the exit ,but Mr,Nye has performed a valuable service in rounding up and summarizing the various academic studies and theories of leadership into a single ,slim volume .He examines different approaches to leadership, the morality of leadership and how the wider context can determine the effectiveness of a particular leader. There are plenty of anecdotes and examples, both historical and contemporary, political and corporate.Alas ,leadership is a slippery subject ,and as he depicts various theories ,even Mr. Nye never quite nails the jelly to the wall .He is at his most interesting when discussing the moral aspects of leadership in particular ,the question of whether it is sometimes necessary for good leaders to lie-and he provides a helpful 12-point summary of his conclusions .A resuming theme is that as circumstances change ,different sorts of leaders are required ;a leader who thrives in one environment may struggle in another ,and vice versa .Ultimately that is just a fancy way of saying that leadership offers no casy answers.51.From the first two paragraphs we may learn than Mr. Machiavelli’s idea of hard power is______.A .well accepted by Joseph NyeB .very influential till nowadaysC .based on sound theoriesD .contrary to that of modem leadership theorists52.Which of the following makes soft power more important today according to Mr.Nye?A .Coercion is widespread.B .Morality is devalued.C .Power is no longer concentrated.D .Traditional hierarchies are strengthened53.In his book the Powers to lead ,Mr.Nye has examined all the following aspects of leadershipEXCEPT_____.A .authorityB .contextC .approachesD .morality54.Mr.Nye's book is particularly valuable in that it _____.A .makes little use of management termsB .summarizes various studies conciselyC .serves as an exit for leadership researchersD .sets a model for contemporary corporate leaders55.According to the author ,the most interesting part of Mr.Nye's book lies in his _____.A view of changeable leadershipB .definition of good leadershipC .summary of leadership historyD .discussion of moral leadershipPASSAGE4 Questions 56to 60are based on the following passage: Americans don't like to lose wars. Of course, a lot depends on how you define just what a war is. There are shooting wars-the kind that test patriotism and courage-and those are the kind at which the U.S excels. But other struggles test those qualities too. What else was the Great Depression or the space race or the construction of the railroads? If American indulge in a bit of flag hen the job is done, they earned it.Now there is a similar challenge. Global warming. The steady deterioration(恶化)of the very climate of this very planet is becoming a war of the first order, and by any measure, the U.S. produces nearly a quarter of the world's greenhouse gases each year and has stubbornly made it clear that it doesn't intend to do a whole lot about it. Although 174 nations approved the admittedly flawed Kyoto accords to reduce carbon levels, the U.S. walked away from them. There are vague promises of manufacturing fuel from herbs or powering cars with hydrogen. But for a country that tightly cites patriotism as one of its core values, the U.S. is taking a pass on what might be the mostpatriotic struggle of all. It's hard to imagine a bigger fight than one for the survival of a country's coasts and farms, the health of its people and stability of its economy.The rub is, if the vast majority of people increasingly agree that climate change is a global emergency, there's far less agreement on how to fix it. Industry offers its pans, which too often would fix little. Environmentalists offer theirs, which too often amount to native wish lists that could weaken American's growth. But let's assume that those interested parties and others will always bent the table and will always demand that their voices be heard and that their needs be addressed. What would an aggressive, ambitious, effective plan look like-one that would leave the U.S. both environmentally safe and economically sound?Halting climate change will be far harder. One of the more conservative plans for addressing the problem calls for a reduction of 25 billion tons of carbon emissions over the next 52 year. And yet by devising a consistent strategy that mixes and blends pragmatism(实用主义)with ambition, the U.S. can, without major damage to the economy, help halt the worst effects of climate change and ensure the survival of its way of life for future generations. Money will do some of the work, but what's needed most is will. "I'm not saying the challenge isn't almost overwhelming," says Fred Krupp. "But this is America, and America has risen to these challenges before."56. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. Human wars.B. Economic crisis.C. America's environmental policies.D. Global environment in general.57. From the last sentence of paragraph 2 we may learn that the survival of a country's coasts and farms, the health of its people and the stability of its economy is__________.A. of utmost importanceB. a fight no one can winC. beyond people's imaginationD. a less significant issue58. Judging from the context, the word "rub"(Line 1, Para.3)probably means_______.A. frictionB. contradictionC. conflictD. problem59. What is the author's attitude toward America's policies on global warming?A. CriticalB. IndifferentC. SupportiveD. Compromising60. The paragraphs immediately following this passage would most probably dealwith___________.A. the new book written by Fred KruppB. how America can fight against global warmingC. the harmful effects of global warmingD. how America can tide over economic crisisWith the nation’s financial system teetering on a cliff. The compensation arrangements for executives of the big banks and other financial firms are coming under close examination again .Bankers’ excessive risk- taking is a significant cause of this financial crisis and has continued, to others in the past, in this case, it was fueled by low interest rates and kept going by a false sense of security created by a debt-fueled bubble in the economy.Mortgage lenders gladly lent enormous sums to those who could not afford to pay them back dividing the laws and selling them off to the next financial institution along the chain, advantage of the same high-tech securitization to load on more risky mortgage-based assets. Financial regulation will have to catch up with the most irresponsible五、写作Part V Writing (20%)Direction: In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following information .Make comments and express your own opinion. You should write at least 150 words on Answer Sheet 2.At present, there is no doubt that short message plays an increasingly important role in our lives .We are all aware that, like everything else, short message have both favorable and unfavorable aspects. Generally speaking, the advantages can be listed as follows. First of all, in festivals, we can send short messages to wish good luck to other people we know. It brings us a lot of convenience . In addition, short message connects its users with the outside world. For example, some people subscribe weather forecast or news short messages, with them, people’s life will be greatly enriched. But it is pity that ev ery coin has two sides. The disadvantages of short message can’t be ignored. We spend too much time on spelling our words and sending short messages that we can’t focus on our studies. Also, you will always be annoyed by strangers’ short messages one after another. As is known to all, short message is neither good nor bad itself. In my opinion, we can use it. But we shouldn’t spend too much time on it and don’t let it disturb us from our lives.参考答案Section II21－30 D D D B D B D A A A31－40 B A D A B C A C A CSection III41－45 D B A A C46－50 D C B C C51－55 D C A B D56－60 C B D A A由于国家金融体制处于危机边缘动荡,一些大银行和金融机构中的高级管理人的补偿金计划就受到密切关注.银行家们过度冒险是金融危机的至关重要原因,在历史上也有类似情况.在这种情况下,一般是由低息引起并造成持续的错觉,其实是一种债务泡沫经济.抵押贷款人很乐意把大量资金借给无力偿还的人,就把贷款瓜分了,并沿这样的链条出售给下一个金融机构,这些做法都在利用高科技证券业,结果,却增加了抵押资产的风险.金融条例必须能应付这种能使银行下滑的,最不负责任的做法,以期扭转下一个危机,而这下一个危机很可能包括有各种类型的技术和资产.但值得审视补偿金计划的根本问题,因为那是眼前利益,但却让银行家们不负责任的甘冒风险.。
历年写作真题
历年真题：2009年1月MBA联考议论文写作范文诚信为本、以义取利孔子说：“民无信不立。
”孟子说：“反身而诚，乐莫大焉。
”诚实守信，既是立人之本，也是经营之道。
孔子说：“不义而富且贵，与我如浮云。
”见利思义，以义取利，既是做人的行为规范，也是做事的道德准则。
无论是经商还是做人，如果丧失了诚信之本，见利忘义，就可能会导致灾难性的后果。
“三聚氰胺”事件所暴露出来的严重问题之一是某些企业在经营中丧失了诚信之本。
奉行诚信为本，表现为诚实经营，信守承诺，童叟无欺。
三鹿等22家企业在生产婴幼儿奶粉时人为添加对人体有害的“三聚氰胺”既违背了诚实经营的准则，也没有信守对食品安全的承诺，其后果直接导致了三鹿的破产。
“三聚氰胺”事件所暴露出来的严重问题之二是某些企业在经营中违背了以义取利的原则。
见利思义，不取无义之财。
这是中国优秀的民族企业信守的经营原则之一。
三鹿等22家企业在生产婴幼儿奶粉时违背了这一重量原则，不仅导致了对消费者进行赔偿，产品滞销等巨额经济损失，而且引起了社会各界的公愤。
因为其产品伤害的是婴幼儿，实则属大逆不道的行为。
痛定思痛，让我们看一看那些优秀的民族企业是怎么坚守诚信之本和如何处理义利关系的。
就让我们以同仁堂为例吧。
同仁堂的创业者尊崇“可以养生、可以济世、唯医药为最”，把行医卖药作为济世养生，效力社会的高尚事业来做。
这充分体现了他们讲求社会大义，以崇高的社会责任感来经营企业的原则，历代继任者在做药时，始终严格遵守“炮制虽繁，必不敢省人工；品味虽贵，必不敢减物力”的核心理念。
正是这种坚持诚信的经营理念，使同仁堂的品牌历经三百年而不衰，赢得了广泛的赞誉。
若要长期坚守诚信之本和以义取利的原则，就必须有坚强的自律意识，“修和无人见，存心有天知”的自律意识，正是同仁堂的另一致胜法宝。
司马光说：“诚者天下之道”。
荀子说：“君子义以为上”。
时代有变，道却不变。
让我们以同仁堂为榜样，以“三聚氰胺”事件为耻辱，共同坚守诚信之本，见利思义，自律自强的经营之道吧。
2009年MBA联考综合能力考试大纲解析之写作(二).doc
说我不懂管理是不是就没法写了，不是，日常的企业管理这里要求的都是现代人生活的一些常识，我们都是经济社会了，要懂得效率、懂得竞争、懂得商业道德、懂得诚信。
我可以给同学们列几个主题，与管理相关的。
比如管理与决策，就是管理与战略决策。
还有一个管理与诚信、管理与竞争、管理与效率、管理与价值、管理与团队、管理与成功、管理与道德，等等，不同的角度我都可以选出来让你议论。
比如去年的题目，东山和西山的和尚挖井，我觉得就与长远的战略和追求效率是相关的，围绕战略和效率来写，应用一些企业管理里边的例子，甚至是如何追求最大效率那些经济学的道理来构造。
比如现在国家讲的道理，比如说绿色经济、经济可持续发展等等，就是从长远这个角度考虑。
围绕这个思维框架你去看所有的书都行。
比如我到深圳出差的时候看到深圳商报有这么一个报道，说有一个企业做抄袭用的荧光笔，那个荧光笔可以把字写到白纸上，表面上看不着，一按灯泡一照白纸上的字都出来了，成本3元，市面卖15，中小学生都买。
不到200字就可以把这个例子压缩成200字一块小砖头，将来讲到经商与道德，如果与这个主题相关就是很好的一个论据，赚钱是赚钱，但是违背了社会公德，以这样的方式赚钱可以吗？必须有这种好砖头，说鲇鱼效应、木头理论、分蛋糕的公平准则，这类短小精悍的东西很多。
也就是说一手要抓理论性的东西，一手要积累一些典型的事实，这样要有百八十个这样的东西，到时候跟本题签列一个主题，比如去年的就是“谈一谈战略与效率”，搞这么一个标题，接下来就是五段，开头一段、结尾一段，中间三点，比如一点谈战略，两点谈效率，或者一点谈效率，两点效率都可以，如果效率方面砖头多就战略方面说两点。
所以我在这里谈了两个问题，一个是看什么书的问题，看什么书要结合你的思维背景选择典型的案例，没有这么一本专门的辞典这个案例在那儿摆着。
如果集中的看就看北大的张维迎在北大搞了一个董事长的论坛，出的论坛实录，第一本叫《管理与竞争》、第二本叫《管理与体制》，可能会出第三本、第四本，里面内容很多，尤其是讨论部分也都放在书里面。
2009MBAMPAMPACC管理类联考考研英语真题及答案下载(word版)
2009年MBA联考英语真题及参考答案Part I V ocabulary and Structure (10%)Direction: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a pencil.1. The poor lady was too and distressed to talk about the tragedy.A. engagedB. exhaustedC. ignorantD. energetic2. At fist , the famous painting doesn’t impress the audience at all.A. glanceB. gazeC. stareD. view3. Delegates agree to the plan in , but there were some details they didn’t approve.A. disciplineB. theoryC. principleD. nature4. I took the medicine 10minutes ago, but the bitterness is still in my mouth.A. scatteringB. fellingC. maintainingD. lingering5. Since the of human history, human beings have been asking questions like "What is the essence of life."A. duskB. dustC. twinkle C. Dawn6. The eldest son all the family members to discuss how to celebrate the 50th weddinganniversary of their parents.A. ClusteredB. resembledC. assembledD. rendered7. I must leave now, ,if you want that book I’LL bring it you tomorrow .A. AccidentallyB. IncidentallyC. OccasionallyD. Subsequently8. My mother is a light sleeper, to any sound even as low as the humming of mosquito.A. alertB. acuteC. keenD. immune9. The newly built factory is in urgent need of a number of skilled and workers.A. consistentB. consciousC. confidentialD. conscientious10. As an outstanding scholar, he has become to the research team.A. seniorB. juniorC. indispensible C. independent11. Sixteen days after the earthquake, 40people, in their village, were rescued.A. trappedB. confinedC. enclosedD. captured12. Working far away from home, Jerry had to from downtown to his office everyday.A. wanderB. commuteC. rambleD. motion13. The finance minister has not been so since he raised taxes to an unbearable level.A. famousB. favorableC. popularD. preferable14. It is unimaginable for someone in such a high in the govemment to behave so badly in public.A. situationB. positionC. professionD. appointment15. Information given to employees must be , clear and in easy-to-follow language.A．convenient B．continuousC．constant D．concise16. John was very upset because he was by the police with breaking the law.A. sentencedB. arrestedC. accusedD. charged17. David likes country life and has decided farming.A. go in forB. go back onC. go along withD. go through with18. Jennifer has never really her son’s death. It’s very hard to accept the face that she’llnever have a child.A. come to terms withB. come up againstC. come out withD. come down to19. A national debate is now about whether we should replace golden weeks with paidV acations.A. in the wayB. by the wayC. under wayD. out of the way20. When a psychologist does a general experiment about the human mind, he selects peopleand asks them questions.A. at easeB. at randomB. in essence D. in sumIn1999, the price of oil hovered around $16 a barrel. By 2008, it had 21 the $100 a barrel mark. The reasons for the surge 22 from the dramatic growth of the economies of china and India to widespread 23 in oil-producing regions, including Iraq and Nigeria’s delta region. Triple-digit oil prices have 24 the economic and political map of the world,25 some old notions of power. Oil-rich nations are enjoying historic gains and opportunities,26 major importers—including chinaand India, home to a third of the world’s population-- 27 rising economic and social costs.Managing this new order is fast becoming a central 28 of global politics. Countries that need oil are clawing at each other to 29 scarce supplies, and are willing to deal with any government, 30 how unpleasant, to do it .In many poor nations with oil , the profits are being ,lost to corruption, 31 these countries of their best hope for development. And oil is fueling enormous investment funds run by foreign governments, 32 some in the west see as a new threat.Countries like Russia, V enezuela and Iran are well supplied with rising oil 33, a change reflected in newly aggressive foreign policies. But some unexpected countries are reaping benefits, 34 costs, from higher prices. Consider Germany. 35 it imports virtually all its oil, it has prospered from extensive trade with a booming Russia and the Middle East.German exports to Russia 36 128 percent from 2001 to 2006.In the United States, as already high gas prices rose 37 higher in the spring of 2008,the issue cropped up in the presidential campaign, with Senators McCain and Obama 38 for a federal gas tax holiday during the peak summer driving months. And driving habits began to 39 ,as sales of small cars jumped and mass transport systems 40 the country reported a sharp increase in riders.21. A. come B. gone C. crossed D. arrived22. A. covered B. discovered C. arranged D. ranged23. A. intensity B. infinity C. insecurity D. instability24. A. drawn B. redrawn C. retained D. reviewed25. A. fighting B. struggling C. challenging D. threatening26. A. and B. while C. thus D. though27. A. confine B. conflict C. conform D. confront28. A. problem B. question C. matter D. event29. A. look for B. lock up C. send out D. keep off30. A. no matter B. what if C. only if D. in spite of31. A. abolishing B. depriving C. destroying D. eliminating32. A. what B. that C. which D. whom33. A. interests B. taxes C. incomes D. revenues34. A. as many as B. as good as C. as far as D. as well as35. A. Although B. Because C. Since D. As36. A. advanced B. grew C. reduces D. multiplied37. A. even B. still C. rather D. fairly38. A. asking B. requesting C. calling D. demanding39. A. change B. turn C. shift D. transform40. A. for B. from C. across D. overPart III Reading Comprehension (40%)Direction: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Y ou should decide on the best choice. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a pencil.PASSAGE1.Henric Ibsen ,author of the play"A Doll’s House", in which a pretty, helpless housewife abandonsHer husband and children to seek a more serious life, would surely have approved.. From January Ist ,2008, all public companies in Norway are obliged to ensure that at least 40% of their board directors arewomen. Most firms have obeyed the law, which was passed in 2003.But about 75 out of the 480 or socompanies it affects are still too male for the government’s liking. They will shortly receive a letterinforming them that they have until the end of February to act , or face the legal consequences---whichcould include being dissolved.Before the law was proposed, about 7% of board members in Norway were female , according to the Centre for Corporate Diversity .The number has since jumped to 36%. That is far higher than the average of 9% for big companies across Europe or America’s 15% for the Fortune 500.Norway’s stock exchange and its main business lobby oppose the law, as do many businessmen." I am against quotas for women or men as a matter of principle," says Sverre Munck , head of international operations at a media firm. "Board members of public companies should be chosen solely on the basis of merit and experience,"be says. Several firms have even given up their public status in order to escape the new law.Companies have had to recruit about 1,000 women in four years. Many complain that it has beenDifficult to find experienced candidates. Because of this, some of the best women have collected as many as 25-35 directorships each, and are known in Norwegian business circles as the "golden skirts". One reason for the scarcity is that there are fairly few women in management in Norwegian companies---they occupy around 15% of senior positions. It has been particularly hard for firms in the oil, technology and financial industries to find women with a enough experience.Some people worry that their relative lack of experience may keep women quiet on boards, and thatIn turn could mean that boards might become less able to hold managers to account. Recent history in Norway, however, suggests that the right women can make strong directors. "Women feel more compelled than men to do their homework," says Ms Reksten Skaugen , who was voted Norway’s chairman of the year for 2007, "and we can afford to ask the hard questions, because women are not always expected to know the answers."41. The author mentions Ibsen’s play in the first paragraph in order to .A. depict women’s dilemma at workB. explain the newly passed lawC. support Norwegian governmentD. introduce the topic under discussion42. A public company that fails to obey the new law could be forced to .A. pay a heavy fineB. close down its businessC. change to a private businessD. sign a document promising to act43. To which of the following is Sverre Munck most likely to agree?A. A set ratio of women in a board is unreasonable.B. A reasonable quota for women at work needs to be set.C. A common principle should be followed by all companies.D. An inexperienced businessman is not subject to the new law.44.The author attributes the phenomenon of "golden skirts" to .A. the small number of qualified females in managementB. the over-recruitment of female managers in public companiesC. the advantage women enjoy when competing for senior positionsD. the discrimination toward women in Norwegian business circles45. The main idea of the passage might be .A. female power and liberation in NorwayB. the significance of Henric Ibsen’s playC. women’s status in Norwegian firmsD. the constitution of board members in NorwayPASSAGE2.While there’s never a good age to get cancer, people in their 20s and 30s can feelparticularly isolated. The average age of a cancer patient at diagnosis is 67. Children with cancer often are treated at pediatric (小儿科的) cancer centers, but young adults have a tough time finding peers, often sitting side-by-side during treatments with people who could be their grandparents.In her new book Crazy Sexy Cancer Tips, writer Kris Carr looks at cancer from the perspective of a young adult who confronts death just as she’s discovering life. Ms. Carr was 31 when she was diagnosed with a rare from of cancer that had generated tumors on her liver and lungs.Ms. Carr reacted with the normal feelings of shock and sadness. She called her parents and stocked up on organic food, determined to become a "full-time healing addict." Then she picked up the phone and called everyone in her address book, asking if they knew other young women with cancer. The result was her own personal "cancer posse": a rock concert tour manager, a model, a fashion magazine editor, a cartoonist and a MTV celebrity, to name a few. This club of"cancer babes" offered support, advice and fashion tips, among other things.Ms. Carr put her cancer experience in a recent Learning Channel documentary, and she has written a practical guide about how she coped. Cancer isn’t funny, but Ms. Carr often is. She swears, she makes up names for the people who treat her ( Dr. Fabulous and Dr. Guru ), and she even makes second sound fun ("cancer road trips," she calls them).She leaves the medical advice to doctors, instead offering insightful and practical tips that reflect the world view of a young adult. "I refused to let cancer ruin my party," she writes. " Thereare just too many cool things to do and plan and live for."Ms. Carr still has cancer, but it has stopped progressing. Her cancer tips include using time-saving mass e-mails to keep friends informed, sewing or buying fashionable hospital gowns so you’re not stuck with regulation blue or gray and playing Gloria Ga ynor’s "I Will Survive" so loud you neighbors call the police. Ms. Carr also advises an eyebrow w ax and a new outfit before you tell the important people in your illness. " people you tell are going to cautious and not so cautiously try to see the cancer, so dazzle them instead with your miracle," she writes.While her advice may sound superficial, it gets to the heart of what every cancer patient wants: the chance to live life just as she always did, and maybe better.46. Which of the following groups is more vulnerable to cancer?A. Children.B. People in their 20s and 30s.C. Y oung adults.D. Elderly people.47. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT _______.A. Kris Carr is a female writerB. Kris Carr is more than 31-year-old.C. Kris Carr works in a cancer center.D. Kris Carr is very optimistic.48. The phrase "cancer posse" (Line 4, para.3 ) probably refers to ________A. a cancer research organizationB. a group of people who suffer from cancerC. people who have recovered from cancerD. people who cope with cancer49. Kris Carr make up names for the people who treat her because ________A. she is depressed and likes swearingB. she is funny and likes playing jokes on doctorC. she wants to leave the medical advice to doctorD. she tries to leave a good impression on doctor50. From Kris Carr’s cancer tips we may infer that ________A. she learned to use e-mails after she got cancerB. she wears fashionable dress even after suffering from cancerC. hospital gowns for cancer patients are usually not in bright colorsD. the neighbors are very friendly with cancer patientsPASSAGE3。
2009MBA真题
2009年MBA参考答案2009年工商管理硕士专业学位研究生入学全国联考英语试题Part I Vocabulary and Structure (10%)Direction: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the ONE answer that best com pletes the sentence. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet wi th a pencil.B1. The poor lady w as too and distressed to talk about the tragedy.A. engagedB. exhaustedC. ignorantD. energetic2. At first , the famous painting doesn't impress the audience at all.AA. glanceB. gazeC. stareD. view3. Delegates agree to the plan in , but there were some details they didn't ap prove.CA. disciplineB. theoryC. principleD. nature4. I took the medicine 10minutes ago, but the bitterness is still in my mouth. CA. scatteringB. fellingC. maintainingD. lingering5. Since the of human history, human beings have been asking questions like "What is the essence of life." CA. duskB. dustC. twinkle C. Dawn6. The eldest son all the family members to discuss how to celebrate the 5 0th wedding anniversary of their parents. CA. ClusteredB. resembledC. assembledD. rendered7. I must leave now. , if you want that book I'LL bring it you tomorrow.A. AccidentallyB. IncidentallyC. OccasionallyD. Subsequently8. My mother is a light sleeper, to any sound even as low as the humming of mosquito.A. alertB. acuteC. keenD. immune9. The newly built factory is in urgent need of a number of skilled and wor kers.A. consistentB. consciousC. confidentialD. conscientious10. As an outstanding scholar, he has become to the research team.A. seniorB. juniorC. indispensable C. independent11. Sixteen days after the earthquake, 40people, in their village, were rescued.A. trappedB. confinedC. enclosedD. captured12. Working far away from home, Jerry had to from downtown to his office eve ryday.A. wandersB. commuteC. rambleD. motion13. The finance minister has not been so since he raised taxes to an unbearable level.A. famousB. favorableC. popularD. preferable14. It is unimaginable for someone in such a high in the government to behave so badly in public.A. situationB. positionC. professionD. appointment15. Information given to employees must be , clear and in easy-to-follow langu age.A．convenient B．continuous C．constant D．concise16. John was very upset because he was by the police with breaking the law.A. sentencedB. arrestedC. accusedD. charged17. David likes country life and has decided farming. AA. go in forB. go back onC. go along withD. go thro ugh with18. Jennifer has never really her son's death. It's very hard to accept the face t hat she'll never have a child.A. come to terms withB. come up againstC. come out withD. come down to19. A national debate is now about whether we should replace golden weeks wi th paid Vacations.A. in the wayB. by the wayC. under wayD. out of the way20. When a psychologist does a general experiment about the human mind, he sel ects people and asks them questions.A. at easeB. at randomC. in essenceD. in sum Section ⅡCloze (10 points)Directions：For each monbared blank in the following passage, there are four choi ces marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best one and blacken the corresponding l etter on the ANSWER SHEET with a pencil.In1999, the price of oil hovered around $16 a barrel. By 2008, it had 21 the $10 0 a barrel mark. The reasons for the surge 22 from the dramatic growth of the ec onomies of china and India to widespread 23 in oil-producing regions, including Ira q and Nigeria's delta region. Triple-digit oil prices have 24 the economic and polit ical map of the world, 25 some old notions of power. Oil-rich nations are enjoying historic gains and opportunities, 26 major importers—including China and India, home to a third of the world's population -- 27 rising economic and social costs.Managing this new order is fast becoming a central 28 of global politics. Countri es that need oil are clawing at each other to 29 scarce supplies, and are willing to deal with any government, 30 how unpleasant, to do it .In many poor nations with oil, the profits are being, lost to corruption, 31 these co untries of their best hope for development. And oil is fueling enormous investment funds run by foreign governments, 32 some in the west see as a new threat.Countries like Russia, Venezuela and Iran are well supplied with rising oil 33,a change reflected in newly aggressive foreign policies. But some unexpected coun tries are reaping benefits, 34 costs, from higher prices. Consider Germany. 35 it imports virtually all its oil, it has prospered from extensive trade with a booming Ru ssia and the Middle East. German exports to Russia 36 128 percent from 2001 to 2006.In the United States, as already high gas prices rose 37 higher in the spring of 20 08, the issue cropped up in the presidential campaign, with Senators McCain and Obama 38 for a federal gas tax holiday during the peak summer driving months. A nd driving habits began to 39 ,as sales of small cars jumped and mass transpo rt systems 40 the country reported a sharp increase in riders.21. A. come B. gone C. crossed D. arrived22. A. covered B. discovered C. arranged D. ranged23. A. intensity B. infinity C. insecurity D. instability24. A. drawn B. redrawn C. retained D. reviewed25. A. fighting B. struggling C. challenging D. threatening26. A. and B. while C. thus D. though27. A. confine B. conflict C. conform D. confront28. A. problem B. question C. matter D. event29. A. look for B. lock up C. send out D. keep off30. A. no matter B. what if C. only if D. in spite of31. A. abolishing B. depriving C. destroying D. eliminating32. A. what B. that C. which D. whom33. A. interests B. taxes C. incomes D. revenues34. A. as many as B. Because C. Since D. As36. A. advanced B. grew C. reduces D. multiplied37. A. even B. still C. rather D. fairly38. A. asking B. requesting C. calling D. demanding39. A. change B. turn C. shift D. transform40. A. for B. from C. across D. overPart III Reading Comprehension (40%)Direction: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some q uestions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice. Then blacken the corresp onding letter on the Answer Sheet with a pencil.PASSAGE1.Henric Ibsen, author of the play "A Doll's House", in which a pretty, helpless house wife abandons Her husband and children to seek a more serious life, would surely have approved. From January 1st, 2008, all public companies in Norway are oblig ed to ensure that at least 40% of their board directors are women. Most firms hav e obeyed the law, which was passed in 2003.But about 75 out of the 480 or so c ompanies it affects are still too male for the government's liking. They will shortly r eceive a letter informing them that they have until the end of February to act, or f ace the legal consequences---which could include being dissolved.Before the law was proposed, about 7% of board members in Norway were fem ale, according to the Centre for Corporate Diversity .The number has since jumped to 36%. That is far higher than the average of 9% for big companies across Euro pe or America's 15% for the Fortune 500.Norway's stock exchange and its main bu siness lobby oppose the law, as do many businessmen." I am against quotas for women or men as a matter of principle," says Sverre Munck, head of international operations at a media firm. "Board members of public companies should be chosen solely on the basis of merit and experience, "be says. Several firms have even gi ven up their public status in order to escape the new law.Companies have had to recruit about 1,000 women in four years. Many complain t hat it has been difficult to find experienced candidates. Because of this, some of t h e best women have collected as many as 25-35 directorships each, and are known in Norwegian business circles as the "golden skirts". One reason for the scarcity i s that there are fairly few women in management in Norwegian companies---they o ccupy around 15% of senior positions. It has been particularly hard for firms in theoil, technology and financial industries to find women with a enough experience. Some people worry that their relative lack of experience may keep women quiet on boards, and that in turn could mean that boards might become less able to hold managers to account. Recent history in Norway, however, suggests that the right w omen can make strong directors. "Women feel more compelled than men to do the ir homework," says Ms Reksten Skaugen, who was voted Norway's chairman of th e year for 2007, "and we can afford to ask the hard questions, because women are not always expected to know the answers."41. The author mentions Ibsen's play in the first paragraph in order to .A. depict women's dilemma at workB. explain the newly passed lawC. support Norwegian governmentD. introduce the topic under discussion42. A public company that fails to obey the new law could be forced to .A. pay a heavy fineB. close down its businessC. change to a private businessD. sign a document promising to act43. To which of the following is Sverre Munck most likely to agree?A. A set ratio of women in a board is unreasonable.B. A reasonable quota for women at work needs to be set.C. A common principle should be followed by all companies.D. An inexperienced businessman is not subject to the new law.44. The author attributes the phenomenon of "golden skirts" to .A. the small number of qualified females in managementB. the over-recruitment of female managers in public companiesC. the advantage women enjoy when competing for senior positionsD. the discrimination toward women in Norwegian business circles45. The main idea of the passage might be .A. female power and liberation in NorwayB. the significance of Henric Ibsen's playC. women's status in Norwegian firmsD. the constitution of board members in NorwayPASSAGE2.While there's never a good age to get cancer, people in their 20s and 30s can fee l particularly isolated. The average age of a cancer patient at diagnosis is 67. Chil dren with cancer often are treated at pediatric (小儿科的) cancer centers, but young adults have a tough time finding peers, often sitting side-by-side during treatments with people who could be their grandparents.In her new book Crazy Sexy Cancer Tips, writer Kris Carr looks at cancer from the perspective of a young adult who confronts death just as she's discovering life. Ms. Carr was 31 when she was diagnosed with a rare from of cancer that had g enerated tumors on her liver and lungs.Ms. Carr reacted with the normal feelings of shock and sadness. She called her parents and stocked up on organic food, determined to become a "full-time healin g addict." Then she picked up the phone and called everyone in her address book, asking if they knew other young women with cancer. The result was her own per sonal "cancer posse": a rock concert tour manager, a model, a fashion magazine e ditor, a cartoonist and a MTV celebrity, to name a few. This club of "cancer babes" offered support, advice and fashion tips, among other things.Ms. Carr put her cancer experience in a recent Learning Channel documentary, and she has written a practical guide about how she coped. Cancer isn't funny, bu t Ms. Carr often is. She swears, she makes up names for the people who treat he r (Dr. Fabulous and Dr. Guru), and she even makes second sound fun ("cancer ro ad trips," she calls them).She leaves the medical advice to doctors, instead offering insightful and practical tips that reflect the world view of a young adult. "I refused to let cancer ruin myparty," she writes. "There are just too many cool things to do and plan and live fo r."Ms. Carr still has cancer, but it has stopped progressing. Her cancer tips include using time-saving mass e-mails to keep friends informed, sewing or buying fashion able hospital gowns so you're not stuck with regulation blue or gray and playing Gl oria Gaynor's "I Will Survive" so loud you neighbors call the police. Ms. Carr also advises an eyebrow wax and a new outfit before you tell the important people in y our illness. "people you tell are going to cautious and not so cautiously try to see the cancer, so dazzle them instead with your miracle," she writes.While her advice may sound superficial, it gets to the heart of what every cancer patient wants: the chance to live life just as she always did, and maybe better.46. Which of the following groups is more vulnerable to cancer?A. Children.B. People in their 20s and 30s.C. Young adults.D. Elderly people.47. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT _______.A. Kris Carr is a female writerB. Kris Carr is more than 31-year-old.C. Kris Carr works in a cancer center.D. Kris Carr is very optimistic.48. The phrase "cancer posse" (Line 4, para.3) probably refers to ________A. a cancer research organizationB. a group of people who suffer from cancerC. people who have recovered from cancerD. people who cope with cancer49. Kris Carr make up names for the people who treat her because ________A. she is depressed and likes swearingB. she is funny and likes playing jokes on doctorC. she wants to leave the medical advice to doctorD. she tries to leave a good impression on doctor50. From Kris Carr's cancer tips we may infer that ________A. she learned to use e-mails after she got cancerB. she wears fashionable dress even after suffering from cancerC. hospital gowns for cancer patients are usually not in bright colorsD. the neighbors are very friendly with cancer patientsPASSAGE 3Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:Should a leader strive to be loved or feared? This question, famously posed by M achiavelli, lies at the heart of Joseph Nye's new book. .Mr.Nye, a former dean of t he Kennedy School of Govemment at Harvard and one-time chairman of America's National Intelligence Council, is best known for promoting the idea of "soft power", based on persuasion and influence, as a counterpoint to "hard power", based on coercion(强迫) and force.Having analyzed the use of soft and hard power in politics and diplomacy in his pr evious books, Mr.Nye has now turned his attention to the relationship between pow er and leadership, in both the political and business spheres .Machiavelli, he notes, concluded that "one ought to be both feared and loved, but as it is difficult for th e two to go together, it is much safer to be feared than loved." In short, hard pow er is preferable to soft power. But modem leadership theorists have come to the o pposite conclusion.The context of leadership is changing, the observe, and the historical emphasis on hard power is becoming outdated. In modem companies and democracies, power i s increasingly diffused and traditional hierarchies(等级制) are being undermined, ma king soft power ever more important. But that does not mean coercion should now take a back seat to persuasion. Mr.Nye argues. Instead, he advocates a synthesis of these two views. The conclusion of The Powers to Lead, his survey of the the ory of leadership, is that a combination of hard and soft power, which he calls” smart power, is the best approach.The dominant theoretical model of leadership at t he moment is, apparently, the “tra nsformational leadership pattern. Anone allergic(反感) to management term will alrea dy be running for the exit, but Mr.Nye has performed a valuable service in roundin g up and summarizing the various academic studies and theories of leadership into a single, slim volume. He examines different approaches to leadership, the moralit y of leadership and how the wider context can determine the effectiveness of a pa rticular leader. There are plenty of anecdotes and examples, both historical and co ntemporary, political and corporate.Also, leadership is a slippery subject, and as he depicts various theories, even Mr. Nye never quite nails the jelly to the wall. He is at his most interesting when discu ssing the moral aspects of leadership in particular, the question of whether it is so metimes necessary for good leaders to lie -and he provides a helpful 12-point sum mary of his conclusions. A resuming theme is that as circumstances change, differ ent sorts of leaders are required; a leader who thrives in one environment may str uggle in another, and vice versa. Ultimately that is just a fancy way of saying that leadership offers no easy answers.51. From the first two paragraphs we may learn than Mr.Machiavelli's idea of hard power is ______.A. well accepted by Joseph NyeB. very influential till nowadaysC. based on sound theoriesD. contrary to that of modem leadership theorists52. Which of the following makes soft power more important today according to M r.Nye?A. Coercion is widespread.B. Morality is devalued.C. Power is no longer concentrated.D. Traditional hierarchies are strengthened53. In his book the Powers to lead, Mr.Nye has ermined all the following aspects of leadership EXCEPT_____.A. authorityB. contextC. approachesD. morality54. Mr.Nye's book is particularly valuable in that it _____.A. makes little use of management termsB. summarizes various studies conciselyC. serves as an exit for leadership researchersD. sets a model for contemporary corporate leaders55. According to the author, the most interesting part of Mr.Nye's book lies in his _____.A. view of changeable leadershipB. definition of good leadershipC. summary of leadership historyD. discussion of moral leadershipPASSAGE 4Questions 56to 60are based on the following passage:Americans don't like to lose wars. Of course, a lot depends on how you define just what a war is. There are shooting wars-the kind that test patriotism and courage-and those are the kind at which the U.S excels. But other struggles test those qua lities too. What else was the Great Depression or the space race or the constructi on of the railroads? If American indulges in a bit of flag—when the job is done, th ey earned it.Now there is a similar challenge. Global Warming. The steady deterioration(恶化)of the very climate of this very planet is becoming a war of the first order, and by an y measure, the U.S. produces nearly a quarter of the world's greenhouse gases each year and has stubbornly made it clear that it doesn't intend to do a whole lot a bout it. Although 174 nations approved the admittedly flawed Kyoto accords to redu ce carbon levels, the U.S. walked away from them. There are vague promises of manufacturing fuel from herbs or powering cars with hydrogen. But for a country th at tightly cites patriotism as one of its core values, the U.S. is taking a pass on w hat might be the most patriotic struggle of all. It's hard to imagine a bigger fight th an one for the survival of a country's coasts and farms, the health of its people an d stability of its economy.The rub is, if the vast majority of people increasingly agree that climate change is a global emergency, there's far less agreement on how to fix it. Industry offers its pans, which too often would fix little. Environmentalists offer theirs, which too ofte n amount to native wish lists that could weaken American's growth. But let's assum e that those interested parties and others will always bent the table and will alway s demand that their voices be heard and that their needs be addressed. What wo u ld an aggressive, ambitious, effective plan look like-one that would leave the U.S. both environmentally safe and economically sound?Halting climate change will be far harder. One of the more conservative plans for addressing the problem calls for a reduction of 25 billion tons of carbon emissions over the next 52 year. And yet by devising a consistent strategy that mixes and bl ends pragmatism(实用主义)with ambition, the U.S. can, without major damage to the economy, help halt the worst effects of climate change and ensure the survival of its way of life for future generations. Money will do some of the work, but what's needed most is will. "I'm not saying the challenge isn't almost overwhelming," says Fred Krupp. "But this is America, and America has risen to these challenges before."56. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. Human wars.B. Economic crisis.C. America's environmental policies.D. Global environment in general.57. From the last sentence of paragraph 2 we may learn that the survival of a cou ntry's coasts and farms, the health of its people and the stability of its economy is __________.A. of utmost importanceB. a fight no one can winC. beyond people's imaginationD. a less significant issue58. Judging from the context, the word "rub"(Line 1, Para.3) probably means______ _.A. frictionB. contradictionC. conflictD. problem59. What is the author's attitude toward America's policies on global warming?A. CriticalB. IndifferentC. SupportiveD. Compromising60. The paragraphs immediately following this passage would most probably deal w ith___________.A. the new book written by Fred KruppB. how America can fight against global warmingC. the harmful effects of global warmingD. how America can tide over economic crisisSection ⅣTranslation (20 points)Directions：In this section there is a passage in English. Translate it into Chinese and write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.With the nation’s financial system teetering on a cliff. The compensation arrang ements for executives of the big banks and other financial firms are coming under close examination again.Bankers’ excessive risk- taking is a significant cause of this financial crisis and has continued, to others in the past, in this case, it was fueled by low interest rates and kept going by a false sense of security created by a debt-fueled bubble in the economy.Mortgage lenders gladly lent enormous sums to those who could not afford to pay them back dividing the laws and selling them off to the next financial institutio n along the chain, advantage of the same high-tech securitization to load on more risky mortgage-based assets.Financial regulation will have to catch up with the most irresponsible practices that led banks down in this road, in hopes averting the next crisis, which is likely t o involve different financial techniques and different sorts of assets. But it is worth examining the root problem of compensation schemes that are tied to short-term pr ofits and revenue’s, and thus encourage bankers to take irresponsible risks.Part V Writing (20%)Direction : It is known that text message（手机短信）has both advantages and dis advantages. Some people think it is a blessing, while others regard it as a hell. In this section, you are asked to write an essay on text messaging. You can take ei ther stand and provide specific reasons and examples to support your idea. You s hould write at least 150 words on ANSWER SHEET.作文解析：At present, there is no doubt that short message plays an increasingly importa nt role in our lives. We are all aware that, like everything else, short message hav e both favorable and unfavorable aspects.Generally speaking, the advantages can be listed as follows. First of all, in fes tivals, we can send short messages to wish good luck to other people we know. It brings us a lot of convenience. In addition, short message connects its users with the outside world. For example, some people subscribe weather forecast or news short messages, with them, people’s life will be greatly enriched.But it is pity that every coin has two sides. The disadvantages of short message can’t be ignored.We spend too much time on spelling our words and sending short messages that we can’t focus on our studies. Also, you will always be annoy ed by strangers’ short messages one after another.As is known to all, short message is neither good nor bad itself. In my opinio n, we can use it. But we shouldn’t spend too much time on it and don’t let it distu rb us from our lives.答案：ECRION I1-10 BACDD CBAAC 11-20 BBABD DBACBSECTION 221-30 CDDBC BDDBA 31-40 BACDA DBCACSECTION 341-50 BBAAC CCBCC 51-60 DCABD CAAACSECTION 4由于国家金融体制处于危机边缘动荡,一些大银行和金融机构中的高级管理人员的补偿金计划就受到密切关注.银行家们过度冒险是金融危机的至关重要原因,在历史上也有类似情况.在这种情况下,一般是由低息引起并造成持续的错觉,其实是一种债务泡沫经济.抵押贷款人很乐意把大量资金借给无力偿还的人,就把贷款瓜分了,并沿这样的链条出售给下一个金融机构,这些做法都在利用高科技证券业,结果,却增加了抵押资产的风险.金融条例必须能应付这种能使银行下滑的,最不负责任的做法,以期扭转下一个危机,而这下一个危机很可能包括有各种类型的技术和资产.但值得审视补偿金计划的根本问题,因为那是眼前利益,但却让银行家们不负责任的甘冒风险.2009年工商管理硕士专业学位研究生入学全国联考综合能力试题一、问题求解（本大题共15小题，每小题3分，共45分，在每小题的五项选项中选择一项）1、甲、乙两种商品，均以480元出售，甲赚了20％，乙赔了20％，则商店盈亏结果为（）A、不亏不盈B、亏了50元C、赚了50元D、赚了40元E、亏了40元2、北京奥运会某国的男女运动员人数之比为19：12，后增加了若干女运动员，使人数之比为20：13，又增加了男运动员，使人数之比为30：19，如果后增加的男运动员比先增加的女运动员多3人，则最后运动员的总人数为（）A、686B、637C、700D、661E、6003、某工厂定期购买一种原料，已知该工厂每天需要6吨原料，每吨的价格是1800元，每吨原料的保管等费用是3元，每次购买原料而需支付运费900元，若该厂要使平均每天支付的总费用最省，则应该（）天购买一次原料A、11B、10C、9D、8E、74、有3个试管A、B、C，分别装有一定量的清水，现将浓度为12％的溶液10克倒入A试管，混合后取出10克后倒入B试管，混合后再取10克倒入C 试管，最后A，B，C三个试管的浓度为6%,2%,0.5%, 则最初A，B，C三个试管盛水最多的是（）A、A试管，10克B、B试管，20克C、C试管，30克D、B试管，40克E、C试管，50克5、一艘轮船往返航行于甲、乙两码头之间，若船在静水中的速度不变，则当这条河的水流速度增加50％时，往返一次所需的时间比原来将（）A、增加B、减少半个小时C、不变D、减少一个小时E、无法判断6、方程的根是（）A、B、C、D、7、已知方程为，则b、c的值为（）A、2，6B、3，4C、－2，－6D、－3，－6E、以上结果都不正确8、已知，则（）A、B、C、D、9、现有36人，其中A血型12人，B血型10人，C血型8人，AB血型6人，从这36人中任选2人，则2人血型相同的概率为（）A、B、C、D、E、以上结论都正确10、湖中有4个小岛，恰好位于正方形的4个顶点，现要建3座桥连结4个小岛，则不同的建桥方案有( )种A、12B、16C、18D、20E、2111、在数列中，，，则是（）A、首项为2，公比为的等比数列B、首项为2，公比为2的等比数列C、既非等差数列也非等比数列D、首项为2，公差为的等差数列12、的斜边AB=13,直角边AC=5, ,将AC对折到AB上去与斜边重合，点C与点E重合，折痕为AD，（如图）则途中阴影部分的面积为（）平方厘米。
2009年1月MBA联考(综合能力)真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2009年1月MBA联考（综合能力）真题试卷(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. 问题求解 2. 条件充分性判断 3. 逻辑推理 4. 写作问题求解本大题共15小题，每小题3分，共45分。
下列每题给出的五个选项中，只有一项是符合试题要求的。
1．一家商店为回收资金，把甲乙两件商品均以480元一件卖出。
已知甲商品赚了20%，乙商品亏了20%，则商店盈亏结果为( )。
A．不亏不赚B．亏了50元C．赚了50元D．赚了40元E．亏了40元正确答案：E解析：2．某国参加北京奥运会的男女运动员比例原为19:12，由于先增加若干名女运动员，使男女运动员比例变为20:13，后又增加了若干名男运动员，于是男女运动员比例最终变为30:19。
如果后增加的男运动员比先增加的女运动员多3人，则最后运动员的总人数为( )。
A．686B．637C．700D．661E．600正确答案：B解析：3．某工厂定期购买一种原料。
已知该厂每天需用该原料6吨，每吨价格1 800元，原料的保管等费用平均每吨3元，每次购买原料需支付运费900元。
若该厂要使平均每天支付的总费用最省，则应该每( )天购买一次原料。
A．11B．10C．9D．8E．7正确答案：B解析：4．在某实验中，三个试管各盛水若干克。
现将浓度为12%的盐水10克倒人A管中，混合后取10克倒入B管中，混合后再取10克倒入C管中，结果A、B、C三个试管中盐水的浓度分别为6%、2%、0.5%，那么三个试管中原来盛水最多的试管及其盛水量各是( )。
A．A试管，10克B．B试管，20克C．C试管，30克D．B试管，40克E．C试管，50克正确答案：C解析：5．一艘轮船往返航行于甲、乙两码头之间，若船在静水中的速度不变，则当这条河的水流速度增加50%时，往返一次所需的时间比原来将( )。
A．增加B．减少半个小时C．不变D．减少1个小时E．无法判断正确答案：A解析：6．方程|x-|2x-1||＝4的根是( )。
2009年199管综逻辑写作真题及答案(校对版)
2009年联考MBA联考真题三、逻辑推理（本大题共30小题，每小题2分，共60分。
在下列每题给出的五个选项中，只有一项是符合试题要求的。
请在答题卡．．．上将所选的字母涂黑。
）26．某中学发现有学生课余用扑克玩带有赌博性质的游戏，因此规定学生不得带扑克进入学校，不过即使是硬币，也可以用作赌具，但禁止学生带硬币进入学校是不可思议的，因此，禁止学生带扑克进学校是荒谬的。
以下哪项如果为真，最能削弱上述论证？A．禁止带扑克进学校不能阻止学生在校外赌博。
B．硬币作为赌具远不如扑克方便。
C．很难查明学生是否带扑克进学校。
D．赌博不但败坏校风，而且影响学生学习成绩。
E．有的学生玩扑克不涉及赌博。
27、甲、乙、丙和丁四人进入某围棋邀请赛半决赛，最后要决出一名冠军。
张王和李三人对结果作了如下预测：张：冠军不是丙。
王：冠军是乙。
李：冠军是甲。
已知张、王、李三人中恰有一人的预测正确。
以下哪项为真？A．冠军是甲。
B．冠军是乙。
C．冠军是丙。
D．冠军是丁。
E．无法确定冠军是谁。
28. 除非年龄在50岁以下，并且能维持游泳三千米以上，否则不能参加下个月举行的横渡长江活动。
同时，高血压和心脏病患者不能参加。
老黄能维持游泳三千米以上，但没有被批准参加这项活动。
以上断定能推出以下哪项结论？I 老黄的年龄至少50岁。
II 老黄患有高血压。
III 老黄患有心脏病。
A．只有I。
B．只有II。
C．只有III。
、D．I、II和III至少有一。
E．I、II和III都不能从题干推出。
29. 一项对西部山区小塘村的调查发现：小塘村约五分之三的儿童入中学后出现中度以上的近视，而他们父母及祖辈，没有机会到正规学校接受教育，很少出现近视。
以下哪项作为上述断定的结论最为恰当？A．接受文化教育是造成近视的原因。
B．只有在儿童时期接受正式教育才易于成为近视。
C．阅读和课堂作业带来的视觉压力必然造成儿童的近视。
D．文化教育的发展和近视现象的出现有密切的关系。
E．小塘村约五分之二的儿童是文盲。
管理类联考写作资料
第一章论证有效性分析1．论证有效性分析命题认知（1）题目要求“分析下面的论证在概念、论证方法、论据、结论等方面的有效性。
600字左右”。
（2）题干要求例如：某管理咨询公司最近公布了一份洋快餐行业发展情况的分析报告，对洋快餐在中国的发展趋势给出了相当乐观的预判。
该报告指出，过去5年中，洋快餐在大城市中的网点数每年以40%的惊人速度增长，而在中国广大的中小城市和乡镇还有广阔的市场成长空间，照此速度发展下去，预计在未来的10年，洋快餐在中国饮食行业的市场占有率将超过20%，成为中国百姓饮食的重要选择。
饮食行业某些人士认为，从营养角度看，长期食用洋快餐对人体健康不利，洋快餐的快速增长会因此受到制约。
但该报告指出，洋快餐在中国受到广大消费者，特别是少年儿童消费群体的喜爱。
显然，那些认为洋快餐不利健康的观点是站不住脚的。
该公司去年在100家洋快餐店内进行了大量问卷调查，结果显示，超过90%的中国消费者认为食用洋快餐对于个人的营养均衡有帮助。
而已经喜爱上洋快餐的未成年人在未来成为更有消费能力的成年群体之后，洋快餐的市场需求会大幅度跃升。
洋快餐长期稳定的产品组合以及产品和服务的标准化迎合了消费者希望获得无差异食品和服务的需要，这也是洋快餐快速发展的重要优势。
该报告预测，如果中国式快餐在未来没有较大幅度的发展，洋快餐一定会成为中国饮食行业的霸主。
（注：上述材料为2005年联考试题）下面为本书提供的参考范文，供读者学习。
洋快餐一定会成为中国饮食业的霸主吗上述咨询公司的推理过程过于草率，其论证有失偏颇。
首先，洋快餐在过去5年飞速增长，并不就意味着将来也会以同样的速度增长；网点数增加并不就意味着市场占有率就会增加。
还有，中小城市和乡镇居民和大城市的居民很可能在消费习惯、消费能力等方面存在巨大差异，所以，洋快餐未来不一定就能真的获得多少中小城市和乡镇的饮食市场。
其次，洋快餐受到少年儿童的喜爱，并不就意味着洋快餐无害于健康，材料显然是强拉因果。
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2009年1月MBA考试写作真题及答案第一部分论证有效性分析历年真题【2009年1月】1000是100的十倍，但是当分母大到百亿的时候，作为分子的这两个数的差别就失去意义。
在知识经济时代，任何人所掌握的知识，都只是沧海一粟。
这使得在培养与选拔人才时，知识尺度已变得毫无意义。
现在网络技术可以使你在最短的时间内查询到你所需要的任何知识信息，有的大学毕业生因此感叹何必要为学习各种知识数年寒窗，这不无道理。
传授知识不应当继续成为教育，特别是高等教育的功能。
学习知识需要记忆。
记忆能力，是浅层次的大脑功能。
人们在思维方面的差异，不在于能记住什么，而在于能提出什么。
素质教育的真正目标，是培养批判性思维与创造性思维能力。
知识与此种能力之间没有实质性的联系，否则就难以解释，具备与爱因斯坦相同知识背景的人多的是，为什么唯独他发现了相对论。
硕士、博士这些知识头衔的实际价值一再受到有识之士的质疑，道理就在这里。
“知识就是力量”这一曾经激励了几代人的口号，正在成为空洞的历史回声，这其实是时代的进步。
【参考答案】解析：读完材料，我们发现作者对于“知识就是力量”持否定的态度，并用分子分母法进行分析，用知识和能力没有实质性的联系作为论证。
但是，这样的论证是值得商榷的。
原因如下：首先，作者认为，每一个人所掌握的知识，相对于整个人类的知识来说，都是沧海一粟。
因此，用知识作为培养和选拔人的标准，毫无意义。
在这里，作者忽略了一个重要的问题，那就是，并不是每一个人都需要掌握所有的知识。
虽然人类的知识很多，但是根据专业划分，每一个人只需要掌握他应该掌握的知识就是足够了。
其次，作者认为，传授知识，不应该是教育的目的。
这也是不符合逻辑的。
人类的知识，本来在钱人的基础上，历经千年积累起来的。
如果教育的目的不是知识，那么人生短短几十年，怎么能去自己研究、寻找知识呢?再者，作者认为，知识和批判性思维和创造性思维没有实质性的联系，这是难以成立的。
一个人，如果要具有批判性的思维，创造性的思维，没有坚实的知识基础，是不可能实现的。
爱因斯坦如果不具备某些知识，他一定发现不了相对论。
最后，“知识就是力量”，经过实践的证明，一直是引导社会进步，科学前进的重要保证。
由此可见，该论证，在概念、方法以及论据都存在缺陷，才因此得出了错误的结论。
逻辑结构图：结论：不再相信“知识就是力量”这个口号其实是时代的进步。
第一组论证：在知识经济时代，任何人所掌握的知识，都只是沧海一粟，这使得在培养与选拔人才时，知识尺度已变得毫无意义。
第二组论证：现代网络技术可以使你在最短的时间里查询你所需要的任何知识信息，因此何必要为学习各种知识数年寒窗?第三组论证：记忆能力，只是浅层次的大脑功能，而教育的真正目标，是培养批判性思维与创造性思维能力。
知识与此种能力之间并没有实质性联系，因为与爱因斯坦具有相同知识背景的人有的是，但唯独他发现了相对论。
第四组论证：硕士、博士等知识头衔的实际价值正在遭受有识之士的质疑，就是这个道理。
最好应该回应的主要的逻辑错误本论部分最好应该去剪断上述四组论证。
1、“1000是100的十倍，但是当分母大到百亿的时候，作为分子的这两个数的差别就失去意义。
” 该论证是欠妥当的，两个数的差别再小，在特定的需要下，其意义还是存在的。
2、由上述前提得出“在知识经济时代，任何人所掌握的知识，都只是沧海一粟。
这使得在培养与选拔人才时，知识尺度已变得毫无意义。
”则是不当类比。
更何况，虽然“任何人所掌握的知识，都只是沧海一粟”，但是也能满足社会进步的部分需要，因为，我们没有理由也不必要，用所学的知识去应对整个世界的变化。
3、“现在网络技术可以使你在最短的时间内查询到你所需要的任何知识信息，有的大学毕业生因此感叹何必要为学习各种知识数年寒窗，这不无道理。
”该论证有待商榷，检索到知识和掌握知识是两个不同的话题，能否正确的运用知识更是有待研究。
4、“人们在思维方面的差异，不在于能记住什么，而在于能提出什么。
”则是非黑即白，可能二者的结合才能体现思维真正的优势。
5.、“素质教育的真正目标，是培养批判性思维与创造性思维能力。
”与“知识与此种能力之间没有实质性的联系”没有必然联系，论证者显然缺乏更多的证据来证明他的观点。
论证者以“具备与爱因斯坦相同知识背景的人多的是，为什么唯独他发现了相对论。
则是以偏概全。
6、“硕士、博士这些知识头衔的实际价值一再受到有识之士的质疑，道理就在这里。
”该论证看似有理，其实不然。
论证者并没有提出衡量知识有用性的标准，更没有衡量硕士、博士价值的标准，因此其整体的论证过程还有待研究。
范文：草率的论证，偏颇的结论上文通过一系列成问题的推理推出结论说，不再相信“知识就是力量”这个口号，其实是时代的进步。
这样的推理是难以必然成立的。
首先，任何人所掌握的知识，都只是沧海一粟，这并就不意味着知识尺度毫无意义。
因为这是一个分工合作的时代，只要某人在某方面具有解决某实际问题的相应专门知识，他就可以看作一个有用的人才。
至于其余他不懂的知识或问题，完全可以交由别的专门人才去处理。
其次，网络技术的发达也未必能推出我们不需花功夫去学习各种知识。
因为如何进行更快速有效地查询，查询到了相应的结果之后，如何甄别和选择我们所需要的信息……这些无不都要以一定的知识为前提。
脑子里没有一定的知识，许多信息就无异于一堆乱码。
再次，就算记忆并不等于创造，但毫无记忆和知识的人显然提不出任何有价值的东西。
爱因斯坦的例子也只能说明知识并不就是批判与创造能力的充分条件，而推不出它们之间并没有实质性联系。
试想，如果爱因斯坦是文盲，他还能发现相对论吗?最后，硕士、博士等知识头衔的实际价值正在遭受有识之士的质疑，其真正的原因并不一定就是因为知识无用，而可能是由于我们的教育体制出现了问题，让一些混文凭的人拿到了文凭，而他们实际上并没有真正掌握与这些头衔相称的专业知识。
综上所述，由于上文在推理论证过程中存在诸如此类的逻辑漏洞，所以，其论证的有效性以及由此得出的结论都是值得商榷的。
(579个字符)第二部分论说文历年真题【2009年1月】以“三鹿奶粉事件所想到的”为题，写一篇700字左右的论说文。
【参考答案】1、可结合企业管理，也可以不结合。
2、可从“社会责任”、“诚信管理”、“诚信”、“责任”等角度分析。
立意：可以写成主副标题。
比如《质量是企业的生命——由三鹿奶粉事件所想到的》《对消费者负责——由三鹿奶粉事件所想到的》《救救孩子》最好写道德方面的主题：比如可以直接写经营道德，也可以写经营诚信，写对消费者负责，也可以写经营义利关系，也即经营的道德和利益之间的关系，因此可以立意在“不能见利忘义”、“不能利令智昏”、“不能赚黑心钱”、“黑金”。
其他也可以的立意：社会的监督机制;应该加大打假力度;重视产品的质量;企业经营应该洁身自好……相应的论据：张瑞敏砸冰箱;安然事件;南京冠生园事件。
奶毒争已去，孺子梦犹惊。
前日苏丹粉，今夕三聚氰。
全出大众手，自乃万民中。
曾以阶级论，也当兄弟同。
机玄非彼理，关纽更新征。
应对纷纭事，还须益达明。
三点式提纲：论经营道德;道德经营是对自己负责。
对自己企业的伤害。
道德经营是对消费者负责。
对孩子的伤害。
道德经营是对合作伙伴负责。
对奶农的利益损失。
第一段：讲述三鹿奶粉事件，并提出自己的主张。
(三鹿奶粉事件像多米勒骨牌，迅速波及到其他的奶制品企业，中国奶制品企业遭到重创，甚至连中国的食品加工业也不能独善其身。
在我们不断的谴责三鹿等相关企业没有道德心的同时，我们不禁想问：我们的政府在哪里?) 第二段:解释自己的主张(此次的三鹿婴幼儿奶粉事件，无疑会对我们的质量认证体系、食品、药品、饮料的监督管理造成恶劣影响，使民众不仅对“国家免检产品”这块金字招牌产生信任危机，同时还对卫生监督管理、质量检验、市场监督管理的政府职能不作为产生很大疑虑。
众所周知，要开展药品、饮料、食品以及化妆品的生产和经营，不仅要经过卫生、工商、药监、质检等部门的生产经营认证许可，还要对从事经营生产的人员进行严格的体检和检查。
同时还要对其企业的资质和从事生产经营的技术人员进行严格的考核。
)第三段:从反面论证观念。
(举反面的例子，说明政府监管不力导致的严重后果：例如山西煤矿事件、广西的群体性事件、深圳的火灾等等，一定要展开来写。
)。
第四段：从正面论证观念。
(列举正面的例子，说明政府监管到位的好处。
比如上海多宝鱼事件，就是因为政府监督部门及时发现，才制止了一起恶性的食品安全事故的发生。
又如，政府关闭山西小煤矿，使伤亡人数直线下降等等。
) 第五段：总结全文观念，同时发出号召。
(我们应该看到，市场经济是一个有序竞争的经济社会，而不是一种无政府主义的无序经济秩序。
假如我们对待食品、药品、饮料以及关乎人民生命的商品、产品建立一套相当严格的生产、经营质量监督体系，我想我们的商品质量问题就会好转。
建立一套以生产批次为主的管理制度，我们的商品质量也会明显提高。
范文：由“三鹿”事件所想到的“三鹿事件”一度成为一出考验国人承受力的“惊悚片”。
惊悚之余，为了防止再次出现“四鹿”、“五鹿”事件，我们更需要的是寻找事件的深层次原因。
对此，我所想到的是，正是以下三种痼疾的长期积累，才最终汇演成为汶川一样的大地震，振撼着国人的神经。
一是扭曲的消费观念，提供了造假市场与动力。
在现实生活中，无数的造假、掺假事件无不是顺应消费者某一方面的过度要求，如买面粉，一味求白，于是生产者就往面粉里掺加增白剂;吃油条贪图酥脆，生产者就往油条面中掺加洗衣粉……此次加入三聚氰胺的目的也是为了增加蛋白含量，无疑也是为了迎合消费者的过度需求。
二是监管部门失职，助长了造假者的气焰。
在这次事件中，掺加三聚氰胺的绝不只“三鹿”一家，而是22家。
对此，我们要问是，如果没有被捅出来，是不是监管部门仍然会任其发展呢?日常工作中，这些部门又是怎样履行职责的呢?会不会真像传闻中那样，只管收费，交了钱就给盖章呢?如果监管部门认真履行职责又怎么会出现如此恶劣事故呢?正是监督管理部门的不作为，导致不法分子一次又一次的造假、掺假行为的得逞。
三是打击力度不够，降低了掺假、造假者违法成本。
说句实在话，现在国人对假冒伪劣产品已是见怪不怪了，甚至于有些造假者也不以造假为耻。
当然也有被查处的，但是没过多久，它们又会死灰复燃，甚至比原来更嚣张了。
为什么?因为造假行为尽管受到查处，但所受处罚远低于其违法成本，皮毛之痛非但不能制止其造假行为，甚至刺激了造假欲望，使其变本加厉，为所欲为。
“三鹿”事件教训是深刻的，食品造假的危害是巨大的。
我们必须采取有力措施打击造假者，纯洁我们的消费环境。
否则，连食品安全都不能保证，还谈什么民族复兴。
(698个字) 我拿什么奶粉来喂你?我的孩子仅以此文献给天下的爸爸妈妈和婴儿食品生产商因为你的妈妈没有多少乳汁，你饿得嘤嘤地哭闹，我们不得不选用奶粉来做为你的食粮，看着你喝得饱饱地，甜甜地睡了，我们一天的疲惫也散去，幸福地望着我们的下一代，我们的希望。